Udenrigsudvalget 2018-19 (1. samling)
URU Alm.del Bilag 140
Offentligt
2027921_0001.png
DENMARK’S
SEVENTH NATIONAL
COMMUNICATION
AND
THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT
- UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
1
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
2
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0003.png
Denmark’s Seventh National
Communication on Climate Change
Under
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
and the Kyoto Protocol
and
Denmark’s Third Biennial Report
Under
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
December 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
3
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
4
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Contents
FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 14
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 18
1.1 N
ATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS
.... 18
1.1.1
General ......................................................................................................................... 18
1.1.2
Energy, transport, the household sector and the business sector ................................. 18
1.1.3
Waste, agriculture and forestry..................................................................................... 19
1.1.4
Greenland and the Faroe Islands ................................................................................. 19
1.2 G
REENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY INFORMATION
......................................................................... 20
1.2.1
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
..................................................................................................... 21
1.2.2
Methane, CH
4
................................................................................................................ 21
1.2.3
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O ........................................................................................................ 21
1.2.4
The industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
................................................................... 21
1.2.5
Total Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases ......................................... 22
1.2.6
Greenland’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases .......................................... 22
1.2.7
The Faroe Islands’ emissions and removals of greenhouse gases ................................ 23
1.2.8
The national system for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions ........................... 23
1.2.9
The National Registry for accounting of assigned amounts and credits from sinks and
JI- and CDM-projects ................................................................................................................. 24
1.2.10
Trends in Danish greenhouse gas emissions from the base year under the Kyoto
Protocol 24
1.3 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES
........................................................................................................ 25
1.3.1
Denmarks climate policy ............................................................................................... 25
1.3.2
Legislative arrangements and enforcement and administrative procedures................. 27
1.3.3
Policies and measures and their effects ........................................................................ 27
1.3.4
Policies and measures in accordance with Article 2, of the Kyoto Protocol ................ 32
1.3.5
Greenland ..................................................................................................................... 33
1.3.6
Faroe Islands ................................................................................................................ 33
1.4 P
ROJECTIONS AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES
........................................ 33
1.5 V
ULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
,
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION MEASURES
..... 36
1.6 F
INANCIAL RESOURCES AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
....................................................... 38
1.7 R
ESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS
......................................................................... 39
1.8 E
DUCATION
,
TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
.................................................................... 40
2
NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ........................................................................................... 42
2.1 D
ENMARK
............................................................................................................................... 42
2.1.1
Form of government and structure of administration ................................................... 43
2.1.2
Population ..................................................................................................................... 44
2.1.3
Geography .................................................................................................................... 45
2.1.4
Climate .......................................................................................................................... 45
2.1.5
Economy........................................................................................................................ 49
2.1.6
Energy ........................................................................................................................... 50
2.1.7
Household sector .......................................................................................................... 59
2.1.8
Transport ...................................................................................................................... 61
2.1.9
The business sector ....................................................................................................... 62
2.1.10
Waste ........................................................................................................................ 64
2.1.11
Buildings and urban structure.................................................................................. 65
2.1.12
Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 66
2.1.13
Forestry .................................................................................................................... 67
2.2 G
REENLAND
............................................................................................................................ 68
2.2.1
Form of government and structure of administration ................................................... 68
2.2.2
Population ..................................................................................................................... 69
2.2.3
Geography .................................................................................................................... 70
2.2.4
Climate .......................................................................................................................... 70
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
5
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2.2.5
Economy........................................................................................................................ 74
2.2.6
Energy ........................................................................................................................... 76
2.2.7
Transport ...................................................................................................................... 79
2.2.8
Industry ......................................................................................................................... 80
2.2.9
Waste ............................................................................................................................. 82
2.2.10
Buildings and infrastructure .................................................................................... 84
2.2.11
Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 84
2.2.12
Forestry .................................................................................................................... 85
2.3 T
HE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
............................................................................................................... 85
2.3.1
Form of government and structure of administration ................................................... 85
2.3.2
Population ..................................................................................................................... 85
2.3.3
Geography .................................................................................................................... 86
2.3.4
Climate .......................................................................................................................... 86
2.3.5
Economy........................................................................................................................ 90
2.3.6
Energy ........................................................................................................................... 90
2.3.7
Transport ...................................................................................................................... 91
2.3.8
Industry ......................................................................................................................... 92
2.3.9
Buildings and urban structures ..................................................................................... 92
2.3.10
Agriculture ............................................................................................................... 92
2.3.11
Forestry .................................................................................................................... 93
3
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY INFORMATION ........................................................ 96
3.1 S
UMMARY
T
ABLES OF
G
REENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
......................................................... 96
3.2 D
ESCRIPTIVE
S
UMMARY OF
D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
97
3.2.1
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
..................................................................................................... 99
3.2.2
Methane, CH
4
................................................................................................................ 99
3.2.3
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O ...................................................................................................... 100
3.2.4
The f-gases: HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
............................................................................. 101
3.2.5
Total Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases ....................................... 102
3.2.6
Danish emissions of indirect greenhouse gases and SO
2
............................................ 105
3.2.7
Greenland’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases ........................................ 107
3.2.7.1
3.2.7.2
Summary information from Greenland's greenhouse gas inventory ..................................... 107
Summary information on Greenland’s national inventory arrangements ............................. 108
Summary information from Faroe Islands’ greenhouse gas inventory ................................. 110
Summary information on Faroe Islands’ national inventory arrangements .......................... 113
3.2.8
The Faroe Islands’ emissions and removals of greenhouse gases .............................. 110
3.3 N
ATIONAL SYSTEMS IN ACCORDANCE WITH
A
RTICLE
5,
PARAGRAPH
1,
OF THE
P
ROTOCOL
.. 116
3.3.1
Objectives.................................................................................................................... 116
3.3.2
Organisation of work etc............................................................................................. 116
3.3.3
Calculation methods ................................................................................................... 117
3.3.4
Key categories ............................................................................................................. 117
3.3.5
Procedure for recalculation ........................................................................................ 118
3.3.6
Uncertainty ................................................................................................................. 118
3.3.7
Quality assurance and quality control ........................................................................ 118
3.3.8
Annual reporting ......................................................................................................... 118
3.3.9
Activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol ......................................... 118
3.3.10
Information under Article 10(a) of the Protocol on improvements of emission
inventories 119
3.3.11
Procedures for the official consideration and approval of the inventory............... 119
3.4 N
ATIONAL
R
EGISTRY
............................................................................................................ 119
3.4.1
Background ................................................................................................................. 119
3.4.2
Statutory basis............................................................................................................. 120
3.4.3
Organisation and operation of the Registry ................................................................ 120
3.4.4
Administrative set-up .................................................................................................. 122
3.4.5
Registry software ........................................................................................................ 122
3.5 I
NVENTORY INFORMATION UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL AND
D
ENMARK
’
S BASE YEAR
EMISSIONS
,
ASSIGNED AMOUNT AND GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES IN RELATION TO THE SECOND
COMMITMENT PERIOD OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
........................................................................... 122
3.5.1
2008-2012 ................................................................................................................... 122
3.5.2
2013-2020 ................................................................................................................... 124
3.6 T
RENDS IN
D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE
EU
TERRITORY FROM THE BASE YEAR
UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
....................................................................................................... 125
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
3.2.8.1
3.2.8.2
6
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4
POLICIES AND MEASURES ............................................................................................... 128
4.1 C
LIMATE POLICY AND THE POLICY
-
MAKING PROCESS
........................................................... 128
4.1.1
National action plans .................................................................................................. 129
4.1.2
Denmark's Climate Policy .......................................................................................... 132
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
4.1.2.3
The 2016 Government Platform ........................................................................................... 132
The 2012 agreement on Danish energy policy 2012-2020 ................................................... 134
Denmark’s climate policy – as part of the EU climate policy .............................................. 141
4.2 L
EGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS AND ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES
..... 141
4.3 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS
...................................................................... 143
4.3.1
Allowance regulation - Emission Trading Scheme ..................................................... 147
4.3.2
The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms ................................................................................. 150
4.3.3
Taxes and duties .......................................................................................................... 151
4.3.3.1 CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O - taxes and duties relevant to these emissions ...................................... 152
4.3.3.1.1
Energy ....................................................................................................................... 152
4.3.3.1.2
Transport.................................................................................................................... 156
4.3.3.1.3
The household sector ................................................................................................. 157
4.3.3.2 HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
- taxes and duties relevant to these emissions ................................... 157
4.3.3.3 Tax on methane emissions from natural gas fired power plants - equal in terms of CO
2
equivalents to the CO
2
tax. ................................................................................................................... 158
4.3.4
4.3.5
The National Green Climate Fund .............................................................................. 160
Energy (Fuel Combustion, including Transport, and Fugitive Emissions from Fuels)
162
4.3.5.1 CO
2
....................................................................................................................................... 162
4.3.5.1.1
The allowance regulation relevant to the energy sector ............................................. 163
4.3.5.1.2
Energy and CO
2
taxes ................................................................................................ 165
4.3.5.1.3
Combined heat and power ......................................................................................... 165
4.3.5.1.4
Renewable energy...................................................................................................... 165
4.3.5.1.5
Fuel conversion from coal to natural gas ................................................................... 167
4.3.5.1.6
Research and development ........................................................................................ 167
4.3.5.1.7
Energy savings ........................................................................................................... 168
4.3.5.1.8
Specific measures in the business sector (Fuel combustion in Manufacturing Industries
and Construction, Commercial/Institutional and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) ................... 171
4.3.5.1.9
Specific measures in the Transport sector.................................................................. 174
4.3.5.1.10 Specific measures in the residential sector................................................................. 177
4.3.5.2 CH
4
(methane)...................................................................................................................... 182
4.3.5.3 N
2
O (nitrous oxide) .............................................................................................................. 182
4.3.6
Industrial Processes and Product Use ........................................................................ 182
4.3.6.1 CO
2
- Cement production ..................................................................................................... 182
4.3.6.2 N
2
O - Production of nitric acid............................................................................................. 182
4.3.6.3 HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
- Consumption of these substances .................................................... 183
4.3.6.3.1
Taxes on HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
.................................................................................. 184
4.3.6.3.2
Regulation of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
........................................................................... 184
4.3.7
Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 187
4.3.7.1 CH
4
(methane)...................................................................................................................... 188
4.3.7.1.1
Biogas ........................................................................................................................ 188
4.3.7.2 N
2
O (nitrous oxide) .............................................................................................................. 189
4.3.7.2.1
Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment I and II and Action Plan for Sustainable
Agriculture 190
4.3.7.2.2
The Ammonia Action Plan ........................................................................................ 191
4.3.7.2.3
Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III and the agreements of Green Growth . 191
4.3.7.2.4
Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings ............................................... 193
4.3.7.2.5
Political Agreement on a Food and Agricultural Package ......................................... 194
4.3.7.2.6
Political Agreement on Nature................................................................................... 195
4.3.7.2.7
Bio-refining ............................................................................................................... 195
4.3.8
LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) ............................................. 197
4.3.8.1 CO
2
– emissions and removals in LULUCF under the Climate Convention ........................ 197
4.3.8.2 CO
2
– emissions, removals and credits from Activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto
Protocol 201
4.3.8.2.1
Article 3.3 .................................................................................................................. 202
4.3.8.2.2
Article 3.4 .................................................................................................................. 202
4.3.9
Waste ........................................................................................................................... 207
CH
4
(methane)...................................................................................................................... 207
4.4 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH
A
RTICLE
2,
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
..... 214
4.4.1
Denmark’s climate efforts – a step on the way to sustainable development ............... 214
4.4.2
Efforts for international air transport and shipping ................................................... 214
4.4.3
Efforts to limit adverse effects in other countries ....................................................... 215
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
4.3.9.1
7
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.4.4
Strategies to mitigate climate change cf. Article 10(b) of the Kyoto Protocol ............ 215
4.5 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES NO LONGER IN PLACE
.................................................................... 215
4.6 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES IN
G
REENLAND
............................................................................. 216
4.6.1
Policies and acts ......................................................................................................... 216
4.6.2
Past and on-going measures ....................................................................................... 217
4.7 P
OLICIES AND MEASURES ON
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
....................................................................... 220
4.7.1
Climate policy and policy-making process ................................................................. 220
4.7.2
Policies and measures and their effect ........................................................................ 220
5
PROJECTIONS AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES ......... 224
5.1 P
ROJECTION WITH EXISTING MEASURES
(WEM-
SCENARIO
) .................................................. 224
5.1.1
Projection of total greenhouse gas emissions ............................................................. 224
5.1.1.1
5.1.1.2
5.1.1.3
Progress towards Denmark’s non-ETS target for 2013-2020 in the EU ............................... 227
Progress towards Denmark’s preliminary non-ETS target for 2030 in the EU..................... 228
Progress by sector and by gas ............................................................................................... 231
5.1.2
Energy (Fuel Combustion, including Transport, and Fugitive Emissions from Fuels)
234
Methods................................................................................................................................ 234
Assumptions and key parameters ......................................................................................... 235
Results .................................................................................................................................. 236
Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations...................................................................... 243
Methods................................................................................................................................ 244
Assumptions and key parameters ......................................................................................... 244
Results .................................................................................................................................. 245
Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations...................................................................... 246
Methods................................................................................................................................ 247
Assumptions and key parameters ......................................................................................... 248
Results .................................................................................................................................. 249
Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations...................................................................... 251
Methods................................................................................................................................ 253
Assumptions and key parameters ......................................................................................... 253
Results .................................................................................................................................. 253
Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations...................................................................... 255
Projection of accounting quantities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol ......... 255
Methods................................................................................................................................ 256
Assumptions and key parameters ......................................................................................... 258
Results .................................................................................................................................. 260
Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations...................................................................... 261
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
............................................................................................................ 261
Methane (CH
4
) ..................................................................................................................... 263
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O ............................................................................................................... 264
Industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
................................................................................... 265
Denmark's total greenhouse gas emissions and removals..................................................... 267
5.1.2.1
5.1.2.2
5.1.2.3
5.1.2.4
5.1.3
Industrial Processes and Product Use ........................................................................ 244
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.3.3
5.1.3.4
5.1.4
Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 246
5.1.4.1
5.1.4.2
5.1.4.3
5.1.4.4
5.1.5
LULUCF ..................................................................................................................... 251
5.1.5.1
5.1.5.2
5.1.5.3
5.1.5.4
5.1.5.5
5.1.6
Waste ........................................................................................................................... 256
5.1.6.1
5.1.6.2
5.1.6.3
5.1.6.4
5.1.7
Projection results by gas ............................................................................................. 261
P
ROJECTION WITHOUT MEASURES
(WOM-
SCENARIO
)
AND
A
SSESSMENT OF AGGREGATE
EFFECTS OF POLICIES AND MEASURES
............................................................................................. 267
5.2.1
Total effects of policies and measures ........................................................................ 267
5.2.2
Projection without measures (WOM-scenario)........................................................... 270
5.3 P
ROJECTION WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES
(WAM-
SCENARIO
) ............................................ 271
5.4 S
UPPLEMENTARITY RELATING TO MECHANISMS UNDER
A
RTICLES
6, 12
AND
17
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
...................................................................................................................................... 272
5.5 M
ETHODOLOGY USED FOR THE PRESENTED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND
COMPARISONS WITH PREVIOUS PROJECTIONS
.................................................................................. 272
5.6 G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
................................................................................. 273
5.6.1
Greenland ................................................................................................................... 273
6
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND
ADAPTATION MEASURES .......................................................................................................... 276
6.1 E
XPECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
............................................................................. 276
6.1.1
Climate in the future ................................................................................................... 276
5.2
5.1.7.1
5.1.7.2
5.1.7.3
5.1.7.4
5.1.7.5
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
8
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
6.1.2
6.1.3
Climate trends in Denmark ......................................................................................... 276
The latest developments ....................................................................................................... 276
Projected climate changes in Denmark ................................................................................ 277
6.1.2.1
6.1.2.2
Mapping the impacts of climate change in Denmark .................................................. 279
6.2 V
ULNERABILITY
A
SSESSMENT
.............................................................................................. 293
6.3 A
DAPTATION
M
EASURES
...................................................................................................... 294
6.4 M
ONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK
...................................................................... 296
6.5 P
ROGRESS AND OUTCOMES OF ADAPTATION ACTION
............................................................. 296
6.6 C
LIMATE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN
G
REENLAND
........................................ 298
6.7 C
LIMATE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION MEASURES ON THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
.......................... 299
6.7.1
Projected climate changes in the Faroe Islands ......................................................... 299
6.7.2
Expected impacts of climate change ........................................................................... 300
6.7.2.1
6.7.2.2
6.1.3.1 Construction and housing ..................................................................................................... 279
6.1.3.2 Coasts and ports ................................................................................................................... 280
6.1.3.3 Transport .............................................................................................................................. 281
6.1.3.3.1
Road network .................................................................................................................. 281
6.1.3.3.2
Permanent links............................................................................................................... 282
6.1.3.3.3
Rail network .................................................................................................................... 282
6.1.3.4 Water .................................................................................................................................... 282
6.1.3.4.1
Wastewater and flooding ................................................................................................ 282
6.1.3.4.2
Groundwater and water supply ....................................................................................... 283
6.1.3.5 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 283
6.1.3.6 Forestry ................................................................................................................................ 285
6.1.3.7 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................... 285
6.1.3.8 Energy .................................................................................................................................. 287
6.1.3.9 Tourism ................................................................................................................................ 287
6.1.3.10
Nature ............................................................................................................................. 288
6.1.3.10.1 Aquatic environment ....................................................................................................... 288
6.1.3.10.2 Nature and landscapes..................................................................................................... 289
6.1.3.11
Health .............................................................................................................................. 289
6.1.3.12
Cross-sectoral areas ........................................................................................................ 291
6.1.3.12.1 Emergency preparedness................................................................................................. 291
6.1.3.12.2 Important effects of climate change ................................................................................ 291
6.1.3.12.3 Insurance ......................................................................................................................... 292
6.1.3.12.4 Spatial planning .............................................................................................................. 293
The marine environment ...................................................................................................... 300
Nature and landscape ........................................................................................................... 300
6.7.3
Adaptation measures ................................................................................................... 300
6.8 A
SSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE WHOLE
A
RCTIC
............. 301
7
FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY............................... 304
7.1 S
TRATEGIES FOR
D
ANISH DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
..................... 304
7.1.1
Danish climate finance................................................................................................ 304
7.1.2
New and additional ..................................................................................................... 305
7.2 M
ETHODOLOGY FOR REPORTING
........................................................................................... 306
7.2.1
Bilateral climate finance ............................................................................................. 306
7.2.2
Multilateral climate finance ........................................................................................ 308
7.2.3
Private climate finance ............................................................................................... 309
7.2.4
Methodological differences from BR2 ........................................................................ 309
7.2.5
Final remarks .............................................................................................................. 310
7.3 O
VERVIEW OF
D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
2013
TO
2016 ............................................ 310
7.3.1
Danish climate finance reported 2013 to 2016 - disbursements ................................. 311
7.3.2
Danish Climate Finance Reported to the UNFCCC (2013 to 2016) - commitments .. 313
7.3.3
Danish climate finance to multilaterals channels (2013 to 2016) .............................. 313
7.3.4
Climate Finance by type of partner ............................................................................ 314
7.3.5
Breakdown by Income Groups and Danida Priority Countries .................................. 315
7.3.6
Allocation of Climate Finance to Danida Priority Countries ..................................... 316
7.4 T
ECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CAPACITY BUILDING
.............................................................. 316
7.4.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 316
7.4.2
Examples of projects with technology and capacity building elements ...................... 317
7.4.2.1
7.4.2.2
7.4.2.3
7.4.2.4
7.4.2.5
Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh ............................................................................ 317
Energy efficiency in industry in Bangladesh ........................................................................ 317
Least Developed Countries Fund ......................................................................................... 317
Adaptation and building climate change resilience in Mozambique .................................... 318
Greening of Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia (GATE) thematic programme .......... 318
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
9
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
7.5
7.6
8
7.4.2.6
7.4.2.7
7.4.2.8
7.4.2.9
7.4.2.10
7.4.2.11
7.4.2.12
M
OBILISED PRIVATE SECTOR CLIMATE INVESTMENTS THROUGH
IFU ................................... 322
I
NFORMATION UNDER
A
RTICLES
10
AND
11
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
................................ 323
The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) ....................................................... 318
UNEP-DTU partnership ....................................................................................................... 319
Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change in Bolivia .... 319
Promotion of green technologies in Strategic Sector Cooperation with Kenya .................... 319
Assist countries with energy planning and transition to renewable energy ..................... 320
Supporting the Indonesian Energy Transition ................................................................. 321
Support to sustainable energy systems ............................................................................ 321
RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION ......................................................... 326
8.1 C
LIMATE RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS IN GENERAL
......................................................... 326
8.2 R
ESEARCH
............................................................................................................................. 328
8.2.1
Research policy and funding ....................................................................................... 328
8.2.2
Climate processes and studies including palaeoclimatic studies ................................ 329
8.2.2.1
8.2.2.2
8.2.2.3
8.2.2.4
8.2.2.5
8.2.2.6
8.2.2.7
DMI ...................................................................................................................................... 329
University of Copenhagen .................................................................................................... 329
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)............................................................................. 330
University of Southern Denmark.......................................................................................... 330
GEUS ................................................................................................................................... 330
Aarhus University ................................................................................................................ 331
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR) ............................................................... 331
DMI ...................................................................................................................................... 331
University of Copenhagen .................................................................................................... 332
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)............................................................................. 333
Aarhus University (AU) ....................................................................................................... 333
GEUS ................................................................................................................................... 334
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)............................................................................. 335
DMI ...................................................................................................................................... 336
University of Copenhagen (KU) .......................................................................................... 336
Danish Coastal Authority ..................................................................................................... 337
Roskilde University .............................................................................................................. 337
Aalborg University ............................................................................................................... 338
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR) ............................................................... 338
The Faroe Marine Research Institute - (Havstovan) ....................................................... 339
Natural History Museum (Náttúrugripasavnið)............................................................... 339
8.2.3
Climate modelling and the climate of the future ......................................................... 331
8.2.3.1
8.2.3.2
8.2.3.3
8.2.4
Effects of climate change ............................................................................................ 333
8.2.4.1
8.2.4.2
8.2.4.3
8.2.4.4
8.2.4.5
8.2.4.6
8.2.4.7
8.2.4.8
8.2.4.9
8.2.4.10
8.2.4.11
8.2.5
Economic and other research, including evaluation of climate change and possibilities
for mitigation ............................................................................................................................. 340
8.2.5.1
8.2.5.2
8.2.5.3
8.2.5.4
8.2.5.5
8.2.5.6
8.2.5.7
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)............................................................................. 340
Aarhus University ................................................................................................................ 340
University of Southern Denmark.......................................................................................... 341
University of Copenhagen .................................................................................................... 341
Roskilde University .............................................................................................................. 342
DMI ...................................................................................................................................... 343
Aalborg University ............................................................................................................... 343
8.2.6
Research and development of technologies and approaches to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and to adapt to climate change ................................................................................. 343
8.2.6.1
8.2.6.2
8.2.6.3
8.2.6.4
8.2.6.5
8.2.6.6
8.2.6.7
8.2.6.8
8.2.6.9
Energy research .................................................................................................................... 344
Aarhus University ................................................................................................................ 344
University of Copenhagen .................................................................................................... 346
GEUS ................................................................................................................................... 347
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)............................................................................. 348
Roskilde University .............................................................................................................. 350
Aalborg University ............................................................................................................... 350
University of Greenland ....................................................................................................... 351
University of the Faroe Islands (Fróðskaparsetur Føroya) ................................................... 353
8.3 S
YSTEMATIC CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS
.................................................................................. 354
8.3.1
Atmospheric climate observations, including measurements of the composition of the
atmosphere ................................................................................................................................ 354
8.3.2
Stratospheric observations .......................................................................................... 357
8.3.3
Oceanographic climate observations .......................................................................... 357
8.3.4
Terrestrial observations related to climate changes ................................................... 358
8.3.5
Observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet .................................................................... 358
8.3.6
Systematic observations in Faroe Islands ................................................................... 360
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
10
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
8.3.7
Development assistance for establishment and maintenance of observation and
monitoring systems .................................................................................................................... 361
9
EDUCATION, TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ................................................ 364
9.1 E
DUCATION AND POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION PROGRAMMES
............................................... 364
9.1.1
Primary, lower and upper secondary education ......................................................... 365
9.1.2
University of Copenhagen (KU).................................................................................. 366
9.1.3
Aarhus University (AU) .............................................................................................. 368
9.1.4
Aalborg University (AAU) .......................................................................................... 369
9.1.5
Technical University of Denmark (DTU) .................................................................... 370
9.1.6
Roskilde University ..................................................................................................... 374
9.1.7
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) ...................................................................... 374
9.1.8
Ministry of Education.................................................................................................. 374
9.2 C
LIMATE INFORMATION
........................................................................................................ 375
9.2.1
Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate ................................................................... 375
9.2.2
Aarhus University (AU) .............................................................................................. 375
9.2.3
University of Copenhagen ........................................................................................... 376
9.2.4
Technical University of Denmark ............................................................................... 376
9.2.5
DMI ............................................................................................................................. 377
9.2.6
GEUS .......................................................................................................................... 377
9.2.7
University of Greenland .............................................................................................. 378
9.2.8
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR) ...................................................... 379
9.3 D
ANISH PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ACTIVITIES
......................................... 379
9.3.1
DMI ............................................................................................................................. 379
9.3.2
Aarhus University (AU) .............................................................................................. 380
9.3.3
Technical University of Denmark (DTU) .................................................................... 380
9.3.4
University of Copenhagen ........................................................................................... 381
9.3.5
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR) ...................................................... 382
9.4 P
UBLIC CAMPAIGNS
............................................................................................................... 382
ANNEXES...........................................................................................................................................383
Annex A
Annex A1
Annex A2
Annex A3
Annex A4
Annex B
Annex B1
Annex B2
Annex B3
Annex B4
Annex C
Annex C1
Annex C2
Annex C3
Annex D
Annex D1
Annex D2
Annex D3
Annex E
Annex F
Annex G
Greenhouse gas inventory and National Registry information.................................................................
Greenhouse gas inventories 1990-2015....................................................................................................
Danish National Allocation tables for installations and aviation in accordance with phase 3 of the EU
ETS (2013-2020…………………………………………………………………………………..……..
Information on Denmark’s KP Registry………………………………………………………………...
Publicly available registry information - 2017 KP Reports……………………………………………..
Policies and Measures information……………………………………………………………………...
Overview of Denmark’s portfolio of climate relevant policies and measures…………………………..
The 2005 Effort Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..
The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Policies and Measures………………………...………...
The 2017 Analysis of the CO
2
reduction effects of Renewable Energy measures and Energy
Efficiency measures……………………………………………………………………………………..
Greenhouse gas projection information…………………………………………………………………
The results of Denmark’s March 2017 ‘with measures’ projection of greenhouse gas emissions 2016-
2035………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Further information on energy projections………………………………………………………………
A comparison of the latest reported greenhouse gas inventory with the “with measures” projections in
NC1 to NC7……………………………………………………………………………………………...
Support information……………………………………………………………………………………...
Tables with additional information on support committed and disbursed 2013-2016, technology
transfer and capacity building……………………………………………………………………………
Description of selected programmes/projects to advance and/or finance transfer of technologies to
other countries……………………………………………………………………………………………
Information on the Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership Programme – DEPP…………………..
384
385
413
423
427
429
430
431
439
450
452
453
462
488
490
491
529
531
Denmark's report on systematic climate observations for the global climate observing system (GCOS)
534
Denmark's Third Biennial Report - under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (BR3/CTF)………………………………………………………………………………………
555
Literature..................................................................................................................................................
672
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
11
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Foreword
I am pleased to present Denmark’s Seventh National Communication and Third
Biennial Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Anthropogenic climate change is real, it is happening and must be taken seriously.
However, so far progress in global efforts to combat climate change has been modest.
Therefore the political rhetoric needs to be followed up by real action, if we are to
reverse the current trend of increasing global greenhouse gas emissions.
The Danish government wants Denmark to contribute actively in meeting the calls
from the scientists that significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are
necessary. The Danish government’s long-term target for 2050 is therefore to be a low
emission society independent of fossil fuels.
Another example of our commitment was demonstrated in November 2017, when
Denmark joined the Powering Past Coal Coalition together with other partners that are
united in taking action to accelerate clean energy and climate protection through the
rapid phase-out of traditional coal power. Therefore, Denmark is working to phase-out
coal in the power production no later than by 2030.
Furthermore the Danish government has a national 2030 target of at least 50 percent
renewables in the energy demand.With the current policies and measures the share of
renewable energy is projected to be 40 percent in 2020.
The Danish government will, in 2018, present a strategy for reaching Denmark’s non-
ETS target under the EU Effort Sharing Regulation for 2021-2030 (ESR), which
implements the national determined contribution of the non-ETS sectors in the EU
under the Paris Agreement.
In 2018 the Danish government will also present a proposal for a new energy
agreement for the period after 2020.
Finally, the Danish government will in 2018 present a climate plan that brings together
the government’s national and international climate initiatives.
Denmark welcomes the Paris Agreement, which is a milestone in global efforts to
combat climate change. Denmark will fulfil its obligations mainly through the joint
efforts of all EU Member States.
At the opening of the UN General Assembly in September 2017, the Danish Prime
Minister and several other worldleaders initiated “P4G” - a Partnership for Green
Growth and Global Goals to create a space for innovative public-private partnerships
in water, waste, energy, food and land use, cities and circular economy to develop
powerful solutions in support of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the 2015
Paris Agreement on climate change.
The combined effect of the current national determined contributions submitted under
the Paris Agreement are not sufficient to reach the target of the Paris Agreement.
Therefore it will require further international cooperation to reverse global emissions
as soon as possible in order to keep the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees
Celsius. The need for further action will therefore continue to be a major global
challenge.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
12
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0013.png
The Danish government wants Denmark to showcase to the rest of the world that a
green transition can be reconciled with economic growth. Experience from Denmark
shows that it is possible to maintain high economic growth while at the same time
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels through persistent
and active energy policies focusing on enhanced energy efficiency and promotion of
renewable energy.
Since 1990, the Danish economy has grown by about 50 percent, while energy
consumption has remained more or less constant, the share of renewable energy has
grown from 7 percent to 31 percent and the total greenhouse gas emission has been
reduced by 31 percent. Denmark’s long history of energy and climate policies has
increased the security of energy supply and contributed considerably to fulfilling
Denmark’s climate goals.
Denmark is sharing these experiences and contributing to the global implementation of
the Paris Agreement is Denmark’s bilateral cooperations. Through examples and
solutions Denmark is assisting some of the world's largest greenhouse gas emitters in
their transition to sustainable energy, while also advising on the necessary climate
adaptation.
Copenhagen, December 2017
Lars Christian Lilleholt
Minister for Energy, Utilities and Climate
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
13
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0014.png
Introduction
At the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de
Janeiro in June 1992, more than 150 countries signed the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change (the Climate Convention).
On 21 December 1993 the Climate Convention was ratified by a sufficient number of
countries, including Denmark, for it to enter into force on 21 March 1994. Currently,
there are 197 Parties (196 States and 1 regional economic integration organization) to
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
This report is Denmark’s Seventh National Communication under the Climate
Convention (NC7) and the fourth under the Kyoto Protocol as well as Denmark’s
Third Biennial Report under the Climate Convention (BR3). Since Denmark’s
ratification of the Climate Convention covers the entire Realm, the report also
includes information on Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Kyoto Protocol,
however, only covers Denmark and Greenland due to a ratification with a territorial
exclusion to the Faroe Islands. The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
only cover Denmark as part of the EU due to a planned ratification with a territorial
exclusion to Greenland. The report is organised in accordance with the guidelines for
national communications adopted by the parties to the Climate Convention and as far
as possible it follows the Annotated Outline for the Fifth National Communication
suggested by the Climate Secretariat in June 2009.
A summary of reporting of the supplementary information under Article 7, paragraph
2, of the Kyoto Protocol is given in Table 0.1. This table allows identifying the
Kyoto Protocol elements that are allocated in different sections of the report.
T
ABLE
0.1
S
UMMARY OF REPORTING OF THE
S
UPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION UNDER
A
RTICLE
7,
PARAGRAPH
2,
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL IN THE
NC7.
Information reported under Article 7, paragraph 2
National systems in accordance with Article 5, paragraph 1
National registries
Information on base year, assigned amount and total greenhouse gas emission
trend under the Kyoto Protocol
Supplementarity relating to the mechanisms pursuant to Articles 6, 12 and 17
Policies and measures in accordance with Article 2
Legislative arrangements and enforcement and administrative procedures
Information under Article 10:
- Art 10a (programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors,
activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic
conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of
national inventories)
- Art 10b (measures to mitigate climate change and measures to
facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change)
- Art 10c (transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies,
know-how, practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in
particular to developing countries)
- Art 10d (maintenance and the development of systematic observation
systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties
related to the climate system etc.)
- Art 10e (the development and implementation of education and
training programmes)
Financial resources
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
Chapter in NC7
3.3
3.4
3.5 and 3.6
5.3
4.3
4.2
Art. 10a: 3.3
Art. 10b: 4 and 6
Art. 10c: 7
Art. 10d: 8
Art. 10e: 9
7
14
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0015.png
In addition to efforts described in this report, Denmark also contributes to the
European Union's common efforts under the Climate Convention and the Kyoto
Protocol. Such efforts have – and will in the future – be transposed by
implementation of common and coordinated policies and measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, including under the European Energy Union. Further
information on the EU's climate policy etc. is available in the EU’s Seventh National
Communication submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2017.
In response to the recommendations from the review of Denmark’s Sixth National
Communication
1
estimates of the total effect of implemented and adopted policies
and measures are included in Chapter 5.
The Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate has been in charge of
coordinating the work relating to Denmark’s Seventh National Communication.
Contributions have been made by the institutions mentioned in Box 0.1.
B
OX
0.1
I
NSTITUTIONS CONTRIBUTING TO
NC7
AND
BR3
Danish Energy Agency, Danish Meteorological Institute and Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland under the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate;
Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish Nature Agency, Danish AgriFish Agency and
Danish Coastal Authority under the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark;
Faroe Islands - Environment Agency and Statistics Faroe Islands;
Greenland - Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ministry of Industry, Labour, Trade and Energy,
Greenland Institute of Natural Ressources and University of Greenland;
Ministry of Education;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
(Ministry of Higher Education and Science;)
Ministry of Taxation;
Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing;
Roskilde University;
Statistics Denmark under the Ministry for Economic Affairs and the Interior;
Technical University of Denmark;
University of Copenhagen;
University of Southern Denmark;
Aalborg University;
Aarhus University and DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy and DCA - Danish Centre
For Food And Agriculture thereunder.
1
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/idr/dnk06.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
15
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
16
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0017.png
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
17
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1 Executive Summary
1.1
1.1.1
N
ATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND
REMOVALS
General
The Kingdom of Denmark – the Realm - comprises Denmark, Greenland and the
Faroe Islands. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes has been ratified
on behalf of all three parts of the Realm.
Today, Denmark has a population of 5.7 mill. and a total area of 43,000 km
2
. More
than 61% of the area is used for agricultural purposes, while 13% is forested and
14% is towns, roads and scattered housing, while the rest consists of natural areas,
including lakes, watercourses, heath, etc.
The Danish climate is temperate with precipitation evenly distributed over the year.
The mean annual temperature is 8.3ºC and mean annual precipitation is 746 mm.
Since 1993 economic growth in Denmark has been considerable, with GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) rising at an average of approx. 1.6% per year until the global
economic crisis from 2007. After the economy contracted in 2008-2009 positive
growth rates has returned to an average of 1.6% annually in 2014-2016. In 2016,
GDP amounted to DKK 2,065 billion, corresponding to DKK 360,000 per capita.
1.1.2
Energy, transport, the household sector and the business sector
Denmark is no longer self-sufficient in energy, due primarily to the decrease in
production of oil and gas in the North Sea. Renewable energy is increasingly
contributing to the energy supply.
Despite the economic growth, total energy consumption has remained largely
unchanged at approximately 800 PJ since 1980. Denmark's dependence on oil and
coal has fallen, and particularly within electricity and heat production, Denmark has
succeeded in substituting with other fuels. In 2015, renewable energy accounted for
about 30% of Denmark's observed energy consumption.
The observed energy consumption in 2015 was 720 PJ. In 2015, energy production
and supply alone accounted for 27% of Denmark's total emissions of greenhouse
gases.
The energy consumption in the household sector primarily comprises heating and
electricity consumption. Since 2000 the net heat demand per m
2
has decreased and
was in 2015 approx. 17.5% below the level in 1990. In the period 1990-2015 the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
18
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
economic development in total private consumption showed a 43.5% increase,
whereas total household electricity consumption increased by 3.2% only.
Denmark is a relatively small and densely populated country with a large share of the
population living in cities. This influence the transport activity in Denmark.
Industry's production value accounts for about 19.2% of total production. The largest
sectors of industry are food and beverages, manufacturing of machinery and
transport equipment, chemical and pharmaceutical industry and metal industries. By
far the largest part of the greenhouse gas emissions in the business sector, is CO
2
from energy consumption, which in 2015 accounted for about 11% of Denmark's
observed emissions of CO
2
related to energy consumption. The sector is also a
source of emissions of industrial greenhouse gases, which in 2015 accounted for
1.5% of Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions.
1.1.3
Waste, agriculture and forestry
The waste sector's methane emissions account for 2.0% of the total greenhouse gas
emissions in 2015. Methane emissions from the waste sector are expected to fall in
the future due to the obligation the municipalities have had since 1997 to send
combustible waste for incineration. In addition, gas from a number of landfill sites is
used in energy production, which helps to reduce both CO
2
and methane emissions.
Over the last 56 years, the agricultural area in Denmark has fallen from 72% of the
total area in 1960 to 61% in 2016. The number of farms has fallen by 69% from
1980 to 2015, while the average size of farms has increased by 200% in the same
period, from 24 ha to 72 ha. At approximately 10%, agricultural exports still account
for a considerable proportion of all Danish export. Emissions of methan and nitrous
oxide from agriculture (i.e. excluding emissions from energy consumption)
accounted for approximately 21% of Denmark's total emissions of greenhouse gases
in 2015.
Approximately 15% of Denmark is forested, and the Forestry Act protects a very
large part of the existing forest from other land use. The ambition is to have about
25% of Denmark's area forested by the end of the 21st century.
1.1.4
Greenland and the Faroe Islands
Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of 2.2 mill. km
2
, 85% of which is
covered by the ice sheet. From north to south, Greenland extends over 2,600 km.
Greenland has a population of around 55,900, and fishing is the main occupation.
Greenland's climate is Arctic. The warmest recorded temperature since 1958 is
25.5ºC, while temperatures can go down below -70ºC on the inland ice sheet.
The Faroe Islands consist of 18 islands with a total area of 1,399 km
2
and have a
population of around 49,900. The climate is characterised by mild winters and cool
summers and the weather is often moist and rainy. The mean annual temperature is
6.8ºC in Tórshavn.
Fishery and related industries are of such importance that their influence determines
the overall performance of the Faroese economy. The Faroese economy is very
sensitive to the international market for fish. Consequently, export income can
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
19
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0020.png
fluctuate significantly from one year to the next, and these fluctuations spread
quickly throughout the economy. The national accounts to 2015 indicate that a
proportionally larger output value now comes from production of private and public
services. The proportional output value from fishery and manufacturing fish products
has declined correspondingly.
1.2
G
REENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY INFORMATION
Denmark's greenhouse gas inventories are prepared in accordance with the guidelines
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and are based on the
methods developed under the European CORINAIR programme.
Table 1.1 shows Denmark's, Greenland’s and Faroe Islands’ total emissions of the
greenhouse gases CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O and the industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
from 1990 to 2015, calculated in CO
2
equivalents in accordance with the general
rules for inventories under the Climate Convention.
Table 1.2 shows Denmark's total emissions of the greenhouse gases CO
2
, CH
4
and
N
2
O and the industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
from 1990 to 2015, calculated in
CO
2
equivalents.
T
ABLE
1.1 D
ENMARK
'
S
, G
REENLAND
’
S AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF
GREENHOUSE GASES
, 1990 – 2015
Source:
Nielsen et al. (2017a).
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
1990
54,883
59,739
7,663
7,682
7,904
7,931
NO,NE
NO,NA
NO
42
NO
70,493
75,395
71,710
76,612
1990
53,700
1995
62,688
66,825
8,090
8,117
7,155
7,182
241
1
NO
103
NO
78,279
82,469
79,416
83,607
1995
61,667
2000
2005
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
55,629 52,,940
59,775
58,111
7,946
7,709
7,981
7,752
6,949
5,496
6,976
5,523
711
952
23
19
NO
NO
56
20
NO
NO
71,313
67,136
75,521
72,377
72,187
67,871
76,395
73,112
2000
54,878
2005
52,208
2,809
10,826
5,241
1,293
NO
72,377
2010
50,689
49,814
7,384
7,435
5,161
5,188
972
19
NO
36
NO
64,261
63,465
64,817
64,021
2010
50,635
2,057
10,363
-796
1,206
NO
63,465
2015
36,449
40,509
6,884
6,944
5,202
5,236
677
5
NO
103
NO
49,321
53,475
49,734
53,888
2015
35,784
2,035
10,335
4,154
1,167
NO
53,475
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
2. Industrial processes and product use
2,344
2,879
3,639
3. Agriculture
12,668
12,116
11,265
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
4,902
4,190
4,208
5. Waste
1,781
1,616
1,531
6. Other
NO
NO
NO
75,395
82,469
75,521
Total (including LULUCF)
Note: NO: Not Occuring, NE: Not Estimated (partly), NA: Not Applicable (partly)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
20
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.2.1
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
Most CO
2
emissions come from combustion of coal, oil and natural gas in energy
industries, residential properties and in manufacturing industry (44% in 2015). Road
transport is also a major contributor - about 34% in 2015. The relatively large
fluctuations in the emissions from year to year are due to trade in electricity with
other countries - primarily the Nordic countries.
In 2015, total actual CO
2
emissions inventoried under the Climate Convention,
excluding land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), were about 34% lower
than in 1990. If LULUCF is included, net emissions were about 32% lower.
The reduction since 1990 is due, in particular, to a significant change in the use of
fuels in energy production from coal to natural gas and renewable energy, more
widespread use of CHP and improved energy efficiency.
1.2.2
Methane, CH
4
Anthropogenic methane emissions primarily stems from agriculture, landfills and the
energy sector, among which agriculture contributes the most by far. The emissions
from agriculture are due to enteric fermentation in farm animals and the handling of
manure.
Emissions of methane from landfills are decreasing, because the production of
methane has fallen year by year since the ban on landfilling of combustible waste in
1997.
The emissions from energy production have been rising with increasing use of gas
engines. However legislation establishing emission limits for existing gas-driven
engines and decreased use of gas engines has resulted in lower emissions.
In 2015, total methane emissions were 10% below the 1990 level.
1.2.3
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Agriculture constitutes the largest source by far of nitrous oxide emissions since it
can be formed in the ground, where bacteria convert nitrous compounds from
fertiliser and manure. Bacterial conversion of nitrogen also occurs in drain water and
coastal water due to leaching and run off. From 1990, nitrous oxide emissions from
agriculture have decreased by 28 % due to legislation to improve the utilisation of
nitrogen in manure. A small share of nitrous oxide emissions originates from power
and district heating plants, and cars with catalytic converters.
In 2015, total nitrous oxide emissions were 34% below the 1990 level.
1.2.4
The industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
The contribution of f-gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
), to Denmark's total emissions of
greenhouse gases is relatively modest. However, the emissions of these gases
increased significantly during the 1990s. HFCs, which are primarily used in
refrigeration and air conditioning, are the biggest contributor to f-gas emissions.
From 1995 to 2015 annual emissions of HFCs increased from 241 to 677 Gg of CO
2
equivalents.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
21
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0022.png
The total emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
increased by 128% from 1995 to 2015.
1.2.5
Total Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
In 2015 the total Danish emissions (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
were estimated to 47.9 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents,
Of the total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, CO
2
made up 73.3%, methane
14.3%, nitrous oxide 10.8%, and f-gasses 1.5%. If net contributions of CO
2
emissions by sources and removals by sinks from forests and soil are included (i.e.
with LULUCF), then net total Danish greenhouse gas emissions corresponded to
52.1 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents in 2015.
T
ABLE
1.2 DANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS BY GAS AND SOURCE
AND SINK CATEGORIES IN 1990 - 2015
Source:
Nielsen et al. (2017a).
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
1990
53,591
58,447
7,624
7,643
7,882
7,909
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO
42
NO
69,139
74,042
70,356
75,259
1990
1995
61,615
65,751
8,051
8,078
7,134
7,161
241
1
NO
102
NO
77,145
81,334
78,282
82,472
1995
2000
2005
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
54,296
51,522
58,442
56,691
7,907
7,671
7,943
7,715
6,926
5,472
6,953
5,499
704
933
23
19
NO
NO
56
20
NO
NO
69,912
65,636
74,120
70,876
70,786
66,371
74,994
71,611
2000
2005
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
50,784
2,789
10,788
5,240
1,276
NO
70,876
2010
49,170
48,295
7,347
7,399
5,139
5,166
950
19
NO
36
NO
62,661
61,864
63,217
62,420
2010
49,111
2,034
10,326
-797
1,190
NO
61,864
2015
35,147
39,205
6,849
6,909
5,182
5,216
634
5
NO
103
NO
47,919
52,072
48,331
52,484
2015
34,476
1,992
10,299
4,153
1,153
NO
52,072
52,402
60,589
53,540
2. Industrial processes and product use
2,343
2,878
3,631
3. Agriculture
12,631
12,079
11,228
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
4,902
4,190
4,208
5. Waste
1,763
1,598
1,513
6. Other
NO
NO
NO
74,042
81,334
74,120
Total (including LULUCF)
Note: NO: Not Occuring, NE: Not Estimated (partly), NA: Not Applicable (partly)
1.2.6
Greenland’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
In 2015, Greenland’s total emission of greenhouse gases excluding LULUCF was
557.41 kt CO
2
equivalent, and 558.46 kt CO
2
equivalent including LULUCF.
Stationary combustion plants (75.1 %) and transport (18.9 %) represent the largest
categories. The net CO
2
emission from forestry etc. was 0.2 % of the total emission
in CO
2
equivalents in 2015. Total GHG emissions in CO
2
equivalents excluding
LULUCF have decreased by 14.6 % from 1990 to 2015 and decreased 14.4%
including LULUCF.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
22
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0023.png
1.2.7
The Faroe Islands’ emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
In 2015, the Faroe Islands’ total emission of greenhouse gases LULUCF was 868 kt
CO
2
equivalent.
The main part - i.e. 93 % - of the emissions were from the fuel consumption
including waste incineration in the energy sector in 2015. Almost 4 % were from
Industrial processes and Product Use and a just above 3 % from Agriculture. The
fluctuations in the GHG emissions in the Energy sector are decisive for the
fluctuations in the total GHG emissions. The emissions from the Agriculture sector
and from Industrial processes and Product Use are relative small and constant. In
2015, the total emissions were 20 % above 1990, the base year.
1.2.8
The national system for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions
In pursuance of Article 5, Section 1 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol
shall establish national systems for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) is responsible for producing
the Danish greenhouse gas emission inventories and the annual reporting to the
UNFCCC and the DCE has been designated the single national entity under the
Kyoto Protocol. DCE is therefore the contact point for Denmark’s national system
for greenhouse gas inventories under the Kyoto Protocol.
The work on the annual inventories is carried out in cooperation with other Danish
ministries, research institutes, organisations and private enterprises.
The Danish emissions inventory is based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines for calculation
of greenhouse gas emissions and the European CORINAIR program for calculation
of national emissions. Generally, emissions are calculated by multiplying the activity
data (e.g. fuel consumption, number of animals or vehicles) by an emission factor
(e.g. the mass of material emitted per unit of energy, per animal or per vehicle).
Uncertainty in the greenhouse gas inventories is calculated as recommended in the
IPCC guidelines and covers 100% of total Danish greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The result of the calculations shows that total GHG emissions were calculated to
have an uncertainty of 5.4% and the uncertainty in the trend in GHG emissions since
1990 was calculated to be
±
2.0 %. The uncertainties are largest for
N
2
O
emissions
from stationary combustion and agricultural land and CH
4
emissions from enteric
fermentation and solid waste disposal on land.
As part of the national system, DCE is drawing up a manual to use in quality
assurance and quality control of the emission inventories.
DCE produces an annual report (National Inventory Report) for the Climate
Convention in which the results of the calculations are presented and the background
data, calculation methods, plan for quality assurance and control, uncertainty and
recalculations are described and documented.
A number of improvements of the emission inventories have been made since
Denmark's Sixth National Communication to the Climate Convention. In 2016, the
responsibility for the official consideration and approval of the inventory has
changed from the Danish Energy Agency to the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and
Climate.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
23
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.2.9
The National Registry for accounting of assigned amounts and credits
from sinks and JI- and CDM-projects
Denmark’s national allowances registry and other EU Member States national
allowances registers are part of the EU emissions trading scheme, which entered into
force on 1 January 2005. The 16
th
of October 2008 the EU ETS was included in the
international emissions trading system under the Kyoto Protocol after successful
connection to the International Transaction Log. As of June 2012 the EU ETS
operations were centralized into a single European Union registry operated by the
European Commission and as of December 2012 the Danish Business Authority has
been responsible for administering the Danish KP Registry as well as Danish
accounts in the consolidated EU ETS Registry.
Since Denmark's Sixth National Communication to the Climate Convention was
published, only minor changes have occurred regarding the National Registry.
1.2.10 Trends in Danish greenhouse gas emissions from the base year under the
Kyoto Protocol
The developments in Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from the
base year under the Kyoto Protocol to 2015 (the most recent inventory year), as they
are to be inventoried under the Kyoto Protocol, are shown in Figure 1.1 together with
a preliminary estimate for 2016.
The relatively great variations in previous total emissions and removals of
greenhouse gases are especially due to variations in Denmark’s exchange of
electricity with neighbouring countries. Furthermore, emissions of CO
2
from energy
consumption vary considerably from year to year, depending on winter temperatures.
In order to facilitate the assessment of developments in CO
2
emissions associated
with Denmark’s own energy consumption in normal winters, estimates with
corrections made for exchange of electricity and variations in temperature are also
calculated in the annual energy statistics. The development in emissions with these
correction is also shown in Figure 1.1.
As it can be seen from this Figure there has been a 34% decrease from the base year
to 2015. The preliminary estimate for 2016 suggests an increase of 1 percentage
point.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
24
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0025.png
F
IGURE
1.1: D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS
1990-2016
WITHOUT AND WITH
CORRECTIONS FOR INTER
-
ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURES AND EXCHANGE OF ELECTRICITY
Source: The UNFCCC’s Report of the review of the initial report of Denmark, 2017 (base year), Nielsen et al., 2017 (1990-
2015), the 2016 preliminary estimate elaborated by DCE and based on the preliminary energy statistics for 2016 by the Danish
Energy Agency and with corrections of CO
2
emissions for degree days and net electricity imports and the preliminary estimate
for 2016 from the Danish Energy Agency.
1.3
1.3.1
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES
Denmarks climate policy
Since the Brundtland Commission's report, “Our Common Future”, from 1987,
Denmark's climate policy has developed in collaboration with the different sectors of
society, and in line with international climate policy, and results from related
scientific research.
Thus, since the end of the 1980s a considerable number of measures to reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases have been implemented.
Some of the measures have been implemented with reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions as the main objective, others were aimed at achieving environmental
improvements for society in general, e.g. by introducing environmental taxes and
involving the public in the debate and decisions concerning the environment.
Since 2001, focus has also been on efforts to reduce emissions and meet the near-
term international greenhouse gas emission reduction targets – i.e. for 2008-2012
under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU Burden Sharing
and for 2013-2020 under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and
the EU Effort Sharing Decision – with view to meet the government’s long-term
target for 2050: a low-emission society independent of fossil fuels to ensure that
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
25
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Denmark complies with the EU's target of 80-95 per cent reduction of greenhouse
gases by 2050.
In relation to the period 2013-2020, Denmark is committed to a reduction in non-
ETS emissions rising to 20% by 2020 relative to 2005. Furthermore, Denmark is
committed to reaching a 30% share of renewables in energy use by 2020.
In relation to the period 2021-2030, and as part of the EU’s so-called Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement, Denmark is
committed to a reduction in non-ETS emissions rising to 39% by 2030 relative to
2005. Furthermore, Denmark is committed to reaching a 50% share of renewables in
energy use by 2030.
The current framework for Denmark’s energy and climate policy is the Energy
Agreement reached with a majority of parties in the Parliament in March 2012.
The 2012 Energy Agreement contains a wide range of ambitious initiatives, bringing
Denmark a good step closer to the target by 2050.
The Agreement will lead to large investments up to 2020 in energy efficiency,
renewable energy and the energy system. Results in 2020 include approximately
50% of electricity consumption supplied by wind power, and more than 35% of final
energy consumption supplied from renewable energy sources.
The long-term goal for Danish energy policy is to be independent of fossil fuels by
2050.
Only by improving energy efficiency, electrifying Danish energy consumption, and
expanding supply from renewables, will it be possible to phase out fossil fuels
completely. The initiatives in Denmark’s Energy Agreement for the period 2012–
2020 cover these crucial areas.
Danish climate policy is based on two pillars – the European and the national. As a
small country with an open economy, it is clear that the more Denmark can
implement climate policy with common European solutions, the better the total effect
of climate policy and the easier it will be to maintain Danish competitiveness in
relation to trading partners in the EU.
The EU is also a crucial player in international climate negotiations. The
implementation of the Paris Agreement requires an ambitious common EU approach
for the period after 2020. In light of this, the Commission has put forward proposals
for the concrete implementation of the ambitious climate and energy EU targets for
the period after 2020. These proposals are now under consideration by the European
Council or the European Parliament.
Denmark is ready to contribute to the EU’s reduction target of at least 40 per cent by
2030 (compared with 1990 levels) by taking on an ambitious 2030 targets for
reducing emissions outside the quota system. In October 2017 Denmark agreed to a
reduction in non-ETS emissions in the period 2021-2030, rising to 39% by 2030
relative to 2005, when the flexible mechanisms of the Effort Sharing Regulation are
taken into account. The final approval by the European Parliament is still pending. In
2018, the government will prepare a cost-effective strategy for meeting Denmark's
reduction target in 2030.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
26
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.3.2
Legislative arrangements and enforcement and administrative
procedures
The legal basis for the division of powers into the legislative, executive, and judicial
power is the Danish Constitution, Danmarks Riges Grundlov .
The Constitution includes the legal basis for how the Regent acts on behalf of the
Realm in international affairs, and he cannot act without the consent of the Folketing
in any way that increases or restricts the area of the Realm, or enter into obligations
requiring cooperation of the Folketing or which in some other way are of great
significance to the Realm. Neither can the Regent, without the consent of the
Folketing, cancel an international agreement entered into with the consent of the
Folketing.
1.3.3
Policies and measures and their effects
Allowance regulation
For many of the energy producers and a large part of the energy-intensive industry,
the Danish implementation of the EU Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse
gas emission allowance trading within the Community form the framework for
Danish efforts (EU ETS). The companies that are covered by the scheme, and whose
activity thus is limited by a quota, can plan their climate action themselves. They can
choose to reduce their own emissions when this is most appropriate, or they can buy
allowances or credits from project-based emission reductions when this is considered
most appropriate. The companies covered by the scheme will thus have the
possibility of ongoing adjustment of their action so that it is always as effective as
possible.
After phase 1 (2005-2007) and phase 2 (2008-2012) the EU ETS is now in phase 3
(2013-2020). The allowances for the installations in the EU ETS have been
calculated for 2013-2020 in accordance with the EU benchmarking decision
2011/278/EU. The Danish National Implementation Measures (NIM) list was
approved by the European Commission in January 2014. This gives certainty about
the activites covered regarding these activities’ effect on Denmark’s greenhouse gas
emissions and accounting under the Kyoto Protocol 2013-2020.
The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms
For the period 2008-2012, the flexible Kyoto Protocol mechanisms have been
important elements in supplementing domestic reduction measures aimed at fulfilling
the international climate commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent
EU Burden Sharing Agreement.
For the period 2013-2020, the government will not use the flexible Kyoto Protocol
mechanisms for the achievement of Denmark’s target under the EU Effort Sharing
Decision, which is to be seen as Denmark’s contribution to the EU joint target under
the 2
nd
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.
Taxes and duties
The levels of taxes and duties are also having an effect on several greenhouse gas
emitting activities across sectors. Denmark has special taxes on motor vehicles,
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
27
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
energy products, alcohol, tobacco, and a number of other products. During the 1990s
a number of new environmental taxes were introduced. These taxes were placed on
consumer goods that caused pollution or were scarce (water, energy products such as
such as oil, petrol, electricity, etc.) or on discharges of polluting substances (CO
2
,
HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
, SO
2
, and sewage). Taxes are imposed on mineral oil, tobacco, and
alcohol in accordance with EU legislation.
The new cross-sectoral national green climate fund
In connection with the PSO Agreement of 2016 a majority of political parties in the
Danish parliament decided to allocate funds to a new national green climate fund.
The fund is targeted initiatives accross all sectors that promote the green transition in
an appropriate manner, including in particular initiatives that can contribute to the to
the achievement of Denmark’s 2030 greenhouse gas emission reduction target in the
non-ETS sector, etc. The total budget for the fund is DKK 375 million for the period
2017-2020 - with DKK 50 million in 2017, DKK 50 million in 2018, DKK 100
million in 2019 and DKK 175 million in 2020.
In June 2017, the 1st allocation of the budget was decided. From the budget for
2017, 2018 and partially 2019 a total of DKK 104-106 million has been allocated for
the following new initiatives:
1.1 Establishment grants for electric heat pumps on non-ETS cogeneration plants,
1.2 Mapping and advisory efforts for decentralized CHP plants,
2. Recycling system for flammable refrigerants,
3. Reduced retention time for slurry in stables,
4. Climate-friendly road surface,
5. Demonstration project - bio refinery plant,
6. Measurement of nitrous oxide from wastewater, and
7. Heat pumps on subscription for the business sector.
The energy sector
Energy production and energy-consuming activities in the different sectors are the
main contributors to the total emissions of CO
2
due to use of large quantities of coal,
oil and natural gas. This is due to use of large quantities of coal, oil and natural gas.
The energy sector is therefore pivotal in the efforts to reduce the emissions of CO
2
.
The goal of the energy policy today is to create well-functioning energy markets
within frameworks that secure cost-effective solutions, security of supply,
environmental concerns and efficient use of energy.
The goal of the 1970s energy policy was to prevent supply crises using a multiple
energy supply, which reduced dependency on oil. In the 1980s, the main focus was to
protect against large and external increases in energy prices through increased focus
on self-sufficiency, co-production and macroeconomic considerations. In the 1990s
the goal was the development of a sustainable energy sector.
Energy-policy key considerations have thus been both multi-faceted and changing as
the goals were met and new challenges appeared. Over a number of years, many
initiatives have been taken that have yielded positive results for society. At the same
time, CO
2
emissions have been reduced in a number of sectors.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
28
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
First, this success is due to significant efforts in the transformation sector.
Particularly in the production of electricity and heat there has been a substantial
increase in co-production and substitution with other fuels. Thus, natural gas, waste
and biomass are increasingly being used in small-scale and industrial CHP plants,
natural gas and renewable energy is increasingly being used in large scale electricity
production, and natural gas is increasingly being used for individual heating of
buildings.
A vast range of measures have been applied over the years to achieve the various
energy policy objectives mentioned above.
Taxes have been used for a number of years as measures which also lead to a
reduction of the CO
2
emissions from the energy sector - partly with a view to a
general reduction and partly to promote the use of fuels with lower CO
2
emissions,
mainly biomass. This includes lower CO
2
emissions, e.g. natural gas and biomass.
Such taxes are still being used.
Increased use of CHP and enlarging the areas receiving district heat have been main
elements of the Danish strategy to promote efficient use of energy resources ever
since the end of the 1970s.
Renewable energy sources have been promoted with economic measures, including
the tax system and through production grants.
From 2005 energy producers and parts of the energy-intensive industry are covered
by the EU's CO
2
allowance scheme. From 2008 the allowance scheme has become
the most important measure in Denmark's fulfilment of its climate obligations under
the Kyoto Protocol. The allowance scheme permits significant improvements to the
cost-effectiveness of Denmark's climate policies and measures.
The business sector
In addition to the key instrument - allowance regulation - the ongoing initiatives to
reduce the emissions from the business sector include promotion of energy savings
and energy efficiency improvements, conversion of energy production to cleaner
fuels and initiatives to reduce the emissions of industrial gases .
The transport sector
Efforts to turn the upward trend in emissions of greenhouse gases in the transport
sector have so far failed, in part because it is extremely difficult to reduce the CO
2
emissions in this sector in Denmark without international initiatives.
A great number of additional initiatives aiming directly or indirectly at reducing CO
2
emissions have been implemented within various areas. The effects of these
initiatives are hard to quantify and in themselves they are not considered to have
contributed significantly to CO
2
reductions.
The transport sector's possibility, with national measures, of contributing to reduction
of Denmark's CO
2
emissions shows that the cost-effectiveness of the measures
depends entirely on the side effects. Transport in itself has a number of side-effects
in addition to contributing to the greenhouse effect through higher CO
2
emissions,
for example air pollution causing poor air quality or acidification, noise, accidents
and congestion.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
29
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The measures in the transport sector comprises both EU initiatives and national
initiatives or a mix.
One example is the use of biofuels. From 2012 all petrol and diesel for transport sold
in Denmark must contain an average of 5.75% of biofuels, which must live up to the
EU sustainability criteria.
Another example is that cars with high energy efficiencies, such as electric vehicles,
are granted large reductions in the registration tax. Electric vehicles are furthermore
granted deductions in the registration tax until 2020.
The household sector
With a view to reducing both direct and indirect CO
2
emissions from the domestic
sector, a wide range of initiatives have been launched. The initiatives promote
electricity savings, savings in energy consumption for space heating and fuel
conversion (from electric heat and oil to district heat, natural gas and renewable
energy).
The portefolio of initiatives in the household sector include energy taxes, CO
2
taxes ,
energy labelling of buildings, energy labelling of buildings when built, sold or
rented, regular energy labelling of large buildings and public buildings, minimum
energy requirements and energy labelling of appliances, information initiative
towards private households and support for the substitution of individual oil-based
furnaces.
In the Energy Agreement from March 2012 several new measures for the period until
2020 are also included. One of the key ambitions in the agreement is to further
improve energy efficiency and energy savings.
Industrial processes
Process emission of CO
2
from cement production have since 2005 been subject to
regulation under the EU ETS.
When the only nitric acid production facility in Denmark stopped in 2004, nitrous
oxide emissions decreased with by approx. 0,9 mill. tonnes of CO
2
equivalents.
The regulation of emissions of the industrial greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
)
is 2-phased, consisting partly in a tax and partly in a statutory order on
discontinuation of the use of the gases in new installations. The tax is imposed on the
substances on importation because none of them is produced in Denmark.
In July 2002 a statutory order on regulation of the industrial greenhouse gases
entered into force. It includes a general ban on use of the industrial greenhouse gases
in a wide range of new installations/products from 1 January 2006, including, for
example, domestic refrigerators and freezers, PUR foam, etc.
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries
Within the agricultural sector the following measures have reduced, or will reduce,
emissions: ban on burning straw on fields, Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment
I and II and the Action Plan for Sustainable Agriculture, Action Plan for the Aquatic
Environment III, the Ammonia Action Plan, Action Plan for Joint Biogas Plants and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
30
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
subsequent follow-up programmes, Environmental Approval Act for Livestock
Holdings, New Energy Policy Agreement - supporting biogas and the Agreement on
Green Growth 2009: Reduction of the agricultural sector’s emissions of greenhouse
gasses by an anticipated 800,000 tonnes of CO
2
eq. annually as a consequence of the
energy, nature and environment initiatives.
The Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment and the Action Plan for Sustainable
Agriculture have, in particular, reduced the emissions of nitrous oxide, and most of
the changes in emissions of nitrous oxide from the agriculture sector that have taken
place since 1990 can be attributed to these action plans.
In 2015 the Green Growth Agreement from 2009/2010 was replaced by the Political
Agreement on a Food and Agricultural Package (FAP) which ensures better
production conditions for farming, while at the same time handling a number of the
key environmental challenges.
The agreement includes a diverse package of measures designed to make a shift in
the way environmental regulation in the agricultural sector is carried out, from a
general regulation to a targeted approach.
The fertilization standards for the
agricultural sector was lifted to the level of economic optimum and a new targeted
regulation based on specific environmental goals for the aquatic environment and
ground water resources is introduced from 2019.
Biogas from digestion of manure and organic wastes carries a number of advantages
when used to substitute fossil energy: reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases,
better utilization of manure as fertiliser, recycling and use of organic wastes for
energy and fertiliser purposes etc. In order to stimulate expansion of the biogas
sector the subsidy on the sales price of electricity production based on biogas was
adjusted by the Energy Policy Agreement of 22 March 2012. The Agreement
resulted in an amendment to the Promotion of Renewable Energy Act of 27
December 2008.
In June 2017, 9,0 million DKK were allocated for developing solutions in existing
biogas plants and associated suppliers of feedstock with a view to reduce the
retention time of manure. This is expected to increase the production of biogas per
unit input of manure while at the same time reducing emissions of methane. The
expected effect of this initiative is not included in the GHG emission projection from
March 2017.
The LULUCF sector
The emission of GHGs from the LULUCF sector (Land Use, Land Use Change and
Forestry) includes primarily the emission of CO
2
from land use and small amounts of
N
2
O from disturbance of soils not included in the agricultural sector.
The LULUCF sector is subdivided into six major categories:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forest
Cropland
Grassland
Wetlands
Settlements
Other Land
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
31
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Forests and forestry are important due to CO
2
sequestration and emissions as a
consequence of trees growing, respiring and decomposing. Danish forests contain a
considerable store of CO
2
absorbed from the atmosphere. When new forests are
established, new CO
2
stores are created. Afforestation is therefore a useful climate
policy instrument.
The national forest programme includes evaluation of the possibilities offered by the
Kyoto Protocol for economically viable CO
2
sequestration in forests. The political
goal with the most direct influence on increased carbon sequestration is the
declaration of intent from 1989 to double the forested area in Denmark within 100
years. Various measures have been taken towards achieving this goal. For instance, a
government grant scheme has been establish that supports private afforestation on
agricultural land and the state itself establishes new forests. In addition, some private
individuals choose to establish forests on agricultural land without a government
grant.
For the agricultural soils and land-uses measures such as ban on burning straw on
fields and support for planting of windbreaks have reduced, or will reduce CO
2
emissions and enhance CO
2
sequestration.
The waste sector
The waste sector's contribution to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions consists
mainly in: reducing landfilling of organic waste, utilising gas from
discontinued/existing landfill sites and the waste as an energy source.
The Statutory Order on Waste was amended from 1 January 1997, to introduce a
municipal obligation to assign combustible waste to incineration (corresponding to a
ban on landfilling combustible waste). As a result of this, large quantities of
combustible waste that used to go to landfill sites are now either recycled or used as fuel
in Denmark's incineration plants.
In 2005, the Danish EPA supported initiation of a development project aiming at
documenting the oxidation of methane in landfill biocovers. Based on the promising
results of the latest large scale biocover-project combined with a low shadow price,
approximately 180 mio. DKK has been allocated to a Subsidy programme for
biocovers at landfill sites. The subsidy programme is expected to run from 2016 –
2019, and the estimated reduction in methane-emission in the year 2020 is 300,000 t
CO
2
-equivalents.
1.3.4
Policies and measures in accordance with Article 2, of the Kyoto Protocol
Denmark’s climate efforts – a step on the way to sustainable development
In 2015, United Nation countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The Danish government is
in the process of formulating an action plan for Denmark's national and international
up-follow-up on the UN 2030 agenda and the global Sustainable Development
Goals.
Efforts for international air transport and shipping
Denmark recognises that the international aviation and maritime transport sectors are
large and rapidly growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions and have to be dealt
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
32
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
with at international level. Given the global nature of the two sectors Denmark
believes that the international organisations for civil aviation and maritime transport
– ICAO and IMO – should decide and implement appropriate global measures to
control greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation and maritime transport
with levels of keeping EU’s 2 degrees Celsius objective within reach.
Denmark welcomes that ICAO in 2016 decided to implement the Carbon Offsetting
and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, CORSIA. CORSIA is a market
based measure, and the aim of CORSIA is to achieve carbon neutral growth from
2020.
Denmark welcomes that the IMO in October 2016 adopted a roadmap for developing
a Comprehensive IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which
sets out an initial strategy to be adopted in 2018. Denmark further contributes
actively to the ongoing discussions on the possibility to introduce a phase 4 after
phase 3 in the agreed Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) requirement together
with the possibility to shorten phase 2 in order to move phase 3 forward to enter into
force in 2022.
Efforts to limit adverse effects in other countries
In connection with Denmark’s contribution to international climate efforts, in
accordance with the Kyoto Protocol Denmark will endeavour to implement policies
and measures under article 3 of the Protocol in such a way that adverse effects in
other countries are minimised.
1.3.5
Greenland
Greenland is faced by a series of challenges in energy supply and demand. Due to
climatic and infrastructural conditions as well as future developments in the industry,
Greenland’s consumption of energy is not likely to decrease. But Greenland is also
witnessing the effects of climate change in the Arctic.
Greenland has therefore initiated policies and a series of political measures for the
energy areas, supporting the objectives of the Climate Convention and the first
commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol on the reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gasses.
1.3.6
Faroe Islands
The Climate Convention was ratified by the Realm, and therefore it also applies for
the Faroe Islands. When ratifying the Kyoto Protocol the Danish government
followed a request from the Faroese Government took a territorial reservation for the
Faroe Islands.
In a move to follow international recommendations, the Faroese Government has
decided that the Faroe Islands shall be part of the Paris Agreement.
1.4
P
ROJECTIONS AND THE TOTAL EFFECT OF POLICIES AND MEASURES
In March 2017, the latest baseline scenario with a projection of Denmark’s future
greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2030 was published followed by a full
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
33
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
documentation report in English in November 2017 with additional projection
estimates for 2031-3035.
The purpose of the baseline scenario – the so-called “with (existing) measures”
projection or WEM-scenario - is to get an assessment of how energy consumption
and emissions of greenhouse gases will evolve in the future if no new policies are
introduced. This is often referred to as a "frozen policy" scenario or a ”business-as-
usual” scenario. The actual development will continue to be influenced by new
political initiatives, and the scenario is not considered as a long-term forecast, but
rather as a calculation that, on the basis of some given assumptions, we can identify
the challenges which future climate policy must address.
The baseline scenario is based on a number of general economic assumptions (the
output of industries, private consumption, fuel prices etc.), a number of specific
assumptions on technology (what are the costs of different types of plants, what is
the efficiency etc.) and assumptions about how the energy market players will act
with pure market conditions.
Scenarios of this nature will always be subject to many key and uncertain
assumptions. A different development than the assumed may therefore move the
result in both directions. The baseline scenario includes the effects of already
adopted, but not necessarily implemented, measures.
As shown in Figure 1.1 total Danish greenhouse gas emissions have exhibited a
downward trend since the mid-1990s. In 2015, total emissions had fallen by about
27% compared with 1990. Emissions from the energy sector - which include
emissions from electricity and district heating production, energy consumption by
households and industries, as well as oil and gas extraction and refineries - have
traditionally played a significant role in the calculations, but have also exhibited the
most significant decrease as a result of Danish conversion of the energy system.
Since 1990, the transport sector's share of total emissions has grown steadily due to
rising transport needs in the wake of economic development.
Progress towards the EU non-ETS target for 2013-2020
Under the 2009 EU climate and energy package, Denmark is committed to reducing
emissions from non-ETS sectors by 20% by 2020 relative to the 2005 level, as well
as to achieving a set of sub-targets up to 2020. These sub-targets become
progressively stricter up to the end-target in 2020. Overachievement in one year can
be carried forward and used for target achievement in the subsequent year.
Overachievement is expected for the period 2013-2018. In 2019 the sub-target will
be more or less reached, and 2020 will see an underachievement of slightly less than
1 million tonnes CO
2
-eq.
Progress towards Denmark’s preliminary non-ETS target for 2030 in the EU
The Danish government has in October 2017 agreed to a further reduction in non-
ETS emissions in the period 2021-2030, rising to 39% by 2030 relative to 2005
under the draft EU Effort Sharing Regulation for which final approval is pending (the
European Parliament and the European Council reached a provisional agreement on
the effort sharing regulation on 21 December 2017).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
34
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0035.png
The Energy Agreement from March 2012 has brought Denmark a long way towards
realising the 2020 target. However, significant additional efforts will be needed to
reach the 2030 target.
Under an alternative scenario, which involves realisation of Ørsted’s (the former
DONG Energy) announced phase-out of coal by 2023, the rise in coal consumption
will be considerably more modest and will not begin until the middle of the 2020s.
However, both without and with the Ørsted scenario additional efforts will be
required to reach the reduction target for the period 2021-2030.
By 2030, Danish non-ETS emissions are likely to have been reduced by between
20% and 26% relative to the 2005 level, which is not enough to meet the target
without additional reduction efforts or the use of possible flexible mechanisms. On
the basis of these assumptions, it is anticipated there will be an overall need for
accumulated additional reductions of between 21 to 38 million tonnes CO2-eq.
(middle estimate of around 28 million tonnes) over the entire period 2021-2030, and
between 5 and 8 million tonnes in 2030.
F
IGURE
1.1 T
OTAL
D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
,
WITHOUT
LULUCF,
WITH INDIRECT
CO2
IN
THE BASIC SCENARIO
(WEM)
AND THE
A
LTERNATIVE SCENARIO UNTIL
2030, 1990-2015
ARE
INVENTORY DATA WITHOUT AND WITH ADJUSTMENTS FOR INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN ELECTRICITY
TRADE AND TEMPERATURE
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
35
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.5
V
ULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
,
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION
MEASURES
The climate is changing, and in all likelihood we will see more changes in the future.
In the long term, the future climate is strongly dependent on the future emissions of
greenhouse gasses and other substances that influence the climate. The development
in greenhouse gas emissions is especially dependent on three factors: demographic
development, the rate and spread of implementation of energy-efficient technologies,
particularly in the energy and transportation sectors, and the socio-economic
development in general. The changing climate with rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, an increase in extreme weather events and rising sea levels
will have a broad impact on ecosystems and society in general.
In relation to future global climate change, Denmark is a robust country. This is
primarily because of a long tradition of legislation which prevents building in river
valleys, along the coast and in forests. Agricultural land is well-drained and many
farmers are able to irrigate in dry periods. Moreover, the Danish population is aware
of, and uses, systematic warning systems of extreme weather events and the
consequences of such events.
Adaptation measures in Denmark
In March 2008, the Danish government launched the first Danish strategy for
adaptation to a changing climate.
The strategy was followed by an action plan for a climate-proof Denmark , which
was launched in December 2012 . The action plan is based on the notion that a
responsible climate policy must do more than just work towards limiting climate
change in the long term. It must also ensure the action necessary right now to adapt
our society to a climate that is already changing.
The action plan presented 64 new initiatives and gave at the same time an overview
of initiatives already set in motion by the government to ensure that Denmark will
become resilient to climate change.
All parts of society must contribute to climate change adaptation in Denmark.
Climate change adaptation is first and foremost based on initiatives at local level and
involves the local authorities, companies or individuals. The individual stakeholders
know the local conditions best, and are consequently in the best position to make
decisions on adaptation.
Central government itself has a responsibility as the owner of infrastructure,
buildings and land. However, the principle role for central government is to establish
an appropriate framework for local climate change adaptation by, for example,
adapting laws and regulations, but also by ensuring coordination and providing
information. A solid framework for the efforts must support the specific parties
involved, so that they can address the challenge in a socio-economically appropriate
manner at the right time.
From 2012-2014 the Minister for the Environment established a task force on climate
change adaptation as a sounding board for the municipalities with regards to their
preparation of municipal climate change adaptation plans. The objective of this task
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
36
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
force was also to ensure up-to-date data and relevant knowledge on the Danish Portal
for Climate Change Adaptation www.klimatilpasning.dk.
Monitoring and evaluation framework
In the period February to August 2016, a working group with representatives from
the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark, the Ministry of Energy, Utilities
and Climate and the Ministry of Business and Growth carried out an evaluation of
municipal climate change adaptation efforts.
Every municipality in Denmark has prepared a climate change adaptation plan,
which mapped the risk of flooding, specified priorities and gave an overview of the
efforts. 22 municipalities also had to prepare a risk management plan pursuant to the
Danish Flood Risk Act, that relates to the EU Floods Directive.
The evaluation reveals that incorporation of climate change adaptation in municipal
development planning has served as a basis for coordination of climate change
adaptation efforts with other spatial planning efforts, and that it has provided a
picture of local flood risks throughout Denmark.
New governmental initiatives on coastal protection and erosion
In 2017, the Danish government decided to carry out a number of initiatives to
support municipalities and property owners in establishing cost-effective and
holistically planned flood and erosion protection. Several of the initiatives build on
the work of a cross-ministerial committee set up at the beginning of 2017.
Adaptation measures in Greenland
The Government of Greenland is initiating projects aimed at mainstreaming
adaptation efforts in the management and development of various sectors. A series of
assessments of how the public sector can promote adaptation to climate change was
launched in 2011. The first assessment focus on ’Opportunities for climate change
adaptation in the fisheries and hunting industry’ (September 2012). The assessement
is conducted on the basis of existing scientific assesments and local knowledge. The
assessment report draws up a range of conlusions pointing to the fact that climate
change has both direct and indirect consequences, often resulting in significant and
unpredictable impacts on the fishing and hunting sector.
Efforts and actions towards the adaptation to climate change should therefore be
viewed as a continuous process to be dealt with in close cooperation with the public
administration, the scientific community and the industry and various local
stakeholders.
An integrated adaptation and mitigation assessment of the shipping sector was
completed for political deliberation in 2015.
The latest assessment ‘Opportunities for climate change adaptation in the agricultural
sector’ was completed for political deliberation in June 2017. The assessment
describes the consequences of climate change towards 2050 for the agricultural
sector with a focus on how climate change can affect livestock, grazz production,
crops and watering.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
37
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.6
F
INANCIAL RESOURCES AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
Since 2012, the Danish policy towards development assistance and climate finance
has been guided by various frameworks, namely the overall strategy ‘A Right to
Better Life’, supplemented by ‘A Greener World for all: Strategic Framework for
Natural Resources, Energy and Climate’ (2013) and ‘the Green Growth Guidance
Note‘ (2014).
In January 2017, the Danish Government presented its future strategy for
development cooperation and humanitarian action, ‘The World 2030‘. This new
strategy specifically targets support to five Sustainable Development Goals: Goal
No. 5 (gender equality), Goal No. 7 (sustainable energy), Goal No. 13 (climate),
Goal No. 16 (peace, justice, institutions) and Goal No. 17 (partnerships).
Public support to developing countries for climate actions should comply with the
'Danida Aid Management Guidelines' and 'the Danish Finance Act'.
The public Danish support to climate relevant action in developing countries is
provided through dedicated mechanisms, such “Climate envelope”, and as integrated
element of other development cooperation and financing instruments and
programmes. A significant part of the Danish climate finance is channelled through
various international and multilateral development institutions, such as the World
Bank, African Development Bank or UNDP, either as core funding or through
special climate windows and programmes of these institutions. Likewise, Denmark
provides parts of its climate financing through the operating entities of the financial
mechanisms of UNFCCC – the Global Environmental Facility and the Green Climate
Fund.
Denmark seeks to support both adaptation and mitigation related action with a view
to contribute to sustainable development. Danish support to adaptation related
activities and programmes address underlying causes of vulnerability, and contribute
to building resilience against crises, natural disasters and the impacts of climate
change. The support also assists developing countries in their efforts to integrate
adaptation and emission reduction considerations in their national planning and
policy preparation and implementation, including as part of supporting their
Nationally Determined Contributions.
Through both multilateral and bilateral assistance, Denmark supports increased
access to sustainable energy in developing countries, improvement in energy
efficiency and improved access to climate-friendly technologies.
Denmark is one of few developed countries that fulfil the UN goal of contributing a
minimum of 0.7 percent of the gross national income to development assistance.
About 30% of the total budget is channelled as core contributions to multilateral
institutions, mainly the EU, the UN, the World Bank and the regional development
banks that play important roles in the global climate finance landscape. Contributions
to the core functions of the organisations are complemented by targeting thematic
and regional initiatives, where Denmark has special interests, including to various
climate relevant programmes and trust funds.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
38
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.7
R
ESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS
Research and observations within climate in the broad sense of the word are going on at
a number of institutes and organisations and cover a wide range of disciplines, from
natural science to evaluation of policies and measures and societal aspects.
The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) carries out observations of climate
parameters (atmosphere and ocean), including observations under the World
Meteorological Organisation (WMO)'s programmes and sub-programmes. Climate
observations, together with climate research, have been one of DMI's main tasks for
more than 125 years, with measurement, theory and modelling. DMI has research
competence in carrying out calculations of the climate in the future using global and
regional climate models.
The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) under Aarhus University
(AU) is in charge of monitoring the effect of climate change on nature and
environment.
Research competence concerning physical expressions of past climate change is
particulary at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the
University of Copenhagen (KU) and Aahus University. GEUS also has competencies in
glaciological studies of Greenland's ice sheet and its interaction with climate change,
and the importance of climate change for the hydrological cycle. The Geophysical
Department and the Geological Institute at KU and the Geological Institute at Aarhus
University have very great expertise in palaeoclimate data, and the climate group at KU
is known worldwide for its ice core drilling and analyses. NERI contributes important
research competence in relation to the effect of climate change on ecosystems.
Other institutions, e.g. Forest and Landscape Denmark (SL) under KU, the Danish
Institute of Agricultural Sciences (DJF under AU), Risø National Laboratory under the
the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of Southern Denmark,
Roskilde University, Aalborg University and the Danish Coastal Authority work with
different aspects of climate research.
It is partly on the basis of research competencies in the above-mentioned areas that
Denmark participates actively in IPCC's work. In addition, the Danish climate research
contributes to several international projects under the World Climate Research
Programme.
DMI monitors the main weather and climate parameters regularly. In the climate
monitoring programme, classic methods of measurement are used and new, satellite-
based observation methods are developed. DMI operates around 200 automatic
measuring stations in the Realm (Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands) with a
broad measuring programme ranging from automatic water level or precipitation
stations that measure only one parameter to stations with a full measuring
programme, including automatic cloud height detectors and weather type detectors.
To collect precipitation data, DMI also operates a network of about 450 manual
precipitation stations, which are used mainly for mapping the precipitation
climatology. The measurements are collected on a daily basis via telephone and are
thus available shortly after measurements have been made.
Besides being of use for national programmes, the observations concern Denmark's
international contribution in the form of observation components from Danish
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
39
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
territory to the worldwide meteorological observation network WWW (World
Weather Watch), UNFCC and other international programmes for mapping weather
and climate within the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) coordinated by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The meteorological observations are stored in DMI's database, and observations from
many Danish stations are available in electronic form right back to 1872, water level
measurements back to 1890, and measurements of the surface temperature of the sea
back to 1931.
1.8
E
DUCATION
,
TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
Denmark has a long tradition for involving the public in the environment field. This
tradition was followed up by an international agreement - the Aarhus Convention
from 1998. On climate change, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and political
reactions in terms of policies and measures there is an ongoing public debate in the
media and elsewhere.
Education and postgraduate education programmes
The education system in Denmark has a long-lasting tradition and practice in
preparing and empowering students to live, learn, work and participate in a society
with freedom and democracy. The overall management and democratic learning
culture of schools combined with the framework curricula and learning objectives of
all subjects provide the basis for pupils and students to develop necessary knowledge
and skills to contribute to sustainable development, peace, human rights and global
citizenship, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal for quality education for
all, SDG 4.
Information on climate change and sustainable development in general for teachers
involved in primary and lower secondary education is also available on several web-
sites e.g. under the Ministry og Education. Sustainable development has also been a
part of Danish upper secondary education for a number of years. The reform of upper
secondary education, which was launched in august 2017, has a strengthened focus
on sustainable development.
The universities in Denmark also offers education in climate as an integral part of
many educational programmes – which are often offered with cooperation with other
relevant institutions such as DMI, DCE, GEUS etc.
Climate information
A considerable amount of information on climate change and Danish policies is
provided on the websites of Danish ministries, universities and institutions.
Danish participation in international climate activities
The Danish Meteorological Institute and Danish universities contribute to
international climate assessments, notably the IPCC Assessment Reports and
assessments by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic
Council, such as the Adaptation Actions for a Changing Climate science report for
the Baffin Bay/Davis Strait.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
40
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0041.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2 National circumstances
- relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and removals
The Kingdom of Denmark comprises Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has been ratified on behalf of all
three parts of the Realm. Therefore, this report includes information about Denmark,
Greenland and the Faroe Islands. However, at the present time, more information is
available on Denmark than on the other parts of the Realm. Where tables, figures,
and other information in this report also cover Greenland and/or the Faroe Islands,
this is stated.
2.1
D
ENMARK
Denmark’s national circumstances relevant to greenhouse gas emissions and
removals are described in this Section. Among the most significant circumstances
affecting greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Denmark are the following:
-
Denmark is situated in a temperate climate zone. This implies a need for
heating, especially during wintertime, and significant inter-annual variations
in greenhouse gas emissions due to inter-annual variations in winter-
temperatures.
Denmark is an industrialised country with arable land and an economy based
on manufacture of commodities, agricultural products and services for the
global market. This implies a need for energy supply and electricity
production.
Denmark is a flat country. This implies insignificant access to hydro power in
domestic electricity production and a long history of dependence on fossil
fuels in the country’s energy supply, especially coal and oil. Until 1980s this
was almost solely based on imports, but in the period 1997-2012 Denmark
was self-sufficient in energy due to production of oil and gas in the North
Sea.
Denmark has no nuclear power. Since 1990 Denmark has increasingly had a
shift from coal and oil to natural gas and renewable energy sources, increased
the use of combined heat and power production and decentralised power
production, where the combined production is utilised for district heating.
Together with improvements in energy efficiency, keeping energy demand
almost constant despite a significant economic growth, and initiatives
regarding the agricultural sector, waste, industrial greenhouse gases etc.,
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
42
-
-
-
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Denmark’s emissions of greenhouse gases related to domestic activities,
including domestic electricity demand, have been decreasing.
-
Denmark’s electricity production capacity is an integral part of the Nordic
electricity market, in which hydro power in Norway and Sweden is also an
integral part. This implies significant inter-annual variations in Denmark’s
total greenhouse gas emissions, with elevated emission levels in years with
low precipitation in Norway and Sweden and vice versa. In 1990, the base
year under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
and the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions were
extremely low due to an extremely large electricity import from the Nordic
countries, which experienced particularly high precipitation that year.
These highlighted national circumstances are not the only national circumstances
relevant to Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals. In the rest of this
Section, further information on relevant national circumstances and indicators is
given.
As briefly introduced above, policies and measures in Denmark also affect
Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Further information on policies
and measures relevant to Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals is
included in Chapter 4.
2.1.1
Form of government and structure of administration
Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, and the power of the state is divided between
the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. According to the
Constitution of the Realm, legislative power lies with the Folketing, which consists
of 179 members, two of whom are elected in the Faroe Islands and two in Greenland.
The members are elected by the population for a period of normally four years. A
new general election can mean that a member sits for less than this period.
The executive branch - the government - cannot have a majority of the Folketing
against it, cf. the regulations in the Danish Constitution on votes of no confidence.
Since 1953, Denmark has often had a minority government, i.e. a government
supported by a minority of the members of the Folketing. In these situations the
government will need to include a support party.
The number of ministers in the government varies. Since 1971 Denmark has had a
Minister for the Environment and a Ministry of the Environment, which also had
primary responsibility for Denmark’s policy on climate change until 2007. In 2007 a
Ministry of Climate and Energy (now: Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate) was
established. The minister for Energy, Utilities and Climate has the primary
responsibility for coordination and implementation of legislation, plans etc. relating
to Denmark’s climate policy and is representing Denmark in international
negotiations on climate change issues.
For the last thirty years or more, other ministries have also worked with
environmental and climate issues. In 1988 the government decided to follow up the
UN report on sustainable development, the Brundtland report, in which one of the
main messages was the necessity of integrating the environmental issue into the
administration within sectors such as transport, agriculture, and energy.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
43
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0044.png
For this reason, a number of sector ministries have drawn up action plans in which
the environment is an integral element. Examples are sector plans for energy,
transport, agriculture, and development assistance. In the climate area, an overall
status report was presented in connection with the proposal for ratification of the
Kyoto Protocol in April 2002. This status report was followed by a national Climate
Strategy for Denmark for 2008-2012, which was adopted by the Folketing on 13
March 2003. In December 2008 Denmark and the other EU member states adopted
the EU Climate and Energy Package. With this package Denmark’s primary climate
and energy objectives until 2020 was established.
One of the main cornerstones of Danish democracy is autonomous local government.
Specific environmental action takes place not only at national level but also at
municipal level. The state sets the national rules and framework for environmental
administration, while the municipalities, working within this framework, plan and
decide initiatives that implement and support the national legislation.
In 2007 the structure of the Danish public sector was reformed. With a view of
merging smaller municipalities to have at least 20,000 (and preferably 30,000)
citizens the number of Danish municipalities was reduced from 271 to 98. Along
with the reform of the municipal structure, the Danish parliament reformed the
regional structure in Denmark – closing down 14 counties and opening up five new
regions. The reform led to several changes in the division of labour between the
state, the (new) regions, and the municipalities.
The importance of local involvement is stressed in Agenda 21 - a global agenda for
sustainable development in the 21st century, which was adopted at the Rio
Conference in 1992. The government supports popular interest and participation in
climate and environmental issues in different ways - including through
implementation of the Pan-European Aarhus Convention and support for the local
Agenda 21 work initiated by most of the Danish municipalities.
In the light of Denmark’s role as host for the Fifteenth Conference of the Parties
under the UNFCCC in December 2009, many additional initiatives to raise
awareness and involve citizens, municipalities, the business community and other
stakeholders have been taken – both at national and local level. Several
municipalities have committed themselves to local targets for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions (see
http://www.dn.dk/Default.aspx?ID=4994
and
http://www.kl.dk/Fagomrader/Teknik-og-miljo/Klima/).
2.1.2
Population
Today, Denmark has a population at around 5.7 mill. As can be seen from Table 2.1,
population growth has been relatively small in the last 36 years.
T
ABLE
2.1 P
OPULATION OF
D
ENMARK
Source: Statistics Denmark.
1980
Denmark's population (in mill.)
5.12
1990
5.14
2000
5.33
2010
5.54
2015
5.66
2016
5.71
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
44
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The latest forecasts show that population growth will continue to be moderate in the
years ahead. For example, the population is expected to reach 5.8 mill. in 2020,
rising to 6.4 mill. in 2050.
Today, the population density is 133 per km
2
.
Today, 81% of Danish wage earners are employed in service sectors, while 18% are
employed in manufacturing, construction and supply sectors and 1% in agriculture,
forestry and fisheries.
2.1.3
Geography
Denmark consists of the Jutland peninsula and more than 400 islands. It has a total
area of 43,098 km
2
and lies at about 55º N and 11º E.
The whole of the country is lowland. The surface was formed by Ice Age glaciers
and glacial streams. The highest hill is approximately 170 metres above sea level.
The coastline has a length of more than 7,300 km. To protect low-lying land against
flooding and storm surge, it has been necessary to build dikes or other permanent
installations along about 1,800 km of coastline. In addition, sandbags, breakwaters
and similar protect other parts of the coastline, which would otherwise erode because
they consist of soft materials deposited during the last Ice Age.
A rise in the water level due to climate change would obviously affect the protection
of the coasts and create a greater risk of flooding and erosion.
The Danish landscape is indelibly stamped by the high population density. More than
61% of the land is used for agriculture or horticulture. Woodlands take up approx.
13%, while towns, roads and scattered habitation take up 14%. The rest is nature or
listed areas such as lakes, watercourses, heaths, dunes and beaches.
In relation to its size, Denmark is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna - in all,
about 30,000 species.
2.1.4
Climate
The Danish climate is temperate with precipitation evenly distributed over the year. The
country lies in the zone of prevailing westerly winds, which is characterised by fronts,
low pressure, and changeable weather. Compared with other regions on the same
latitude as Denmark, the climate is relatively warm due to the warm North Atlantic
current that originates in the tropical sea off the east coast of the USA.
Denmark has a distinctly coastal climate, with mild, damp winters and cool, unsettled
summers. Average temperatures vary from about one and a half degree in winter to
about 15 and a half degrees in summer. However, the weather in Denmark is greatly
affected by the proximity of both the sea and the continent. This means that the weather
can change, depending on the prevailing wind direction. The westerly wind from the
sea brings relatively uniform weather in summer and winter: mild in winter and cool in
summer. When the wind comes from south or east, the weather in Denmark is more
similar to that of the continent: warm and sunny in summer and cold in winter. The
weather in Denmark thus depends very much on the wind direction and the season.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
45
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Atmospheric pressure
Average atmospheric pressure in Denmark shows seasonal variation, reaching a
minimum in November and a maximum in May.
Denmark's highest-ever atmospheric pressure, 1062.2 hPa, was recorded in Skagen on
23 January 1907, while just one month later, on 20 February, the lowest atmospheric
pressure in the history of Denmark was also recorded in Skagen, at 943.5 hPa.
Temperature
The annual mean temperature varies from year to year, from below 6ºC to 10ºC, with an
average of 8.3ºC (1981-2010 level; 8.9ºC (2006-2015 level)). The coldest year so far
was 1879, with a mean temperature of 5.9ºC, while the hottest recorded year was 2014,
with 10.0ºC. The four years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2014 are the warmest ever recorded
in Denmark. 2008 and 2006 both had a mean temperature of 9.4°C, 2007 had a mean
temperature of 9.5°C. This is followed by 1990 with 9.3°C. Since 1988, the majority of
years has been hotter than average 1981-2010, and the temperature has shown a sharply
rising trend from the 1990s. Since 1870, the temperature in Denmark has risen by about
1.5ºC, but the ten hottest years have occurred from the 1930s to present. The present
temperature level is the highest in the time series and the period 2001-2010 was the
warmest decade since records began. See Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
The temperature in January and February averages around 1ºC (1981-2010 level);
around 1.3ºC (2006-2015 level) but can vary greatly from more than 15ºC to below -
31ºC. The average temperature in July and August is around 16.5ºC (1981-2010);
around 17ºC (2006-2015), but again can vary from -2ºC to more than 36ºC.
Precipitation
Average annual precipitation varies greatly from year to year and from place to place.
The lowest annual precipitation for the country as a whole was 466 mm in 1947, and
the highest was 905 mm in 1999, while the average annual precipitation is 746 mm
(1981-2010 level); 792 mm (2006-2015 level).
The wettest period is normally June to January, while the driest is February to May.
In the winter months, precipitation is sometimes in the form of snow. Annual
precipitation in Denmark has on average increased by about 100 mm since 1870. See
Figures 2.1 and 2.3.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
46
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0047.png
F
IGURE
2.1 C
LIMATOLOGICAL STANDARD NORMAL FOR
D
ENMARK
1981-2010
Source: Cappelen 2017b
F
IGURE
2.2 A
NNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE IN
D
ENMARK
1873-2016
IN º
C,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-2010
Source: Cappelen 2017b
F
IGURE
2.3 D
ANISH ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
1874-2016
IN MM
,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-2010
Source: Cappelen 2017b
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
47
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0048.png
Hours of sunshine
On average, Denmark as a whole has about 1,574 hours of sunshine annually (1981-
2010 level); 1,722 hours (2006-2015 level), but this figure varies greatly from year to
year. The sunniest year was 1947, with 1,878 hours, and the least sunny was 1987, with
1,287 hours. There is least sunshine in January and December, with an average of about
47 hours (1981-2010 level); the same (2006-2015 level) , while May, June and July
have the most sunshine, with an average of about 215 hours (1981-2019 level); about
240 hours (2006-2015 level).
Since 1980, the trend has been towards more hours of sunshine. See Figure 2.4.
F
IGURE
2.4 A
NNUAL HOURS OF SUNSHINE IN
D
ENMARK
1920-2016,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-2010
Source: Cappelen 2017b
Wind
The annual mean wind velocity at three coastal locations, Skagen, Hvide Sande and
Gedser are between 7.0 to 7.8 m/s (1989-1998 level), and the wind is most frequently
from westerly directions, from which about 30-40% of all winds come.
The number of days with severe wind (≥ 10.8 m/s) varies from about 30 in some places
inland to above 170 days at Skagen. On average, above storm-force (≥ 24.5 m/s) occurs
along the Danish coasts every second to three years. A Danish list of storms has 52
cases with storm force and above in the periode 1891-2016. In December 1999 large
parts of Denmark were hit by the worst-ever measured hurricane, and in some places in
the North Sea at a oil rig mean wind velocities (average over 10 minutes) of more than
50 m/s (approx. 180 km/h) were recorded, with gusts of about 60 m/s (approx. 216
km/h). During the hurricane “Allan” on 28 October 2013 record-breaking 10 minutes
mean winds; 39,5 m/s (approx. 142 km/h) and gusts; 53,5 m/s (approx. 193 km/h) were
registered in a coastal area.
Since the mid 1800's and up until today, studies show no general change, only
variations, in wind climate.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
48
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0049.png
A windier climate was registered at the beginning and end of the 1900’s, whereas the
period from 1930 to early 1960’s has been relatively less windy like the first decade of
this millennium. In the last couple of years three hurricanes/strong storms, two in
November/December 2013 and one in November 2015, seems to have changed this
picture. See Figure 2.5.
F
IGURE
2.5 D
ANISH HURRICANES AND HURRICANE
-
LIKE STORMS IN
5-
YEAR GROUPS
1891-2016.
Source: Cappelen 2017b
2.1.5
Economy
From 1990 to 2016 the Danish economy grew at an average annual growth rate of
1.6% measured in GDP (fixed prices). In 2008 and 2009 the economy contracted by
0.5% and 4.9% respectively. From 2009 the economy showed positive growth rates
again returning to an average of 1.6% annually in 2014-2016. In 2016, GDP (in
current prices) was DKK 2,065 billion, corresponding to DKK 360 thousand per
capita (1 Euro = approximately DKK 7.45).
Denmark has a very export and import intensive economy, and thus the country is
sensitive to global economic trends. In addition, public expenditure accounts for a
large part of final consumption, cf. Table 2.2.
T
ABLE
2.2 K
EY FIGURES FOR THE
D
ANISH ECONOMY
. 2016, DKK B
ILLION
,
CURRENT PRICES
Source: Statistics Denmark (E2015).
Key parameters
GDP
Imports
Exports
Consumer spending
Public expenditure
Gross investment
2016 [Billion DKK]
2,065
963
1,102
981
526
420
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
49
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0050.png
The Danish economy is specialised in the tertiary sectors, as both primary and
secondary sectors, i.e. agriculture and industry, account for less than 20 percent of
total gross value added (GVA), cf. Table 2.3.
T
ABLE
2.3 T
HE BUSINESS SECTOR
'
S CONTRIBUTION TO
GVA, 2016, DKK
MILLION
, C
URRENT PRICES
Source: Statistics Denmark (E2015).
Sector
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Raw materials, industry and energy
Construction
Trade, transport and communication
Finance and residential business
Services
Total
Gross Value Added [Million DKK]
%
19,486
335,668
87,017
427,415
286,751
632,035
1,788,372
1.1%
18.8%
4.9%
23.9%
16.0%
35.3%
100%
2.1.6
Energy
Energy production and energy-consuming activities are the main contributors to the
emissions of greenhouse gases in Denmark. In 2015 the energy sector alone (energy
production, supply and fugitive) accounted for 27% of Denmark's total emissions of
greenhouse gases (excluding LULUCF), primarily CO
2
. In addition there are
emissions from the energy-consuming activities in the transport sector, industry and
households.
Production and supply
As can be seen from Table 2.4, Denmark's own production of energy grew more than
30-fold from 1980 to 2005. However, since 2005 the production of energy has
decreased by almost 50% in total. Denmark is no longer 100% self-sufficient in
energy, see Table 2.5. This is mainly due to the decrease in production of oil and gas
in the North Sea. Renewable energy is increasingly contributing to the country's
energy supply.
T
ABLE
2.4 E
NERGY PRODUCTION
(PJ)
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
Production, total
Crude oil
Natural gas
Renewable energy
Non-renewable waste
40
13
0
23
5
424
256
116
45
7
655
392
197
57
10
1165 1312
765
310
76
14
796
393
106
17
979
523
307
131
17
703
373
179
135
16
678
350
173
139
16
675
331
174
155
16
50
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0051.png
T
ABLE
2.5 D
EGREE OF SELF
-
SUFFICIENCY
(%)
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
Energy, total
Oil
5
2
52
72
78
105
139
203
154
226
120
168
92
133
90
127
89
118
Energy consumption
For 2015, 28.6% of the observed gross consumption of energy was supplied by
renewable energy (according to the EU methodology 30.0% in 2015). The renewable
energy resources are mainly wind energy and biomass, which are used to produce
electricity, combined heat and power, or district heating. Internationally, Denmark is
among the leading nations in wind energy.
Despite the economic growth, total energy consumption has remained largely
unchanged at approximately 800 PJ since 1980, however with a decrease in the most
recent years – partly due to an increase in net imports of electricity cf. Table 2.6 and
partly due to energy savings cf. Table 2.7 (showing energy consumption adjusted for
foreign electricity trade and climate fluctuations).
Denmark's dependence on oil and coal has fallen. In the production of electricity and
heat in particular, oil and coal have been substituted with other fuels. Thus, natural
gas and renewable energy are increasingly being used in district heating. For
electricity, the share of renewables etc. has increased steadily since 1990.
T
ABLE
2.6 O
BSERVED ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(PJ)
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
Energy consumption, total
Oil
Natural gas
Coal and coke
Waste, non-renewable
Renewable energy
Net imports of electricity
830
555
0
252
5
23
-4
752
343
76
255
7
45
25
841
372
133
272
10
57
-3
816
370
186
166
14
79
2
835
348
188
155
17
122
5
846
316
185
164
17
168
-4
762
281
138
136
17
187
4
720
272
119
107
17
193
10
720
279
120
76
18
206
21
The distribution of gross energy consumption (energy consumption adjusted for
foreign electricity trade and climate fluctuations) in 2015 was as follows: industry
and agriculture accounted for 20%, the household sector for 31%, transport for 34%
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
51
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0052.png
and commercial and public services for 13%. Non-energy purposes accounted for the
remaining 2%.
T
ABLE
2.7 G
ROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
,
BREAKDOWN BY FUELS
,
ADJUSTED FOR CLIMATE
FLUCTUATIONS AND NET IMPORTS OF ELECTRICITY
(PJ)
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
Gross energy consumption, total
Oil
Natural gas
Coal and coke
Waste, non-renewable
Renewable energy
814
546
0
241
5
22
819
355
82
327
8
48
840
374
134
265
10
57
839
376
192
175
14
81
850
352
192
166
17
123
814
312
176
147
16
163
765
281
140
141
17
187
753
275
130
130
18
201
756
280
133
111
18
214
Figure 2.6 shows adjusted energy consumption, sector by sector. Over the 35 years
covered by the figure, consumption in the transport sector has risen, whereas
consumption in the production sectors has fallen. Energy consumption in the
household and service sectors as well as non-energy use has not changed much over
the period, but some inter-annual variations can be seen.
F
IGURE
2.6 A
DJUSTED GROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
,
BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
52
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0053.png
Structure of the market
The structure of the market in the energy sector is characterised by a division
between production and supply of natural gas and oil, electricity, and district heating.
In connection with the implementation of the EU Directive on liberalisation of the
electricity sector, a reform of this sector has also been carried out. This reform means
full market opening and all electricity consumers have a free choice of electricity
supplier.
Oil and gas supply
Oil and gas production activities in the North Sea continue to be of major importance
to Danish society.
Oil production in 2015 totalled 9.1 million m
3
, a 5.5% decline compared to 2014.
The production of sales gas totalled 3.8 billion Nm
3
in 2015, similar to the
production in 2014. The production of oil and gas from the Danish sector of the
North Sea has now decreased approximately 60% since the production peaked in
2004-2005 as shown in Figure 2.7.
The development of existing and new fields may help to counter declining
production.
In addition, the implementation of both known and new technology may help to
optimize production from existing fields, and any new discoveries made as part of
the ongoing exploration activity are expected to contribute with additional
production.
F
IGURE
2.7 P
RODUCTION OF CRUDE OIL
[
MILLION M
3]
AND NATURAL GAS
[B
ILLION
N
M
3
SALES GAS
]
FROM THE
D
ANISH SECTOR OF THE
N
ORTH
S
EA
Source: Danish Energy Agency (January 2017)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
53
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0054.png
Electricity
In 2015 electricity production was 104.2 PJ, which is a decrease of 10.1% compared
with 2014. As domestic electricity supply showed a slight increase, the reason for
this decrease is primarily that Denmark had considerably higher net imports of
electricity in 2015 opposed to 2014. In 2015 electricity was generated by wind
turbines (48.8%), at large-scale power units (36% - of which 8.5% as separate
production), by autoproducers (7.1% - i.e. small producers, whose main product is
not energy) and at small-scale CHP units (6.0%). Large-scale power units generate
electricity, partly as separate electricity production, and partly as combined
electricity and heat production. Separate electricity production varies greatly from
year to year due to fluctuations in foreign trade in electricity.
The developments in electricity production by type of producer and by fuel are
shown in Figure 2.8.
F
IGURE
2.8 E
LECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF PRODUCER AND BY FUEL
, PJ
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
Large-scale power units
Large-scale CHP units
Small-scale CHP units
Autoproducers
Wind turbines and hydro power units
'15
250
200
150
100
50
0
1994
'00
'05
'10
Other renewable energy etc.
Wind
Natural gas
Oil
Coal
'15
Danish foreign trade in electricity varies considerably from year to year. Foreign
trade is strongly affected by price trends on the Nordic electricity exchange,
Nordpool, which, in turn, is significantly influenced by varying precipitation patterns
in Norway and Sweden, where electricity production is dominated by hydropower. In
2015, Denmark had overall net imports of electricity of 21.3 PJ. As shown in Figure
2.9 this was the result of net imports from Norway and Sweden of 17.8 PJ and 13.1
PJ, respectively and net exports to Germany of 9.7 PJ.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
54
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0055.png
F
IGURE
2.9 N
ET EXPORTS OF ELECTRICITY BY COUNTRY AS THE ACCUMULATED RESULT FOR THE YEAR
(
NEGATIVE
=
NET IMPORT FOR THE YEAR
), PJ
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
1990
Total
'95
'00
Germany
'05
Norway
'10
'15
Sweden
District heating
As of 1 January 2015 more than 63% of all dwellings were supplied by district
heating. District heating production is generated at largescale CHP units, small-scale
CHP units, district heating units and by autoproducers such as industrial enterprises,
horticulture and waste treatment enterprises. The greatest contribution to district
heating production comes from large-scale CHP units. Throughout the 1990s, the
share produced at small-scale CHP units and by autoproducers such as CHP units, at
CHP units at waste treatment facilities, in industry and in horticulture etc. increased.
However, in recent years production at small-scale CHP units has fallen, while
production at district heating plants has gone up again. In 2015 total district heating
production was 127.6 PJ, which is a 4.9% increase from 2014 and 38.1% increase
from 1990. In 2015, approximately 50% of the district heating was produced from
renewable energy sources of which biomass contributed with 47 percentage points.
The developments in district heating production by type of producer and by fuel are
shown in Figure 2.10.
F
IGURE
2.10 D
ISTRICT HEATING PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF PRODUCER
[PJ]
AND BY FUEL
[
SHARE IN
%]
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Large-scale CHP units
Small-scale CHP units
District heating units
Autoproducers, CHP
Autoproducers, heat only
100%
50%
0%
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
Heat pumps and electric boilers
Renewable energy
Waste, non-renewable
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
'15
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
55
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0056.png
Prices, taxes and PSO
Energy prices are one of the key factors governing energy consumption. In 2014
spending on energy (all sectors excluding refineries), including taxes and VAT,
amounted to DKK 142 billion. Of this figure, households paid DKK 80 billion,
manufacturing industries DKK 19 billion, and the commercial sector and the service
industries, including public services, DKK 27 billion. Energy expenses have been
calculated based on purchase prices for the year, including taxes and VAT. For
industries, as a general rule, a full refund of energy taxes (but not CO2 taxes) and
VAT applies. As shown in Figure 2.11 energy expenses in current prices increased
during the period from 1990-2014. The fall from 2008 to 2009 is due to a reduction
in energy consumption. The reason for the large drop in expenses from 2013 to 2014
is a drop in consumer prices and lessenergy consumption, especially for
heating.Figure 2.13 shows the development in fixed 2014 prices. The fixed prices
have been adjusted for the change in general prices according to the consumer price
index.
F
IGURE
2.11 E
NERGY EXPENSES BY INDUSTRY AND HOUSEHOLDS IN CURRENT PRICES
, B
ILLION
DKK
Sources: Danish Energy Agency (E2015) and Statistics Denmark
200
150
100
50
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
Commercial and public services
Agriculture and industry
Energy and water supply
Households
'14
As an added incentive to enterprises to improve their energy efficiency and reduce
Danish emissions of CO
2
, a green tax package with gradually increasing taxes on
CO
2
and SO
2
emissions as well as energy taxes was introduced in 1996. Enterprises
with particularly high energy consumption can contract with the Danish Energy
Agency on energy-efficiency improvements in return for a discount in CO
2
taxes and
possibly heating taxes.
In 2015, revenues from energy taxes calculated in current prices were DKK 37.8
billion, which is a drop of 3.3% compared with 2014. In addition to energy taxes,
revenues include CO2 and sulphur taxes. The largest contributions to revenues in
2015 is from electricity (DKK 11.5 billion), gas/diesel oil (DKK 9.4 billion), motor
gasoline (DKK 7.4 billion) and CO2 taxes (DKK 4.2 billion). The 2015 revenues in
current prices increased by 172% compared with 1990, when there were no CO2 and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
56
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0057.png
sulphur taxes. Gas/diesel oil, electricity and motor gasoline have seen growths of
198%, 167% and 30.4%, respectively, since 1990. In 2014 and 2015, energy, CO2
and sulphur taxes amounted to 4.0%, of total tax and VAT revenues in Denmark. The
developments in the different taxes are shown in Figure 2.12 in current prices. The
development in total revenue in fixed prices is shown in Figure 2.13.
F
IGURE
2.12 R
EVENUES FROM ENERGY
, CO
2
AND SULPHUR TAXES
. C
URRENT PRICES IN BILLION
DKK
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015) and Statistics Denmark
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Motor gasoline
Coal
Sulphur
Gas/ diesel oil
Electricity
Natural gas
CO2
In order to assess changes in energy expenses and tax revenues in relation to general
price fluctuations, the figures have been converted to 2014 prices. Measured as 2014
prices, energy expenses in 2014 were 11.2% lower than in the previous year.
Compared with 1990, energy expenses have risen by 39.3%. Revenues from energy
taxes measured in 2014 prices rose by 74% from 1990 to 2013. Since 2005, revenues
have remained at the same level.
F
IGURE
2.13 E
NERGY EXPENDITURES AND TAX REVENUES IN FIXED
2014
PRICES
, B
ILLION
DKK
Sources: Danish Energy Agency (E2015) and Statistics Denmark
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'14
Expenditure to energy
Revenue from energy tariffs
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
57
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0058.png
Total expenses for Public Service Obligations (PSO) in support of environmentally
friendly electricity production were DKK 8.3 billion in 2015, compared with DKK
7.3 billion the year before. The increase in PSO expenses from 2014 to 2015 is
attributable in particular to low prices on the electricity market and an increased wind
power production. For 2015, total funding support for environmentally friendly
electricity production was DKK 8.0 billion, divided between DKK 4.7 billion for
wind power, DKK 2.3 billion for small-scale CHP and DKK 1.0 billion for biomass.
The development 2001-2015 is shown in Figure 2.14. In 2010, compensation for
CO2 taxes was introduced, but this compensation was cancelled at the end of 2014.
F
IGURE
2.14 E
XPENSES FOR
P
UBLIC
S
ERVICE
O
BLIGATIONS
(PSO)
IN SUPPORT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
, C
URRENT PRICES
, B
ILLION
DKK
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
'05
'10
'15
Other (R&D, environmental research etc.)
Compensation to CO2 taxes
Supply security
Payment of subsidies for environmentally friendly electricity
Small-scale CHP units
Biomass etc.
Wind
Trade
The development in Denmark’s imports and exports of energy 1990-2015 is shown
in Table 2.8. In 2015 there was a surplus on foreign trade in crude oil, natural gas,
and a deficit on foreign trade in oil products, coal, biomass/biofuels and electricity.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
58
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0059.png
T
ABLE
2.8 I
MPORTS AND EXPORTS OF ENERGY
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
TOTAL, PJ
Crude oil, PJ
Oil products, PJ
Natural gas, PJ
Coal and coke, PJ
Biomass and biofuels, PJ
Electricity, PJ
Electricity, Gwh
1990
662
174
183
0
262
-
43
11,973
1990
302
118
126
39
1
-
18
4,925
1990
TOTAL, PJ
Crude oil, PJ
Oil products, PJ
Natural gas, PJ
Coal and coke, PJ
Biomass and biofuels, PJ
Electricity, PJ
Electricity, Gwh
Imports
1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
770
610
583
593
787
739
788
229
159
117
117
201
149
179
205
256
251
280
318
351
407
0
0
0
6
50
23
25
321
161
149
112
122
113
67
0
2
19
39
55
58
54
14
30
47
38
41
46
56
4,013 8,417 12,943 10,599 11,459 12,702 15,645
Exports
1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
466
923 1020
736
690
647
690
331
203
576
586
265
206
195
226
183
195
178
302
324
375
132
63
121
210
83
78
82
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
-
-
3
3
1
2
1
17
28
42
42
37
35
35
4,807 7,752 11,573
11,734
10,378 9,847 9,733
Net Exports (negative = Net Imports)
1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015
- 304
- 26
- 23
63
- 321
-0
3
794
313
437
417
469
- 61
- 74
121
210
- 158 - 147
-2
- 16
-2
-5
- 665 -1,370
144
- 97
- 93
- 98
215
64
58
15
- 54
- 16
- 27
- 32
127
32
55
58
- 111 - 121 - 111
- 65
- 37
- 54
- 57
- 53
4
-4
- 10
- 21
1,135 -1,081 -2,855 -5,912
TOTAL, PJ
Crude oil, PJ
Oil products, PJ
Natural gas, PJ
Coal and coke, PJ
Biomass and biofuels, PJ
Electricity, PJ
Electricity, Gwh
- 360
- 56
- 57
39
- 260
-
- 25
-7,048
2.1.7
Household sector
Household energy consumption has been rather constant over the period 1990-2015
as shown in Figure 2.15. Compared with 1990, climate-adjusted energy consumption
of households grew by 3.0%. The interannual variations show that household energy
consumption is greatly influenced by the weather. The years 1990, 2000 and 2014
were very hot years with low energy consumption, whereas 1996 and 2010 were
exceptionally cold. In 2015 climate-adjusted energy consumption by households was
190.6 PJ, accounting for 31.1% of total final energy consumption in Denmark. 158.1
PJ of the 190.6 PJ was used for heating and 32.5 PJ were used for electrical
appliances etc. Households also consume a small amount of motor gasoline for
garden tools etc., LPG (bottled gas) and gas works gas for other purposes, which in
the energy statistics is included under road transport.
There have been significant changes in the composition of household energy
consumption since 1990 as shown in Figure 2.15. Oil consumption decreased
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
59
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0060.png
throughout the period shown due to a shift to district heating and natural gas.
Firewood and wood pellets consumption has increased significantly since 2000
2
. In
2015 district heating amounted to 35.9% of household energy consumption, and
renewable energy and electricity amounted to 25.4% and 19.3%, respectively.
Consumption of natural gas, oil and gas works gas amounted to 13.4%, 5.8% and
0.2%, respectively. Household electricity consumption remained more or less
constant in the period 1990 to 2001. Electricity consumption showed an increasing
trend from 2002 to 2006, whereas consumption in the period from 2009 to 2015 has
fluctuated around 36 and 37 PJ.
F
IGURE
2.15
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS
–
TOTAL AND BY ENERGY PRODUCTS
, PJ
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
250
200
150
100
50
0
250
200
150
100
50
Climate-adjusted
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
1990
Observed
Climate adjusted
'95
'00
Oil
Coal and coke
Electricity
Gas works gas
'05
'10
'15
Natural gas
Renewable energy
District heating
In the period 1990 to 2015, climate-adjusted energy consumption for heating (space
heating and hot water) in dwellings has fluctuated around the level in 1990 (+8% / -
3%) as shown in Figure 2.16. This is the combined result of a 22.4% increase in total
heated area in the period and a 17.5% decrease in energy consumption for heating
per m
2
. The latter can be explained by improvements in the insulation of older
dwellings as well as a shift away from old oilfired boilers to more efficient natural
gas boilers and district heating installations. In addition, according to the building
regulations, new homes must have lower energy consumption per m2 than existing
homes.
Dispite the economic development with a 43.5% increase in total private
consumption from 1990 to 2015, total household electricity consumption increased
only by 3.2% in the same period as shown in Figure 2.16. This is partly due to a
significant fall in electricity consumption for heating and partly due to significant
falls in the specific electricity consumption of electrical appliances. From Figure 2.16
it can be seen that electricity consumption for appliances and lighting etc. increased
only by 16.6% in the same period.
2
Note: The population base for the firewood survey has been increased and therefore firewood consumption figures before and
after 2015 are not fully comparable.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
60
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0061.png
F
IGURE
2.16 C
HANGES IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS FOR HEATING COMPARED WITH THE
AREA HEATED AND
C
HANGES IN ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION FOR APPLIANCES ETC
.
IN HOUSEHOLDS
,
EXCL
.
ELECTRIC HEATING
. I
NDEX
1990 = 100.
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Heated floor space
Final energy consumption
Final energy consumption per m2
160
140
120
100
80
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Electricity consumption, climate adjusted
Electricty consumption, appliances etc.
Private consumption, (2010 prices, chained values)
2.1.8
Transport
Denmark is a relatively small and densely populated country with a large share of the
population living in cities.
In urban areas most people have good access to public transport and major
investments in better public transport infrastructure are currently taking effect. The
main railway connection between West and East Denmark will be improved in the
near future and this is expected to reduce travel times substantially and attract more
travellers in years to come. Furthermore, the Copenhagen Metro is being extended
with a circle line and a new connection to the north of Copenhagen Harbour.
However, in many rural areas, public transport is less frequent than in the urban
areas.
In Denmark, many commuters use their bicycle to travel to and from work and for
other purposes, particularly during the summer. Even though the cost of car
ownership is very high in Denmark compared to neighbouring countries, there are
approximately 2.4 mill. registered cars in Denmark.
Efficient and flexible transportation of goods and persons is a vital element of the
foundation of the Danish welfare society. At the same time, transport as such is an
important economic sector that contributes to economic growth, employment, and
foreign trade.
Denmark’s geography, with most people travelling short distances to and from work
and a very high number of inhabited islands, makes Denmark an attractive country in
which to use electric cars. The range of an electric car is sufficient to cover most
people’s daily transport needs.
In the 1980s a nationwide network of gas pipelines connecting the gas in the North
Sea to individual consumers was established. The conditions for wider use of natural
gas in the transport sector are in place. Also, since Denmark is a country with a large
agricultural sector, there are good possibilities for production of biogas, which could
be used for transport.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
61
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0062.png
2.1.9
The business sector
Industry's production value accounts for about 19.2% of total Danish production.
Table 2.9 shows that the largest industries in Denmark are the food, drink and
tobacco, engineering, electronics, and the chemical industry.
T
ABLE
2.9 P
RODUCTION
V
ALUE BY INDUSTRY IN
2015, DKK
MILLION
(
CURRENT PRICES
).
Source: Statistics Denmark.
Manufacturing industry
Food, drink and tobacco
Textile, leather and clothing
Wood, paper and printing
Refineries
Chemical industry
Phamaceuticals
Plastics, glass and cement
Metal
Electronics
Manufacturing of electrical equipment
Machinery
Transport equipment
Furniture and Other industries
676,237
128,803
8,875
30,663
30,995
39,122
97,557
40,311
54,962
29,517
20,198
122,097
12,139
60,999
The total business sector (manufacturing, building and construction, together with
commercial and public services) accounted for about 11% of Denmark's observed
emissions of CO
2
related to total energy consumption in 2015.
In Denmark, the total business sector's observed final energy consumption accounted
for about 28% of total final energy consumption in 2015, where manufacturing,
building/construction and commercial/public services accounted for 14, 1 and 13
percentage point of total final energy consumption respectively.
The developments in final energy consumption in manufacturing industries and the
commercial and public service sectors are shown in Figure 2.17. Compared with
1990 climate-adjusted energy consumption in manufacturing industries has
decreased by 22.3% and electricity consumption by 1.1%. In commercial and public
services sectors climate-adjusted energy consumption increased by 3.6% and
electricity consumption by 18.4% compared with 1990. The growth in energy
consumption by the service sector is due to high economic growth and reflects a
development where services are becoming increasingly important in the economy.
Primarily district heating and electricity consumption have been rising.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
62
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0063.png
F
IGURE
2.17 E
NERGY AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES AND THE
COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC SERVICE SECTORS
,
CLIMATE ADJUSTED
, PJ
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
125
100
75
50
25
0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Total energy consumption
Of which electricity consumption
100
80
60
40
20
0
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Total energy consumption
Electricity consumption
From the mid 1980s and to around 1990, energy intensity (energy consumption in
relation to gross value added) for the business sector remained at the same level.
Since 1990 the energy intensities in the different subsectors, except for construction,
have shown decreasing trends as shown in Figure 2.18.
The change in the trends in energy and electricity intensities in the beginning of the
1990s corresponds with a move from a period of low economic growth to a period of
high growth, implying better utilisation of production capacity. At the same time,
from 1993 the first CO
2
taxes were introduced on energy consumption by businesses,
with associated subsidies for energy savings, agreement schemes etc. Advice to
businesses from electricity companies was also introduced in the early 1990s.
The main measures to curb the industrial sector's energy consumption have been
based on the green tax package for businesses passed by the Folketing (parliament)
in 1995. The package contained a combination of taxes and rebates for enterprises
through, among other measures, government grants to promote energy savings by
enterprises.
F
IGURE
2.18 E
NERGY AND ELECTRICITY INTENSITY IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
,
CLIMATE
ADJUSTED
, TJ
PER
DKK
MILLION
GVA (2010
PRICES
,
CHAINED VALUES
)
Source: Danish Energy Agency (E2015)
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
1.0
0.5
0.0
Agriculture and industry, total
Manufacturing
Construction
Agriculture and horticulture (Right axis)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
'15
Agriculture and industry, total
Agriculture and horticulture
Manufacturing
Construction
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
63
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0064.png
As shown in Figure 2.19, there has been a steady decrease in energy intensity for the
commercial and public services sectors since 1990. Energy intensity in the
commercial and public services sector fell by 26.4% from 1990 to 2015. In the same
period also the electricity intensity fell in the commercial and public services sector,
but only by 15.9%.
F
IGURE
2.19
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ENERGY INTENSITY IN COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC SERVICES
,
CLIMATE ADJUSTED
, TJ
PER
DKK
MILLION
GVA (2010
PRICES
,
CHAINED VALUES
)
Source: Danish Energy Agency
0.30
0.25
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.00
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
Commercial and public services, total
Wholesale
Retail trade
Private service
Public service
'15
0.00
1990
'95
'00
'05
'10
Commercial and public services, total
Wholesale
Retail trade
Private service
Public service
'15
2.1.10 Waste
The waste sector's contribution to emissions of greenhouse gases consists primarily
of methane and accounted for 2.0% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2015.
Methane emissions come from the decomposition of organic waste at landfill sites
and – to a minor extent – from wastewater treatment plants. In 2015 a total of
1,084,409 tonnes waste were landfilled in Denmark, corresponding to 10.5% of the
total amount of waste
3
.
Methane emissions from the waste sector are expected to fall in the future because
the municipalities are now obliged to assign all waste suitable for incineration to
incineration plants. This means that only a small quantity of organic waste will be
deposited at landfills compared with the quantity deposited before the introduction of
this obligation in 1997.
In addition, gas from a number of landfills is being used in energy production, which
contributes to a direct reduction in methane emissions and an indirect reduction in
CO
2
emissions.
Emissions of the industrial gases HFC and SF
6
from disposal of, for example,
refrigerators and certain thermal glazing, which contain these substances, are
included under the business sector.
3
After the submission of NC6 in 2014 the Danish waste statistics have been subject to QA/QC. In the new waste statistics soil
and rocks from earth and construction works going to landfills is now treated as waste. Of the total amount of waste treated
in 2015, which amount to 11,567,444 tonnes, 2,324,850 tonnes including soil and rocks – or 20.1% - went to landfills.
Excluding soil and rocks the amount of waste going to landfills in 2015 was 1.084,409 tonnes or 10.5% of the total amount
treated.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
64
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0065.png
There are also CO
2
emissions in connection with disposal of oil-based products, e.g.
packaging, plastic bags, etc. Since waste incineration in Denmark is included in
energy production, these CO
2
emissions must be included under the energy sector in
accordance with the inventory rules from the IPCC.
Finally, in connection with incineration, a large amount of the waste is used as an
energy source. As many of the incineration plants as possible have been converted to
CHP production. In other words, the heat is used to supply district heating, and the
electricity is sold to electricity suppliers. In 2015, 31 incineration plants in Denmark
converted 33.6% of the entire waste production, or approx. 3,891,877 tonnes of
waste. In 2015 waste incineration contributed with 5.6% of total primary energy
production in Denmark.
2.1.11 Buildings and urban structure
One-twentieth of the area of Denmark is urbanised. 85% of Danes are town-dwellers,
and most enterprises, institutions, etc., are situated in towns. Many air pollution
problems are therefore concentrated in the towns.
On 1 January 2013, the total built-up area was 727.5 mill. m
2
. Table 2.10 shows the
distribution of the area between housing, factories, offices, etc.
T
ABLE
2.10 K
EY FIGURES FOR THE STOCK OF BUILDINGS IN
2015 (1 J
ANUARY
),
MILL
.
M
2
Source: Statistics Denmark
Total
building
area
734.4
Buildings for Factories
Commerce,
year-round
and
trade and
habitation
workshops administration
329.3
67.5
74.5
Institutions and
buildings for cultural
and recreational
purposes
126.1
Farm
buildings
136.9
Today, about 4.4 Million m
2
are built per year. In recent years, house building has
accounted for slightly more than half of all investment in building activities, and
about half of the investment in the housing sector has gone on alterations and
extensions.
Towns and cities are generally characterised by separation of residential and
industrial areas, industrial buildings being situated in specially designated zones on
the outskirts of the towns. The growth in the service industries and the growth in
manufacturing with a small environmental impact imply new possibilities for
integrating industry and housing, thereby reducing the need for transport between
home and work.
Approximately two-thirds of the total building space is heated. The most important
types of heating are district heating and central heating using gas and oil. Half of the
heated space is heated by district heating and, as seen from Table 2.11, the use of
both district heating and natural gas has increased at the expense of oil.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
65
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0066.png
T
ABLE
2.11 D
EVELOPMENT IN THE MAIN FORMS OF HEATING IN BUILDINGS
,
IN
%
OF TOTAL HEATED
SPACE
Source: Statistics Denmark.
1986 1991 1996 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
District heating
Central heating with oil
Central heating with natural gas
Heating with electricity
Furnaces fired by oil and similar
Other heating
1
1
33.1 38.6 44.0 48.1 50.3 50.6 51.0 51.3 51.1 52.1
51.3 37.4 28.6 25.0 18.0 17.3 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.5
1.5
6.4
2.0
5.7
9.0 13.4 15.8 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6
7.7
1.5
5.6
7.9
1.2
4.9
7.8
1.0
4.6
7.0
0.7
5.6
6.9
0.7
6.0
6.8
0.6
6.4
6.8
0.6
6.7
6.7
0.6
7.1
6.7
0.6
7.5
Central heating with solid fuel, furnaces fired by solid fuel, heat pumps and not specified.
2.1.12 Agriculture
Over the last 56 years the agricultural area in Denmark has fallen from 72% (30,900
km
2
) of the total area in 1960 to 61% (26,226 km
2
) in 2016. Table 2.12 shows the
breakdown by type of crop over the last 45 years.
T
ABLE
2.12 U
SE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
.
LIVESTOCK
.
AND NITROGENOUS FERTILISER
Source: Statistics Denmark
1970
Grain (%)
Pulses and industrial seed (%)
Root crops (%)
Grass and greenfeed in rotation (%)
Permanent grass (%)
Other crops (%)
Cattle (’000)
Pigs (’000)
Sheep (’000)
Poultry ('000)
Nitrogen in chemical fertilisers (’000 tonnes N)
1980
62
4
8
14
9
3
2,961
9,957
56
394
1990
56
14
8
12
8
2
2,239
159
395
2000
57
5
5
16
13
4
1,868
145
234
2010
56
6
3
21
8
6
1,571
160
197
2015
55
7
3
19
10
6
1,552
144
197
59
2
10
17
10
2
2,842
8,361
70
271
9,497 11,921 13,173 12,538
19,169 15,507 16,249 21,830 18,731 17,523
The proportion of agricultural land under grass and greenfeed in rotation and
permanent grass fell considerably from 1970 to 1990, but rose considerably during
the 1990s, partly due to increasing use of grass fields for dairy farming, and partly
due to the change in EU subsidy schemes, which means that grass or industrial seed
must be grown on set-aside land. Furthermore the area with maize and cattle feed is
included with the area with grass and greenfeed, and the area with maize has
increased significantly from 0.4% of the agricultural area in 1980 to 5% in 2006.
This is due in part to a warmer climate, which has made maize easier to grow.
From 1980 to 2015 the number of farms fell with 69% from 119,155 to 36,637. In
the same period the average size of farms increased with 200% from 24 ha to 72 ha.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
66
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
This development has reduced the importance of agriculture as a source of primary
employment. However, in the same period agricultural production has grown, both in
quantity and value, and agricultural exports still make up a large proportion - 10% -
of Denmark's total exports.
During the 1990s interest in organic farming increased considerably. In 2015 organic
farms accounted for approximately 7% of land under cultivation.
During the last 40 years use of nitrogen by agriculture has varied greatly. Up to 1990
there was a big increase in the use of fertiliser (both manure and chemical, but during
the 1990s use of fertiliser decreased considerably and has since 2003 stabilised.
The use of nitrogen originating from manure has dropped since 1980. Consumption
of phosphorus and potassium in fertilisers fell throughout the period.
Cattle population fell by 45% from 1970 to 2015 cf. Table 2.12. Most of the cattle
are dairy cows. Since milk production remained approximately unchanged
throughout the period, the fall in cattle population is due to higher productivity per
animal. In the same period, the pig population increased by 50%. The sheep
population has more than doubled in relation to 1970, while the poultry population in
2015 was a little below the level of 1970. Since the 1970s, initiatives aimed at
nutrients etc. have led to favourable trends, including with regard to greenhouse
gases, where agriculture has reduced emissions by about 18.5% since 1990.
Emissions of methan and nitrous oxide from agriculture (i.e. excluding emissions
from energy consumption) accounted for approximately 21% of Denmark's total
emissions of greenhouse gases in 2015.
2.1.13 Forestry
Approximately 15% of Denmark is forested. Originally focus was mainly on the
production potential of primarily conifers, but in recent years focus has changed
towards indigenous, deciduous tree species as offering greater long-term production
and nature potential. Denmark's forests are managed as closed canopy forests. The
main objective is to ensure sustainable and multiple-use management of the forests
and to manage them in line with overall management of the countryside. Instead of
clear-cut systems, forest owners are to a higher degree applying near-to-nature forest
management regimes. Unlike our Scandinavian neighbours, in Denmark forestry
does not play an important role in the national economy.
The Danish Forest Act protects a very large part of the existing forests against
conversion to other land uses. This is also the case for afforested areas for which
public subsidies are made available. In principle, this means that most of the forested
land in Denmark will remain as forest.
The ambition is to have about 25% of Denmark's area forested by the end of the 21st
century. A considerable increase in the forest area is therefore to be achieved.
Denmark is the only part of the Realm in which forestry is practised. Greenland and
the Faroe Islands have almost no forest.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
67
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2.2
2.2.1
G
REENLAND
Form of government and structure of administration
On 21 June 2009, the Act on Greenland Self-Government came into force. The Act
recognises the Greenlandic people as a people pursuant to international law with the
right to self-determination. It also establishes
Kalaallisut,
the Inuit language spoken
in Greenland, as the official language. With Self-Government, Greenland is still
within the Realm and shares some fields of responsibility with Denmark and the
Faroe Islands, i.e. the Constitution, franchise and the eligibility for election,
citizenship and central institutions like the National Bank. While Greenland has
taken over responsibility for most domestic areas of governance, responsibility for
the Supreme Court, foreign affairs, defence and security policy as well as exchange
rate and monetary policy fall within the jurisdiction of the central authorities of the
Realm.
Inatsisartut, the parliament, has 31 members. The members are elected directly at
general elections held every four years. The last election was held on 28 November
2014. The parliament elects a government responsible for the central administration
under the Premier.
The administration is been divided into eleven ministries. The Minister for
Independence, Foreign Affairs and Agriculture represents Greenland in international
negotiations on climate change. The Ministry of Nature and Environment has
primary responsibility for coordination and implementation of legislation, plans etc.
for the climate area.
Greenland Self-Government
The Act on Self-Government states that Greenland can have jurisdiction and
financial responsibility for almost all aspects of public affairs if Inatsisartut, the
Parliament, so decides. The Self-Government Act also outlines the future economic
relationship between Denmark and Greenland. The Act states that Greenland has the
right to utilise the mineral resources found in the subsoil. § 5 of the Self-Government
Act specifies that Greenland will still receive an annual grant of DKK 3,600 mill.
Future revenues from mineral and hydrocarbon activities will reduce the state
subsidy by half the revenues exceeding DKK 75.0 mill. annually. Talks on the future
relationship between Denmark and Greenland will commence when the annual block
grant has been reduced to 0. The Act on Home Rule did not address the question of
independence, but in accordance with § 21 of the Self-Government Act, the people of
Greenland can decide on independence in the future.
International Relations
Greenland is not a member of the European Union, but Greenland participates in the
Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) scheme, that gives Greenland access to the
European market. Greenland also has a commercial fisheries agreement with the
European Union which also provides duty free access for fish, seafood and
fishproducts. This agreement is one of the largest fisheries agreement of the
European Union and is important as Europe is the primary market for Greenland’s
export of fish.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
68
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0069.png
In accordance with the so-called
authorisation arrangement,
the Government of
Greenland (Naalakkersuisut) may negotiate and conclude international agreements
with foreign states and international organisations, including administrative
agreements, which exclusively concern Greenland and entirely relate to fields of
responsibility taken over by Greenland.
For agreements that fall outside the scope of the authorisation arrangement and
which are thus concluded by the Danish Government, the Self-Government Act
contains rules and regulations for the involvement of the Self-Government
authorities. Accordingly, the Danish Government is required to notify
Naalakkersuisut in advance of negotiations regarding agreements under international
law which are of particular importance to Greenland. Before they are concluded or
terminated, such agreements must be submitted to Naalakkersuisut for comments. If
the Danish Government deems it necessary to conclude the agreement without the
consent of Naalakkersuisut, this must, to the widest extent possible, have no effect
for Greenland.
Denmark has ratified the Climate Convention with the consent of Naalakkersuisut.
The Kyoto Protocol was ratified by Denmark in agreement with Greenland, on 31
May 2002. The Greenlandic Government has requested a territorial exemption for
reduction commitments when Denmark ratifies the second commitment period of the
Kyoto Protocol.
In August 2012 a cooperation agreement relating to the international climate change
negotiations was signed by representatives from the Danish Government and the
Government of Greenland. The agreement serves to facilitate closer cooperation on
matters of mutual interest and to improve Greenlandic access to information and
consultation in relation to the UNFCCC negotiations.
2.2.2
Population
The population of Greenland has increased by 12% since 1980. Today the total
population is around 55,860 cf. Table 2.13. Of these 90% were born in Greenland.
T
ABLE
2.13 P
OPULATION OF
G
REENLAND
(
WITH
2030
PROJECTION
)
Source: Statistics Greenland, 2017
1980
Population
49,773
1990
55,558
2000
56,124
2010
56,452
2017
55,860
2030
53,993
Estimated changes in the population show a decrease towards 2030, but the
proportion of the population born outside Greenland is not expected to change.
Migration and immigration patterns are dominated by the strong, historical
connections between Greenland and Denmark. Every year throughout the period
1993-2016, more people moved away from Greenland than to Greenland. In 2016 a
total of 2,451 people immigrated while 2,763 people emigrated. The net emigration
in 2016 of 312 persons was the lowest number of annual net emigrations since 2012.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
69
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The net emigration in 2012 of 709 persons was highest number of annual net
emigrations since 1993.
The population density in 2017 was 0.14 per km
2
of ice-free area.
2.2.3
Geography
With an area of 2,166,086 km
2
, Greenland is the world's largest island. It extends
over almost 24 latitudes. The northernmost point is Cape Morris Jessup, only 740 km
from the North Pole, while Cape Farewell in the south shares latitude with Oslo,
Norway.
Greenland is covered by the Greenland Ice Sheet, a continuous, slightly convex ice
sheet that covers 85% of the island and reaches heights of more than 3,000 m above
sea level.
The coastal line stretches 44,087 km and is dominated by deep fiords and
archipelagos. The population of Greenland lives mainly in the coastal regions, where
there is little ice. Access to open waters implies good opportunities for fishery,
hunting and transportation by sea, which are all important to Greenland society.
Greenland is surrounded by Atlantic and Arctic waters. The North Atlantic Ocean
lays to the south and the Greenland Sea and the Denmark Strait to the east. The
Denmark Strait is located between Greenland and Iceland and is 240 km wide. The
west coast of Greenland meets the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, and in the north,
Greenland is separated from Canada by Smith Sound and Nares Strait. In Nares
Strait a mere 26 km separates Greenland from Ellesmere Island, Canada. North of
Greenland lays Lincoln Sea and Wandels Sea in the Arctic Ocean.
2.2.4
Climate
Greenland has an Arctic climate. About 80% of the land is covered by an ice sheet
that is up to 3 km thick, while the ice-free land areas are limited to a coastal strip that
is 50-300 km wide. Furthest south, and closest to the edge of the ice, the climate is
sub-Arctic with a mean temperature of more than 10°C in July. The climate in south-
west Greenland, where most of the population of 55,000 live, is low-Arctic. This part
of Greenland is characterised by relatively mild winters with a lot of snow and
periods of thaw, and wet summers with average temperatures of less than 10°C in the
warmest month.
North and north-east Greenland are in the high-Arctic zone. The climate has
continental characteristics with very cold winters down to minus 50 degrees (Celsius)
in north Greenland. The temperature is rarely above zero degrees from September to
May. Winter precipitation is limited as parts of north Greenland has a desert climate
with less than 25 mm precipitation per year, corresponding to about 1% of the
precipitation at the southern tip of Greenland. The continental climate in high-Arctic
Greenland is determined by sea ice from the Arctic Ocean, which hitherto has made
up the pack-ice belt, often up to several hundred kilometres wide, which floats
southwards along the east coast of Greenland. In recent years, the extent of the Polar
Ice has been reduced for long periods, and this has led to unusual events such as
wave erosion along the coasts which previously had not seen open sea to the same
extent. The climate in high-Arctic Greenland is greatly influenced by the amount and
spread of sea ice.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
70
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is generally highest in April/May. The weather in Greenland is
most stable at this time of year. After this, in the summer months, the variation in
atmospheric pressure is small, but in winter it is much greater, with a generally
higher atmospheric pressure towards the north than towards the south, leading to a
higher frequency of cold winds from northerly directions and higher wind velocities.
The largest pressure extremes in Greenland occur in the winter period because of the
large temperature contrasts in the atmosphere. The highest atmospheric pressure
measured in Greenland was 1059.6 hPa, which was recorded in January 1958. The
lowest was 936.2 hPa, recorded in 1986 and 1988.
Wind
Storms typically occur in connection with the passage of low-pressure systems.
Between these systems, there are undisturbed periods of varying duration throughout
the year, when the wind is governed by local conditions.
An example is the ice sheet's katabatic wind system, the extent of which is enormous.
A katabatic wind is a wind that blows down an incline, moving from the central part
out towards the edge. The wind velocity accelerates with increasing incline of the
surface, and the topography can cause channelling, resulting in an extremely high
velocity at the edge of the ice.
Greenland has many days with little or no wind. In some places on the east coast this
is the case for 60% of the time.
Gusts can be very strong. Gusts of up to 75.1 m/s were measured in Danmarkshavn
in 1975, but even stronger gusts undoubtedly occur in connection with the so-called
piteraqs. These winds, which are katabatic, locally channelled winds from the ice
sheet, occur in several locations in Greenland, and are characterised by a very abrupt
change from light wind to storm.
Temperature
The summer temperatures on both the west and the east coast differ by only a few
degrees from south to north, despite a distance of about 2,600 km. The reason for this
is the summer midnight sun in north Greenland. Conversely, winter darkness and the
absence of warm sea currents mean that the temperature during the winter period
differs considerably from north to south.
There is also a big difference in the temperature conditions at the outer coast and
inside the fjords. In summer, drift ice and the cold water along the coast can mean
that it is warmer inside the fjords, while in winter, on the other hand, the presence of
the sea makes it warmer in the coastal areas than inside the fjords.
Foehn winds can disturb this picture in the wintertime. Foehn winds are very
common in Greenland, and in winter the hot, dry winds can cause the temperature to
rise by 30ºC within a relatively short space of time, resulting in melting snow and
ice. Relatively high temperatures in the winter period are very often the result of
Foehn winds.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
71
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0072.png
The highest temperature recorded in Greenland since 1958 is 25.9ºC. It was recorded
in Manitsoq in July 2013. See Figure 2.20 and 2.21.
In Greenland, frost can occur in all the months of the year except deep inside the
fjords at Narsarsuaq Airport and Kangerlussuaq for a couple of the summer months.
The coldest place in Greenland is naturally on the ice sheet, where the temperature
can fall to below -70ºC. In the 1950’s, a British research station measured -70°C and
a DMI station measured below -63°C at Summit in the middle of the ice cap.
Apart from the ice cap, the coldest measured in Greenland are in Hall Land and Kap
Morris Jesup on the north coast with lowest annual average mean temperatures close
to -20°C (period 1982-1999). In January 1989, the lowest measured temperature at
Hall Land was -52.1°C - possibly even lower as this type of station does not measure
absolute minimum temperatures.
Seen in a long perspective, temperatures in Greenland in general have shown a slight
upward trend. 2001-2010 was the warmest decade among all series. In 2010, record
high annual temperatures were observed several places across Greenland.
In combined temperature series from southwest Greenland from the period 1784-
2016, the 1930’s, 1940’s and 2010s were the warmest decades and the 1810’s the
coldest - not least due to unidentified large volcanic eruptions in 1809 and the
Tambora eruption in 1815.
F
IGURE
2.20 C
LIMATOLOGICAL STANDARD NORMAL FOR
N
UUK
1981-2010
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
72
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0073.png
F
IGURE
2.21 A
NNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
1784-2016
IN º
C
FOR A
C
OMBINED
SW G
REENLAND
SERIES
;
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-2010.
Source: Cappelen 2017c
There are missing values for some early years 1784, 1787-1789, 1792-1796, 1799, 1802-1807, 1814-1815, 1821-1839, 1851.
In recent years several warm summers in Greenland have been registered. In 2012,
such a summer was followed by a number of unusual melting events, also in the
middle of the ice sheet (Summit). Events in Greenland during warm summers like
2012 cannot be regarded as 'unnatural', but on the other hand there is an indisputable
gradual rise in temperature in Greenland and along the way, any 'warm incident' thus
will have an increased likelihood of becoming a little hotter than the preceding one.
Precipitation
Recorded precipitation in Greenland decreases with rising latitude and from the coast
to the inland area. Particularly for southern stations there is considerable seasonal
variation. See Figures 2.20, 2.22 and 2.23.
In the extreme south and particularly in the south-eastern region, precipitation is
significant, average annual precipitation ranging from around 800 to 2,500 mm along
the coasts. Further inland, towards the ice sheet, considerably less precipitation is
recorded. In the northern regions of Greenland there is very little precipitation, from
around 250 mm down to 130 mm per year. In a few places there are arctic deserts,
i.e. areas that are almost free of snow in winter, and where evaporation in
summertime can exceed precipitation.
Not surprisingly, snow is very common in Greenland. In fact, at most stations in the
coastal region it can snow all year round without snow cover necessarily forming.
There are thus many days with snow during the year, mostly in the southern part of
the country. The snow depth is greatest in southern Greenland, averaging from one to
more than two metres in all the winter months and sometimes reaching up to six
metres. In southern Greenland the snow cover can disappear altogether during the
winter in connection with warm Foehn winds.
Towards the north, snow cover has already formed in most places by September and
normally disappears again in June/July.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
73
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0074.png
F
IGURE
2.23 ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN T
ASIILAQ
1898-2016 (
TOP
)
AND
IN D
ANMARKSHAVN
1949-2016 (
BOTTOM
) IN MM, ANOMALY RELATIVE TO 1981-2010.
Source: Cappelen 2017c
Data are missing for the years 1910-1911, 1936, 1949, 1951, 1979-1980, 2008 and 2013-2014.
Data are missing for the years 1949, 1954, 1977 and 1981.
Hours of sunshine
The part of Greenland north of the Polar Circle, 66.5ºN, has midnight sun and polar
night of varying length depending on the latitude. Midnight sun means that the sun is
in the sky 24 hours a day, while polar night means that the sun does not rise above
the horizon at all.
Despite the polar night, the northern stations have more hours of sunshine than the
southern stations. This is due to the "long" day, of course, but also to generally less
cloud cover. However, although the surface of the soil receives more solar heat than
in the tropics at around the summer solstice because of the long day, a considerable
part of the energy is reflected because of the oblique angle of incidence and the
snow-and-ice-covered surfaces.
2.2.5
Economy
The economy of Greenland is a small-scale economy based on trade with other
countries (see Table 2.14 for key figures).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
74
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0075.png
Under the Danish Realm, Greenland received an annual state subsidy to finance
fields of responsibility assumed from Denmark. Under Self-Government, Greenland
will still receive an annual grant, but the new fields of responsibility must be
financed by the Greenland Government. Future revenues from mineral activities in
Greenland will reduce the state subsidy by half the revenue exceeding DKK 75 mill.
T
ABLE
2.14 K
EY FIGURES FOR THE
G
REENLAND
E
CONOMY IN
2006, 2008, 2011, 2014
AND
2015.
C
URRENT PRICES
(
EXCEPT FOR
GDP)
IN
DKK
MILLION
.
Source: Statistics Greenland (2017)
GDP
State subsidy (block grant)
Imports
Exports
Public expenditure
Annual growth in GDP
1
1
2006
11,940
3,120
4,054
2,343
7,983
7.1 %
2008
12,444
3,301
4,702
2,471
8,798
3.6 %
2011
12,165
3,533
5,350
2,636
9,346
1.5 %
2014
12,863
3,642
4,866
3,139
10,139
-0.8 %
2015
13,076
3,678
4,487
2,738
10,122
1,7 %
2010 prices, chained values.
The 2015 national budget of Greenland saw a GDP of DKK 217,800 per capita.
Exports
The fishing industry is of immense importance to the economy of Greenland, as fish
and seafood are the only large-scale export from Greenland (see Table 2.15). The
estimated relationship between GDP and the real export value of fish and seafood
shows that a 1% increase in the export value of fish and seafood leads to a 0.29%
increase in Greenland GDP, according to time series data ranging back to 1966.
Therefore, changes in both the world market prices and the availability of important
stocks of fish are important to the entire economy.
Commercial hunting is common in the northern and eastern parts of Greenland and
locally the income from hunting is important to the wellbeing of the community, but
hunting does not contribute extensively to the national economy.
T
ABLE
2.15 V
ALUE OF
EXPORTS IN 2000, 2007, 2012
AND
2016
IN
DKK
MILLION
(2010-
PRICES
,
CURRENT VALUES
).
Source: Statistics Greenland
2000
2007
2012
Total value of exports
2,205
2,326
2,782
Total value of export of food, fish and seafood
2,119
1,917
2,529
Value of export of single stocks as share of total value of export of fish and seafood
Northern shrimp
63.4 %
59.0 %
56.0 %
Atlantic cod
2.5 %
9.4 %
6.7 %
Greenland halibut
17.2 %
23.0 %
26.0 %
Snow crab
10.8 %
1.9 %
1.7 %
Other
6.1 %
6.5 %
9.5 %
2016
3,698
3,435
44.0 %
11.2 %
31.3 %
1.7 %
10.9 %
Imports
As the inland production is limited, Greenland is an open economy depending on
imports of a wide range of goods (see Figure 2.24).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
75
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0076.png
FIGURE 2.24 IMPORTS
IN
2016
Source: Statistics Greenland. 2017
2.2.6
Energy
Greenland has high basic energy demands. Expenditures related to transportation and
energy supply are considerable due to the large size of the country, the widely
dispersed population and the Arctic climate.
For the past decade, Greenland has been investing significantly in hydropower, and
today more than 50% of the national energy supply is based on renewable sources.
Despite these investments, Greenland’s CO
2
emissions have been increasing until
2011, since when emissions have reduced. Greenland is still very dependent on the
import of fossil fuels.
Energy production and supply
Because of the vast distances between towns in Greenland, it is neither financially
nor technically viable to establish a supply grid connecting them. This means that
each town and settlement has its own power plant or combined heat and power plant
(CHP plant) – a so-called island operation. At the same time, the climatic conditions
mean that towns and settlements cannot bear lengthy interruptions in their electricity
supply. Therefore it is also necessary to have reserve and emergency plants. There is
only one power plant that supplies two towns: the Qorlortorsuaq hydropower plant,
which has supplied both Narsaq and Qaqortoq in South Greenland with electricity
since 2008. In both towns there are still back-up plants.
Hydropower generation
Greenland has invested in renewable energy since the 1990s with annual investments
making up 1% of GDP. Priot to 1993, all energy production for electricity and
district heating was based on diesel-driven power generation and CHP plants. Today
five hydropower plants cover 50% of total energy supply and contribute to an
increasing degree of self-sufficiency in the energy sector cf. Table 2.16.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
76
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0077.png
TABLE 2.16 GREENLAND’S HYDROPOWER PLANTS IN 2017
Name
Buksefjorden
Tasilaq
Qorlortorsuaq
Sisimiut
Pakitsoq
Area of Supply
Nuuk
Tasiilaq
Narsaq og Qaqortoq
Sisimiut
Ilulissat
Source: The Department of Environment and Nature, Government of Greenland (2017)
In Operation
Since
1993
2004
2008
2010
2013
Capacity in Megawatt
45 MW
1.2 MW
7.6 MW
15 MW
22.5 MW
Preliminary studies of hydropower potentials continue, but no large-scale
hydropower plants are expected in the next couple of years.
Fossil-fuel-based power generation
Greenland is still very dependent on the import of fossil fuels for power generation.
Today, approximately 39% of the total energy supply from the public utility
company Nukissiorfiit is based on oil, which is largely a reflection of the island-
operation system, in which most settlements outside the larger towns depend on fuel-
based power generation.
District-Heating
The production and supply of heating takes place in a number of ways. Integrated
supply facilities for heating and electricity exist in a number of places, where
hydropower plants and fuel-based power plants generate surplus heat, which is then
used for district heating. In addition, waste incineration contributes to the heating
supply in a number of towns and settlements.
An increasing share of the heating supply is based on surplus hydroelectricity from
the five hydropower plants. When these are already operating on maximum capacity
, oil boilers supplements to the demand in order to secure stable supply.
Finally, a considerable amount of the heating supply, especially in smaller
settlements, is still based on fuel-based district heating systems. This is largely a
consequence of the island-operation system, where large-scale power generation
facilities are not technically or financially viable.
Energy consumption
Energy consumption increased significantly from 1990 until 2011, especially in 2010
and 2011 due to the growth in geological surveys, which are very fuel-intensive. As a
result Greenland experienced the largest consumption ever recorded in 2011 (11,071
TJ). Since 2011 there has been no oil exploration. This standstill combined with an
economic recession has caused a drop in total energy consumption in 2012-2014 to
2009-levels. In 2015 energy consumption increased by 1.7% to 8,626 TJ (see Table
2.17 and Figure 2.25), which is comparable to 1990 levels.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
77
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0078.png
Despite an increase in the production of renewable energy over the last decade,
Greenland is still dependent on imports of fossil fuels. With a total share of
approximately 82%, the large majority of energy consumption is based on fossil
fuels. This includes consumption in households, production industries, energy and
water supply, the transportation sector, public and private services as well as
wholesale and retail.
In 2010 and 2011 emission of greenhouse gasses increased significantly due to an
increase in fuel combustion caused by the initiation of oil exploration. This caused
emissions from energy consumption to rise by 14.5% in 2010 and by 6.9% in 2011.
Due to the absence of oil exploration since 2011, emissions from energy
consumption has now dropped below 1990 levels to 523,962 ton CO
2
-equivalents in
2015.
T
ABLE
2.17 E
NERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE IN
2010
AND
2015
2010
Unit GJ
1,011,600
89,745
838,911
7,720,353
49,993
584,965
4,220
9,319
10,309,106
2015
Unit GJ
1,480,486
97,520
701,860
5,302,065
446,503
585,188
3,343
9,242
8,626,206
Source: Statistics Greenland based on information from Polaroil A/S, Statoil A/S and Nukissiorfiit.
Hydropower
Energy recovered from
waste
Petroleum
Solar
Fueloil
Gasoline
Liquified petroleum
gas (LPG)
Wasteoil
Consumption of
energy, total
2010
Unit GWh
281
25
233
2,145
14
162
1
3
2,864
2015
Unit GWh
411
27
195
1,473
124
163
1
3
2,396
FIGURE 2.25 DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 2015
Source: Statistics Greenland: Greenland’s Energy Consumption 2015.
1.394
2.948
648
Energy and Water Supply
Transport
Production and Industries
incl. Fisheries
Public and Private Services
2.059
1.578
Households
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
78
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0079.png
2.2.7
Transport
Passenger transport is primarily by air, although one ferry and a number of small
passenger vessels operate in Greenland waters (see Table 2.18).
T
ABLE
2.18 V
ESSEL DATA SUMMARY
Source: Ministry of Health and Infrastructure, Government of Greenland and Marine Rescue Coordination Center Nuuk
2008
Research/
Ice breakers/
Government
Private ice breakers
Research vessels
Special purpose vessels
Shipping
Bulk carriers and container ships
Tankers
Passenger
Transport
Ferry
Passenger vessels
Passenger cruise ship
Fishing
Large commercial fishing vessels
2
23
10
24
6
1
11
36
10
2010
3
22
24
24
10
1
-
38
29
2012
1
24
14
21
6
1
10
30
23
2016
0
24
0
32
5
1
12
42
25
Passenger transport by air
The regions of Greenland are connected by ships, aeroplanes and helicopters.
Since the 1990s, Greenland has seen an increase in both sea and air passenger
transport, and the need for flexible and fast transport between the towns has
increased in parallel to the general development of society.
Year-round scheduled air services connect Greenland with the outside world, through
Copenhagen, Denmark and Reykjavik, Iceland.
Passenger transport by land
There are no roads connecting towns and settlements in Greenland, but in most
towns there are bus services. Private car ownership is common and the number of
taxies is generally high.
In 2016 there were 8,078 vehicles registered by the motor vehicle administration.
Greenland had 4,186 cars, 189 taxis, 76 buses, 164 fire engines, 1,315 commercial
vans and trucks, 2 motorcycles, 1,179 snowmobiles/snowscooters and 967 “others” .
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
79
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Passenger transport by sea
Passenger transport by sea is serviced by one ferry and 12 small vessels, operating in
Greenland waters. The ferry sails along the west coast of Greenland, while passenger
vessels carry both passengers and goods between towns and settlements.
Private boat ownership is common and boats are used for local transportation as well.
Cruise ship tourism
Greenland has seen an increase in tourism since the turn of the century, and
especially cruise ship tourism has increased. The number of cruise ships sailing in
Greenland has been increasing year by year, but has fallen recently and in general
cruise ships have experienced much volatility in passenger demand. With the rise of
commercial tourism there has been increased focus on cruise ship activity and the
protection of the arctic environment and nature. In 2016 a total of 42 cruise ships
operated in Greenland waters, carrying 24,244 passengers.
Shipping
Royal Arctic Line (RAL) is the major shipping agent in Greenland, enjoying a
government-issued concession that gives it a virtual monopoly on containerized
shipping. Royal Arctic Line connects Greenland with Europe, primarily through the
port of Aalborg in Denmark and Nuuk in Greenland. Almost all cargo to and from
Greenland passes through this route. New routes via Reykjavik, Iceland, are under
consideration.
Greenland experienced an increase in shipping during the mid-00s, attributed to an
increase in exports of fish and shrimp and increased imports of consumer goods,
machinery and materials for construction. In recent years commercial shipping
activity has declined from the high in 2008. This appears to be due to a decrease in
commerce overall rather than an indication of declining importance of the shipping
trade in Greenland.
The planned production of aluminium and the opening of large-scale mining are
likely to greatly increase shipping between Greenland and world markets, in
particular to Europe and North America.
2.2.8
Industry
Greenland has a small inland production of industrial produce and exports are based
almost entirely on fisheries, while most industrial produce is imported.
Fishery
Fish and seafood is the single most important export commodity in Greenland that
consists of more than 250 species. In 2016 over 92 % of the total export value was
connected to fisheries. The main catches connected to this are prawns, halibut and
cod which consist of the export value. Fishing activities are conducted both on-shore
and offshore where fishermen process their catches in production facilities on land or
on-board their fishing vessels. The main economic activity in Greenland is fishing
and it is mainly concentrated on the west coast.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
80
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0081.png
Mineral and hydrocarbon industry
The mineral and hydrocarbon industry is developing, and the industry might be of
crucial importance to the industrial development of Greenland.
The Greenland Government, has issued a series of licences for the exploration of oil,
gas and minerals (see Table 2.19).
The exploration activitives have shown that there are economic potentials related to a
wide range of mineralisations. The current exploitation licences are targeted at the
exploitation of gold, zink/lead, iron, gold and anorthosite, and promising exploration
projects are targeting eudialyt, rare earth elements, nickel and other minerals.
In 2017, the ruby and sapphire mine at Fiskenæsset started production. The mine is
located south of Nuuk and has production facilities at the mine site and in Nuuk.
Other projects have been granted an exploitation licence:
•
White Mountain, a very large anothosite deposit, located near Kangerlussuaq.In
September 2015, the company Hudson Greenland A/S was granted an exploitation
licence. Construction of infrastructure has started and the company plans to start
production in 2018.
Citronen Fjord, a giant zink and lead deposit of more than 130 million tonnes ore.
The project is located in the Northeast of Greenland. An exploitation licence was
granted in December 2016 and the company Ironbark A/S is currently seeking
funding and are developing the construction plans.
•
T
ABLE
2.19 M
INERAL ACTIVITIES
:
PROSPECTING
,
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION LICENCES IN
1995,
2000, 2004, 2008, 2012
AND
2016.
Source: Mineral Licence and Safety Authority, Greenland Government
Prospecting
licences
1995
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
21
15
12
12
25
11
Exploration
licences
35
24
22
68
79
58
Exploitation
licences
-
-
1
3
4
7
Small scale
licences
-
-
-
-
12
49
Moreover, a series of mature exploration projects are getting closer to exploitation.
Licences to exploit mineral resources are granted by Nalaakersuisut after an
extensive process, including public consultation of an EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessment) and a SIA (Social Impact Assessment). For each project an IBA (Impact
Benefit Agreement) is signed by the company, the municipality and Nalaakersuisut
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
81
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0082.png
to ensure benefits from the projects for the local community and Greenland as a
whole. The IBA is adjusted annually.
Currently the following projects are approaching maturity:
•
Killavaat Alannguat, a worldclass REE (rare earth elements) deposit. The
exploration licence was granted to Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S. The
company submitted an application for exploitation in Q3 2013. The resource
is estimated at around 4 billion tonnes of ore. The deposit is situated in South
Greenland and is expected to employ approximately 60-80 people in an open-
pit operated all year round. Mine life is expected to exceed 20 years.
•
Isua, a BIF (Banded Iron ore Formation) with an ore tonnage of more than 1.1
billion tonnes has been explored by the British company London Mining Ltd.
During the last quater of 2013, London Mining was granted an exploitation
licence by Naalakkersuisut.. The deposit is situated close to Nuuk, the capital,
and is expected to employ 6-700 people in an open-pit all year operation.
Mine life is expected to exceed 15 years.
•
Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd., an Australian company, is currently
exploring Kuannersuit, a REE and uranium deposit of more than 850 million
tonnes of ore. The company is currently working on preparing the SIA and
EIA for public consultation. The deposit is situated in South Greenland and is
expected to employ approximately 80-100 people in an open-pit all year
operation. Mine life is expected to exceed 20 years.
The labour market in Greenland
As society resembles strong aspects of the Scandinavian welfare model, public
administration and services dominate the labour market in Greenland (see Table
2.20).
T
ABLE
2.20 L
ABOUR MARKET STATISTICS WITH BUSINESS NOMENCLATURE
, 2015, I
N
F
ULL
-
TIME
EQUIVALENTS
.
Source: Statistics Greenland, 2017
Sector
Public administration and service
Fisheries, catches and agriculture
Trade
Transport
Buildning and construction
Retail services
Other services
Hotels and restaurants
Energy and Water supply
Not known
Industry
Mineral extraction
Full-Time Equivalents
10,307
4,085
2,890
2,445
1,844
1,332
914
762
380
301
234
124
%
40
16
11
10
7
5
4
3
1
1
1
0
Greenland is likely to see an increase in industrial production within the next decade.
The exploration of both hydrocarbons and minerals may result in new mining
projects, and in Maniitsoq there are plans to establish an aluminium smelter.
2.2.9
Waste
The waste sector contributed with 2.9% of the total GHG emissions in 2011, 45% of
the total CH
4
emissions and 71% of the total N
2
O emissions. Two-thirds of waste
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
82
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0083.png
from other sectors is produced by households, while the remaining waste is produced
in commercial activities.
The Ministry of Nature and Environment under the Greenland Government
conducted a study of the composition of both household waste and waste from
commercial activities in 2006. From this study the most important waste fraction is
organic waste (44%), followed by combustible waste (17.5%), both wet and dry
paper and cardboard (18%), glass (7.5%), plastics (7%), metal (3.5%) and
environmentally hazardous waste (1.5%).
The composition of waste from commercial activities includes comparatively more
paper and cardboard (27%), more plastic waste (9%), more environmentally
hazardous waste (3%) and more non-combustible waste (5%), but less glass (3%),
metal (3%), organic waste (34%) and other combustible waste (16%).
Today, solid waste management is based on incineration facilities and open landfills
(see Table 2.21). In six cities incineration plants are in use, handling approximately
65% of the waste produced in Greenland. Much of the residual heat from the six
facilities is used for district heating.
In small towns and settlements, 46 small-scale incineration facilities were established
during the period 1995-2003. They incinerate approximately 9% of the waste
produced. The small-scale incineration facilities were introduced as an
environmentally sound alternative to the use of open landfills. The project cannot be
deemed successful and the majority of small-scale incineration facilities are either
broken or not in use. In these areas open landfills are still in use. The Greenlandic
municipalities have since 2014 worked to clean up 18 landfills in towns and villages.
The Ministry of Nature and Environment is also working with the municipalities to
carry out projects, where waste is transported from smaller towns to approved waste
treatment in bigger towns. Schemes for the recycling of single fractions of waste are
established locally, i.e. oil and chemical waste, batteries, electronic waste, glass,
hazardous waste, etc. These fractions are shipped to foreign facilities and recycled.
In 2010 the Government of Greenland adopted the Waste Management Plan 2010-
2013 which lays down guidelines for the national waste policy.
T
ABLE
2.21 W
ASTE MANAGEMENT IN
G
REENLAND
. 1990, 1995, 2000, 2010
AND
2015, I
N
‘000
TONNES
.
W
ASTE DISPOSAL IS CORRECTED FOR OPEN BURNING
Source: Statistics Greenland. 2017 (modelbased estimates)
Managed waste disposal corrected for open burning
Unmanaged waste disposal corrected for open burning
Waste incineration; energy recovery
Waste incineration
Open burning
Total waste produced
1990
6.1
1.4
5.5
0.0
16.6
29.5
1995
6.4
1.3
6.1
0.2
17.2
31.2
2000
4.9
0.9
11.3
3.1
12.9
33.1
2010
4.4
0.7
17.1
3.5
11.5
37.2
2015
4.6
0.6
18.7
3.5
11.5
38.9
Since 1990 Greenland has seen a 28% increase in the amount of waste produced.
However, within the same period of time new facilities for waste incineration have
increased incineration with energy recovery, while both open burning and disposal
has decreased.
There are no waste water treatment plants in Greenland, and waste water produced
both on land and at sea is disposed of into the ocean. Households are generally
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
83
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0084.png
connected to public sewers, but there are still households with no access to sewerage.
Industrial waste water management is regulated by Government regulations on
environmental operational permits.
2.2.10 Buildings and infrastructure
As of 1 January 2010 there were a total of 23,112 dwellings in Greenland. 83.9% of
the housing was available in the 18 towns, while the remaining housing was found in
settlements (see Table 2.22).
The public sector plays a very important role in the housing sector. Most housing is
owned by the government or built with a government grant. Grants are available for
housing built by the owners themselves, cooperative housing, private housing, as
well as municipal rental housing. The public sector also subsidises renovation and
improvements to private dwellings, e.g. insulation and replacement of windows
reducing the energy consumption. A large proportion of the houses are 35 – 40 years
old and a refurbishment programme has been initiated. This modernisation includes
reducing the energy consumption of individual houses.
T
ABLE
2.22 H
OUSING STATISTICS
: D
ISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING
,
TOTAL HOUSING
,
HOUSING SIZE IN M
2
AND ROOMS
,
AND NEW HOUSING
-
IN
1997, 2006
AND
2009.
Source: Statistics Greenland, 2013.
1997
Housing in towns
Housing in settlements
Housing, total
1
Housing, total in m
2
New housing
1
2006
18,466
3,609
22,075
1,488,342
225
2009
19,402
3,710
23,112
1,580,752
274
16,568
3,376
19,940
1,289,681
94
Housing excludes dormitories and retirement homes.
2.2.11 Agriculture
Agriculture is scarce in Greenland due to climatic conditions, but agricultural
activities are found in South Greenland (see Table 2.23).
Even though Greenland has seen an increase in agriculture, farming and livestock are
still small of scale. Since 1990 the area of improved grassland has increased by more
than 100%, while the number of farms has seen only small fluctuations.
The average farm is estimated at 18-22 hectares.
T
ABLE
2.23 C
ROPLAND
, I
MPROVED
G
RASSLAND
, M
OUNTAINOUS GRASSLAND
,
IN HECTARES
,
IN
1990,
2001, 2007, 2012 AND 2017
Source: Statistics Greenland. Agricultural Advisory Service, Ministry of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture.
1990
Cropland
Improved grassland
Mountainous grassland
0
490
242,000
2001
5
776
242,000
2007
5
973
242,000
2012
6
1090
242,000
2017
0
1200
242,000
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
84
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0085.png
The mountainous grassland is only used for grazing in the short summer period of 3-
4 months for the stock of sheep. The major part of the mountainous grassland is bare
rock and mountains.
The agricultural yield i.e. hay produced per hectare, compares to farming in marginal
lands in Iceland and northern Scandinavia. However, in order to develop sustainable
farming and increase the variety of products, more land must be cultivated.
The increase in improved grassland is a result of the increased demand for fodder for
sheep, reindeer, cattle and horses (see Table 2.24).
Further information is available from Agricultural Consulting Services
4
.
T
ABLE
2.24 S
TOCK OF
S
HEEP AND REINDEERS IN
1990, 2000, 2008, 2012 AND 2017
Sheep
Reindeer (domestic)
1990
19,929
6,000
2000
20,444
2,000
2008
21,080
2,500
2012
21,110
2,000
Source: Statistics Greenland, Agricultural Advisory Service and Ministry of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture.
2017
17,592
2,200
2.2.12 Forestry
Forestry in Greenland, like agriculture, is found in South Greenland. Coniferous
plantations and woods, with trees of an average height more than 5 meters, cover a
total area of 54 ha.
There are four forests which may qualify to meet the FAO criteria defining a forest;
the largest covering 45 ha with an average height of 6 meters and approx. 100 trees
per ha.
Greenland will probably never be truly competitive in the production of commercial
timber, but small-scale plantings, e.g. an inland production of Christmas trees for the
national market and a small-scale timber production might accompany the
agricultural sector in the nearest future.
2.3
2.3.1
T
HE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
Form of government and structure of administration
The Faroe Islands have home rule status, and their internal affairs are governed by
the Faroese parliament (the Lagting). The Faroe Islands are not a member of the EU.
International agreements ratified by the Danish government do not cover the Faroe
Islands, unless the Faroese government specifically requests to be a part of the
agreement.
Denmark's ratification of the Climate Convention covers the Faroe Islands as well,
but at the request of the Faroese government, geographical exemption was taken for
the Faroe Islands in connection with Denmark's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.
2.3.2
Population
In 2017 ( 1 January) the Faroe Islands had a population of 49,864 - an increase of
11,158 since 1970. In the years 1989-1995 there was a extensive emigration due to a
serious deterioration in the economic and employment situation. In 1993 and 1994
4
http://www.nunalerineq.gl/english/landbrug/index-landbrug.htm
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
85
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
alone, net emigration corresponded to 8% of the total population. From 1996 to
2003, the population was growing. But between 2004 to 2013, net immigration has
been negative, except in 2008. 1 January 2017, the capital Tórshavn had a population
of just over 19,000, representing just over 38% of the population.
2.3.3
Geography
The Faroe Islands consist of 18 small, mountainous islands situated in the North
Atlantic at about 62
o
N and 7
o
W. The islands extend over 113 km from north to south
and 75 km from east to west, and the total land area is 1,399 square kilometres. The
highest points, up to 880 metres above sea level, are on the northern islands. 17 of
the islands are inhabited.
2.3.4
Climate
The climate in the Faroe Islands is strongly affected by the warm North Atlantic
current (the Gulf Stream) and frequent passage of cyclones, which, depending on the
location of the polar front, mainly come from southwest and west. The climate is
characterised by mild winters and cool summers and the weather is often moist and
rainy.
The high pressure over the Azores sometimes shifts towards the Faroe Islands. This
can result in stable summer weather lasting several weeks, with relatively high
temperatures. In winter, on the other hand, the low pressure systems can move more
southerly around the islands than normal, bringing in cold air from the north and a
lengthy period of sunny winter weather.
The maritime climate is also a result of the cold east Iceland current (polar current),
which splits into two currents from eastern Iceland towards the Faroe Islands. The
mixing of the water masses from this and the warm Gulf Stream causes a relatively
big difference in the sea temperatures around the islands, and this in turn causes local
variations in the climate.
Atmospheric pressure
The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level in Tórshavn is 1008 hPa on an annual
basis (1981-2010 level), lowest from October to March (about 1003-1006 hPa) and
highest in May and June (about 1014 hPa). The lowest atmospheric pressure
recorded was 930.3 hPa on 11 January 1993, and the highest was 1048.9 hPa,
recorded on 13 December 1995. The islands have long periods with both low
pressure and high pressure.
The Faroe Islands lie close to the normal cyclone paths over the North Atlantic, and
big and frequent changes in atmospheric pressure, with rises and falls of 20 hPa
within 24 hours are common throughout the year. Sometimes, however, violent
cyclones develop and pressure falls by more than 80 hPa/24 hours.
Temperature
The annual mean temperature in Tórshavn is 6.8°C (1981-2010 level; 7.2°C 2006-
2015 level). The temperature in January and February is 3.6 to 4°C (1981-2010 level;
around 4.3°C 2006-2015 level), and in July and August, from 10.7-11°C (1981-2010
level; from 10.8-11°C 2006-2015 level). The annual mean temperature varies from
place to place and is lowest inland on the northern Islands and highest at the coast on
the southern Islands (see Figures 2.26 and 2.27).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
86
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0087.png
Temperatures in Tórshavn are higher today than they were in 1873. This increase
primarily took place during 1920-1940 and yet again since the 1980’s. The period
2001-2010 was the warmest decade since records began and the present temperature
level is the highest in the Tórshavn time series. In 2014 there was a record high
annual temperature in Tórshavn (8.0°C).
F
IGURE
2.26 C
LIMATOLOGICAL STANDARD NORMAL FOR
T
ÓRSHAVN
1981-2010
F
IGURE
2.27 A
NNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE IN
T
ÓRSHAVN
1873-2016
IN º
C,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-2010
Source: Cappelen 2017d
Precipitation
Annual precipitation in Tórshavn is 1,321 mm (1981-2010 level; 1,542 mm 2006-
2015 level), most in autumn and winter and least in summer. There are large
geographical variations in precipitation, mainly due to the topography of the islands.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
87
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0088.png
The coast on the southern and western islands receive least precipitation and the
northern more hilly islands most. Above 3,000 mm has been measured here and it is
estimated that more than 4,000 mm can be reached. It rains a lot, indeed and the
number of rainy days is high. In the winter, precipitation is often in the form of snow.
There is no snow at all in June, July, and August, but there can be snow in
September.
Since the mid 1970s, precipitation in Tórshavn has been roughly stable, with an
small increasing trend in recent years. See Figures 2.26 and 2.28.
F
IGURE
2.28
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN
T
ÓRSHAVN
1890-2016
IN MM
,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-
2010.
Source: Cappelen 2017d
Hours of sunshine
In the period 1981-2007 Tórshavn had 869 hours of sunshine per year (993 hours
2007-2016 level; new instrument see Figure 2.29), most in May and June, the
average in the period 2007-2016 being around 147 hours (133 hours 1981-2007
level). In some Decembers there are no hours of sunshine at all. The highest number
of hours of sunshine in a calendar month was 232 hours, observed in May 1948 and
in May 2000. See Figure 2.29.
The number of hours of sunshine in Tórshavn has remained almost stable during the
last 20 years with a slight upward trend seen in the latter part of the period.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
88
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0089.png
F
IGURE
2.29 A
NNUAL HOURS OF SUNSHINE IN
T
ÓRSHAVN
1922-2007,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
1981-
2010 (
TOP
) AND 2007-2016,
ANOMALY RELATIVE TO
2007-2015 (BO
TTOM
)
Source: Cappelen 2017d
In the period 1922-2007 the hours of bright sunshine was observed with a traditional Fuess sunshine recorder. Since 2007 the
hours of bright sunshine have been calculated using measurements of global radiation from a modern radiation instrument. For
that reason “new” and “old” hours of bright sunshine cannot directly be compared; see the two figures.
Wind
The mean wind is generally high in the Faroe Islands, particularly in autumn and
winter. The wind is normally lightest in summer. There are normally no storms from
April to August, while autumn and winter are windy, with many storms, some of
which can reach hurricane force.
The highest 10-minute mean winds are 50 m/s (180 km/h), recorded at Mykines
Lighthouse in March 1997 and January 1999. In 1997, gusts of almost 67 m/s
(approx. 241 km/h) were recorded at Mykines Lighthouse.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
89
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0090.png
Although the weather is generally windy, there are also still periods, mostly in
summer and mostly of short duration.
2.3.5
Economy
The Faroe Islands is a modern, developed society with a standard of living
comparable to other Nordic countries. However, the economy is not yet as
diversified as in other highly developed countries.
Fishery and related industries are of such importance that their influence determines
the overall performance of the Faroese economy. An economy with high dependence
on fish products and exporting them is bound to be vulnerable to the changes in
catches, fish prices, and exchange rates. These often cyclical and unforeseen changes
are volatile, and have left their mark on the economic history of the islands.
The Faroese economy is very sensitive to the international market for fish.
Consequently, export income can fluctuate significantly from one year to the next,
and these fluctuations spread quickly throughout the economy.
In the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2008, the total employment fell from 25,641
in 2008 to 23,345 in 2011, (approx. 9%). The employment was since stable for a
number of years, but has increased from 23,351 in March 2013 to 26,245 in June
2017, which is an increase of 2,230 (approx. 12.4%), which is approximately at the
same level as before the financial crisis. Unemployment rose significantly from 3.9%
during 2009 and 2010 to 7.5% in February 2011. The unemployment rate (seasonal
adjusted) has since been reduced to 2.5% in July 2017. Several large public
construction projects are currently ongoing and because of the relatively high
construction activity on the Faroes Islands a substantial number of foreign
construction workers are now employed by Faroese companies.
The national accounts to 2015 indicate that a proportionally larger output value now
comes from production of private and public services (see Table 2.25). The
proportional output value from fishery and manufacturing fish products has declined
correspondingly. Faroese companies are also actively seeking investment
opportunities abroad at a much higher level than in the past. These developments,
together with a shift since the mid-1990s towards a more market-oriented economic
policy, will most likely contribute to a more diverse and stable economy and this has
also most markedly already shown up as growth in international transport services.
T
ABLE
2.25 G
ROSS
V
ALUE
A
DDED
(B.1G) 1999 - 2015,
BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR
Million DKK
Non-financial sector
Financial sector
Public services
Households and NPISH
Source: Hagstova Føroya. The sector figures for the years 2014 and 2015 are estimations made by Hagstova Føroya in
collarboration with the Economic Council.
1999 2000 2005
3,942 4,364
243
273
1,484 1,602
1,115 1,191
6,785 7,429
4,994
306
2,328
1,315
2010
6,232
440
3,003
1,601
2011
6,484
419
3,040
1,663
2012
6,716
424
3,075
1,728
2013
7,586
417
3,190
1,793
2014
8,417
378
3,282
1,841
2015
9,143
342
3,396
1,890
Total
8,944 11,276 11,606
11,943 12,985 13,918 14,770
2.3.6
Energy
The joint municipal company, SEV, is responsible for the production and sale of
electricity in the Faroe Islands. In 2016 production amounted to about 315 mill. kWh
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
90
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0091.png
cf. Table 2.26. Of this, about 33% was based on hydroelectricity, 16% on windpower
while the remainder was produced at diesel-driven plants. The windpower has
increased 100-fold since year 2000.
Sales of electricity in 2016 were distributed between 38 % primery sector, production
and construction, 27% for households and 24% for the service sector, with the
remainder for street lighting etc.
T
ABLE
2.26 E
LECTRICITY PRODUCTION
1999-2016 (GW
H
)
Source: Hagstova Føroya - Statistics Faroe Islands.
1999 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Hydropower
70.2
76.0
99.0
67.4
92.5
99.8
90,6 120,7 133,1 106,3
Diesel power 130.6 136.4 135.6 199.3 166.8 181.0 180,1 150,2 125,5 158,9
Wind power
Total
0.6
0.5
10.3
13.6
14.5
10.8
21,8
34,5
55,8
52,1
201.4 212.9 244.9 280.8 273.8 291.6 292,5 305,4 314,4 317,4
Since a number of oil finds in British territorial waters close to the Faroese border in
the 1990s, there has been a reasonable presumption that there is oil in Faroese
territory, and the first licensing round was held in 2000, the second in 2004, the third
in 2008 and the forth is open until 17 February 2018. The first licences for
exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the subsoil off the Faroe Islands were
granted in August 2000. The first three exploration wells were drilled in 2001. Since
then seven wells have been drilled (2003, 2006, 2007/08, 2010, 2012 and two in
2014). So far none of the finds have been commercially viable.
2.3.7
Transport
Goods transport between the Faroe Islands and the rest of the world is mainly by sea.
Two shipping companies operate freighter services all year round.
Besides Vágar Floghavn, the Faroe Islands have 12 helicopter pads. Air services are
provided by the Faroese company ATLANTIC AIRWAYS and since 2017 also by
SAS, but with a relative low frequency. The number of air travellers to and from the
Faroe Islands has risen sharply in the last few years.
Passenger transport by sea mainly takes place in the summer period. There are both
regular services (Smyril Line) and cruise liners. The number of foreign passenger
ships calling at the Faroe Islands has been increasing in recent years.
For 20-30 years up to the beginning of the 1990s and again over the last few years,
major investments have been made in enlarging and modernising the transport
infrastructure in the islands and the communication links with the outside world. The
first undersea tunnel in the Faroe Islands, Vágatunnilin, opened in 2002, connecting
Vágoy (airport) with Streymoy (with Tórshavn, capital). In 2006, the second
undersea tunnel in the Faroes, Norðoyartunnilin, which joins Borðoy with Eysturoy,
opened. Now the third undersea tunnel, which will join Tórshavn with Eysturoy
(Runavík and Strendur) is being constructed and is planned to open in 2020.
Constructing roads, tunnels, and harbours is costly because of the difficult
topographical conditions. Apart from 2009-2014, the number of motor vehicles has
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
91
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0092.png
been increasing by almost 1,000 per year since 1995 and in 2016 there were 32,800
motor vehicles, of which about 22,200 were cars and 8,700 lorries, vans and buses.
2.3.8
Industry
The sectoral composition of the Faroese economy reveals a relatively large primary
sector, brought about by the sizeable fishing fleet and a thriving fish farming
industry.
As a result, fish and fish products accounted for 97.5% of the export of goods in
2015 and about 57% of total foreign income stemmed from fish and fish-related
industries.
However, during the past several years, employment in the primary sector has been
decreasing, 10.6% in 2016 cf. Table 2.27, and this trend shows no signs of abating,
hence reinforcing sectoral diversification, which in the long term ought to make the
economy less volatile.
T
ABLE
2.27 DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS, 2016
Source: Hagstova Føroya – Statistics Faroe Islands
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Faroe Islands
10.6%
19.7%
69.7%
2.3.9
Buildings and urban structures
For many years, the Faroese authorities have made every effort to counteract
migration from the small or isolated villages and islands, in particular through a
major road-building programme and other transport measures. However, population
development is generally poorer in these outlying areas than in other parts of the
country.
Housing is predominantly single-family houses, most of which are relatively large
and of high standard. In recent years some apartment buildings have been built.
2.3.10 Agriculture
Until the end of the nineteenth century, farming was the Faroe Islands' main industry,
but this has changed with the economic and industrial development since then,
particularly within fisheries. Farming in 2016 accounted for only 0.1% of the Faroe
Islands' gross value added at factor cost.
With a view to increasing the self-sufficiency of the Faroe Islands, the government is
providing grants for investments in farming.
With about 5% of the land under cultivation, the Faroe Islands can supply just over
half of its total demand for lamb and mutton, most of its demand of milk, half of the
demand for potatoes, and a small fraction of demand for beef. In 2016 the Faroe
Islands had about 1100 dairy cows and about 79,000 sheep.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
92
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2.3.11 Forestry
There is no commercial forestry in the Faroe Islands, but there are a number of
plantations on the islands, which are maintained by the Faroese forestry authority.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
93
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
94
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0095.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0096.png
3 Greenhouse gas inventory information
- including on national systems and the national registry
3.1
S
UMMARY
T
ABLES OF
G
REENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES
Denmark's greenhouse gas inventories are prepared in accordance with the guidelines
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and are based on the
methods developed under the European CORINAIR programme.
The Danish emission inventories follow the methodologies described in the
EMEP/EEA guidebook
5
and the IPCC's guidelines
6
. In accordance with the latter
guidelines, some of the methodologies and emission factors have been modified so
that they better reflect Danish conditions.
A description of methods, emission factors and activity data is given in Denmark's
national inventory reports (NIR)
7
to the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol,
which also includes data in the common reporting format (CRF). The latest NIR and
the latest combined Danish inventory of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants
can be seen at Aarhus University’s website
8
and in Nielsen et al., 2017.
Greenhouse gas inventories for Greenland and the Faroe Islands are included in the
national emission inventory reports to the Climate Convention.
Since the UNFCCC has been ratified on behalf of all three parts of the Realm, the
Kyoto Protocol has been ratified on behalf of Denmark and Greenland, and only
Denmark is a part of the European Union territory to which the EU agreement on
joint fulfilment under Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol applies, three sets of CRF
tables are reported annually. For the second commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol, Greenland does not have a reduction commitment and hence the CRF for
Denmark only should be assessed in connection with the Doha amendment. The most
aggregated summary tables are shown in this Chapter in Table 3.1 (Denmark,
Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Table 3.2 (Denmark), Table 3.3 (Greenland),
Table 3.4 (Faroe Islands) and Table 3.6 (Denmark and Greenland) respectively.
5
EMEP/EEA (2016): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook - 2016. Available at:
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016 (06-06-2017).
6
IPCC (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Inventories, Prepared by the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published:
IGES, Japan. (06-06-2017).
7
Nielsen et al., 2017.
8
http://envs.au.dk/videnudveksling/luft/emissioner/emissioninventory/
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
CRF summary tables for Denmark with more disaggregated information on Danish
source categories are given in Annex A1.
In all summary tables, the base year presented is the base year under the Climate
Convention; 1990. Under the UNFCCC, time series of emission inventories,
including emissions in 1990, are often recalculated in the annual reporting due to
new knowledge regarding emission factors, activity data, methodologies, etc. Under
the Kyoto Protocol, the assigned amount for Denmark for the period 2013-2020 was
determined in 2017 on the basis of the base year reported in the annual inventory
reporting in 2016. The fixed base year and the calculation of the assigned amount
under the Kyoto Protocol are further described in section 3.5.
3.2
D
ESCRIPTIVE
S
UMMARY OF
D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF
GREENHOUSE GASES
The total inventories for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands (the Realm) are
given in Table 3.1.
Since the fifth National Communication, full CRF tables have been elaborated for
Greenland and the Faroe Islands. This means that three separate CRF tables are
created and then the submissions to the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol
are aggregated. The process for aggregating the different submissions is described in
the NIR (Nielsen et al., 2017). The documentation of the Greenlandic and Faroese
inventories has also been greatly expanded and the documentation for Greenland is
now presented in a separate chapter in the NIR, while the documentation for the
Faroe Islands is included in an annex to the NIR.
Greenland's and the Faroe Islands' greenhouse gas emissions are small compared
with those of Denmark (each about 1% of the total emissions), and they have been
almost constant since 1990.
The emissions from the Realm (i.e. including emissions from Greenland and Faroe
Islands) of the greenhouse gases CO
2
(carbon dioxide), CH
4
(methane), N
2
O (nitrous
oxide), and the so-called potent greenhouse gases (F-gases), which include HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (perfluorocarbons), SF
6
(sulphur hexafluoride) and NF
3
(nitrogen trifluoride) during the period 1990-2015 are shown in Table 3.1 and
Figures 3.1-3.4 aggregated into the IPCC's six main sectors and the most relevant
sub-sectors. Total greenhouse gas emissions for the Realm measured in CO
2
equivalents on the basis of the global warming potential of each gas are shown
together with the distribution with respect to gas and source/sector in Table 3.2. The
development in Danish greenhouse gas emissions from 1990-2015, broken down by
source and sink categories from Table 10 of the CRF, is shown in Annex A1.
In the following sections 3.2.1 to 3.2.6, further information on Danish emissions of
individual greenhouse gases, indirect greenhouse gases and SO
2
is provided.
Separate summary information on Greenland’s and the Faroe Islands’ greenhouse
gas emissions are shown in section 3.2.7 and section 3.2.8 respectively.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
97
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0098.png
T
ABLE
3.1 D
ENMARK
'
S
, G
REENLAND
'
S AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
'
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
, 1990 - 2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
54883
59739
7663
7682
7904
7931
NO,NE
NO,NA
65468
69683
7852
7872
7731
7758
NO,NE
NO,NA
59636
64582
7930
7951
7469
7496
4
NO,NA
61715
65916
8124
8147
7273
7300
102
NO,NA
65731
69635
8016
8041
7198
7225
146
0
NO
117
NO
81207
85163
82369
86325
62688
66825
8090
8117
7155
7182
241
1
NO
103
NO
78279
82469
79416
83607
76019
79360
8204
8233
6802
6829
380
2
NO
58
NO
91466
94863
92590
95987
66628
70457
8095
8125
6836
6863
378
5
NO
70
NO
82012
85898
83060
86946
62413
66422
8150
8182
6913
6940
478
11
NO
57
NO
78022
82089
79026
83093
59860
63928
8055
8088
6993
7020
587
16
NO
62
NO
75572
79701
76510
80639
55629
59775
7946
7981
6949
6976
711
23
NO
56
NO
71313
75521
72187
76395
57308
62210
8184
8221
6733
6760
747
28
NO
28
NO
73029
77994
73878
78843
56890
62890
8111
8150
6731
6757
795
28
NO
24
NO
72578
78644
73390
79455
62049
67661
8117
8157
6604
6630
830
25
NO
30
NO
77653
83332
78449
84128
56514
61783
7942
7985
6148
6175
895
21
NO
31
NO
71551
76890
72315
77654
52940
58111
7709
7752
5496
5523
952
19
NO
20
NO
67136
72377
67871
73112
60858
66414
7613
7658
5392
5419
978
21
NO
34
NO
74895
80524
75593
81221
56095
58922
7597
7644
5569
5595
1010
21
NO
28
NO
70320
73222
70976
73878
52614
50606
7466
7515
5517
5544
1015
18
NO
29
NO
66660
64727
67288
65355
50172
52326
7321
7372
5258
5285
972
20
NO
34
NO
63778
66010
64349
66581
50689
49814
7384
7435
5161
5188
972
19
NO
36
NO
64261
63465
64817
64021
45618
43117
7222
7275
5174
5201
909
16
NO
70
NO
59007
56587
59511
57092
41035
40698
7094
7152
5054
5082
826
12
NO
112
NO
54134
53883
54609
54358
42972
43962
6987
7046
5057
5086
811
11
NO
131
NO
55969
57047
56420
57498
38779
38837
6983
7040
5162
5192
736
9
NO
133
NO
51801
51946
52222
52367
36449
40509
6884
6944
5202
5236
677
5
NO
103
NO
49321
53475
49734
53888
NO
42
NO
70493
75395
71710
76612
NO
61
NO
81111
85373
82370
86632
NO
85
NO
75124
80119
76352
81347
NO
97
NO
77311
81562
78517
82767
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
53700
2344
12668
4902
1781
NO
75395
64361
2470
12493
4262
1788
NO
85373
58516
2523
12317
4995
1768
NO
80119
60686
2593
12266
4251
1767
NO
81562
64693
2706
12111
3956
1697
NO
85163
61667
2879
12116
4190
1616
NO
82469
75166
3022
11698
3397
1580
NO
94863
65694
3107
11708
3886
1504
NO
85898
61631
3207
11720
4067
1464
NO
82089
59238
3447
11352
4129
1535
NO
79701
54878
3639
11265
4208
1531
NO
75521
56673
3527
11263
4965
1566
NO
77994
56160
3483
11340
6065
1595
NO
78644
61463
3500
11084
5679
1607
NO
83332
55894
3333
11021
5339
1303
NO
76890
52208
2809
10826
5241
1293
NO
72377
60115
2869
10562
5629
1349
NO
80524
55295
2898
10787
2902
1340
NO
73222
52012
2597
10731
-1933
1320
NO
64727
49944
2113
10444
2232
1277
NO
66010
50635
2057
10363
-796
1206
NO
63465
45240
2198
10365
-2419
1203
NO
56587
40508
2147
10311
-251
1168
NO
53883
42353
2163
10315
1078
1138
NO
57047
38069
2106
10436
145
1189
NO
51946
35784
2035
10335
4154
1167
NO
53475
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
98
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0099.png
3.2.1
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
Most CO
2
emissions come from combustion of coal, oil and natural gas in energy
industries, residential properties and in manufacturing industry. Road transport is
also a major contributor. Outside the energy sector, the only major CO
2
emissions
come from cement production, which accounts for 2-3 % of the annual national total.
The transport sector is the only major emitting sector that has shown an increasing
trend since 1990. However, in the latest years, CO
2
emissions from the transport
sector have stabilised.
The relatively large fluctuations in the emissions from year to year are due to trade in
electricity with other countries - primarily the Nordic countries. The large emissions
in 1991, 1994, 1996, 2003 and 2006 are due to large electricity exports.
From 1990 to 1996, emissions showed a rising trend, but they have fallen since 1997
because many power stations have changed their fuel mix from coal to natural gas
and biomass. Additionally, the production of renewable energy (mainly wind) has
increased significantly. As a result of the reduced use of coal in recent years, most of
the CO
2
emissions now come from combustion of oil or oil-based products, both in
stationary and mobile sources. Also, there has been a decrease in gross energy
consumption, especially since 2006.
In 2015, total actual CO
2
emissions inventoried under the Climate Convention,
excluding land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), were about 34 % lower than in
1990. If LULUCF is included, net emissions were about 32 % lower.
F
IGURE
3.1: CO
2
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
3.2.2
Methane, CH
4
Anthropogenic methane (CH
4
) emissions primarily stem from agriculture, landfills,
and the energy sector, among which agriculture contributes the most by far.
The emissions from agriculture are due to the formation of methane in the digestive
system of farm animals (enteric fermentation) and manure management. Over the
time series from 1990 to 2015, the emission of CH
4
from enteric fermentation has
decreased by around 9 % due to a decrease in the number of cattle. However, in the
same period the emissions from manure management increased by around 20 % due
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
99
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0100.png
to a change in animal housing systems from traditional systems with solid manure
towards slurry-based housing systems.
Emissions of methane from landfills are decreasing, because of the ban on landfilling
of combustible waste. This has led to a decrease in the amount of landfilled
biodegradable waste and hence the emissions. Also, contributing to the decrease in
emissions was the increased CH
4
recovery in the early part of the time series. This
recovery has decreased in later years due to less CH
4
production in the landfills.
Emissions of methane from the energy sector increased up to 2003 due to increased
use of gas-driven engines, which emit large amounts of methane compared to other
combustion technologies. However in later year’s new legislation establishing
emission limits for existing gas-driven engines came into force pursuant to Statutory
Order No. 720 of 5 October 1998, and combined with decreased use of gas engines,
this has resulted in lower emissions.
In 2015, total CH
4
emissions were 10 % below the 1990 level.
F
IGURE
3.2 CH
4
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
3.2.3
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Agriculture constitutes the largest source by far of nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emissions,
since N
2
O can be formed in the ground, where bacteria convert nitrous compounds
from fertiliser and manure. Bacterial conversion of nitrogen also occurs in drain
water and coastal water due to leaching and run off. This nitrogen largely comes
from agriculture's use of fertiliser, and emissions from these sources are therefore
included under agriculture. From 1990, N
2
O emissions from agriculture have
decreased by 28 % due to legislation to improve the utilisation of nitrogen in manure.
The legislation has resulted in less nitrogen excreted per unit of livestock produced
and a considerable reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilisers. The basis for the N
2
O
emission is then reduced. A small share of the nitrous oxide emissions originates
from power and district heating plants, and cars with catalytic converters. Previously,
a plant producing nitric acid was in operation in Denmark. However, this plant shut
down in 2004, eliminating N
2
O emissions from this activity.
In 2015, total N
2
O were 34 % below the 1990 level.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
100
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0101.png
F
IGURE
3.3 N
2
O
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
3.2.4
The f-gases: HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
The contribution of f-gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
), to Denmark's total
emissions of greenhouse gases is relatively modest. However, the emissions of these
gases increased significantly during the 1990s. Collection of data on the consumption
of these substances started in the mid-1990s. Therefore, f-gas data and emissions
inventories from before 1995 are less certain than in 1995 and later. In accordance
with the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark has selected 1995 as the base year for the f-gases.
There is no consumption of NF
3
in Denmark at any point during the time-series.
The HFCs, which are primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning, are the
biggest contributor to f-gas emissions. From 1995 to 2015 annual emissions of HFCs
increased from 241 to 677 kt of CO
2
equivalents. However, emissions of HFCs
peaked at 1015 kt of CO
2
equivalents in 2008. Emissions of PFCs increased in the
same period from 0.6 to 4.9 kt of CO
2
equivalents, the emissions of PFCs peaked in
2002 at 28.0 kt of CO
2
equivalents. The emissions of SF
6
were at the same level in
1995 and in 2015 at103 kt of CO
2
equivalents. Emissions of SF
6
is peaking in the
later years as double glazed windows using SF
6
in the early 1990’ties are currently
being decommissioned. The emission peak in 2014 was at 133 kt of CO
2
equivalents.
The total emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
increased by 128 % from 1995 to 2015.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
101
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0102.png
F
IGURE
3.4 D
EVELOPMENT IN
HFC, PFC, AND SF
6
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
3.2.5
Total Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
Table 3.2 and figures 3.5 and 3.6 show the development in the Danish greenhouse
gas emissions and removals as CO
2
equivalents and by gases and sources according
to the reporting guidelines under the Climate Convention (i.e. without Greenland and
the Faroe Islands). CO
2
is the most important greenhouse gas, followed by N
2
O and
CH
4
. As mentioned previously, emissions fluctuate in line with trade in electricity.
To illustrate this, the emissions in 1996 (excl. LULUCF) were estimated to 90 248 kt
of CO
2
equivalents, whereas the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 were
estimated to 76 151 kt of CO
2
equivalents (excl. LULUCF). In 2015 the total
emissions were estimated to 47 919 kt of CO
2
equivalents,
Of the total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, CO
2
made up 73.3%, methane
14.3%, nitrous oxide 10.8%, and f-gases 1.5%. If CO
2
emissions by sources and
removals by sinks from forests and soils are included (i.e. with LULUCF), then net
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions corresponded to 52 072 kt of CO
2
equivalents
in 2015.
As mentioned, the emissions from Greenland (cf. section 3.2.7) and the Faroe Islands
(cf. section 3.2.8) only contribute with a very small share to the total emissions;
hence the trends as described in sections 3.2.1-3.2.4 are basically the trends in the
emissions from Denmark. Therefore the discussion is not repeated in this section.
The discussion of emissions of precursor gases, i.e. NO
x
, NMVOC, CO and SO
2,
is
included in this section because the inventory of these gases is not complete for the
Realm.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
102
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0103.png
F
IGURE
3.5 D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY TYPE OF GAS
,
DISTRIBUTION IN
2015
AND TIME
SERIES
1990 - 2015.
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
F
IGURE
3.6 D
ANISH
G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS DISTRIBUTED ON MAIN
SECTORS FOR
2015 (
EXCLUDING
LULUCF,
WITH INDIRECT
CO
2
)
AND TIME SERIES FOR
1990
TO
2015.
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
103
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0104.png
T
ABLE
3.2 D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS BY GAS AND SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES IN
1990 - 2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
53591 64210 58402
58447 68424 63348
7624
7643
7882
7909
NO,NA
NO,NA
60641
64841
8087
8111
7252
7279
102
NO,NA
64701
68605
7977
8002
7177
7204
146
0
NO
116
NO
80118
84074
81280
85236
61615
65751
8051
8078
7134
7161
241
1
NO
102
NO
77145
81334
78282
82472
74863
78203
8165
8194
6780
6807
380
2
NO
58
NO
90248
93644
91372
94768
65455
69283
8055
8085
6814
6841
376
5
NO
70
NO
80776
84661
81824
85709
61217
65225
8111
8143
6890
6917
475
11
NO
57
NO
76762
80828
77766
81832
58637
62704
8016
8050
6970
6997
582
16
NO
62
NO
74283
78411
75220
79348
54296
58442
7907
7943
6926
6953
704
23
NO
56
NO
69912
74120
70786
74994
55870
60771
8146
8183
6710
6736
736
28
NO
28
NO
71517
76482
72366
77331
55542
61542
8074
8112
6707
6734
780
28
NO
23
NO
71154
77219
71965
78031
60625
66237
8080
8120
6580
6607
812
25
NO
30
NO
76151
81829
76947
82625
55100
60368
7905
7947
6124
6151
875
21
NO
31
NO
70055
75393
70819
76158
51522
56691
7671
7715
5472
5499
933
19
NO
20
NO
65636
70876
66371
71611
59428
64983
7576
7621
5368
5395
958
21
NO
33
NO
73383
79012
74081
79709
54644
57471
7560
7607
5545
5571
989
21
NO
28
NO
68787
71688
69444
72345
51204
49194
7429
7478
5493
5519
993
18
NO
29
NO
65167
63233
65795
63861
48815
50969
7285
7336
5236
5262
951
20
NO
34
NO
62341
64572
62911
65143
49170
48295
7347
7399
5139
5166
950
19
NO
36
NO
62661
61864
63217
62420
44170
41668
7185
7239
5151
5179
886
16
NO
69
NO
57478
55057
57982
55561
39648
39311
7057
7115
5032
5060
801
12
NO
112
NO
52663
52411
53138
52886
41632
42622
6951
7010
5036
5065
781
11
NO
131
NO
54542
55619
54993
56070
37449 35147
37506 39205
6947
7004
5141
5170
702
9
NO
132
NO
6849
6909
5182
5216
634
5
NO
103
NO
7814
7834
7709
7736
NO,NA
NO,NA
7892
7914
7448
7475
4
NO,NA
NO
42
NO
NO
61
NO
NO
85
NO
NO
97
NO
76179
80430
77385
81635
69139 79793 73831
74042 84055 78826
70356 81052 75059
75259 85314 80054
50380 47919
50524 52072
50801 48331
50945 52484
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
(5)
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
52402 63097 57276
2343
4902
1763
NO
2470
4262
1770
NO
2522
4995
1750
NO
12631 12457 12281
59607
2592
12232
4250
1749
NO
80430
63659
2706
12075
3956
1679
NO
84074
60589
2878
12079
4190
1598
NO
81334
74004
3022
11660
3396
1562
NO
93644
64516
3105
11669
3885
1485
NO
84661
60430
3204
11682
4067
1445
NO
80828
58010
3442
11314
4128
1516
NO
78411
53540
3631
11228
4208
1513
NO
74120
55229
3515
11225
4965
1548
NO
76482
54806
3468
11303
6065
1577
NO
77219
60034
3482
11046
5678
1589
NO
81829
54474
3312
10983
5338
1286
NO
75393
50784
2789
10788
5240
1276
NO
70876
58678
2848
10525
5628
1332
NO
79012
53838
2877
10750
2901
1322
NO
71688
50597
2575
10694
-1934
1302
NO
63233
48582
2092
10407
2232
1260
NO
64572
49111
2034
10326
-797
1190
NO
61864
43787
2175
10328
-2421
1187
NO
55057
39116
2121
10274
-252
1152
NO
52411
41008
2132
10278
1077
1123
NO
55619
36734 34476
2071
144
1175
NO
1992
4153
1153
NO
10400 10299
74042 84055 78826
50524 52072
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
104
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0105.png
3.2.6
NO
X
Danish emissions of indirect greenhouse gases and SO
2
The three largest sources of emissions of nitrogen oxide (NO
x
) are transport, non-
industrial combustion (e.g. other mobile sources such as fishing vessels and
agricultural vehicles) and energy industries. In 2015, the transport sector contributed
42% of total Danish NO
x
emissions, which had fallen from 130 kt in 1990 to 49 kt in
2015 – a fall of 62%. The increased use of low-NO
x
burners and de-NO
x
units at
power and district heating plants has reduced emissions from these plants. In
addition, the increased number of cars fitted with catalytic converters has contributed
to the trend in reductions.
F
IGURE
3.7: NO
X
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
CO
Non-industrial combustion, mainly residential wood combustion and non-road
machinery, accounts for more than two thirds of the CO emission. Road transport
still accounts a large part of the CO emissions, but the CO emissions from this source
has decreased significantly, due to the introduction of catalytic converters for
vehicles in 1990. Emissions of CO were reduced by 56% from 1990 to 2015.
F
IGURE
3.8: CO
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
105
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0106.png
NMVOC
The most significant emission sources of NMVOC are agriculture, use of solvents
and other mobile sources. Total anthropogenic emissions of NMVOC were reduced
by 46% from 1990 to 2015 – especially due to the increased number of cars fitted
with catalytic converters and reduced emissions in connection with use of organic
solvents.
F
IGURE
3.9: NMVOC
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
SO
2
The greater part of all SO
2
emissions comes from combustion of coal and oil at
power plants, district heating plants and manufacturing plants. Emissions of SO
2
have undergone a remarkable development - from 1990 to 2015 total emissions fell
by 94%. The reason for this is primarily the installation of desulphurisation units at
the large power plants as well as the use of fuels with low sulphur content for power
stations, industry and the transport sector.
F
IGURE
3.10: SO
2
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
106
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0107.png
3.2.7
Greenland’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
3.2.7.1 Summary information from Greenland's greenhouse gas inventory
In 2015, the total emission of greenhouse gases excluding LULUCF was 557 kt CO
2
equivalent, and 558 kt CO
2
equivalent including LULUCF.
Figure 3.11 shows the total greenhouse gas emissions in CO
2
equivalents from 1990
to 2015. The emissions have not been corrected for temperature variations. CO
2
is
the most important greenhouse gas. In 2015, CO
2
contributed to the total emission in
CO
2
equivalent excluding LULUCF with 94.0 %, followed by CH
4
with 2.5 %, N
2
O
with 1.7 % and F-gases (HFCs and SF
6
) with 1.8 %. Since 1990, these percentages
have been increasing for F-gases, and falling for CO
2
and N
2
O, and stable for and
CH
4
. Greenland has no consumption of PFC.
F
IGURE
3.11 G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY TYPE OF GAS IN
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
,
DISTRIBUTION IN
2015
AND TIME SERIES
1990 - 2015.
Source: Greenland’s Ministry of Labour, Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017.
Gg CO2 equivalent
Total
including
LULUCF
Total
excluding
LULUCF
CO2
N2O
CH4
F-gasses
1990
1990
1993
1993
1996
1996
1999
1999
2002
2002
2005
2005
2008
2008
2011
2011
2014
2014
CH
4
2.5%
N
2
O
1.7%
HFCs
1.8%
SF
6
0.0005%
900
800
700
600
500
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
CO
2
94.0%
0
Stationary combustion plants and transport represent the largest categories. In 2015,
energy excluding transport accounted for 75.1 % of the total emission in CO
2
equivalents excluding LULUCF; see Figure 3.12. Transport contributed with 18.9 %.
Industrial processes and product use, agriculture and waste contributed to the total
emission in CO
2
equivalents with 6.0 %.
The net CO
2
emission from forestry etc. was 0.2 % of the total emission in CO
2
equivalents in 2015. Total GHG emissions in CO
2
equivalents excluding LULUCF
have decreased by 14.6 % from 1990 to 2015 and decreased 14.4% including
LULUCF.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
107
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0108.png
F
IGURE
3.12 G
REENLAND
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
,
SOURCE
/
SECTOR
–
DISTRIBUTION IN
2015
AND TIME SERIES
1990 – 2015
Source: Greenland’s Ministry of Labour, Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017.
900
800
Transport - 18.9%
1000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalent
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Industrial
Processes and
Product Use - 1.9%
Agriculture - 1.5%
Energy excluding
transport - 75.1%
Waste - 2.6%
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Energy
Agriculture
Waste
Industrial processes and product use
Land use, land-use change and forestry
Total (including LULUCF)
3.2.7.2 Summary information on Greenland’s national inventory arrangements
Greenland’s national inventory is compiled by Statistics Greenland and then
submitted to DCE (Danish Centre for Environment and Energy). DCE reports to the
UNFCCC on behalf of the Danish Realm.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
108
2014
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0109.png
T
ABLE
3.3 G
REENLAND
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS BY GAS AND SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES IN
1990 - 2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
1990
624
625
16
16
12
12
NO
NO
NO
652
653
NA
NA
1991
624
625
16
16
12
12
NO
NO
NO
652
653
NA
NA
1992
610
610
16
16
12
12
NO
NO
NO
638
638
NA
NA
1993
596
596
15
15
12
12
NO
NO
NO
623
623
NA
NA
1994
546
546
15
15
11
11
NO
NO
NO
572
572
NA
NA
1995
496
496
15
15
11
11
0
NO
NO
NO
522
523
NA
NA
1996
534
535
16
16
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
562
562
NA
NA
1997
597
597
16
16
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
626
626
NA
NA
1998
618
618
17
17
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
647
648
NA
NA
1999
597
597
16
16
13
13
1
NO
NO
0
NO
627
627
NA
NA
2000
595
595
16
16
13
13
1
NO
NO
0
NO
624
625
NA
NA
2001
2002
2003
2004
650
651
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
683
684
NA
NA
2005
640
641
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
674
675
NA
NA
2006
644
645
16
16
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
679
680
NA
NA
2007
662
663
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
697
698
NA
NA
2008
653
654
15
15
13
13
7
NO
NO
0
NO
688
689
NA
NA
2009
678
679
15
15
14
14
7
NO
NO
0
NO
715
716
NA
NA
2010
593
593
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
627
627
NA
NA
2011
679
680
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
714
715
NA
NA
2012
725
727
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
761
762
NA
NA
2013
579
580
15
15
11
11
8
NO
NO
0
NO
613
614
NA
NA
2014
561
562
15
15
10
10
9
NO
NO
0
NO
595
596
NA
NA
2015
521
522
14
14
10
10
9
NO
NO
0
NO
553
555
NA
NA
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
667
618
580
668
15
15
13
13
2
NO
NO
0
NO
698
698
NA
NA
619
15
15
13
13
3
NO
NO
0
NO
649
650
NA
NA
580
15
15
12
12
5
NO
NO
0
NO
612
612
NA
NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND
SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
(5)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
625
0
10
0
17
653
625
0
10
0
17
653
610
0
10
0
18
638
596
0
9
0
18
623
546
0
8
0
18
572
496
0
8
0
18
523
534
0
9
0
18
562
597
0
10
0
18
626
618
1
10
0
19
648
597
1
10
0
19
627
594
2
10
0
19
625
668
2
9
1
18
698
618
4
9
1
18
650
580
5
9
0
18
612
650
6
9
1
18
684
641
7
10
1
18
675
645
7
10
1
18
680
663
7
10
1
18
698
654
7
10
1
18
689
679
8
10
1
18
716
593
8
9
0
16
627
680
8
10
1
16
715
726
9
10
1
16
762
579
9
9
1
16
614
562
9
9
1
15
596
521
9
9
1
15
555
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
109
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0110.png
3.2.8
The Faroe Islands’ emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
3.2.8.1 Summary information from Faroe Islands’ greenhouse gas inventory
Table 3.4 and figures 3.13 and 3.14 show the development in the Faroe Islands’
greenhouse gas emissions and removals as CO
2
equivalents and by sources and gases
according to the reporting guidelines under the Climate Convention (i.e. the Faroe
Islands’ contribution to the total of the Realm).
As shown in Figure 3.13 the development in total greenhouse gas emissions in CO
2
equivalents has increased by 20.4 % from 1990 to 2015. The total Faroese
greenhouse gas emissions corresponded to 868 kt of CO2 equivalents in 2015.
As also shown in Figure 3.13 the main part - i.e. 93 % - of the emissions were from
the fuel consumption including waste incineration in the energy sector in 2015.
Almost 4 % were from Industrial processes and Product Use and a just above 3 %
from Agriculture. The fluctuations in the GHG emissions in the Energy sector are
decisive for the fluctuations in the total GHG emissions. The emissions from the
Agriculture sector and from Industrial processes and Product Use are relative small
and constant.
Figure 3.14 shows that CO
2
is the most important greenhouse gas, followed by F-
gases, CH
4
and N
2
O. Of the total Faroese greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, CO
2
made up 92.2%, F-gases (HFCs and SF
6
) 3.9%, methane 2.6% and nitrous oxide
1.3%.
From 1990 to 1993, a decrease in total Faroese greenhouse gas emissions is
observed, due to an economic crisis in the Faroe Islands, which lasted for 6-8 years.
From 2001 to 2007, the emissions were rather stabile. In 2008-2011 the emissions
from Faroese fishing vessels were – except for 2010 – significantly lower than
previous years, especially due to rising oil prices and lower prices on fish. The
decrease is concealed by emissions related to new bunkering activity starting in 2009
that has led to a substantial increase in the number of foreign fishing vessels
bunkering in the Faroe Islands. In 2015, the total emissions were 20 % above 1990,
the base year.
F
IGURE
3.13 G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR FOR
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990
TO
2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Industrial
processes and
product use
4%
Agriculture
3%
1000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Energy
93%
Energy
Agriculture
Industrial processes and product use
Total (including LULUCF)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
2014
110
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0111.png
F
IGURE
3.14 E
MISSIONS OF
GHG
BY GAS IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990
TO
2015.
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
N
2
O HFCs
CH
4
1.3% 3.9%
2.6%
SF
6
0.03%
1000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
CO
2
92.2%
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
SF6
Total
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
The emission of CO
2
in the Faroe Islands is from fuel consumption (incl. waste
incineration). The trend in the total emission of CO
2
(Figure 3.15) is nearly identical
with the trend of the total emission of GHG in the Faroe Islands (Figure 3.14)
showing the trends in CO
2
emissions in the period from 1990 to 2015. After the
economic decline in the 1990s, the emissions rose and were rather constant until
2007. From 2008 to 2013, the effort in the Faroese fishing fleet was significantly
lower than previous years, also meaning a significant reduction in oil consumption.
The reduction in the emissions for fisheries in 2009 and 2011 is not visible because a
new oil bunkering activity (mostly used by foreign fishing vessels) started up in
2009, increasing the emissions.
F
IGURE
3.15 T
OTAL
CO2
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR FOR
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990
TO
2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Figure 3.16 shows how the CO
2
emissions are distributed between the energy sub-
categories. In 2015 44 % of the CO
2
emission came from fishing vessels. Households
accounted for 15 %, public electricity and heat production for 13 % and road
transport for 11 % of the total CO
2
emission.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
111
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0112.png
F
IGURE
3.16 E
MISSIONS OF
CO2
IN THE ENERGY SECTOR
,
DIVIDED IN FUEL CONSUMPTION CATEGORIES
,
2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Figure 3.17 shows the emissions of nitrous oxide in the Faroe Islands 1990-2015.
Around 44 % comes from Energy and another 37 % comes from agricultural soils.
The rest, around 19 %, comes from manure management.
F
IGURE
3.17 N
2
O
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Methane, CH
4
Figure 3.18 shows the emissions of methane in the Faroe Islands 1990-2015. Most of
the methane emission is from the agriculture sector, especially from enteric
fermentation (93 %). Most of the emission of CH
4
in the energy sector is due to
aviation activity.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
112
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0113.png
F
IGURE
3.18 CH
4
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
The f-gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
Figure 3.19 shows the emissions of F-gases, HFCs and SF
6
respectively in the years
1990-2015. Most of the emission is HFCs, used for refrigeration purposes, as
substitutes for HCFCs. After the emissions increased in the period 1996-2005, the
emissions were rather stable at around 12,000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents pr. year
until 2011, where after there has been a steep increase in the emission of HFCs. This
is due to higher use of HFC-125 and HFC-143a, both components in the HFC-blend
HFC-507a, which in recent years has been used as a substitute when phasing out
HCFC-22 (ozone depleting freezing agent) on fishing vessels. In 2015, the emissions
of HFC were around 35,000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents.
F
IGURE
3.19 F-
GAS EMISSIONS
,
BY TYPE OF GAS IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Neither PFCs nor NF
3
have been used in the Faroe Islands.
3.2.8.2 Summary information on Faroe Islands’ national inventory arrangements
The Environment Agency (FEA), an agency under the Ministry of Health and the
Interior (www.himr.fo), is responsible for the annual preparation and submission to
the UNFCCC of the Faroe Islands’ contribution to the Kingdom of Denmark’s
National Inventory Report and the GHG inventories in the Common Reporting
Format in accordance with the UNFCCC Guidelines. The inventory is done with
guidance from and in co-operation with DCE. The work is carried out in co-
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
113
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
operation with other Faroese ministries, research institutes, organisations and
companies.
For more comprehensive information, e.g. about the inventory preparation,
calculation methods, annual reporting, improvements of emissions inventories,
please see Nielsen et al. (2017).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
114
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0115.png
T
ABLE
3.4 F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS BY GAS AND SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES IN
1990 - 2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
1990
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
701
701
NA
NA
701
701
NA
NA
680
680
NA
NA
670
670
NA
NA
560
560
NA
NA
567
567
NA
NA
573
573
NA
NA
593
593
NA
NA
589
589
NA
NA
634
634
NA
NA
665
665
NA
NA
703
703
NA
NA
862
862
NA
NA
812
812
NA
NA
819
819
NA
NA
821
821
NA
NA
821
821
NA
NA
815
815
NA
NA
844
844
NA
NA
779
779
NA
NA
810
810
NA
NA
886
886
NA
NA
768
768
NA
NA
858
858
NA
NA
832
832
NA
NA
868
868
NA
NA
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
668
668
22
22
10
10
NO
668
668
22
22
10
10
NO
649
649
22
22
10
10
NO
638
638
22
22
10
10
NO
529
529
22
22
9
9
NO
534
534
23
23
10
10
0
540
540
23
23
10
10
0
560
560
23
23
10
10
0
556
556
23
23
10
10
1
599
599
23
23
10
10
1
628
628
23
23
10
10
4
665
665
23
23
10
10
5
820
820
22
22
11
11
8
769
769
22
22
11
11
10
774
774
22
22
11
11
12
775
775
22
22
11
11
13
775
775
22
22
11
11
13
768
768
22
22
11
11
14
797
797
22
22
11
11
14
732
732
21
21
11
11
14
765
765
21
21
11
11
13
840
840
21
21
11
11
14
723
723
21
21
10
10
14
808
808
22
22
11
11
17
778
778
21
21
11
11
21
809
809
21
21
11
11
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
(5)
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
673
28
NO,NE,IE
673
28
NO,NE,IE
654
26
NO,NE,IE
643
0
27
NO,NE,IE
533
0
27
NO,NE,IE
538
0
28
NO,NE,IE
544
0
28
NO,NE,IE
564
0
28
NO,NE,IE
560
1
28
NO,NE,IE
604
2
28
NO,NE,IE
633
4
28
NO,NE,IE
670
5
28
NO,NE,IE
826
8
28
NO,NE,IE
774
10
28
NO,NE,IE
779
12
28
NO,NE,IE
780
13
28
NO,NE,IE
780
13
28
NO,NE,IE
773
14
27
NO,NE,IE
803
14
27
NO,NE,IE
737
14
27
NO,NE,IE
769
14
27
NO,NE,IE
845
14
27
NO,NE,IE
727
14
27
NO,NE,IE
813
17
27
NO,NE,IE
783
21
27
814
26
27
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE
701
701
680
670
560
567
573
593
589
634
665
703
862
812
819
821
821
815
844
779
810
886
768
858
832
868
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
115
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
3.3
N
ATIONAL SYSTEMS IN ACCORDANCE WITH
A
RTICLE
5,
PARAGRAPH
1,
OF THE
P
ROTOCOL
This section contains information required under Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol.
3.3.1
Objectives
In pursuance of Article 5, Section 1 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Parties to the
Protocol shall establish national systems for the estimation of greenhouse gas
emissions. The objective of establishing the national systems is to ensure good
quality inventories. This is achieved by following the IPCC Guidelines for
planning, implementation and execution of the activities connected with the work
on the greenhouse gas inventories. The national system must also ensure that the
inventories are transparent, consistent, comparable, complete and accurate.
3.3.2
Organisation of work etc.
The Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) is responsible for
producing the Danish greenhouse gas emission inventories and the annual
reporting to the UNFCCC and the DCE has been designated the single national
entity under the Kyoto Protocol. The DCE is therefore the contact point for
Denmark’s national system for greenhouse gas inventories under the Kyoto
Protocol. Furthermore, the DCE participates in work under the auspices of the
UNFCCC, where guidelines for reporting are discussed and decided upon, and it
participates in the EU monitoring mechanism for inventories of greenhouse gases,
where guidelines for reporting to the EU are regulated.
The work on the annual inventories is carried out in cooperation with other
Danish ministries, research institutes, organisations and private enterprises. The
most important partners for this work are mentioned in Box 3.1. For more
comprehensive information, please see Nielsen et al. (2017).
The partners mentioned in Box 3.1 provide a range of data that are needed to
produce the inventory. The DCE therefore has formal agreements with many of
the partners to ensure that the DCE receives the necessary data on time.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
116
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0117.png
B
OX
3.1 DCE’
S PARTNERS IN THE WORK ON THE ANNUAL INVENTORIES
The Danish Energy Agency, the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate:
Annual energy statistics that are compatible with the format used for emission inventories, fuel
consumption data for large incineration plants and plant data reported under the EU ETS.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the Danish Ministry of the Environment and Food:
Database on waste volumes and emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases).
Statistics Denmark, the Danish Ministry for Economic Affairs and the Interior:
Statistical yearbook, sales statistics for industry, and agricultural statistics.
Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University:
Data on use of fertiliser, fodder, and data on nitrogen emissions from livestock.
The Danish Road Directorate, the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing:
Number of vehicles grouped by categories corresponding to the EU classifications, kilometres
travelled and speeds in town and on main roads and motorways.
The National Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Copenhagen University:
Background data for forests and emissions/ removals associated with forestry.
The Civil Aviation Administration, the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing:
Aircraft data (aircraft types and flight routes) for all flight departures and arrivals at Danish
airports.
DSB (Danish Railways), the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing:
Fuel-related emission factors for diesel locomotives.
Danish enterprises:
Environmental accounts and other information.
3.3.3
Calculation methods
The Danish emission inventory is based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines for
calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the European CORINAIR
(COoRdination of INformation on AIR emissions) program for calculation of
national emissions. Generally, emissions are calculated by multiplying the activity
data (e.g. fuel consumption, number of animals or vehicles) by an emission factor
(e.g. the mass of material emitted per unit of energy, per animal or per vehicle).
Activity data are mainly based on official statistics. The emission factors are
either plant-specific, country-specific, default factors from the IPCC guidelines or
values from international scientific literature.
3.3.4
Key categories
The choice of methodological tier for the individual categories depends, among
other things, on the significance of the source. The categories that together
accounted for 95 % of greenhouse gas emissions in the base year, in 2015 or
accounted for 95 % of the change in emission levels from the base year to the
most recently calculated year (2015) are defined as key categories according to
the IPCC guidelines. An analysis of the Danish inventory shows that 49 categories
account for 95 % of total greenhouse gas emissions when considering the
inventory including LULUCF and using Approach 1 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
and that the four largest sources – together accounting for about 46 % – are CO
2
emissions from road transport, CO
2
emissions from combustion of coal at
stationary combustion plants, CO
2
from combustion of natural gas at stationary
combustion plants and CH
4
from enteric fermentation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
117
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
3.3.5
Procedure for recalculation
At the same time as the annual calculation of emissions for a new year are being
made, any necessary recalculations of emission inventories from previous years
are also carried out. Recalculations are made if errors or oversights are found or if
better knowledge becomes available, e.g. updated statistical data, improvements
of methodologies, and updated emission factors due to new knowledge and
research. In order to ensure consistent emission inventories, recalculations will be
carried out on the whole time series, as much as circumstances permit and
following the guidance in the IPCC guidelines.
3.3.6
Uncertainty
Uncertainty in the greenhouse gas inventories is calculated as recommended in the
IPCC guidelines and covers 100 % of the total Danish greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions reported under the Kyoto Protocol. The result of the calculations shows
that total GHG emissions were calculated using Approach 1 of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines to have an uncertainty of 5.4 % and the uncertainty in the trend in
GHG emissions since 1990 was calculated to be
±
2.0 %. The uncertainties are
largest for N
2
O emissions from stationary combustion and agricultural land and
CH
4
emissions from enteric fermentation and solid waste disposal on land.
3.3.7
Quality assurance and quality control
As part of the national system, DCE is drawing up a manual to use in quality
assurance and quality control of the emission inventories. The manual is in
accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The ISO 9000 standards are also
being used as important input for the plan.
Reports are written for all sources of emissions and these describe in detail and
document the data and calculation methods used. These reports are evaluated by
persons external to the DCE who are experts in the area in question, but not
directly involved in the inventory work. In addition, a project has been completed
in which the Danish calculation methods, emission factors and uncertainties are
compared with those of other countries, in order to further verify the correctness
of the inventories.
For more detailed description of the QA/QC system, please see the Danish
National Inventory Report (Nielsen et al., 2017).
3.3.8
Annual reporting
The DCE produces an annual report (National Inventory Report (NIR)
4
) for the
Climate Convention in which the results of the calculations are presented and the
background data, calculation methods, plan for quality assurance and control,
uncertainty and recalculations are described and documented. At the request of the
Climate Convention, the report is evaluated each year by international experts.
Over the years, improvements have been made regarding the quality and
documentation of the greenhouse gas inventory as a result of the quality assurance
and control procedures and the evaluations of national and international experts.
The planned improvements can be found in the following section.
3.3.9
Activities under Article 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol
Under the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark and Greenland elected activities Cropland
Management and Grazing Land Management. The documentation for the
methodologies used in estimating the emissions and removals from the elected
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
118
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
activities are described in detail in the National Inventory Report (Nielsen et al.,
2017). Documentation is provided in the NIR for both Denmark and Greenland in
separate chapters as per recommendations received by Expert Review Teams
during their annual reviews of the greenhouse gas inventory.
3.3.10 Information under Article 10(a) of the Protocol on improvements of
emission inventories
A number of improvements have been made to the Danish greenhouse gas
emission inventories since Denmark's Sixth National Communication to the
Climate Convention (NC6). The improvements have either been done on the
initiative of the DCE, or as a result of external reviews of the inventories. The
majority of improvements have been concerned with better documentation, i.e.
improvements in transparency. Furthermore, overall focus in future will be on
improving procedures for quality assurance and control and on improving
documentation of the national emission factors.
3.3.11 Procedures for the official consideration and approval of the
inventory
The complete emission inventories for the three different submissions (EU, Kyoto
Protocol and UNFCCC) by Denmark are compiled by DCE and sent for official
approval along with the documentation report (NIR). In recent years the
responsibility for official approval has changed. Previously it was the Danish
Energy Agency under the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, but now the
responsibility lies with the Ministry itself. This means that the emission inventory
is finalised no later than March 15, so that the official approval is prior to the
reporting deadlines under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.
3.4
3.4.1
N
ATIONAL
R
EGISTRY
Background
Since NC6 was published, minor changes have occurred regarding the National
Registry. This chapter describes the National Registry as it has been operated
since June 2012, when the EU ETS operations were centralized into a single
European Union registry operated by the European Commission.
The ETS operates in 31 countries: the 28 EU Member States plus Iceland,
Liechtenstein and Norway. It covers CO
2
emissions from installations such as
power stations, combustion plants, oil refineries and iron and steel works, as well
as factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board.
Directive 2009/29/EC, adopted in 2009, provides for the centralization of the EU
ETS operations into a single European Union registry operated by the European
Commission as well as for the inclusion of the aviation sector. At the same time,
and with a view to increasing efficiency in the operations of their respective
national registries, the EU Member States who are also Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway decided to operate their
registries in a consolidated manner in accordance with all relevant decisions
applicable to the establishment of Party registries - in particular Decision
13/CMP.1 and Decision 24/CP.8.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
119
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
3.4.2
Statutory basis
The National Allowances Registry (the Danish accounts in the EU ETS Registry
as well as the Danish national KP Registry) is administered pursuant to Danish
Act on CO
2
Allowances (Act no. 1605 of 14 December 2016). The Act
implements EU Directive 2003/87/EC (EU ETS directive) as amended by EU
Directive 2009/29/EC. Pursuant to sections 21 and 22 of the Act, the Danish
Minister for Industry, Business and Financial Affairs is responsible for
administering the Danish KP Registry as well as Danish accounts in the
consolidated EU ETS Registry. In Executive Order no. 1357 of 17 December
2012, the Danish Minister for Industry and Financial Affairs delegated the
administration of the registries to the Danish Business Authority.
Executive Order no. 95 of 29 January 2015 on the EU ETS Registry and the
Danish Kyoto Registry sets the requirements for account holders e.g. the
requirements for documentation and the applicable fees to be paid for accounts in
the registries.
3.4.3
Organisation and operation of the Registry
The Danish national registry is operated as part of the Consolidated System of EU
Registries. The consolidated platform which implements the national registries in
a consolidated manner (including the registry of the EU) is called the Union
registryand was developed together with the new EU Registry on the basis the
following modalities:
(1) Each Party retains its organization designated as its registry administrator
to maintain the national registry of that Party and remains responsible for
all the obligations of Parties that are to be fulfilled through registries;
(2) Each Kyoto unit issued by the Parties in such a consolidated system is
issued by one of the constituent Parties and continues to carry the Party of
origin identifier in its unique serial number;
(3) Each Party retains its own set of national accounts as required by
paragraph 21 of the Annex to Decision 15/CMP.1. Each account within a
national registry keeps a unique account number comprising the identifier
of the Party and a unique number within the Party where the account is
maintained;
(4) Kyoto transactions continue to be forwarded to and checked by the
UNFCCC Independent Transaction Log (ITL), which remains responsible
for verifying the accuracy and validity of those transactions;
(5) The transaction log and registries continue to reconcile their data with each
other in order to ensure data consistency and facilitate the automated
checks of the ITL;
(6) The requirements of paragraphs 44 to 48 of the Annex to Decision
13/CMP.1 concerning making non-confidential information accessible to
the public would be fulfilled by each Party through a publically available
web page hosted by the Union registry;
(7) All registries reside on a consolidated IT platform sharing the same
infrastructure technologies. The chosen architecture implements modalities
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
120
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0121.png
to ensure that the consolidated national registries are uniquely identifiable,
protected and distinguishable from each other, notably:
(a) With regards to the data exchange, each national registry connects to
the ITL directly and establishes a distinct and secure communication
link through a consolidated communication channel (VPN tunnel);
(b) The ITL remains responsible for authenticating the national registries
and takes the full and final record of all transactions involving Kyoto
units and other administrative processes such that those actions cannot
be disputed or repudiated;
(c) With regards to the data storage, the consolidated platform continues
to guarantee that data is kept confidential and protected against
unauthorized manipulation;
(d) The data storage architecture also ensures that the data pertaining to a
national registry are distinguishable and uniquely identifiable from the
data pertaining to other consolidated national registries;
(e) In addition, each consolidated national registry keeps a distinct user
access entry point (URL) and a distinct set of authorisation and
configuration rules.
Following the successful implementation of the Union Registry, the 28 national
registries concerned were re-certified in June 2012 and switched over to their new
national registry on 20 June 2012. Croatia was migrated and consolidated as of 1
March 2013. During the go-live process, all relevant transaction and holdings data
were migrated to the Union Registry platform and the individual connections to
and from the ITL were re-established for each Party. The changes to the national
registry since NC6 are shown in Table 3.5.
T
ABLE
3.5 C
HANGES TO THE
EU
NATIONAL REGISTRY SINCE
NC6 (J
ANUARY
2014)
Source: Danish Business Authority
Reporting Item
15/CMP.1 Annex II.E paragraph 32.(a)
Change of name or contact
15/CMP.1 Annex II.E paragraph 32.(b)
Change regarding cooperation
arrangement
15/CMP.1 Annex II.E paragraph 32.(c)
Change to database structure or the
capacity of national registry
Description of changes, if any
None
No change of cooperation arrangement occurred during the reported period.
In 2016 new tables were added to the database for the implementation of
the CP2 functionality. Versions of the Union registry released after 6.1.6
(the production version at the time of the last NC submission) introduced
other minor changes in the structure of the database. These changes were
limited and only affected EU ETS functionality. No change was required to
the database and application backup plan or to the disaster recovery plan.
No change to the capacity of the national registry occurred during the
reported period.
Each release of the registry is subject to both regression testing and tests
related to new functionality. These tests also include thorough testing
against the DES and were successfully carried out prior to each release of a
new version in Production. Annex H testing is carried out every year.
No other change in the registry's conformance to the technical standards
occurred for the reported period.
No change of discrepancies procedures occurred during the reported period.
15/CMP.1 Annex II.E paragraph 32.(d)
Change regarding conformance to
technical standards
15/CMP.1 Annex II.E paragraph 32.(e)
Change to discrepancies procedures
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
121
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0122.png
3.4.4
Administrative set-up
The administration of the Danish national registry and, thus, the role as registry
administrator is situated with the Danish Business Authority under the Danish
Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs.
Users can contact the Danish Business Authority directly by phone or email for
help in using the Registry.
Businesses and users of the Registry are kept informed about regulations, news
etc. through regular updates on the Danish Business Authority’s website, the news
on the Registry website and a newsletter from the Registry staff. The newsletter is
issued as required and informs about new regulations and opportunities as well as
any planned temporary closures (for updates etc.).
The Danish Business Authority performs Know Your Customer Checks (KYC)
before giving new businesses or users access to the registry and reassess the KYC
on regular bases. Furthermore the Danish Business Authority seek to minimize the
risk of fraud through profound checks of trading and intensive cooperation with
Financial Investigation Units as well as registry administrators in other countries.
3.4.5
Registry software
The Danish Business Authority is using the common software developed by the
European Commission. Further information on the National Registry is included
in the Annexes A2, A3 and A4.
3.5
I
NVENTORY INFORMATION UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL AND
D
ENMARK
’
S
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
,
ASSIGNED AMOUNT AND GREENHOUSE GAS
INVENTORIES IN RELATION TO THE SECOND COMMITMENT PERIOD OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
As mentioned above, the GHG inventory of the Kingdom of Denmark under the
Kyoto Protocol covers Denmark and Greenland as the Kyoto Protocol was ratified
in 2002 with a territorial exclusion to the Faroe Islands in accordance with a
request from the Faroese Parliament.
3.5.1
2008-2012
In the protocol’s first commitment period 2008-2012 Denmark took on – as
Denmark’s contribution to the joint 8% reduction target of 15 Member States of
the European Union – a 21% reduction target. Denmark is part of the European
Union while Greenland is not. Greenland had a 8% reduction target in the
protocol’s first commitment period. Both EU15, Denmark and Greenland reached
these targets
9
. The combined greenhouse gas emissions of Denmark and
Greenland are shown in Table 3.6.
9
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/final_compilation_and_accounting_report_for_the_first_commitment_period/items/96
91.php
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
122
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0123.png
T
ABLE
3.6 D
ENMARK
'
S AND
G
REENLAND
'
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
, 1990 - 2015
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
54215
59071
7640
7659
7894
7921
NO,NA
NO,NA
54215
59071
7640
7659
7894
7921
NO,NA
NO,NA
64819
69034
7830
7850
7721
7748
NO,NA
NO,NA
58997
63944
7908
7930
7459
7487
4
NO,NA
NO,NA
61187
65387
8102
8125
7264
7291
102
NO,NA
NO,NA
65197
69101
7993
8018
7188
7215
146
0
NO,NA
62149
66285
8067
8094
7146
7173
241
1
NO,NA
75459
78801
8181
8210
6792
6819
380
2
NO,NA
66073
69901
8072
8102
6827
6854
377
5
NO,NA
61814
65822
8127
8159
6903
6930
476
11
NO,NA
59231
63299
8032
8065
6983
7010
583
16
NO,NA
54964
59110
7923
7958
6939
6966
706
23
NO,NA
56488
61389
8161
8198
6722
6749
739
28
NO,NA
56122
62121
8089
8127
6720
6746
785
28
NO,NA
61275
66887
8095
8135
6593
6619
818
25
NO,NA
55740
61009
7920
7963
6137
6164
882
21
NO,NA
52166
57336
7687
7731
5485
5512
939
19
NO,NA
60090
65646
7591
7637
5381
5408
964
21
NO,NA
55297
58125
7576
7623
5557
5584
996
21
NO,NA
51882
49873
7445
7494
5507
5534
1000
18
NO,NA
49407
51562
7300
7351
5248
5274
959
20
NO,NA
49849
48975
7362
7414
5150
5177
958
19
NO,NA
44895
42395
7200
7254
5163
5191
895
16
NO,NA
40227
39890
7072
7130
5043
5071
809
12
NO,NA
42194
43184
6965
7025
5046
5075
790
11
NO,NA
37970
38028
6961
7019
5151
5180
710
9
NO,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
42
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
61
NO,NA
85
NO,NA
97
NO,NA
116
NO,NA
102
NO,NA
58
NO,NA
70
NO,NA
57
NO,NA
62
NO,NA
56
NO,NA
28
NO,NA
23
NO,NA
30
NO,NA
31
NO,NA
20
NO,NA
33
NO,NA
28
NO,NA
29
NO,NA
34
NO,NA
36
NO,NA
69
NO,NA
112
NO,NA
131
NO,NA
132
NO,NA
69792
74694
71009
75911
69792
74694
71009
75911
80431
84693
81690
85952
74453
79449
75682
80677
76751
81002
77957
82207
80641
84597
81802
85759
77706
81896
78844
83034
90873
94270
91997
95394
81423
85309
82471
86357
77388
81455
78393
82460
74907
79036
75845
79973
70610
74818
71484
75692
72166
77132
73016
77981
71766
77831
72577
78642
76834
82513
77630
83309
70729
76068
71494
76833
66315
71556
67050
72291
74081
79709
74778
80407
69476
72378
70132
73034
65882
63948
66509
64576
62968
65200
63539
65770
63375
62579
63931
63135
58238
55819
58743
56323
53276
53025
53751
53500
55137
56215
55588
56666
50933
51078
51354
51499
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
53027
2344
12640
4902
1781
NO
74694
53027
2344
12640
4902
1781
NO
74694
63707
2470
12466
4262
1788
NO
84693
57872
2523
12290
4995
1768
NO
79449
60153
2593
12239
4251
1767
NO
81002
64155
2706
12083
3956
1697
NO
84597
61123
2879
12088
4190
1616
NO
81896
74602
3022
11669
3397
1580
NO
94270
65134
3106
11680
3886
1504
NO
85309
61027
3205
11693
4067
1464
NO
81455
58605
3444
11324
4129
1535
NO
79036
54208
3634
11237
4208
1531
NO
74818
55847
3519
11234
4965
1566
NO
77132
55386
3473
11312
6065
1595
NO
77831
60684
3488
11055
5679
1607
NO
82513
55114
3319
10993
5339
1303
NO
76068
51428
2796
10798
5241
1293
NO
71556
59341
2855
10535
5629
1349
NO
79709
54492
2884
10760
2902
1340
NO
72378
51275
2583
10704
-1933
1320
NO
63948
49175
2100
10416
2232
1277
NO
65200
49790
2042
10336
-796
1206
NO
62579
44513
2184
10338
-2419
1203
NO
55819
39695
2130
10284
-251
1168
NO
53025
41570
2142
10287
1078
1138
NO
56215
37255
2080
10409
145
1189
NO
51078
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
123
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0124.png
3.5.2
2013-2020
In relation to the protocol’s second commitment period 2013-2020, the quantified
emission limitation and reduction commitment (QELRC) for the European Union,
its member States and Iceland will be fulfilled jointly in accordance with Article 4
of the Kyoto Protocol. Denmark’s contribution to fulfil the commitments of the
European Union, its Member States and Iceland under Article 3 of the Kyoto
Protocol is determined by the agreement under Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol.
This agreement was submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat in June 2016 as part of
Denmark’s Initial Report to be submitted in accordance with Decision 2/CMP.8 to
facilitate the calculation of the assigned amount pursuant to Article 3, paragraphs
7bis, 8 and 8bis (cf. Decision 1/CMP.81) and Article 4, of the Kyoto Protocol for
the second commitment period. As the target for the second commitment period
under the Kyoto Protocol will be ratified with territorial exclusion to Greenland in
accordance with an agreement with the government of Greenland, the assigned
amount for Denmark excludes Greenland and is solely based on the agreement
between the European Union, its Member States and Iceland and the application
of Article 3, paragraph 7bis of the Kyoto Protocol.
The respective emission level allocated to Denmark is set out in the agreement
between the EU, its 28 Member States and Iceland. The emission level allocated
to Denmark is related to the EU's total reduction commitment through the EU
Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) as part of the EU Climate and Energy Package
adopted in 2008. With the ESD, Denmark has undertaken a legal commitment to
reduce total emissions of greenhouse gases not covered by the EU Emission
Trading Scheme by 20 per cent in 2020, compared to the level of these emissions
in 2005. Furthermore, in the period 2013-2019 these emissions also have to stay
below a fixed annual amount of so-called Annual Emission Allocation (AEA).
The sum of the respective annual emission levels 2013-2020 allocated to
Denmark under the ESD (269,321,526 units) and the application of Article 3,
paragraph 7bis of the Kyoto Protocol (56,364 units) is equal to Denmark’s share
of the total assigned amount for EU28+ISL. According to the review report from
the review of Denmark’s Initial Report to be submitted in accordance with
Decision 2/CMP.8 to facilitate the calculation of the assigned amount, the number
of assigned amount units to be issued by Denmark for the second commitment
period under the Kyoto Protocol is 269,377,890 AAUs
10
.
This is shown in Table 3.7 together with the base year information and the
calculated minimum holding of 242,440,102 tonnes CO
2
equivalents in the
National Registry – the so-called commitment period reserve (CPR).
10
http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600009721#beg
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
124
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0125.png
T
ABLE
3.7 D
ENMARK
'
S BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
,
ASSIGNED AMOUNT AND COMMITMENT PERIOD
RESERVE FOR THE SECOND COMMITMENT PERIOD UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
Source: The UNFCCC’s report of the review of Denmark’s initial report to be submitted in accordance with Decision
2/CMP.8 to facilitate the calculation of the assigned amount, 2017.
Tonnes CO
2
equivalents
CO
2
(1990)*
CH
4
(1990)*
N
2
O (1990)*
HFCs (1995)
PFCs (1995)
SF
6
(1995)
Base year
Land-use change: Deforestation in 1990 (Article 3.7bis as
contained in the Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol)
Application of Article 3.7bis (80% of emissions from deforestation
in 1990 times 8)
Total Assigned Amount 2013-2020
Commitment Period Reserve (CPR)
* including indirect CO
2
emissions and excluding LULUCF
Denmark
under the EU
54,785,159
7,864,426
7,799,032
241,456
634
102,398
70,793,103
8,807
56,364
269,377,890
242,440,102
3.6
T
RENDS IN
D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE
EU
TERRITORY FROM
THE BASE YEAR UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
The developments in Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in the
EU territory (i.e. excluding Greenland and Faroe Islands) from the base year
under the Kyoto Protocol to 2015 (the most recent inventory year), as they are to
be inventoried under the Kyoto Protocol, are shown in Table 3.8 together with a
preliminary estimate for 2016.
T
ABLE
3.8 D
ANISH EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE
EU
TERRITORY INVENTORIED
ACCORDING TO REGULATIONS UNDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
(
WITH INDIRECT
CO
2
,
WITHOUT
LULUCF)
Source: The UNFCCC’s Report of the review of the initial report of Denmark, 2017 (base year), Nielsen et al., 2017 (1990-
2015), the 2016 preliminary estimate elaborated by DCE and based on the preliminary energy statistics for 2016
by the Danish Energy Agency.
Base
year
1
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
72,4
102
2015
48,3
68
2002
72,0
102
2016
2
49,7
70
Million tonnes of
70,8 70,4 81,1 75,1 77,4 81,3 78,3 91,4 81,8 77,8 75,2 70,8
CO
2
equivalents
Index
100
99
114
106
109
115
111
129
116
110
106
100
(base year=100)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Continued
Million tonnes of
76,9 70,8 66,4 74,1 69,4 65,8 62,9 63,2 58,0 53,1 55,0 50,8
CO
2
equivalents
Index
109
100
94
105
98
93
89
89
82
75
78
72
(base year=100)
1
In accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, the base year for the second commitment period is composed of emissions of
CO
2
, methane and nitrous oxide in 1990 and emissions of so-called industrial greenhouse gases in 1995.
2
Preliminary estimate (proxy).
The relatively great variations in previous total emissions of greenhouse gases are
especially due to variations in Denmark’s exchange of electricity with
neighbouring countries. Furthermore, emissions of CO
2
from energy consumption
vary considerably from year to year, depending on winter temperatures.
In order to facilitate the assessment of developments in CO
2
emissions associated
with Denmark’s own energy consumption in normal winters, the figures are
shown in Table 3.9 with corrections made for exchange of electricity and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
125
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0126.png
variations in temperature. As can be seen from this table, there has been a 34%
decrease from the base year to 2015. The preliminary estimate for 2016 suggests
an increase of 1 percentage point.
T
ABLE
3.9 D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
WITH INDIRECT
CO
2
,
WITHOUT
LULUCF)
CORRECTED FOR INTER
-
ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURES AND EXCHANGE OF ELECTRICITY
Source: As in Table 3.8 but with the Danish Energy Agency’s corrections of CO
2
emissions for degree days and net
electricity imports applied.
Base
year
1
Million tonnes of
CO
2
equivalents
Index
(base year=100)
Continued
Million tonnes of
CO
2
equivalents
Index
(base year=100)
1
1990
78,3
99
2004
69,0
88
1991
79,8
101
2005
67,9
86
1992
79,1
100
2006
69,2
88
1993
78,2
99
2007
69,5
88
1994
78,2
99
2008
67,7
86
1995
77,8
99
2009
63,3
80
1996
77,0
98
2010
60,9
77
1997
76,3
97
2011
59,5
76
1998
74,6
95
2012
57,2
73
1999
74,1
94
2013
55,5
71
2000
72,5
92
2014
53,7
68
2001
72,0
91
2015
52,4
66
2002
71,1
90
2016
2
52,9
67
78,8
100
2003
70,5
89
The base year is composed of emissions of CO
2
, methane and nitrous oxide in 1990 and emissions of so-called industrial
greenhouse gases in 1995. Since Denmark’s legal commitments under the Kyoto Protocol is to be seen in relation to figures
without corrections, the figures in the table can only be used to illustrate the effects of measures taken to limit CO
2
emissions associated with Denmark’s own energy consumption.
The effects of inter-annual variations in temperatures and exchange of electricity
are illustrated in Figure 3.20.
F
IGURE
3.20: D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990-2016
WITHOUT AND WITH
CORRECTIONS FOR INTER
-
ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURES AND EXCHANGE OF ELECTRICITY
Source: The UNFCCC’s Report of the review of the initial report of Denmark, 2017 (base year), Nielsen et al., 2017 (1990-
2015), the 2016 preliminary estimate elaborated by DCE and based on the preliminary energy statistics for 2016
by the Danish Energy Agency and with corrections of CO
2
emissions for degree days and net electricity imports
and the preliminary estimate for 2016 from the Danish Energy Agency.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
126
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0127.png
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
127
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4 Policies and measures
- including those in accordance with Article 2 of the Kyoto
Protocol, and domestic and regional programmes and/or
legislative arrangements and enforcement and
administrative procedures
4.1
C
LIMATE POLICY AND THE POLICY
-
MAKING PROCESS
Since the Brundtland Commission's report, “Our Common Future”, from 1987,
Denmark's climate policy has developed in collaboration with the different sectors of
society, and in line with international climate policy, and results from related
scientific research.
Thus, since the end of the 1980s a considerable number of measures to reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases have been implemented.
Some of the measures have been implemented with reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions as the main objective, others were aimed at achieving environmental
improvements for society in general, e.g. by introducing environmental taxes and
involving the public in the debate and decisions concerning the environment.
Since 2001, focus has also been on efforts to reduce emissions and meet the near-
term international greenhouse gas emission reduction targets – i.e. for 2008-2012
under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU Burden Sharing
and for 2013-2020 under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and
the EU Effort Sharing Decision – with view to meet the government’s long-term
target for 2050: a low-emission society independent of fossil fuels to ensure that
Denmark complies with the EU's target of 80-95 per cent reduction of greenhouse
gases by 2050.
Denmark’s international climate targets are described in Box 4.1.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
128
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0129.png
B
OX
4.1 I
NTERNATIONAL CLIMATE TARGETS
Since 1990 Denmark has undertaken or committed itself to several targets with respect to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions:
• In accordance with the Climate Convention, to reduce total emissions of greenhouse gases in
Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands to the 1990 level by 2000. This target was achieved for
total emissions excluding the land-use sector (LULUCF). Due to windfalls total emissions
including LULUCF brought the Realm to within 1% of the target.
• As a contribution to stabilisation in the EU, Denmark committed itself to reducing CO
2
emissions
in 2000 by 5% compared to the adjusted level for 1990. This target was fulfilled.
• In relation to the Kyoto Protocol, for the period 2008-2012 the EU committed itself to reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases on average to 8% below the level in the base year; 1990 for CO
2
,
methane, and nitrous oxide and either 1990 or 1995 for industrial greenhouse gases. Denmark
committed itself to a reduction of 21% as an element of the burden-sharing agreement within the
EU. Both Denmark and the EU reached these targets.
• In relation to the period 2013-2020, the EU reached an agreement in December 2008 on a climate
and energy package and on a regulation on CO
2
from new vehicles. According to this package the
EU is committed to reducing its overall emissions to at least 20% below 1990 levels by 2020.
Under the EU burden sharing of the joint EU target for 2020, Denmark is committed to a reduction
in non-ETS emissions in the period 2013-2020, rising to 20% by 2020 relative to 2005. The EU is
also committed to reducing its ETS emissions to 21% below 2005 levels by 2020. The EU has also
set itself the target of increasing the share of renewables in energy use to 20% by 2020. Under
burden sharing for this EU target, Denmark is committed to reaching a 30% share of renewables in
energy use by 2020.
•
In relation to the period 2021-2030,
t
he European Council agreed on the 2030 climate and energy
framework in October 2014 and endorsed four important targets: (1) a binding EU target of at least
40% less greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to 1990, (2) a target, binding at EU level,
of at least 27% renewable energy consumption in 2030, (3) an indicative target at EU level of at
least 27% improvement in energy efficiency in 2030 and (4) support the completion of the internal
energy market by achieving the existing electricity interconnection target of 10% as a matter of
urgency no later than 2020, in particular for the Baltic states and the Iberian Peninsula, and the
objective of arriving at a 15% target by 2030. The agreement on the 2030 framework, specifically
the EU domestic greenhouse gas reduction target of at least 40%, formed the basis of the EU's
contribution to the Paris Agreement. The EU’s so-called Intended Nationally Determined
Contribution (INDC) was formally approved at an Environment Council meeting in March 2015.
In October 2017 the EU member states reached an agreement on the burden sharing for the period
2021-2030, for which the final approval is pending (the European Parliament and the European
Council reached a provisional agreement on the effort sharing regulation on 21 December 2017).
Under the EU burden sharing of the joint EU target for 2030, Denmark is committed to a reduction
in non-ETS emissions in the period 2021-2030, rising to 39% by 2030 relative to 2005. The EU is
also committed to reducing its ETS emissions to achieve the 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 in
total greenhouse gas emissions. The EU has also set itself the target of increasing the share of
renewables in energy use to 27% by 2030. Denmark is committed to reaching a 50% share of
renewables in energy use by 2030.
The following sections contain more information about the Danish government’s
Government Platform from November 2016 and the Energy Agreement from March
2012.
This is followed by sector by sector descriptions of Denmark’s climate policies and
measures.
4.1.1
National action plans
In 1988 the government issued the Government's Action Plan for Environment and
Development. The plan was a follow-up on the Brundtland Report and was based in
principle on striving for environmentally sustainable development. One of the main
messages in the plan was the need to integrate environmental considerations into
decisions and administration within such sectors as transport, agriculture and energy.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
129
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
In the years since then, a number of ministries have prepared sector action plans in
which the environment is an integral element. The sector action plans deal with the
entire development in a sector combined with solutions to environmental problems
caused by the sector. The sector plans for energy, transport, forestry, agriculture, the
aquatic environment, waste, and development assistance are important examples.
The plans from the 1990s all contained specific environmental objectives and,
usually, deadlines for achieving them. In addition, there were a number of concrete
initiatives that are intended to lead to achievement of the objectives. Progress has
been evaluated regularly to check whether the implementation of the plans resulted
in achievement of the objectives. The results of the evaluations have been presented
in political reports from the sector ministries or in special follow-up reports.
The evaluations and follow-up have often given rise to the preparation of new action
plans, either because additional initiatives have been necessary in order to achieve
the objectives or because the development of society or developments within the area
in question have made it necessary to change both objectives and initiatives. Major
sector plans that have been of importance for the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The NPO Action Plan on pollution from livestock manure (1985)
Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment I (1987)
Energy 2000 (1990)
Action plan for sustainable development in the agricultural sector (1991)
Strategy for sustainable forest management (1994)
Strategy 2000 - Danish strategy in the development assistance area (1995)
Energy 21 (1996)
Action plan for reduction of the transport sector's CO
2
emissions (1996)
National sub-strategy for Danish environmental and energy research (1996)
Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment II (1998)
Action Plan II - Ecology in Development (1999)
Waste 21 (1999)
Action plan for reduction of industrial greenhouse gas emissions (2000)
Reduction of the transport sector's CO
2
emissions - possibilities, policies and measures (2000)
Reduction of the transport sector's CO
2
emissions - the government's action plan (2001)
Denmark's national forest programme (2002)
Denmark's National Strategy for Sustainable Development (2002)
National Climate Strategy for Denmark (2003)
Waste Strategy 2005-2008 (2003)
Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III (2004)
1
st
National Allocation Plan 2005-2007 under the EU-ETS (2004)
Energy Strategy 2025 (2005)
Action Plan for Strengthened Energy-saving Efforts (2005)
2
nd
National Allocation Plan 2008-2012 under the EU-ETS (2007)
Political agreement on Energy (2008)
Political agreement on a Green Transport Vision for Denmark (2009)
Political agreement on a Tax Reform (2009)
Growth with Consideration – the government’s strategy for sustainable development (2009)
Strategy for reducing energy consumption in buildings (2009)
Political agreement on a Green Growth Plan (2009)
Waste Strategy 2009-2012 – Part I (2009)
Waste Strategy 2009-2012 – Part II (2010)
Energy Strategy 2050 (2011)
Our Future Energy (2011)
Political Agreement on Energy (2012)
The Danish Climate Policy Plan – Towards a low carbon society (2013)
The Agricultural Package (2016)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
130
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The sector plans deal with different aspects of the climate problem. In the energy and
transport sectors, the main environmental concern has been the emissions of the
greenhouse gas CO
2
. The plans in these sectors were therefore to a great extent
concerned with reducing CO
2
.
The frameworks for the Danish energy sector, however, have changed quite
significantly over a short period of time. The goal of Danish energy policy today is to
create well-functioning energy markets within frameworks that secure cost-
effectiveness, security of supply, environmental concerns and efficient use of energy
under conditions of a fully liberalised energy sector. Electricity production from
Danish power plants is controlled by market forces and traded freely across national
borders.
The introduction of CO
2
quota regulation as a common EU instrument has therefore
been of absolute importance to Denmark meeting its climate commitments. From
2005, quota regulation through the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) has been
the key instrument to ensuring that the Danish energy sector can contribute to the
reductions requisite to fulfilling Denmark’s climate commitments.
The other sector plans are not primarily focused on reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, in part because the sectors are battling with other major environmental
problems. The main concern in the agricultural sector has been pollution of the
aquatic environment. In the waste sector it has been reduction of the volume of
waste, and in the industrial sector, reduction of emissions/discharges of harmful
substances to the atmosphere/aquatic environment, the use of toxic substances, etc.
However, the implementation of the sector plans has to a great extent also resulted in
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the reduction in nitrogen
emissions from the agricultural sector, which is the result of the aquatic environment
plans, is at the same time reducing emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide.
The initiatives to reduce waste quantities mean fewer landfill sites and thus less
formation and emissions of methane, and the on-going increase in forested area will
mean increased removals of CO
2
.
In addition, the energy and transport plans meant that changes were made in the
energy and transport sectors. The initiatives in the energy sector have resulted in
reduced energy consumption despite significant economic growth and, with that,
reduced CO
2
emissions.
On the environment policy front, Denmark has participated actively in improving
environmental protection in Europe through the EU cooperation and through bilateral
environmental assistance to Central and Eastern European countries. On a number of
points, the EU's environmental regulation has put Europe ahead of the rest of world
environmentally. There are also many examples of EU rules having helped to
strengthen environmental protection in Denmark. With the adoption of the
Amsterdam Treaty, sustainable development became a main objective for the EU,
and integrating environmental considerations in the EU's sector policies became an
obligation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
131
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
Denmark's Climate Policy
The 2016 Government Platform
In November 2016, the new Danish government stated in its Government Platform
that it will continue to pursue an ambitious green transition in a sustainable and
efficient manner where the interest of Danish jobs and competitiveness goes hand in
hand with respect for the environment and climate.
The government takes the lead in the green transformation, and therefore the life
cycle perspectives should increasingly be taken into account in the decision making
for public investments and acquisitions in order to be assessed by the total lifetime
costs, rather than the investment costs alone.
With the climate agreement from Paris (December 2015), the world leaders agreed
that the global average temperature increase should be kept well below 2 degrees and
preferably not exceed 1.5 degrees.
Denmark will nationally work to contribute to the fulfilment of this ambitious goal,
but taking into account Denmark's share of the total greenhouse gas emissions; it is
of utmost importance to seek influence internationally. Therefore, the government's
climate policy has both a national and an international focus.
National focus
A target of 40 per cent GHG reduction by 2020 compared to 1990, has for years
helped to promote climate action and transformation of the energy system. Recently,
a large majority of the parties decided to replace the PSO and instead finance the
costs of renewable energy through the national budget. This change will reduce the
price of electricity and increase power consumption. In the short term this could
increase greenhouse gas emissions from Danish soil, but promote the transition
towards a society based on green power, and contribute to reducing global
greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions will continue to decrease. Denmark is ready to contribute
to the EU’s reduction target of at least 40 per cent by 2030 (compared with 1990
levels) by taking on an ambitious 2030 targets for reducing emissions outside the
quota system. In October 2017 Denmark agreed to a reduction in non-ETS emissions
in the period 2021-2030, rising to 39% by 2030 relative to 2005, when the flexible
mechanisms of the Effort Sharing Regulation are taken into account. The final
approval by the European Parliament is still pending. In 2018, the government will
prepare a cost-effective strategy for meeting Denmark's reduction target in 2030. The
Government will among other things include recommendations from the Danish
Climate Council. The EU has a target of 27 per cent renewable energy by 2030. This
target has already been met by Denmark. Denmark will go further than that. The
Government will therefore pursue a target of at least 50 per cent of Denmark’s
energy needs to come from renewable sources by 2030.
The Government will evaluate the objective of phasing in of renewable energy with
appropriate intervals (stock-taking). Evaluations will in particular take stock of the
speed in market maturation of renewable energy technologies and the development in
comparable prices for different forms of energy. In connection with the evaluations it
should be decided whether renewable energy should be phased in more quickly. The
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
132
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
opposite could also be the case, if the expected developments in technologies and
prices are absent.
This new goal is to ensure that Denmark maintains a high speed in the green
transition so that the goals for 2050 can be reached in a manner which is as cost
effective as possible. The Government’s long-term goal for Denmark in 2050 is a
low-emission society independent of fossil fuels. The Danish long-term 2050 goal is
to ensure that Denmark complies with the EU's target of 80-95 per cent reduction of
greenhouse gases by 2050.
The Government will in 2018 make proposals for a new broad energy agreement
after 2020, partly on the basis of the national Energy Commission's work. A new
energy agreement aims to ensure the continued transformation of the energy sector.
Denmark is in a unique position to continue expanding with offshore wind. The costs
of offshore wind power have fallen sharply in recent years. The Government’s aim is
that Denmark will be the first country in the world where offshore wind can survive
on market conditions. In order to ensure a decision basis for a continued expansion,
the government will launch a screening of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea for
possible locations for additional offshore wind.
The electricity market must be further developed and the support systems for
renewable energy must be harmonized. As part of the electrification of the energy
system, the Government will promote heat pumps and utilize surplus. Furthermore,
the Government will analyse barriers for electricity storage.
Future flexible energy market requires joint planning of energy and flexibility on
both the supply and demand side. The Government will prepare an action plan for
smart energy, including focusing on the opportunities that digitization brings.
As stated in the Government Platform, the Danish energy system could become the
most innovative, efficient and forward-thinking in the world. It requires that the
Danish energy research continuously is the absolute world elite. The Government
will therefore strengthen the Danish energy research and actively exploit cooperation
in Mission Innovation Initiative.
As also stated in the Government Platform, the Government will implement the
political agreement on the introduction of a blending requirement of 0.9 per cent
advanced biofuels in fuel for land transport.
International focus
To ensure international progression in the green transition is a key foundation for the
government's climate policy. This is done via the EU, focusing on the establishment
of ambitious goals and policies in the Community and an ambitious global,
international climate effort, including under the auspices of the UN and through
bilateral cooperation.
Denmark wants to actively contribute to the EU's climate efforts.
As laid out in Government Platform, the government has been working actively to
ensure structural reforms of the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), which
can reduce the amount of allowances, so that there are more consistent and clear
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
133
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
price signals in the future - within and outside the quota sector for the benefit of the
green transition.
4.1.2.2
The 2012 agreement on Danish energy policy 2012-2020
As a follow-up on the 2011 energy plan a political agreement was reached on 22
March 2012 on Danish energy policy for the years 2012-2020.
The elements in the 2012 Energy Agreement are described in greater detail below.
The most ambitious energy plan in the world
The 2012 Energy Agreement contains a wide range of ambitious initiatives, bringing
Denmark a good step closer to the target by 2050.
The Agreement will lead to large investments up to 2020 in energy efficiency,
renewable energy and the energy system. Results in 2020 include approximately
50% of electricity consumption supplied by wind power, and more than 35% of final
energy consumption supplied from renewable energy sources.
Denmark in 2020 – results of the Energy Agreement
The long-term goal is to be independent of fossil fuels by 2050.
Only by improving energy efficiency, electrifying Danish energy consumption, and
expanding supply from renewables, will it be possible to phase out fossil fuels
completely. The initiatives in Denmark’s Energy Agreement for the period 2012–
2020 cover these crucial areas.
These are the 2012 Energy Agreement’s headline results for 2020:
•
•
More than 35% renewable energy in final energy consumption.
Approximately 70% of electricity consumption to be supplied by renewable
energy sources in total and about 50% of electricity consumption to be
supplied by wind power.
Approximately 8% reduction in gross energy consumption in relation to 2010.
34% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in relation to 1990.
•
•
Consequently, in 2020 Danish enterprises and households will be significantly less
dependent on scarce and expensive fossil fuels (see Figure 4.1).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
134
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0135.png
F
IGURE
4.1: T
OTAL
D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
WITHOUT
LULUCF)
IN MILLION TONNES
CO
2
-
EQUIVALENT IN
2009
AND
2020*
AND DOMESTIC TARGETS IN
2020
AND
2050
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
A more energy efficient Denmark
A crucial element in the transition to a low-emission society independent of fossil
fuels will be that Denmark uses less energy by switching to more energy efficient
technologies. Otherwise, economic growth will push up energy consumption and
make it disproportionally expensive to expand the share of renewables in the energy
supply. Moreover, investment in more energy efficient technology will often quickly
pay itself back.
It is important to invest in retrofitting buildings. Extensive retrofitting is only carried
out a few times in the life span of a building.
Initiatives in the 2012 Energy Agreement to make energy consumption more
efficient:
•
In 2013 and 2014, energy savings realised by energy companies have to
increase by 2.6% of final energy consumption excl. transport compared to the
2010 level. From 2015 to 2020 this figure will rise to an annual 2.9%
compared to the level in 2010. In comparison, the EU’s Energy Efficiency
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
135
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0136.png
Directive suggests a yearly reduction up to 2020 of 1.5% of 2010 final energy
consumption excl. transport. Energy companies are obliged to realise energy
savings in enterprises and households by offering subsidies or consultancy,
for example. The initiatives will target industry and buildings.
•
•
A comprehensive strategy for energy retrofitting of all Danish buildings will
be presented in 2013.
The efforts by the Knowledge Centre for Energy Savings in Buildings will
continue.
As a result of these and other initiatives, Danish gross energy consumption will
decrease by approximately 8% in 2020 in relation to 2010 (see Figure 4.2).
F
IGURE
4.2: D
EVELOPMENT IN GROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(PJ) 2010-2020*
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
Wind power and new energy technologies
Denmark has sufficient renewable energy resources to satisfy energy consumption in
the long term. The Energy Agreement ensures a substantial expansion of wind power
in particular, corresponding to the annual electricity consumption of 1�½ million
households (see Figures 4.3, 4.5 and 4.6). Consequently, approximately 50% of
Danish electricity consumption is expected to be covered by wind power in 2020. In
comparison, the share was 2% in 1990 and 28% in 2011.
Initiatives in the 2012 Energy Agreement to expand renewable energy production:
•
•
•
600 MW offshore wind turbines at Kriegers Flak and 400 MW offshore wind
turbines at Horns Rev.
500 MW offshore wind turbines in coastal areas.
New planning tools will encourage an increase in net capacity of 500 MW
onshore wind power. This will entail increasing electricity production from
onshore turbines, despite the decommissioning of older turbines.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
136
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0137.png
In order to transform the energy system intelligently and cost-effectively, continuous
research, development and testing of new technological solutions is needed.
Initiatives in the 2012 Energy Agreement include:
•
DKK 60 million has been committed to funding the development and use of
new renewable energy technologies for electricity production (solar, wave
power, etc.)
DKK 35 million has been committed to funding the development and use of
new renewable energy technologies in district heating (large heat pumps,
geothermal energy, etc.)
DKK 9.5 million has been committed to the project to make the island of
Samsø independent of fossil fuels.
•
•
The parties behind the Energy Agreement stress that efforts to uphold a high level of
research, development and demonstration in green energy technology in areas with
commercial and growth potential should be maintained. Investing in new green
technologies contributes to building Denmark’s future prosperity.
F
IGURE
4.3: S
HARE OF WIND POWER IN ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
2010-2020*
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
Renewable energy in industry, buildings and transport
Consumption by industrial processes is also to be converted to renewable energy.
Therefore, the Energy Agreement has laid down the following:
•
A new green business scheme of DKK 250 million in 2013 and DKK 500
million per year from 2014 to 2020 will promote the efficient use of
renewable energy in enterprises.
DKK 30 million per year from 2013 to 2020 has been committed to
maintaining and promoting industrial CHP in industry and greenhouses.
•
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
137
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0138.png
The Energy Agreement contains a number of initiatives which will reduce individual
heating based on oil and gas in buildings substantially and promote renewable
alternatives:
•
•
•
A halt to installation of oil-fired and gas-fired boilers in new buildings from
2013
A halt to installation of oil-fired boilers in existing buildings from 2016 in
areas with district heating or natural gas
DKK 42 million has been committed to fund the conversion from oil-fired
and gas-fired boilers in existing buildings to renewable alternatives (solar,
heat pumps, etc.)
A comprehensive analysis of the future alternative use of the gas
infrastructure will be presented in 2013.
•
Today, the Danish transport sector runs almost entirely on fossil fuels. Conversion to
renewable energy in transport is a tremendous challenge. In the longer term, electric
cars will be important. In the short term biofuels will play a role. Initiatives in the
2012 Energy Agreement to promote the green transition in the transport sector are:
•
•
•
•
DKK 70 million to establish more recharging stations for electric cars and to
promote the infrastructure for hydrogen cars, etc.
A strategy for the promotion of energy efficient vehicles.
Fuels must contain 10% renewable energy in 2020.
DKK 15 million to continue the pilot scheme for electric cars.
As a result of the initiatives in the Energy Agreement, Denmark’s total use of oil,
coal and gas is expected to be reduced by approximately 25% in 2020 in relation to
2010 (see Figure 4.4).
F
IGURE
4.4: T
OTAL CONSUMPTION OF OIL
,
COAL AND GAS
(PJ) 2010-2020*
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
Bioenergy in Danish energy supply
Biomass is an important replacement for coal. In the long term, biomass will also be
a vital element for flexible electricity production and for the transport sector.
Initiatives in the Energy Agreement to increase the consumption of biomass include:
•
Conversion from coal to biomass at large-scale CHP plants will be made
more attractive by allowing producers and consumers to make price
agreements.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
138
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0139.png
•
•
•
Smaller open-field plants struggling with high heating prices can now
produce heating based on biomass.
An analysis of the future role of district heating in the energy system will be
presented in 2013.
An analysis of the use of bioenergy in Denmark will be presented in 2013.
The analysis will focus on the effective and sustainable use of the Danish
biomass resources for energy purposes.
The Energy Agreement (2012) identified biogas as an important challenge for
Denmark. Biogas is useful in the energy system, and the technology reduces
environmental problems. The ambitious plan for biogas expansion is underpinned by
the following initiatives in the Energy Agreement. The Energy Agreement is valid
for the period from 2012 to 2020:
•
•
•
•
Funding of biogas for CHP to continue.
Introduction of subsidy equality so that biogas sold to the natural gas grid
receives the same subsidy as biogas used at CHP plants.
Introduction of a new subsidy when biogas is used in industrial processes or
as a fuel for transport
11
.
Increase in the start-up aid for new biogas projects for 2012 only. In 2012
support was awarded to both new and existing biogas plants to the amount of
DKK 262 million.
A national task force has been established to support local authorities in the
planning of new biogas plants.
If the required number of new biogas projects is not realised in 2012 and
2013, the parties behind the Energy Agreement will discuss further options,
e.g. a proposal making it compulsory to purchase biogas in order to secure
expansion.
•
•
F
IGURE
4.5: S
HARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
2010–2020*
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
11
Awaits approval by the European Commission.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
139
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0140.png
Smart grids
Due to the increasing share of wind power in the Danish energy system, electricity
will be a main energy carrier in the future. However wind power is volatile and
energy storage is still expensive. Consequently, initiatives in the Energy Agreement
point towards transforming and future-proofing the energy system:
•
•
•
•
•
A strategy for smart grids in Denmark was presented in 2012 and
implemented through legislation in 2013.
Agreements will be established with grid companies on the installation of
intelligent, remotely readable hourly electricity meters.
New electricity transmission lines between Denmark and Germany.
A comprehensive analysis of the continued functionality of the grid with an
increased share of wind power in the system will be presented in 2013.
A thorough analysis of the regulation of the Danish electricity supply sector
will be carried out to ensure cost effectiveness, competition and consumer
protection.
F
IGURE
4.6: C
ONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
(PJ)
IN
2010
AND
2020*
Source: Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building
* The April 2011 Baseline scenario.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
140
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0141.png
Financing the initiatives in the Energy Agreement
The Energy Agreement requires financing. The total financing requirement amounts
to DKK 3.5 billion in 2020. The initiatives are to be fully financed and should not
impact the general public finances. The Agreement thus stipulates the following:
•
•
Energy saving initiatives by energy companies will be financed via the
companies’ tariffs and therefore through consumers’ energy bills.
The expansion of renewables in electricity production such as offshore and
onshore wind turbines will be financed through the Public Service Obligation
schemes (PSO) which are a supplement to the price of electricity paid by
electricity consumers. In addition, a new gas PSO scheme is under way
pending comments from the European Commission. The gas PSO will be
collected through the gas bills and it will finance subsidies for renewable
energy for the gas grid.
As consumption of fossil fuels drops, state revenues from taxes on coal, oil
and gas will also drop correspondingly. Therefore, a security of supply tax
has been introduced on all fuels – biomass and fossil – for space heating. This
new tax will also finance some of the subsidies for renewable energy which
cannot be financed via the PSO schemes.
•
4.1.2.3 Denmark’s climate policy – as part of the EU climate policy
Danish climate policy is based on two pillars – the European and the national. As a
small country with an open economy, it is clear that the more Denmark can
implement climate policy with common European solutions, the better the total effect
of climate policy and the easier it will be to maintain Danish competitiveness in
relation to trading partners in the EU.
The EU is also a crucial player in international climate negotiations. The
implementation of the Paris Agreement requires an ambitious common EU approach
for the period after 2020. The need for a common EU approach was highlighted by
the European Council in May 2013. The European Council has asked the European
Commission to draw up specific proposals for a framework for EU climate and
energy policy in 2030. In light of this, the Commission has put forward proposals for
the concrete implementation of the ambitious climate and energy EU targets for the
period after 2020. These proposals are now under consideration by the European
Council or the European Parliament. This will follow up on the EU’s 2008 Climate
and Energy Package that established EU targets for 2020 of a 20% reduction in
greenhouse gases compared with 1990, 20% renewable energy and 20% energy-
efficiency improvements cf. Box 4.1.
4.2
L
EGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS AND ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROCEDURES
The legal basis for the division of powers into the legislative, executive, and judicial
power is the Danish Constitution,
Danmarks Riges Grundlov
12
.
The Constitution includes the legal basis for how the Regent acts on behalf of the
Realm in international affairs, and the Regent cannot act without the consent of the
Folketing in any way that increases or restricts the area of the Realm, or enter into
12
The Danish Constitution (Danmarks Riges Grundlov) ( http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19530016930-REGL
/: http://www.folketinget.dk/pdf/constitution.pdf )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
141
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0142.png
obligations requiring cooperation of the Folketing or which in some other way are of
great significance to the Realm. Neither can the Regent, without the consent of the
Folketing, cancel an international agreement entered into with the consent of the
Folketing.
After a motion from the government, the Folketing thus gave its consent in 2002,
allowing Her Majesty Queen Margrethe the Second, on behalf of the Realm and with
territorial reservations for the Faroe Islands, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. This was on
31 May 2002.
Denmark's implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period
2008-2012 has been effectuated by following up on the national Climate Strategy,
sector-policy strategies with climate considerations, and concrete initiatives
contributing to limiting or reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and implementation
of the other parts of the Kyoto Protocol. The legislation necessary to do this has been
adopted in pursuance of the Constitution regulations concerning legislative powers.
Pursuant to the Constitution, the Regent is the ultimate authority, cf. paragraphs 12-
14:
“12.
Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitutional Act, the King shall
have supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and shall exercise such
supreme authority through the Ministers.
13.
The King shall not be answerable for his actions; his person shall be sacrosanct.
The Ministers shall be responsible for the conduct of government; their responsibility
shall be defined by statute.
14.
The King shall appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and the other Ministers.
He shall decide upon the number of Ministers and upon the distribution of the duties
of government among them. The signature of the King to resolutions relating to
legislation and government shall make such resolutions valid, provided that the
signature of the King is accompanied by the signature or signatures of one or more
Ministers. A Minister who has signed a resolution shall be responsible for the
resolution.”
With this background, the Regent delegates responsibility for various functions to
government ministers through Royal resolutions. This makes the various ministers
for different areas responsible for, e.g. making proposals for new/amended
legislation made necessary by the Kyoto Protocol, enforcement of legislation and
initiation of necessary administrative procedures.
The total set of regulations (in Danish) can be accessed via Retsinformation
13
(online
legal information system). Legislation concerning measures of importance to
Denmark's commitments under the Kyoto Protocol will be enforced pursuant to the
current legal basis, including pursuant to any penalty clause. Enforcement could also
involve the judicial power.
As regards the institutional arrangements for the implementation the Kyoto Protocol
concerning activities in connection with participation in the mechanisms under
Articles 6, 12, and 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, these tasks have been delegated to the
Danish Energy Agency (DEA) under the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate.
13
http://www.retsinfo.dk/
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
142
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0143.png
The DEA is also responsible for legislation and administration of the EU emission
trading scheme. The supplementary regulations regarding the approval and use of
JI/CDM credits and the Registry are now regulated in Statutory Order No. 118 dated
28 February 2008 with later amendments
(https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=144489).
Among the national legislative arrangements and administrative procedures that seek
to ensure that the implementation of activities under Article 3, paragraph 3, and the
elected activities under Article 3, paragraph 4, also contribute to the conservation of
biodiversity and sustainable use of natural resources is The Forest Act (Consolidating
Act No. 122 of 26 January 2017), and the implementation thereof by the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency under the Ministry of Environment and Food.
Preservation of areas designated as forest reserve land and protection of natural
habitats and habitats for species are among the foremost objectives of the Forest Act.
Furthermore, activities under Article 3, paragraph 3, and the elected activities under
Article 3, paragraph 4 have to be implemented in accordance with Natura 2000,
which are the Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) designated according to the
European Union’s Habitats Directive and the Special Protection Areas (SPA)
designated according to the European Union’s Birds Directive. The Danish Ramsar
Sites are included in the Special Protection Areas.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, under the Ministry of Environment
and Food of Denmark, has the overall responsibility for the implementation of the
Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. The implementation includes the
designation of 262 Special Area of Conservation, 113 Special Protection Areas and
28 Ramsar Sites. The rules for administration of the Danish Natura 2000 are laid
down in Executive Order No. 926 of 27 January 2016 on the Designation and
Administration of Internationally Protected Sites and the Protection of Certain
Species. Similar rules are integrated in other ministries legislation i.g fisheries and
constructions in marine areas.
4.3
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS
In this section, the individual measures relevant to Denmark’s climate policy are
described. An overview of Denmark’s portfolio of climate relevant policies and
measures is contained in Annex B1.
Sections 4.3.1-4.3.4 includes descriptions of the cross-sectoral policies and measures,
allowance regulation, the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms, taxes and duties and the
national green climate fund. Sections 4.3.5-4.3.9 contains descriptions of policies and
measures in the following IPCC source/sink and sector categories: Energy (including
Transport), Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, LULUCF (Land-use,
Land-use change and Forestry) and Waste.
Table 4.1 shows how the allocation to be used in connection with the annual
emission inventories (the CRF/IPCC format) is aggregated into the sectors included
in this Chapter on policies and measures and in Chapter 5 on projections.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
143
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0144.png
T
ABLE
4.1 A
GGREGATION OF SOURCE
,
SINK AND SECTOR CATEGORIES IN THE
CRF/IPCC
FORMAT INTO
THE SECTORS INCLUDED IN THIS CHAPTER AND CHAPTER
5
Sectors in this chapter and Chapter 5
Energy
- with subsections on:
Business
Sources/Sectors in the CRF/IPCC format
1.
Fuel combustion activities (1A) and Fugitive emissions from fuels (1B)
1A2+
1A4a+
1A4c.
1A4b
1A3.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Manufacturing Industries and Construction
Commercial/Institutional
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Residential
Transport (national)
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture
Land-use, Land-use Changes and Forestry (LULUCF).
Waste
Households
Transport
Industrial Processes and Product Use
Agriculture
LULUCF
Waste
Table 4.2 and Figure 4.8 show the main result of this aggregation, including indirect
CO
2
emissions, for the historic greenhouse gas inventories in 1990, KP2 base year
estimate for 1990/95
14
and 2015 as well as the March 2017 projections of annual
emissions in 2020, 2025, 2030 and 3035 – with and without emissions and removals
in connection with land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)
15
.
In accordance with the reporting guidelines, the following sector sections in this
chapter are subdivided by gas.
Regarding the greenhouse-gas-reducing effects of measures, a major ex-post analysis
of Denmark's efforts in 1990-2001 to reduce emissions of CO
2
and other greenhouse
gases, and associated costs was finalised and published in March 2005 in the report,
“Denmark's CO
2
emissions - the effort in the period 1990-2001 and the associated
costs”
16
, hereafter
the Effort Analysis.
The results of the
Effort Analysis
are described
in Annex B2.
Prior to this analysis, quantitative estimates of the effect of separate measures on
greenhouse gas emissions were often limited to ex-ante estimates before the measure
in question was adopted. In a few cases, the implementation of a measure was
followed by an ex-post evaluation. A major reason that only a few ex-post
evaluations of individual measures have been carried out is that it is often difficult to
clearly attribute an observed greenhouse gas reduction to a particular measure, since
many areas (sectors/sources) are affected by several measures at the same time.
In the analysis of the importance of selected, implemented measures for greenhouse
gas emissions as a result of efforts in 1990-2001, the effect and cost of a number of
measures were estimated - both for the year 2001 and for the period 2008-2012.
Thus, the latter case is a so-called without measures projection i.e. without the effects
of measures implemented since 1990, which gives estimates of the size of mean
annual greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-2012, if the measures until 2001 had not
been implemented.
Please note that the statistical base for
the Effort Analysis
has included the emissions
inventory submitted to the EU and the UN in 2003 (covering 1990-2001) and the
“with measures” baseline projection (2008-2012), i.e. without additional measures,
14
Under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark's base year is 1990 for CO
2
, methane and nitrous
oxide, and 1995 for the industrial gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
– however with no emissions of the latter) cf. Article
3.8 of the Protocol from the inventory reported, reviewed and resubmitted in 2016 (the review report has not yet been
published by the UNFCCC).
15
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the LULUCF category is dealt with separately under Articles 3.3 and 3.4.
16
Denmark's CO
2
emissions - the effort in the period 1990-2001 and the associated costs, Report from the Danish EPA, No. 2,
April 2005 (Main report http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf and Annex
report:http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/html).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
144
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
published in February 2003 together with the Climate Strategy of the government in
2003.
In December 2013 the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building published a paper
with another ex-post analysis in response to recommendations in a report published
by the National Audit Office in October 2012. This paper contains an evaluation of
the effects of certain climate change mitigation measures selected by the National
Audit Office. A translation of this paper is contained in Annex B3.
In December 2015 estimates of the total effect of the group of policies and measures
that promote the use of renewable energy (RE-PAMs) and of the total effect of the
group of policies and measures that promote energy efficiency (EE-PAMs) were
elaborated. In December 2017 these estimates were updated on the basis of the most
recent energy statistics covering the period 1990-2016 and the March 2017 “with
measures” projection covering the period until 2035 The methodologies and the
results are further described in Annex B4.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
145
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0146.png
T
ABLE
4.2 D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990-2015,
THE
B
ASE YEAR UNDER THE SECOND COMMITMENT PERIOD OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL AND THE MAIN RESULTS OF
THE
M
ARCH
2017 “
WITH
(
EXISTING
)
MEASURES
” (WEM)
PROJECTION FOR
2020, 2025, 2030
AND
2035
BY SECTOR AND BY GAS
(
INCLUDING INDIRECT
CO2
AND THE ESTIMATED
EFFECTS OF BIOCOVERS ON OLD LANDFILLS
,
BUT WITHOUT THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY TRADE
)
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017a), Nielsen et al. (2017b), Danish Energy Agency (2017) and Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
GHG emissions (1990-2015)
and projections (2016-2035)
Total (including LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
)
CO
2
(with indirect CO
2
)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Industrial gases
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
)
CO
2
(with indirect CO
2
)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Industrial gases
1. Total Energy (with indirect CO
2
)
CO
2
(with all indirect CO
2
here and no electricity trade after 2015)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use
CO
2
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Industrial gases
3. Total Agriculture
CO
2
Methane
Nitrous oxide
4. Total Land-Use Categories (LULUCF)
CO2 (for KP2 BY only GHG emissions from deforestation)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
5. Total Waste
CO
2
Methane (here including the estimated effects of biocovers)
Nitrous oxide
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
CO
2
(with all indirect CO
2
here and no electricity trade after 2015)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
1A3 Transport
CO
2
Methane
Nitrous oxide
1y. Total Energy (excluding Transport, Business and Households)
CO
2
(with all indirect CO
2
here and no electricity trade after 2015)
Methane
Nitrous oxide
1A2+1A4a+1A4c: "Business" (Manufac.+Com./Inst.+Agri./Forest./Fish.)
CO
2
Methane
Nitrous oxide
1A4b: "Households" (Residential)
CO
2
Methane
Nitrous oxide
1990
MtCO2e
1990
% share
for/in sector
KP2 BY
MtCO2e
KP2 BY
% share
for/in sector
2015
MtCO2e
Change
2015
from 1990
% share
(%)
for/in sector
Change
from
KP2 BY
2020
MtCO2e
2020
% share
for/in sector
Change
from 1990
(%)
Change
from
KP2 BY
2025
MtCO2e
2025
% share
for/in sector
Change
from 1990
(%)
2030
MtCO2e
2030
% share
for/in sector
Change
from 1990
(%)
2035
MtCO2e
2035
% share
for/in sector
Change
from 1990
(%)
75.3
59.7
7.6
7.9
0.0
70.4
54.8
7.6
7.9
0.0
53.6
52.9
0.4
0.4
2.3
1.3
0.0
1.0
0.0
12.6
0.6
5.6
6.4
4.9
4.9
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.7
0.1
42.9
42.3
0.3
0.3
10.7
10.6
0.1
0.1
28.2
27.9
0.1
0.1
9.6
9.4
0.0
0.1
5.2
5.0
0.1
0.0
107.0
84.8
10.9
11.2
0.1
100.0
77.9
10.8
11.2
0.1
76.2
98.6
0.7
0.7
3.3
54.5
0.1
43.6
1.8
18.0
4.9
44.2
50.9
7.0
99.1
0.4
0.6
2.5
1.0
94.8
4.2
61.0
98.7
0.7
0.6
15.3
98.5
0.5
0.9
40.0
99.0
0.5
0.5
13.6
98.6
0.5
0.9
7.3
97.1
2.3
0.6
70.8
54.8
7.9
7.8
0.3
70.8
54.8
7.9
7.8
0.3
53.6
52.9
0.4
0.4
2.6
1.3
0.0
1.0
0.3
12.8
0.6
5.8
6.3
0.0088
0.0088
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.7
0.1
42.9
42.3
0.3
0.3
10.7
10.6
0.1
0.1
28.2
27.9
0.1
0.1
9.6
9.4
0.0
0.1
5.2
5.0
0.1
0.0
100.0
77.4
11.1
11.0
0.5
100.0
77.4
11.1
11.0
0.5
75.7
98.6
0.7
0.7
3.7
48.3
0.1
38.6
13.0
18.1
4.8
45.6
49.6
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
1.0
94.8
4.2
60.6
98.7
0.7
0.6
15.2
98.5
0.5
0.9
39.8
99.0
0.5
0.5
13.5
98.5
0.5
0.9
7.3
97.1
2.3
0.6
52.5
39.6
6.9
5.2
0.7
48.3
35.6
6.8
5.2
0.7
34.9
34.1
0.4
0.4
2.0
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.7
10.3
0.2
5.5
4.6
4.2
4.1
0.1
0.0
1.2
0.0
1.0
0.2
22.6
21.9
0.4
0.3
12.3
12.2
0.0
0.1
13.8
13.5
0.2
0.1
6.5
6.4
0.1
0.1
2.2
2.0
0.1
0.1
108.6
82.0
14.3
10.8
1.5
100.0
73.6
14.2
10.7
1.5
72.2
97.8
1.0
1.1
4.1
61.6
0.2
1.0
37.3
21.3
1.7
53.6
44.6
8.6
97.7
1.5
0.8
2.4
1.8
82.9
15.3
46.7
97.3
1.6
1.1
25.5
98.8
0.1
1.1
28.6
97.7
1.4
0.9
13.6
98.1
0.8
1.1
4.5
92.2
5.2
2.6
-30.3
-33.6
-9.6
-34.1
1649.6
-31.3
-35.1
-10.2
-34.3
1649.6
-34.9
-35.5
0.2
7.9
-15.0
-4.1
59.6
-98.1
1649.6
-18.5
-71.3
-1.1
-28.5
-15.3
-16.4
218.6
24.4
-34.6
21.3
-42.9
139.0
-47.4
-48.1
15.1
-1.9
14.9
15.3
-80.7
33.0
-50.9
-51.5
33.2
-9.5
-31.6
-32.0
13.0
-19.0
-58.0
-60.1
-5.3
79.5
-25.9
-27.7
-12.2
-33.1
115.4
-31.7
-35.1
-12.9
-33.6
115.4
-34.9
-35.4
0.1
7.4
-24.7
-3.9
59.6
-98.1
115.4
-19.4
-71.3
-5.1
-27.5
-
-
-
-
-34.7
21.3
-42.9
138.1
-47.4
-48.1
15.1
-2.6
14.9
15.3
-80.7
33.4
-50.9
-51.5
33.2
-9.3
-31.4
-31.8
12.5
-20.9
-58.0
-60.1
-5.3
79.5
47.2
35.0
6.3
5.4
0.5
44.8
32.7
6.2
5.4
0.5
31.7
31.1
0.3
0.4
1.9
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
10.6
0.2
5.5
4.8
2.4
2.3
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.2
19.4
18.9
0.3
0.2
12.3
12.2
0.0
0.1
11.8
11.5
0.2
0.1
5.9
5.8
0.0
0.1
1.7
1.6
0.1
0.1
105.3
78.0
14.0
12.2
1.1
100.0
73.0
13.9
12.1
1.1
70.9
97.8
1.0
1.2
4.3
74.1
0.2
1.0
24.7
23.6
1.9
52.3
45.8
5.3
96.0
2.8
1.3
1.3
3.3
63.0
33.7
43.4
97.2
1.6
1.2
27.5
98.8
0.1
1.2
26.3
97.4
1.6
0.9
13.2
98.4
0.6
1.0
3.9
91.6
5.2
3.2
-37.3
-41.4
-17.8
-31.2
1013.6
-36.3
-40.4
-18.5
-31.3
1013.6
-40.8
-41.3
-10.1
2.1
-18.5
10.8
29.3
-98.1
1013.6
-16.3
-67.7
-0.9
-24.7
-51.7
-53.3
247.3
9.7
-68.2
6.2
-78.9
156.8
-54.7
-55.4
4.1
-13.0
14.8
15.1
-87.1
41.1
-58.1
-58.8
38.4
-20.8
-38.5
-38.6
-25.6
-32.4
-66.4
-68.3
-24.4
75.6
-33.4
-36.2
-20.1
-30.2
37.1
-36.7
-40.3
-20.9
-30.6
37.1
-40.8
-41.3
-10.2
1.6
-27.8
10.9
29.3
-98.1
37.1
-17.3
-67.7
-5.0
-23.7
-
-
-
-
-68.2
6.2
-78.9
155.8
-54.7
-55.4
4.0
-13.6
14.8
15.1
-87.0
41.5
-58.1
-58.8
38.4
-20.7
-38.3
-38.4
-25.9
-34.0
-66.4
-68.3
-24.4
75.6
50.7
38.5
6.4
5.5
0.2
48.8
36.8
6.4
5.5
0.2
35.7
35.0
0.3
0.4
1.8
1.6
0.0
0.0
0.2
10.6
0.2
5.6
4.8
1.9
1.8
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.4
0.2
23.5
22.9
0.3
0.2
12.2
12.0
0.0
0.1
15.7
15.3
0.2
0.1
6.3
6.2
0.0
0.1
1.5
1.4
0.1
0.1
103.8
78.9
13.2
11.2
0.5
100.0
75.3
13.1
11.2
0.5
73.1
97.9
1.0
1.1
3.8
86.1
0.2
1.0
12.7
21.8
1.8
52.6
45.6
3.8
94.8
3.5
1.7
1.4
2.8
65.9
31.3
48.1
97.5
1.4
1.0
25.0
98.7
0.1
1.2
32.1
97.8
1.4
0.8
13.0
98.4
0.6
1.0
3.0
91.5
5.0
3.6
-32.6
-35.4
-15.7
-30.6
453.5
-30.6
-32.9
-16.4
-30.7
453.5
-33.4
-33.9
-5.7
8.3
-21.3
24.2
29.3
-98.1
453.5
-15.8
-68.4
0.1
-24.6
-62.0
-63.6
248.4
14.1
-62.5
6.2
-73.9
181.2
-45.2
-45.8
9.6
-6.1
13.6
13.9
-88.4
45.5
-44.4
-45.1
59.7
-8.6
-33.7
-33.8
-19.9
-28.3
-71.1
-72.8
-37.5
66.5
53.1
40.9
6.5
5.5
0.1
51.1
39.0
6.5
5.5
0.1
37.8
37.1
0.3
0.4
1.8
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
10.7
0.2
5.7
4.8
2.0
1.9
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.5
0.2
25.8
25.3
0.3
0.2
12.0
11.9
0.0
0.1
17.9
17.6
0.2
0.1
6.7
6.6
0.0
0.1
1.3
1.1
0.1
0.1
103.9
80.1
12.8
10.8
0.3
100.0
76.3
12.7
10.7
0.3
74.1
98.1
0.8
1.0
3.6
91.1
0.2
1.0
7.7
20.9
1.8
53.0
45.2
3.9
95.1
3.3
1.6
1.4
2.6
66.6
30.9
50.5
97.9
1.2
0.9
23.5
98.7
0.1
1.2
35.0
98.1
1.2
0.7
13.1
98.4
0.6
1.0
2.5
91.1
4.8
4.1
-29.4
-31.4
-14.5
-30.4
231.8
-27.4
-28.8
-15.1
-30.6
231.8
-29.4
-29.8
-13.6
7.8
-22.2
30.0
29.3
-98.1
231.8
-15.3
-68.9
1.5
-24.7
-58.9
-60.6
249.6
18.4
-58.7
6.2
-71.0
205.5
-39.8
-40.3
0.2
-7.8
12.1
12.3
-88.4
48.3
-36.5
-37.0
48.0
-11.7
-30.3
-30.5
-16.9
-25.9
-75.7
-77.2
-49.3
60.0
50.4
38.2
6.5
5.5
0.1
49.4
37.3
6.5
5.5
0.1
36.0
35.4
0.3
0.4
1.9
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.1
10.7
0.2
5.7
4.8
1.0
0.9
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.5
0.2
24.5
24.0
0.3
0.2
11.5
11.3
0.0
0.1
16.5
16.1
0.2
0.1
7.0
6.9
0.0
0.1
1.1
1.0
0.0
0.0
102.1
77.4
13.3
11.2
0.3
100.0
75.5
13.1
11.1
0.3
73.0
98.2
0.8
1.1
3.8
92.0
0.2
1.0
6.9
21.7
1.8
53.0
45.2
2.1
90.4
6.4
3.2
1.6
2.4
66.8
30.8
49.7
97.9
1.1
1.0
23.3
98.7
0.1
1.3
33.3
98.1
1.1
0.7
14.2
98.4
0.6
1.0
2.2
91.1
4.3
4.5
-33.0
-36.0
-14.4
-30.3
200.0
-29.8
-32.0
-15.0
-30.5
200.0
-32.8
-33.2
-23.0
6.9
-20.8
33.6
29.3
-98.1
200.0
-15.3
-68.9
1.5
-24.8
-78.8
-80.7
250.7
22.8
-55.4
6.2
-68.6
229.5
-42.8
-43.2
-10.8
-8.7
7.1
7.2
-89.0
47.0
-41.6
-42.1
32.3
-13.8
-26.9
-27.0
-13.7
-23.2
-79.1
-80.3
-60.5
54.7
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
146
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0147.png
F
IGURE
4.8 D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
2015
BY SECTOR
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017, in prep.) and the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
4.3.1
Allowance regulation - Emission Trading Scheme
EU ETS 2005-2007
Directive 2003/87/EC on trading in CO
2
allowances (the EU ETS Directive) in 2005
introduced a greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading scheme in the EU. The
objective of the allowance scheme is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases so that
the EU and its Member States can meet their reductions commitments under the
Kyoto Protocol and the EU Burden-Sharing Agreement.
EU ETS 2008-2012
According to the EU ETS Directive, each Member State had to prepare a national
allocation plan before the trading period 2008-12.
The European Commission approved the Danish National Allocation Plan (NAP2) in
2007. The NAP contained a detailed plan for the reduction efforts. In the NAP, the
gap between the emission target and emission under business as usual amounted to
13 million tonnes CO
2
per year. Of this gap, 5.2 million tonnes CO
2
are covered by
efforts in the emission trading sector, while the remaining 7.8 million tonnes CO
2
are
covered by efforts in the non-emission trading sector using various instruments,
including the use of CDM credits, sinks and additional domestic efforts. The NAP
also ensures that Denmark honours the supplementarity principle.
Via the NAP, the allowance regulation in Denmark included individual emission
limits 2008-2012 for CO
2
emissions from several sectors, which together produce
approx. half of Denmark's total greenhouse gas emissions. Denmark allocated a total
of 125 million CO
2
emission allowances during the five years of the scheme. Of
these, 2.5 million have been allocated to new production units and major expansions.
The rest have been allocated free of charge to those production units covered by the
trading scheme in 2007.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
147
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0148.png
In the following, only the principles and general figures for Denmark's
implementation of the EU ETS Directive via NAP2 will be described.
From the 1 January 2008 the first Kyoto Commitment Period (CP1) commenced. In
practice the EU ETS has not changed for the Danish operators under the EU ETS,
even after the Community Independent Transaction Log and the registries under the
EU ETS connected to the International Transaction Log under the UN on 28 October
2008, as the registry was already ready to work in the international emissions trading
system.
Relevant key figures in the NAP for Denmark for the period 2008 – 2012 are shown
in Table 4.3.
T
ABLE
4.3: K
EY FIGURES IN THE PROPOSAL FOR
D
ENMARK
’
S NATIONAL ALLOCATION PLAN
2008-12
Source: Denmark’s National Allocation Plan 2008-12 (NAP2), 2007
2003
Projected
emissions emissions 2008-12
Sectors subject to allowances, in
total
- electricity & heat production
- other sectors subject to
allowances, incl. offshore
industries-
- auction
- new installations
Sectors not subject to allowances
Total
1
Quota
Quota allocation
allocation
2005-07
2008-12
Million tonnes CO
2
equivalents per year
36.6
29.7
24.5
33.5
28.1
8.5
20.5
9.2
15.8
8.2
0
0.5
21.7
7.1
1.7
1
37.8
1
74.4
38.1
67.8
On the basis of the European Commission’s broad definition of enterprises covered.
Denmark was committed to reducing its national greenhouse gas emissions by 21%
in 2008-12, compared to 1990/1995 level. That meant that emissions had to be
reduced to an average 54.8 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents annually for the period.
In NAP2, the deficit between expected Danish emissions of CO
2
and the target
Denmark was committed to achieving was expected to 13 million tonnes for the
period 2008-12 if no further initiatives were implemented. The NAP documented
how this deficit would be reduced to zero. As stated in NAP2, Denmark would meet
its commitment through a combination of domestic and foreign environmental and
energy measures by the government and by Danish enterprises with CO
2
emissions.
Denmark has had an active, environmentally oriented energy policy since the 1970s,
and since 1990 this has been supplemented by an actual climate policy which, on an
international scale, has entailed a major strain - economically and/or via
administrative regulations - on most greenhouse gas emissions, especially from
businesses and sectors not subject to allowances.
The period 2008 – 2012 was finalized in 2013 with the final surrendering of
allowances and credits by companies participating under the EU ETS.
The final EU ETS accounting in Denmark for the period 2008-2012 shows that total
verified CO
2
emissions under the EU ETS in Denmark were a little below the total
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
148
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0149.png
amount of allocated allowances cf. Table 4.4. However, some companies have to
some extent surrendered credits from JI and CDM projects and presumably instead
sold or banked their surplus EU allowances.
T
ABLE
4.4: V
ERIFIED
CO
2
EMISSIONS UNDER THE
EU ETS
IN
D
ENMARK
,
FREE ALLOCATIONS AND
SURPLUS
/
DEFICIT FOR THE PERIOD
2008-2012
Source: Danish Energy Agency, May 2013
Verified CO
2
emissions under
the EU ETS in Denmark 2008-2012
2008 2009 2010
2011
2012
Annual
Average
2008-12
Free
allocation
Excess of quotas
(negative number
represents a deficit)
Million tonnes CO
2
Central power plants
Industry and Service
Offshore
Other electricity and
heat production
Total stationary
1
Aviation
2
17.6
5.3
2.0
1.6
26.5
17.8
4.3
1.8
1.6
25.5
17.2
4.2
1.9
2.0
25.3
(1.5)
13.8
4.3
1.7
1.6
21.5
(1.4)
10.9
4.3
1.7
1.4
18.2
1.3
15.46
4.48
1.82
1.64
23.4
1.3
Annual
Annual
Average
Average 2008-12
2008-12
Million
tonnes
Million tonnes EUAs
EUAs
13.4
-2.06
5.8
1.32
2.3
0.48
2.4
0.76
23.9
1.1
0.5
- 0.2
In 2012, a total of 375 stationary installations were covered. Of these were 16 central power and heat plants, 111 manufacturing industries, 241
decentralized electricity and district heating plants and 7 offshore companies.
2
In 2012, total CO
2
emissions from the 26 aircraft operators covered by the EU ETS in Denmark exceeded the free allocation of allowances for
2012. It should be noted that aviation emissions for 2012 cannot be compared with previous years, as aircraft operators in 2012 have been able to
make use of the EU Commission's "stop- the-clock " decision. This decision, which applies only for 2012, gives an operator the opportunity to
deduct CO
2
emissions related to flights in and out of the EU. Most operators chose to make use of this opportunity.
1
EU ETS 2013-2020
The EU Climate and Energy Agreement from December 2008 extended the ETS
system to 2013-2020 in order for the EU to reduce CO
2
-emissions by 20% in 2020.
At the same time allocation was centralised and reduced, while auctioning is
being/have been used more extensively since 2013.
Free allocation for stationary installations is carried out on the basis of benchmarks.
These benchmarks reward best practice in low-emission production and are an
important signal of the EU's commitment to moving towards a low-carbon economy.
Although auctioning is the default method for allocating emission allowances to
companies participating in the EU ETS, the manufacturing industry continues to
receive a share of free allowances until 2020 due to carbon leakage. The heat
production also continues to receive free allowances – however declining from 80%
of the benchmark in 2013 to 30% of the benchmark in 2020 for those not being
exposed to carbon leakage.
The allowances for the installations in the EU ETS have been calculated for 2013-
2020 in accordance with the EU benchmarking decision 2011/278/EU. The Danish
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
149
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0150.png
National Implementation Measures (NIM) list was approved by the European
Commission in January 2014.
The Danish NIM list is included in Annex A2. Note that changes in the allocation
regarding cessation, partial cessation, capacity changes and changes in carbon
leakage status after the 1
st
of January 2013 are not reflected in the tables in Annex
A2.
Waste incineration plants which are primarily used for district heating were included
in the ETS in Denmark by 1
st
of January 2013, while about 30 installations
exclusively using biomass were excluded of the ETS. The inclusion of waste
incineration plants lead to an increase in the total amount of CO
2
-emission from the
ETS in Denmark in 2013 compared to 2012.
Aviation has been a part of ETS since 2012. Aircraft operators get free allowances
based on their activity and the scope.
Denmark's national allowance registry
Denmark's national allowance registry – (DK ETR – Emission Trading Registry
17
)
has been operating since 1 January 2005. The DK ETR is used to allocate allowances
to production facilities subject to allowances and enables trade in allowances among
the allowance holders found in the registry. Since the 1
st
of July 2012 the DK ETR
has been a part of the EU ETS that host the emission trading registry for all of the
member states in the EU. The DK ETR is constructed so it also fulfils all Kyoto
requirements.
The DK ETR is also functioning as the national registry under the Kyoto Protocol.
The establishment of a functioning DK ETR pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol is a
prerequisite for the application of the Kyoto mechanisms.
4.3.2
The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms
For the period 2008-2012, the flexible Kyoto Protocol mechanisms have been
important elements in supplementing domestic reduction measures aimed at fulfilling
the international climate commitment under the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent
EU Burden Sharing Agreement.
For the period 2013-2020, the government will not use the flexible Kyoto Protocol
mechanisms for the achievement of Denmark’s target under the EU Effort Sharing
Decision, which is to be seen as Denmark’s contribution to the EU joint target under
the 2
nd
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. For the achievement of the joint
EU target for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme’s contribution to the EU joint
overall target under the 2
nd
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Danish entities
under the EU ETS will be able to make use of the flexible Kyoto Protocol
mechanisms.
17
https://www.kvoteregister.dk
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
150
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0151.png
4.3.3
Taxes and duties
In Denmark, collected taxes and duties are expected to make up a total of approx.
46% of GDP in 2017. The public sector provides childcare, education,
unemployment benefits, health and disability benefits, old-age pensions, and many
other services.
Personal income tax is the most important tax, constituting about half of total tax
revenues. Other taxes are VAT, duties, corporation taxes, and labour market
contributions. Danish VAT is relatively high, 25%, and there are no differentiated
rates. There are a considerable number of additional consumption taxes and
environmental taxes. The corporation tax rate is 22%.
Total revenue from all taxes and duties is expected to amount to DKK 954 billion in
2017. The relative distribution is shown in Figure 4.9.
F
IGURE
4.9 R
ELATIVE DISTRIBUTIONS OF TAXES AND DUTIES
2017
Source: Ministry of Taxation
Taxes that influence Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions
Retail prices on products that influence Danish greenhouse gas emissions are, in
most cases, the decisive factor determining the degree to which they are consumed.
Energy prices influence the composition and total size of energy consumption.
Therefore extra taxes and duties put on products influence the consumption of these
products and the size of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of the
products.
Denmark has special taxes on motor vehicles, energy products, alcohol, tobacco, and
a number of other products. During the past 25 years a number of new environmental
taxes have been introduced. These taxes are imposed on consumer goods that cause
pollution or are scarce (water, energy products such as oil, petrol, electricity, etc.) or
on discharges of polluting substances (CO
2
, HFCs, PVC, SF
6
, SO
2
, NO
x
and
sewage). Taxes are in accordance with EU legislation.
The introduction of CO
2
taxes and the increase in the rates of individual energy taxes
since 1990 have had an effect on the consumption of a number of energy products
and have therefore reduced the CO
2
emissions associated with consumption of these
products.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
151
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0152.png
4.3.3.1
CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O - taxes and duties relevant to these emissions
4.3.3.1.1 Energy
Denmark has had taxes on energy for many years. Since the first oil crisis in the early
1970s, the rates of the taxes have been aimed at reducing consumption and
promoting the instigation of more energy-saving measures. Lower energy
consumption will reduce emissions of CO
2
, methane (CH
4
), and nitrous oxide (N
2
O)
associated with combustion of fossil fuels.
Danish energy taxes are laid down in the four Danish tax acts on mineral-oil, gas,
coal, and electricity, respectively (Mineralolieafgiftsloven, Gasafgiftsloven,
Kulafgiftsloven, and Elafgiftsloven). As from 1 January 2016 the tax rates set in
these four tax acts follow a yearly regulation based on the consumer price index of
two years prior. Besides the energy taxes there is also a tax on CO
2
, NO
x,
sulphur and
industrial gasses (see Table 4.5).
A tax on NO
x
(nitrogen oxides) was originally introduced as part of a 2008 energy
agreement and came into effect on 1 January 2010 with a rate of 5 DKK per kg NOx.
From 1 January 2012, a considerable increase in the taxation of NOx from 5 DKK
per kg NOx to 25 DKK per kg NOx was implemented. However, the rate was
reduced in 2016 to 5 DKK per kg NOx.
A tax on sulphur in fuels was introduced 1 January 1996 with a rate of 20 DKK per
kg sulphur in fuels and a rate of 10 DKK for SO
2
emitted to the air. One of the side
effects of this tax is assumed to be a reduction in CO
2
emissions.
In March 2012 a general agreement on Danish energy policy from 2012-2020 was
made. The agreement seeks to ensure the transition from an energy supply based on
fossil fuels to one based on renewable energy.
T
ABLE
4.5 E
NERGY TAXES
2010-2017
Source: Ministry of Taxation
Unit
Coal
Natural gas
Oil products
1
Electricity: For heating
Electricity: Other
Waste: Heating from waste
Other compostable biomass
1
2
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
DKK/toe
DKK/toe
DKK/toe
DKK/kWh
DKK/kWh
DKK/toe
DKK/toe
2,399
2,405
2,400
0.545
0.659
1,930
0
2,445
2,449
2,443
0.614
0.730
2,035
2
0
2,487
2,493
2,487
0.624
0.742
2,072
0
2,533
2,538
2,532
0.341
0.755
2,110
0
3,006
3,006
3,009
0.412
0.833
2,504
0
2,282
2,282
2,282
0.380
0.878
1,901
0
2,299
2,299
2,299
0.383
0.885
1,918
0
2,315
2,315
2,315
0.405
0.910
1,926
0
Only oil used for other purposes than motor fuels
From 1 January 2011 – 30 June 2011 the rate was 1955.2 DKK/toe, where toe is the energy unit “tonnes oil equivalents”.
The Mineral-oil Tax Act entered into force on 1 January 1993. Before this, the tax on
petrol was regulated via the Petrol Tax Act, which entered into force on 1 January
1983, and the Act on Taxation of Gas Oil and Diesel Oil, Heating Oil, Heating Tar,
and Crude Oil was regulated via the Act on Taxation of certain Oil Products, which
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
152
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0153.png
entered into force on 3 October 1977. Tax rates from recent years are shown in Table
4.6.
T
ABLE
4.6 T
RENDS IN TAXES
2010-2017
UNDER THE MINERAL
-
OIL TAX ACT
,
STATED IN
DKK/
LITRE
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per
litre
2010
2011
01.01.12- 01.07.12-
30.06.12 31.12.12
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Gas oil
and
diesel oil
used as
motor
fuels
Light
diesel oil
Diesel
low in
sulphur
content
Diesel
without
sulphur
Fuel oil
Auto gas
1
2.774
2.825
2.876
2.840
2.891
2.944
2.997
3.021
3.039
2.669
2.718
2.767
2.731
2.780
2.830
2.881
2.904
2.921
2.479
2.524
2.570
2.534
2.579
2.626
2.674
2.695
2.711
2.479
2.330
1.726
2.524
2.372
1.757
2.570
2.415
1.788
2.534
2.415
1.719
2.579
2.835
1
1.749
2.626
2.921
1.782
2.674
2.215
1.814
2.695
2.233
1.829
2.711
2.246
1.839
In January 2013, the rate was 2.458, and from February to December the rate was 2.869.
From 1 June 1999 a tax differentiation between light diesel and diesel low in sulphur
was introduced, to encourage the use of diesel low in sulphur, which is less polluting
than light diesel. This was accomplished and a change took place soon after to the
effect that almost all diesel sold was low in sulphur. The purpose of further
differentiation from 1 January 2005 favouring sulphur-free diesel was likewise to
encourage the use of this type of diesel in favour of diesel low in sulphur, and this
has been successful.
In addition, tax differentiation has been introduced in order to achieve environmental
goals other than direct reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Thus tax
differentiation has been introduced with a view to phasing out lead in petrol. The rate
of tax to achieve this environmental goal is shown in Table 4.7.
T
ABLE
4.7 T
RENDS IN TAXES ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF PETROL
2010-2017, DKK
PER LITRE
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per litre
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Petrol,
with lead
Petrol,
lead-free
1
4.567
3.881
4.649
3.951
4.733 /
4.700
4.022 /
3.989
4.785
4.062
4.871
4.134
4.959
4.209
4.999
4.243
5.028
4.268
The term has been kept even though petrol companies in Denmark ceased using lead for octane improvement in 1994.
The gas tax on natural and town gas was introduced in its current form on 1 January
1996 with a rate for both natural and town gas at DKK 0.01/Nm
3
. There has been
taxation on gas, however, since 1 January 1979, when the tax on town gas and LPG
was introduced. The tax on town gas was cancelled again in June 1983 and
regulation of the tax on LPG was transferred to the Mineral-gas Tax Act when this
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
153
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0154.png
Act entered into force. From 1 January 2015 a tax on biogas was introduced. The tax
rates on gas from recent years are shown in Table 4.8.
T
ABLE
4.8 T
AXES ON GAS
2010-2017, DKK
PER
N
M
3
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per
Nm
3
Natural
gas
Town
gas
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2.270
2.270
2.311
2.311
2.353
2.353
2.395 2.438 2.158 2.175 2.188
2.395 2.438 2.158 2.175 2.188
The coal tax was introduced on 1 July 1982 and constituted DKK 127/tonne for hard
coal and DKK 91/tonne for lignite and lignite briquettes on the day of entry into
force. In the period 1 January 1997 - 31 December 2015 the tax increased from DKK
950/tonne to DKK 1526/tonne for hard coal and DKK 700/tonne to DKK 1036/tonne
lignite. The rates have since 2008 developed as shown in Table 4.9. With effect from
1 January 1999, the so-called waste heat tax introduced (see Law no. 437 of 26 June
1998) as part of the Coal Tax Act. The waste heat tax was introduced in connection
with increases in general taxes on fossil fuels to avoid giving too much incentive in
favour of waste-based heat production, and to counteract the increased incentive for
incineration of waste instead of recycling. From 1 January 2010 the tax was by
burning waste converted from an amount of tax to a tax on energy and CO
2
.
Restructuring the waste incineration tax is no longer collected by Waste Tax Act, but
is transferred to the Coal Tax and carbon dioxide tax law (see Law no. 461 of 12
June 2009 and the entry into force of Executive Order no. 1125 of 1 December
2009). Context of the proposal was especially that the then tax structure for waste
fuels and fossil fuels taken together could result in waste streams are affected, so
waste is not disposed of where it was most effective with regard to utilization of the
waste energy. The purpose of the change was to make waste more cost-efficient,
which means a welfare economic gain. The change improves the tax structure,
because the waste now ordered virtually the same charges as fossil fuels. The
restructuring charges will then be more neutral with respect to where the waste is
burned. From 1 January 2010, energy from waste incineration imposed waste heat
tax, surcharge and the CO
2
tax. CO
2
tax only if the waste is not biodegradable.
T
ABLE
4.9 T
RENDS IN COAL TAXES
2010-2017, DKK
PER TONNE
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per
tonne
Hard coal
Lignite
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
1605
1089
1634
1109
1663
1129
1693
1149
2012
1365
1526
1036
1538
1044
1547
1051
The electricity tax was introduced on 1 April 1977. With effect from 1 January 2013,
the tax on electricity used for heating was reduced considerably, to take into account,
that an increasing amount of renewable energy was being used in electricity
production. It has been estimated that this will lead to an emission reduction outside
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
154
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0155.png
the emissions trading scheme of 0.15 million tonnes CO
2
in 2015 and 0.29 million
tonnes in 2018. Table 4.10 shows the development in electricity tax rates since 2008.
In November 2017 a political agreement has been made to reduce the tax on
electricity for heating by DKK 0.15 per kWh in 2019, DKK 0.20 per kWh in 2020
and DKK 0.10 per kWh from 2021.
T
ABLE
4.10 T
RENDS IN ELECTRICITY TAXES
2010-2017, DKK
PER K
W
H
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per kWh
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Consumption of
electricity, exceeding
4,000 kWh in all-year
residences heated by
electricity
Other electricity
0.545
0.614
0.624
0.341
0.412
0.380
0.383
0.405
0.659
0.730
0.742
0.755
0.833
0.878
0.885
0.910
The CO
2
tax on energy products was introduced on 1 March 1992 and was imposed
on different types of energy products relative to their CO
2
emissions. A tax reduction
was given to light and heavy industrial processes. From 1 January 2010 a structural
change in the CO
2
tax was implemented as an adaption to the EU Emissions Trading
Scheme. The tax rate was increased to DKK 150 /tonne of CO
2
indexed as mentioned
below, cf. table 4.11. In total, this structural change in the CO
2
tax was estimated to
lead to a reduction in the CO
2
emissions of 0.69 million tonnes.
Large waste incineration facilities are from 1 January 2013 included in the emissions
trading scheme, which means that in order to avoid double taxation they are
exempted from the CO
2
tax. This will lead to a reduction of CO
2
emissions outside
the ETS of approximately 8.9 million tonnes.
T
ABLE
4.11 CO
2
TAX RATES
, 2000-2017,
STATED IN
DKK
PER TONNE OF
CO
2
Source: Ministry of Taxation
DKK per tonne
2000-
2004
2005-
2009
90
90
68
22
2010
1
155.4
-
-
-
2011
158.2
-
-
-
2012
161.1
-
-
-
2013
164.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
2014
166.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
2015
170.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
2016
171.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
2017
172.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Basic rate
Heating in industry 100
Light industrial processes
Basic rate
90
With a voluntary
68
agreement
Resulting subsidy
22
Heavy industrial processes
Basic rate
25
25
-
-
-
With a voluntary
3
3
-
-
-
agreement
Resulting subsidy
22
22
-
-
-
Industrial processes covered by the Emission Trading Scheme
Basic rate
2
-
-
0
0
0
1
As of 1 January 2010 a structural change in the CO
2
tax was implemented. For the industries not regulated by the emissions
trading scheme, a fixed lump sum transfer based on historical emissions was given, while the base rate was considerably
increased to match the expected price of CO
2
quotas.
2
Before 2010, the industrial processes covered by the ETS were taxed according to the table, depending on the type of process
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
155
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0156.png
Table 4.12 shows examples of the different types of CO
2
taxes converted into
consumer units.
T
ABLE
4.12 E
XAMPLES OF
CO
2
TAXES
Source: Ministry of Taxation
Unit
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Gas oil and
diesel oil
Gas oil and
diesel oil
containing
4,8% bio fuel
Fuel oil
Lignite
Natural gas
and town gas
Petrol
Petrol
containing
4,8% bio fuel
DKK/litre
0.413
0.385
0.493
225.8
0.351
0.373
0.355
0.420
0.391
0.502
0.357
0.379
0.361
0.428
0.399
0.511
0.364
0.386
0.367
0.435
0.405
0.520
0.370
0.393
0.374
0.443
0.413
0.529
301.3
0.377
0.400
0.381
0.451
0.420
0.539
306.8
0.384
0.408
0.388
0.455
0.423
0.543
309.8
0.387
0.411
0.391
0.457
0.426
0.547
311.1
0.389
0.414
0.393
DKK/litre
DKK/kg
DKK/tonne
DKK/Nm
3
DKK/litre
DKK/litre
225.9 225.10 225.11
In addition to this, there are CO
2
taxes on heating tar, crude oil, coke, crude oil coke,
lignite briquettes and lignite, LPG, and other gases.
As of 1 January 2008 the CO
2
taxes follow a yearly regulation of 1.8% in the period
2008-2015, similar to the energy taxes. From 2016 the tax is regulated with the
consumer price index two years prior as the energy taxes.
4.3.3.1.2 Transport
In the transport sector, the number of cars in Denmark and the use of motorised
vehicles are influenced by the tax on cars and fuels. The latter has been described
above.
The registration tax on motorised vehicles is calculated on basis of the value of the
vehicle. It is furthermore integrated in the design of the registration tax that cars are
granted deductions in the registration tax with reference to their specific energy
efficiency and safety equipment. Cars with high energy efficiencies, such as electric
vehicles, are granted large reductions in the registration tax.
Electric vehicles are furthermore granted deductions in the registration tax until
2021. The deductions are given as percentage rebates on the total registration tax of
the vehicle, after all other deductions, and is gradually phased in from 2016 to 2021.
Furthermore a deduction dependant on battery capacity is given. Additionally, there
is a fixed deduction in 2016 and 2019.
Car owners have to pay half-yearly taxes which are differentiated in accordance with
the fuel efficiency of the cars, expressed in kilometres per litre. The energy
consumption of electric cars is converted to a petrol fuel efficiency on the basis of
the energy content of petrol. Examples of classes from 2017 are shown in Table
4.13. From July the 1
st
2018 the owner ship tax for new registered cars is increased
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
156
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0157.png
by 250 DKK half-yearly and there is introduced new classes in the ownership tax for
the most energy efficient cars.
T
ABLE
4.13 E
XAMPLES FROM THE
D
ANISH STRUCTURE OF TAX INCENTIVES BASED ON ANNUAL TAXES
ON MOTOR VEHICLES
(2017), DKK/
YEAR
Source: Ministry of Taxation
Type of
fuel
Petrol
Fuel consumption
(km/l)
> 20.0
10.0 – 10.5
< 4.5
Annual tax
(DKK/year)
620
6,460
21,660
260
1,180
2,120
2,920
12,620
32,200
Diesel
> 32.1
28.1-32.1
25-28.1
22.5 - 25.0
10.2 – 11.3
< 5.1
4.3.3.1.3 The household sector
For the household sector, the taxes levied on consumption of electricity and heat
affect consumption figures, since these products become more expensive with the
introduction of taxes.
4.3.3.2
HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
- taxes and duties relevant to these emissions
Since 1 March 2001, imports of industrial gases HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
(F-gases) in
the industry/business sector have been subject to taxation. The tax is differentiated in
accordance with the global warming potential of the substance with DKK 0.15 per
kilogramme of CO
2
equivalents as the general principle and with DKK 600 per
kilogramme as a general upper limit cf. the examples in Table 4.14.
As the taxes on industrial gases are based on the CO
2
tax, there was an increase in
2011, from DKK 0.10 per kilogramme of CO
2
equivalents to DKK 0.15, following
the increased CO
2
tax rate shown in Table 4.11. The impact of this increase is
expected to lead to a reduction in the emission of the industrial gasses of 0.02 million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents.
T
ABLE
4.14 E
XAMPLES OF TAXES ON
F-
GASES
, 2017
Source: Ministry of Taxation
Substance
HFC-134a
R404a (a combination of 3 HFCs)
SF
6
Tax in
GWP DKK
per kg
1430
3922
22800
215
588
600
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
157
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.3.3
Tax on methane emissions from natural gas fired power plants - equal in
terms of CO
2
equivalents to the CO
2
tax.
As of 1 January 2011 a tax on methane emissions - equal in terms of CO
2
equivalents
to the CO
2
tax - from natural gas fired power plants was introduced. This is expected
to reduce methane emissions from gas engines through behavioural changes such as
changing from motor operation to boiler operation and establishing mitigation
measures. Consumption is also expected to fall as the price of heat will increase.
These behavioural changes will result in falls in the emissions of unburned methane
from power stations. In addition, CO
2
emissions will fall and consumption of natural
gas will fall. In total, a decline of 0.06 million tonnes CO
2
equivalent emissions in 2
out of 5 years is expected, corresponding to an average annual reduction effect of
approximately 0.02 million tonnes CO
2
equivalent per year in 2008-12.
In Table 4.15
17
contains an overview of all taxes and duties relevant to greenhouse
gas emissions in Denmark.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
158
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0159.png
T
ABLE
4.15 O
VERVIEW OF
T
AX AND
D
UTY
M
EASURES
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
affected
measures GHG
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
1200
and IE(G1
and G4)
2030
1200
and IE(G1
and G4)
Source of estimates
TD-1b: Mineral-oil Tax Act
Yes*
Energy,
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Economic,
Fiscal
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1993
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
TD-2: Gas Tax Act
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Economic,
Fiscal
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1996
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1982
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1977
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1992
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1997
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
TD-3: Coal Tax Act
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Economic,
Fiscal
Implemented
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
TD-4: Electricity Tax
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Economic,
Fiscal
Implemented
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
IE (G1, G2
and G4)
TD-5: CO2 tax on energy
products
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Economic,
Fiscal
Implemented
410
and IE (G1
and G4)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
410
and IE (G1
and G4)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
TD-6: Green Owner Tax - a
fuel-efficiency-dependent
annual tax on motor
vehicles
Yes*
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
Economic,
management/reduction
Fiscal
(Energy consumption), Low
carbon fuels/electric cars
(Transport)
Demand
Economic,
management/reduction
Fiscal
(Energy consumption), Low
carbon fuels/electric cars
(Transport)
Reduction of emissions of Economic,
fluorinated gases
Fiscal
(Industrial processes)
Implemented
TD-7: Registration Tax - a
fuel-efficiency-dependant
registration tax on
passenger cars and vans
Yes*
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2000
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
TD-8: Tax on HFCs, PFCs and
SF6 - equivalent to the CO2
tax
Yes*
Transport
HFCs, PFCs,
SF6
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2001
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1 and
G6)
IE (G1 and
G6)
TD-9: Tax on methane from
natural gas fired power
plants - equivalent to the
CO2 tax
Yes*
Energy
CH4, CO2
Reduction of losses
Economic,
(Energy supply), Control of Fiscal
fugitive emissions from
energy production (Energy
supply), Methane
reduction ()
Combined
Combined
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2011
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
30
30
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected
Measures for the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency,
December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in
Annex B3 ))
1000
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
G2(former TD-1a): Energy
taxes except on mineral oil
Yes*
Combined
(TD-2, TD-3
and TD-4)
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
1000
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
159
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0160.png
4.3.4
The National Green Climate Fund
In connection with the PSO Agreement of 2016 a majority of political parties in the
Danish parliament decided to allocate funds to a national green climate fund. The
fund is targeted initiatives accross all sectors that promote the green transition in an
appropriate manner, including in particular initiatives that can contribute to the to the
achievement of Denmark’s 2030 greenhouse gas emission reduction target in the
non-ETS sector, etc. The total budget for the fund is DKK 375 million for the period
2017-2020 - with DKK 50 million in 2017, DKK 50 million in 2018, DKK 100
million in 2019 and DKK 175 million in 2020.
In June 2017, the 1
st
allocation of the budget was decided. From the budget for 2017,
2018 and partially 2019 a total of DKK 104-106 million has been allocated for the
initiatives mentioned in Table 4.16. A short description of the initiatives is included
below.
The estimated greenhouse gas emission reduction effect of these initiatives is in total
up to 56,000 tonnes of CO
2
eq. annually in the period 2021-2030.
The allocations for 2019 and 2020 will be discussed between the political parties in
the PSO Agreement in accordance with the purpose of the fund.
T
ABLE
4.16 O
VERVIEW OF THE INITIATIVES IN THE
1
ST
ALLOCATION OF FUNDS IN THE
N
ATIONAL
G
REEN
C
LIMATE
F
UND
DKK million
2017
2018
2019
2020
Annual budget
Measures in the district heating sector
1.1 Establishment grants for electric heat pumps on non-
ETS cogeneration plants
1.2 Mapping and advisory efforts for decentralized CHP
plants
Other actions
2. Recycling system for flammable refrigerants
3. Reduced retention time for slurry in stables
4. Climate-friendly road surface
5. Demonstration project - bio refinery plant
6. Measurement of nitrous oxide from wastewater
7. Heat pumps on subscription for the business sector
Total 1
st
allocation
50
50
100
175
23.9
4.0
28.9
6.0
-
4.0
-
-
2.5
0.0
0.6
8.0
-
11.0
50.0
-
9.0
3.1
-
3.0
-
50.0
-
-
-
-
2.0
-
6.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.1 Establishment grants for electric heat pumps on non-ETS cogeneration plants
For the purpose of promoting heat pumps, a temporary pool is set up for collective
heat pumps at non-ETS cogeneration plants. The scheme includes heat pumps that
utilize different heat sources, including surplus heat, heat from wastewater treatment
plants, etc. The support will ensure a good framework for choosing heat pumps.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
160
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
1.2 Mapping and advisory efforts for decentralized CHP plants
A targeted advisory scheme for decentralized CHP plants is introduced within and
outside the ETS sector. The advice includes technical, administrative, financial and
financial matters. The scheme shall include identification of concrete actions at the
plants that can lower the heat price for consumers and greenhouse gas emissions
from heat production. The technical efficiency improvements of the CHP plants are
expected to lead to CO2 reductions in the sector.
2. Recycling system for flammable refrigerants
Funds are set aside for establishing a recycling system for climate-friendly but
flammable refrigerants in cooperation with the refrigeration industry. In general, for
fluorinated refrigerants, the more climate-friendly they are (low GWP), the greater
flammability. With the establishment of a new recycling system, a significant barrier
for the wider and accelerated use of climate friendly, but flammable, refrigerants is
eliminated.
3. Reduced retention time for slurry in stables
Funds are allocated for a travel team that can support the 27 existing biogas joint
facilities to conduct further investigations of barriers, development of solutions with
more frequent collection of slurry from suppliers, as well as information / advice to
suppliers regarding the importance of frequent collection in order to utilize the gas
potential of the slurry. Biogas plants are generally expected to be of great interest in
getting the slurry faster for degassing as it will provide a larger amount of gas with
the same amount of slurry.
4. Climate-friendly road surface
A demonstration road with climate-friendly road surface / asphalt is set up with the
aim of obtaining final clarity regarding laying techniques, durability and functional
properties. In addition to delivering concrete reductions, the demonstration project
will ensure that material selection and evaluation techniques have been tested and
optimized in a real production environment.
5. Demonstration project - bio refinery plant
A pool will be allocated for targeted support for projects concerning establishment of
a green bio refinery pilot plant. The establishment of a pilot plant for bio refining of
green biomass can promote the use of agricultural crops with more positive climate
and environmental impacts than, for example, grain crops. Bio refining of clover
grass can produce a pulp for biogas, press cakes for cattle feed and protein
concentrate for fodder products. The purpose of the pilot plant is to qualify, optimize
and demonstrate the technology. The objectives are to reduce the technology costs,
create a market segment and to map expected effects and side effects.
6. Measurement of nitrous oxide from wastewater
A prerequisite for reducing the emission of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment
plants is more accurate knowledge of the processes that lead to nitrous oxide
formation. A pool is therefore established for tests on the measurement and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
161
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
regulation of nitrous oxide at the wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of the
project is to 1) improve the accuracy of the national greenhouse gas emission
inventories, 2) establish the basis for more accurate shadow price calculations for
reduction measures in the area, 3) provide a basis for reducing nitrous oxide
emissions from wastewater treatment plants that receive means for measuring and
regulating nitrous oxide emissions as well as in other Danish wastewater treatment
plants.
7. Heat pumps on subscription for the business sector
A pool is being established to support the purchase of a number of heat pumps by a
number of energy service companies that they install with their customers. It is
expected that the scheme will lead to a large number of conversions from oil
furnaces to heat pumps in the business sector during the next 4 years. It is also
expected that the initiative could initiate a commercial market for fossil fuel
conversion at companies.
4.3.5
Energy (Fuel Combustion, including Transport, and Fugitive Emissions
from Fuels)
The energy sector's greenhouse gas emissions made up 72% of Denmark's total
greenhouse gas emissions in 2015 (without LULUCF), of which CO
2
was the
primary emission. 97.8% of the emissions from the energy sector are CO
2
. 1.1% is
methane (CH
4
), and the remaining 1.1% is nitrous oxide (N
2
O).
4.3.5.1
CO
2
Energy production and energy-consuming activities in the transport sector and
industry are main contributors to the total emissions of CO
2
due to use of large
quantities of coal, oil and natural gas. The energy sector is, therefore, centrally
placed in efforts to reduce emissions of CO
2
.
Many initiatives have been taken over the years to reduce the emissions, and work is
still going on to find the best and most cost-effective measures with the objective to
fulfil Denmark's international climate obligations.
Danish experience shows that through persistent and active energy policy focus on
enhanced energy efficiency and conversion to cleaner and renewable energy sources,
it is possible to sustain high economic growth and at the same time reduce fossil fuel
dependency and protect the environment.
The energy sector is fully liberalised. Today, electricity production from Danish
power plants is controlled by market forces. Danish electricity generation is traded
freely across national borders on the Nordic and the north-German electricity
markets. Thus there is a significant extent of integration in the Northern European
electricity market. This entails, for example, that increased use of renewable energy
in the Danish electricity system or enhanced efforts to save electricity do not
automatically mean that generation at coal-fired power plants is reduced
correspondingly during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol 2008-
2012.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
162
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The introduction of the CO
2
allowance regulations through the EU emissions trading
scheme (EU ETS) has been pivotal for Denmark’s possibilities to comply with the
climate commitments. The EU ETS constitutes a central instrument in ensuring that
the Danish energy sector is enabled to provide the reductions required if Denmark is
to comply with its climate obligations. At the same time, the EU ETS permits
significant improvements to the cost effectiveness of Denmark's climate effort.
The government’s long-term objective is to become a nation with an energy supply
solely based on renewable energy sources and thus independent of fossil fuels.
The objective of the Danish energy policy today is security of supply, environmental
concerns, energy savings and well-functioning energy markets within frameworks
that secure cost effectiveness. Several initiatives often meet more than one of the
purposes mentioned at the same time. Efforts concerning climate change should thus
be seen in a broader context than CO
2
alone, not least when it comes to the purpose
and calculation of effects.
The costs to Denmark of meeting climate obligations are less than they could have
been. Denmark gave priority to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency
early on. Most of the public support schemes and regulations have prioritised energy
efficiency and renewable energy. In this respect the development in Denmark has
been quite different from other IEA countries, which have invested in new energy
supply – notably nuclear energy.
Danish public support programmes have instigated competition amongst private
companies. Most public support for energy research and development in Denmark
has been open for competing applicants. Similarly, all procurement of energy
technologies induced by public schemes has followed EU rules requiring open
tenders or has left it to competitive markets in general.
A large number of policies and measures have been implemented over the years to
meet the various energy-policy objectives cf. Table 4.16.
4.3.5.1.1 The allowance regulation relevant to the energy sector
A key instrument for reaching the goals for emission reductions is the EU Emission
Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a CO
2
allowance scheme for energy production
and energy-intensive industries as described in section 4.3.1. The EU Member States
have devised this trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil the
international climate commitments set out in the Kyoto Protocol, in particular with
the aim of reducing CO
2
emissions from energy production and energy-intensive
industries.
The allowances scheme entered into force on 1 January 2005. The 2005-2007 period
was used as a testing phase. The EU ETS Directive has been revised a number of
times.
The allowance allocation for 2008-2012 was determined on the basis of the national
allocation plan from July 2006, submitted the European Commission. The EU ETS
2008-2012 has been an important measure in Denmark's fulfilment of its climate
obligations under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The scheme
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
163
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
aligns well with government policy for the energy area on liberalisation of the energy
markets and management of environment efforts by the market.
The installations subject to the allowance regulations account for a little less than
half of Danish emissions of greenhouse gases. Almost all major Danish installations
with considerable emissions are covered by the ETS. Most of these are generators of
power and heat, the rest are industrial enterprises plus a few production units within
the offshore sector.
Both the statutory and the administrative basis for the scheme have been established.
The necessary legal basis was adopted by the Danish Folketing in June 2004 and the
2008-2012 national allocation plan was approved by the European Commission on
31 August 2007.
According to the national allocation plan for the period 2008-2012 an average annual
allowance of 24.5 million tonnes CO
2
has been allocated. According to the allocation
plan this should correspond to a drop in annual emissions of about 5 million tonnes
per year in 2008-2012, or a reduction of about 17% compared with emissions
expected in the national allocation plan for the period. This level was set by
balancing environmental considerations against competitiveness and jobs:
•
Electricity and heat producers were allocated about 15.8 million EAUs. The
allowance for electricity generation is allocated as ”per kWh”, while for heat
production allowances are allocated according to emissions in the base years
1998-2004.
The other 133 installations (industry and offshore) have been allocated
allowances corresponding to emissions in the base years 1998-2004. A total
of 8.2 million tonnes CO
2
per year have been allocated to industry and
offshore.
A special reserve of 0.5 million tonnes CO
2
per year has been allocated with
free allowances for new installations and significant extensions to existing
units.
•
•
Allowances not allocated by the end of the commitment period or returned due to
closures have been auctioned. The period 2008 – 2012 was finalized in 2013 with the
final surrendering of allowances and credits by companies participating in the EU
ETS as shown in section 4.3.1.
The new EU Climate and Energy Agreement from December 2008 extended the ETS
system to 2013-2020 in order for the EU to reduce CO
2
emissions by 20% in 2020.
At the same time allocation was centralised and auctioning is to be used more
extensively from 2013. The allowances have been calculated for this period in
accordance with the EU benchmarking decision 2011/278/EU. Annex A2 contains an
overview of the installations and aviation operators covered and their allowance
allocation for 2013-2020.
However, the current low allowances price has made it more difficult to initiate the
necessary transition and green investments after 2012.
Developments in allowances prices have particular significance for Danish emissions
and they affect the need to initiate other, new mitigation initiatives. The low
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
164
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
allowances price makes the situation relatively more expensive for countries like
Denmark, who want to take the lead. Therefore, efforts to increase the level of
ambition in EU climate policy are key in the Danish government’s climate change
policy to achieve the national target.
Denmark’s efforts in this regard are further described in section 4.1.2.3.
4.3.5.1.2 Energy and CO
2
taxes
Taxes have also been used for many years as an instrument to reduce CO
2
emissions
from the energy sector, since fuels used for heat production are subject to energy and
CO
2
taxes. The main objective is general GHG reductions and the promotion of the
use of fuels with lower CO
2
emissions, mainly biomass. Energy and CO
2
taxes are
described in detail in section 4.3.3.
4.3.5.1.3 Combined heat and power
The main elements of the Danish strategy to promote renewable energy and the
efficient use of energy resources since the end of the 1970s have been increased use
of CHP and expanding of district heating areas. Effective heat supply planning has
ensured the highest share of district heating and CHP in the Western Hemisphere.
This has secured early markets for district heating technologies and a possibility for
the use of many renewable energy sources like straw, municipal waste, wood waste
and geothermal energy. About half of Denmark's domestic electricity consumption is
produced on CHP plants, and the potential for further use of CHP is limited. Wind
energy delivered about 42 % of domestic electricity supply in 2015 and is expected
to deliver 50% of domestic electricity supply by 2020. For this reason the CHP
production is expected to be reduced in the future, though CHP and the valuable
services CHP plants provide - also in terms of back up capacity - is expected to
remain an integral part of the overall system. CHP has been promoted partly by the
tax system, partly by electricity production subsidies for biomass and biogas.
4.3.5.1.4 Renewable energy
The increasing use of renewable energy sources is reducing emissions of CO
2
from
fossil fuels. The long term goal for the Danish government is to be independent of
fossil fuels by 2050. The initiatives in the political energy agreement concluded by
the government and a broad majority in the Parliament in March 2012 cover these
crucial energy policy areas for the period until 2020. The parties to the current
energy agreement have agreed by 2018 to commence discussions on additional
initiatives for the period after 2020.
The expected headline results for 2020 are the following: more than 40% renewable
energy in final energy consumption; approximately 50% of electricity consumption
to be supplied by wind power; approximately 8% reduction in gross energy
consumption in relation 2010; and 34% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in
relation to 1990.
Renewable energy sources are promoted with economic measures, including use of
energy and CO
2
taxes on fossil fuels and through the Public Service Obligation
Schemes (PSO), which have been a supplement to the price of electricity paid by all
consumers until 2017. The Danish PSO levy will be phased out during a period of 5
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
165
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
years (2017-2022), and the financing of support to renewables will gradually shift to
the State Budget.
As a first step the government reached a political agreement in September 2017 on
tenders in 2018 and 2019 allowing photovoltaic panels and wind turbines to compete
to deliver the most green power to consumers for a total of approx. DKK 1 billion
allocated for a fixed feed-in tariff subsidy. It is expected that the allocated funds
could generate new renewable energy capacity with an annual production equivalent
to about 140,000 Danish households' annual electricity consumption. If the bids in
the tenders are lower than expected the amount of new renewable energy capacity
will increase accordingly.
With the September 2017 agreement a transitional arrangement for ongoing wind
turbine projects will also be established.
In addition, it was also agreed to allocate DKK 150 million for new test wind
turbines to be established both inside and outside the two national test centres for
large wind turbines in 2018 and 2019.
Wind power
In accordance with the energy policy agreement from February 2008, the expansion
of wind power since the Fifth National Communication in December 2009 has
included a tender for and construction of a 400 MW offshore wind farm at the island
of Anholt. This wind farm started to operate in September 2013. The current Energy
Agreement set in place in 2012 includes a target of applying another 1900 MW of
new capacity from onshore and offshore wind by the end of 2021. Most of the new
capacity will come from offshore wind power. In this respect the Danish Energy
Agency was responsible for tendering 1350 MW new offshore capacity: The Horns
Rev 3 tender of 400 MW in the North Sea with expected commissioning in 2018, the
Kriegers Flak tender of 600 MW in the Baltic Sea with expected commissioning in
the period 2019-21 and the so-called near shore tender of 350 MW – Vesterhav Nord
and Syd - with expected commissioning in 2020. Also part of the 2012 Energy
Agreement, Denmark was responsible for tendering 50 MW offshore test projects –
Nissum Bredning test project (28MW) was signed with expected commissioning in
2017. As a result, wind energy is expected to cover 50 % of Danish electricity
consumption in 2020.
Biomass
In 2015, biomass accounted for approximately 62% of renewable-energy production,
mostly in the form of straw, wood pellets, wood chip and biodegradable waste for
incineration. Approximately half of the biomass was imported, mainly in the form of
wood pellets (32 PJ), biofuels (7 PJ), wood chips (6 PJ) and fire wood (3 PJ).
The energy production from biomass has more than doubled since 1990 - primarily
due to the policy agreement from 1993 (the Biomass Agreement: requires power
plants to use 1.4 million tonnes of straw and wood, equivalent to almost 20 PJ per
year) and the policy agreement from February 2008 on the increased use of straw and
chips at the large co-generation plants (up to 700,000 tonnes in 2011). At the same
time, the consumption of biomass continues to rise as a source of energy for the
supply of heat in district-heating plants and in smaller installations for households,
enterprises and institutions.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
166
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Although it was demonstrated in Denmark in the mid-1990s that biogas plants can be
established with reliable operation and with an acceptable economy biogas still only
accounted for 3.3% of renewable-energy production in 2013.
Liquid biofuels, such as animal and vegetable oils, biodiesel and bioethanol, is used
only on a small scale. Liquid biofuels from bio-waste by the so-called second
generation technologies are now at a low level.
4.3.5.1.5 Fuel conversion from coal to natural gas
Substitution of coal and oil by natural gas reduces emissions of CO
2
. The first Danish
natural gas was landed from the Danish sector of the North Sea in 1984, and since
then consumption of natural gas has increased to 193 PJ in 2001. Since then,
consumption has decreased to 130 PJ in 2015 due mainly to high gas prices. Natural
gas now covers 17% of gross energy consumption. In the power sector, natural gas
was introduced in 1985 and peaked with 25% around 2000. In 2015, this had
decreased to 8%, mainly due to the relation between power prices and gas prices.
The use of natural gas is expected to decrease further as a result of introducing more
renewable energy and extensive energy-saving policies.
4.3.5.1.6 Research and development
Danish support for new energy technologies has been comprehensive and relatively
stable. A long list of direct and indirect support schemes and policies have, in
combination, created a domestic market which has given Danish companies a boost.
This boost has enabled many companies to become international market leaders.
Danish companies continue to enjoy commercial success within the energy-related
marketplace.
R&D activities include energy savings, more efficient energy conversion, renewable
energy technologies and efforts within System Integration and Smart Energy.
Research and development activities in the field of energy are not motivated solely by
climate issues, but are relevant to climate issues, since they contribute to determining
the overall framework for the CO
2
intensity of energy production and consumption in
the future.
There is a broad political commitment to support R&D activities through public funding
and the Danish Government has in its manifesto by November 2016 stated that
Denmark is committed to an ambitious green transition for the national energy supply.
This calls for comprehensive R&D efforts for the development of improved and new
sustainable energy technologies.
Denmark is one of the partners in the public-private initiative Mission Innovation
comprising 22 countries and the European Commission. The aim of Mission
Innovation, that was founded in relation to the COP21 in Paris 2015, is to strengthen the
multilateral R&D efforts within clean energy technologies to promote a continuous cost
effective green transition of the energy systems.
Thus Denmark as one of the partners has chosen to strengthen the dedicated public
investments in clean energy research, development and demonstration focusing on
reduction of technology costs and CO
2
emissions and with an emphasis on innovative
projects that can be replicated and scaled up with the involvement of private investors.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
167
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Denmark will seek to double these efforts departing from a baseline of the average
funding to the Danish Energy Technology Development and Demonstration
Programme (EUDP) of the years 2015-2016 and until 2020 where DKK 580 million
will be allocated.
The EUDP programme was established in 2008 and since then the programme has
supported more than 600 projects with a total of DDK 3 billion. On average, 45-50% of
the activities under the Programme are financed by the EUDP and hence the private
investments in the supported projects are of the same size as the public support leading
to approximately to DKK 6 billion in total investments. The Danish Parliament has
dedicated DKK 400 million for EUDP for the fiscal year 2018.
A minor programme is administrated on behalf of the power distribution companies by
the Danish power association Dansk Energi. The objective is to support research and
development within energy-efficient use of electricity through development of energy-
efficient products and processes in buildings, industry etc. The annual funds for this
programme are DKK 25 million.
Activities relating to strategic research and innovation in general are since 2014
administrated by Danish Innovation Fond. The Fund covers all sorts of research and
innovation projects and is not limited to energy matters. However, for 2017 and 2018
DKK at least 100 million /year will be earmarked for R&D within new and clean
energy technologies.
4.3.5.1.7 Energy savings
Reducing energy consumption by increasing energy efficiency and promoting energy
saving is a very important element for Danish energy policy.
Among the grid and distribution companies (electricity, natural gas, oil and heating),
the electricity companies have been working with energy savings since the early
1990s and the natural gas and district heating companies have been working with
energy savings since 2000.
In the most recent years, since 2005 several political agreements to significantly
strengthen energy-saving efforts in Denmark have been reached.
In the most recent agreement, the 2012 energy policy agreement, energy-saving
efforts were increased even more.
In the 2012 policy agreement the obligation for the grid and distribution companies
in the electricity, natural-gas, district-heating and oil sectors was increased by 75% in
2013 and 2014 (to 10.7 PJ) and by 100% from 2015 to 2020 (to 12.2 PJ). In
December 2016 the Minister of Energy, Utilities and Climate entered into a new
agreement, on energy savings with the trade associations representing the electricity-
grid, natural-gas, district heating, and oil companies for the period 2016-2020. The
obligation was decreased from 12.2 PJ to 10.1 PJ. The agreement ensures continued
implementation of Article 7 of the EU energy efficiency directive.
The obligations have been implemented as voluntary agreements between the
Minister of Energy, Utilities and Climate and trade associations representing the
electricity-grid, natural-gas, district heating, and oil companies. The companies have
a high degree of freedom regarding methodology. The energy companies’ costs are
financed by a levy on their tariffs.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
168
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The development of a comprehensive long-term strategy for renovation of existing
buildings was also a part of the agreement. The strategy was launched in May 2014
with the title “Strategy for energy renovation of buildings”.
The Danish Energy Agency is responsible for authority tasks throughout the energy-
savings area. In addition to legislation and regulation, the area includes the further
negotiations within the EU on implementation and control of EU Directives, for
example on labelling, energy efficiency requirements (Eco-design), buildings and the
Energy Efficiency Directive, as well as a number of operational tasks such as energy
labelling of buildings. The agency’s tasks include setting the framework for and
administrating the savings activities of the grid and distribution companies.
As a part of the energy policy agreements of 22 March 2012, it was decided to close
the Centre for Energy Savings. Some of their activities have been taken over by the
Danish Energy Agency.
Targeted work to improve energy efficiency specifically in the public sector has been
going on for many years, and considerable savings have been achieved. In 2014 a
new circular on energy efficiency in state institutions was reviewed in line with the
requirements in Articles 5 and 6 of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.
Data on energy consumption in the public sector have been collected for some years
as means of rendering the sector's energy consumption visible. In 2016 an evaluation
of the effort was carried out. The evaluation shows that most ministries are well
underway with the realization of the EU target of savings of 9.1 % for the period
2013-2020, and that Denmark is well on track to meet both national and EU
objectives regarding energy consumption in state institutions.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
169
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0170.png
T
ABLE
4.16 I
NITIATIVES AND MEASURES IN THE ENERGY SECTOR
(S
EE ALSO SPECIFIC MEASURES IN
T
ABLE
4.17 (B
USINESS
), 4.18 (H
OUSEHOLD S
)
AND
4.19 (T
RANSPORT
)).
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
IE (G1, G3
and G4)
2030
IE (G1, G3
and G4)
Source of estimates
EN-1: EU-CO2-emission
trading scheme for
electricity and district heat
production and certain
industrial processes (incl.
Business) and aviation from
2012
Yes*
Energy,
CO2
Industry/Industrial
processes, Cross-
cutting
Switch to less carbon-
Regulatory,
intensive fuels (Energy
Economic
supply), Increase in
renewable energy (Energy
supply), Efficiency
improvement in the
energy and transformation
sector (Energy supply),
Control of fugitive
emissions from energy
production (Energy supply)
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Economic,
Voluntary
Agreement
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2005
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency and
entities uner the
EU ETS
EN-2: Biomass Agreement
(Agreement on the use of
biomass in electricity
production)
EN-3: Price supplement and
subsidies for renewable
energy production
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1993
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government: The 1100
electricity
and IE (G1
producers
and G3)
1100
and IE (G1
and G3)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Economic
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2008
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
IE (G1 and
Government:
Danish Energy
G3)
Agency and
entities
responsible for
energy production
Government:
IE (G1 and
Danish Energy
G3)
Agency and
entities
responsible for
energy production
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and
G3)
IE (G1 and
G3)
EN-4: Tenders for offshore
wind turbines
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2013
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
IE (G1 and
G3)
EN-5(expired): Scrapping
scheme for old wind
turbines
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Economic
EN-6: Energy development
and demonstration
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Research and
Information
development (), Research
and development (),
Research and
development ()
Combined
Combined
Implemented
(and Expired - but
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2008
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
IE (G1 and
G3)
See text and Annex F 2008
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
IE (G1)
EUDP Secretariat
c/o Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1)
G3: All RE mitigation actions
(Renewable Energy) since
1990
G4: All EE mitigation actions
(Energy Efficiency) since
1990
Yes*
Combined (EN-2,
EN-3, EN-4, EN-5,
BU-8 and TR-8)
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
22805
24060
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
Yes*
Combined (TD-b1, - Combined
2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7;
EN-1; BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -9, -10; TR-1a, -1b,
-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -
10, -11, -12; HO-1, -
2, -3, -4, -5, -6)
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
16944
18793
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
170
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.5.1.8 Specific measures in the business sector (Fuel combustion in
Manufacturing Industries and Construction, Commercial/Institutional
and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)
Energy use in the business sector covers energy use in Manufacturing Industries and
Construction, Commercial/Institutional and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. In
2015, energy use in the business sector was responsible for 13.6% of Denmark's total
greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2015, the greenhouse gas emissions from energy use in the business sector
decreased by approximately 32% from 9.6 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 1990 to
6.5 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2015, primarily due to improvements in energy
efficiency and energy savings.
According to the March 2017 projection, the expected emissions from the business
sector’s energy use are an average of 6.5 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2015
increasing to 6.7 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2030.
The on-going initiatives to reduce emissions from the business sector include
promotion of energy savings and energy-efficiency improvements as well as
conversion of energy production to cleaner fuels. Certain energy-intensive businesses
are also subject to allowances regulation as a consequence of the EU Emission
Trading Scheme.
Analyses have shown that there is a big potential for profitable energy-efficiency
improvements within the business sector, so improving energy efficiency is a vital
area of action.
The measures implemented in the business sector are shown in Table 4.17
17
.
Industry is responsible for most of the sectors' emissions of CO
2
. The emissions
come mainly from energy-consuming activities in industry. Cement and brick
production also contributes especially high levels of CO
2
, due to the raw materials
used.
The main instrument to reduce CO
2
emissions in energy-intensive industry is the
EU’s emission allowance scheme, covering about 120 industry installations.
Business and industry have introduced major energy efficiencies over the past 25
years. This is mainly due to a green tax package for the business sector, which was
firstly introduced in 1995. The package contained a combination of taxes and
discounts for energy intensive enterprises. The package led to a higher CO
2
tax and
the introduction of a space-heating tax for businesses. In order to get the tax
discount, the eligible energy intensive enterprises have to sign an agreement on
energy efficiency with the Danish Energy Agency. With the political agreement on
economic growth from 2013, the CO
2
tax on electricity in production process in the
industry was abolished and the voluntary agreement scheme ended. With a political
agreement on economy growth from July 2014 it was decided to revive the voluntary
agreement scheme. The new scheme entered into force in September 2015. The
current scheme subsidizes electricity-intensive enterprises payment of electricity tax
(the PSO tax until 2020 – cf. the phase-out of the PSO mentioned in Chapter
4.3.4.1.4).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
171
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
As an element in the implementation of the 2012 energy policy agreement, a DKK
3.75 billion (€500m) fund was established to subsidise industries to convert to
renewable energy. As of August 2013, businesses have been able to get investment
subsidy from this fund to convert from fossil fuel (i.e. coal, oil, gas) to renewable
energy sources (i.e. biomass, solar, wind) or district heating in their production
process. The subsidy also includes investments in energy-efficiency measures. The
estimated effect of this “Renewables for industry” initiative is a reduction of 1
million tonnes of CO
2
per year from 2020 and onwards. As a result of a political
agreement of November 2016, the scheme expired at the end of the 2016.
Large enterprises in Denmark are by law required to have a mandatory energy audit
every fourth year. The law is no. 345 of 8
th
of april 2014 “Lov om ændring af lov om
fremme af besparelser i energiforbruget, lov om varmeforsyning, lov om kommunal
fjernkølig og forskellige andre love”. The law transposes the energy efficiency
directive article 8. Denmark has defined large enterprise in accordance with the EU
definitions saying there should be more than 250 employees and an annual turnover
over 50 m€ or balance over 43 m€. Enterprises with ISO 50,001 or ISO 14,001 are
exempt. The deadline for the first energy audits was the 5
th
of December 2015 and
afterwards every fourth year. The scope of the energy audit is buildings, processes
and transport. There is no requirement of implementing the energy saving proposals
from the energy audits.
As part of a political agreement on economic growth from June 2014 a DKK 40
million (5.4 mio. EURO) fund was established to run a centre for energy savings in
enterprises. The money was given for the period 2014-2017. The aim of the centre is
to identify and exploit the energy efficiency potential already existing within
primarily small and medium sized companies. The large companies are covered by
the voulantary agrement scheme and the mandatory energy audit.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
172
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0173.png
T
ABLE
4.17 M
EASURES WITHIN THE BUSINESS SECTOR
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
IE (G1 and
G4)
2030
IE (G1 and
G4)
Source of estimates
BU-1: Agreements on
energy efficiency with
business
BU-2: Savings activities by
elec. grid, gas, oil and
district heating companies
(consump. of final energy
excl. Transp.)
BU-6: Circular on energy-
efficiency in state
institutions
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvement in Voluntary
industrial end-use sectors Agreement,
(Energy consumption)
Economic
Demand
management/reduction
(Energy consumption)
Information
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1993
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2006
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
60
and IE (G1
and G4)
60
and IE (G1
and G4)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected
Measures for the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency,
December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in
Annex B3 ))
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvement in Regulatory
services/ tertiary sector
(Energy consumption)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2005
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
BU-7(expired): Campaigns
and promotion of efficient
appliances ( including elec.
heating, conversion and
efficient appliances in
households)
BU-8(expired): Renewables
for the industry
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvement of Information
appliances (Energy
consumption)
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Economic
Implemented
(and Expired - but
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1997
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government: The
Danish Energy
Agency is
responsible for
the circular. The
individual
ministries and
state institutions
are responsible
for the
implementation
of the circular.
Government: The
Minister for
Climate and
Energy / The
Danish Energy
Authority
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
BU-9: Mandatory Energy
Audit for large Enterprises
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvement in Regulatory
industrial end-use sectors
(Energy consumption)
Efficiency improvement in Information
industrial end-use sectors
(Energy consumption)
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F 2013
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
(and Expired - but
Table 3 of the CTF)
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
1000
Danish Energy
Agency, other
state authorities,
enterprises
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Eneergy
Agency
Combined
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1)
The estimate for 2020 shown here is a former separate estimate for this
measure. Although this measure has expired it is still included in the list
as some effect of the implementation carried out before expiration
remain. But this has not been quantified separately. The separate
estimate shown here is not included in the calculation of the total effect
of all measures.
IE (G1 and
G4)
BU-10: The center for
energy savings in
enterprises
G3: All RE mitigation actions
(Renewable Energy) since
1990
G4: All EE mitigation actions
(Energy Efficiency) since
1990
Yes*
Energy
CO2
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
Yes*
Combined (EN-2,
EN-3, EN-4, EN-5,
BU-8 and TR-8)
Combined
Combined
22805
24060
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
Yes*
Combined (TD-b1, - Combined
2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7;
EN-1; BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -9, -10; TR-1a, -1b,
-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -
10, -11, -12; HO-1, -
2, -3, -4, -5, -6)
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
16944
18793
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
173
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.5.1.9 Specific measures in the Transport sector
In 2015, the transport sector was responsible for 25.7% of Denmark's total
greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions from the transport sector are primarily CO
2
with a share of 98.8% of transport emissions. Nitrous oxide makes up approximately
1.1% and methane about 0.1%.
In 2015, the transport sector's energy consumption - primarily oil products - made up
nearly 30% of total energy consumption in Denmark. The consumption of energy for
transport has increased by approximately 23 % since 1990. The most recent baseline
scenario from March 2017 predicts a 0.1% reduction in the sector's CO
2
emissions
from 12.336 million tonnes in 2015 to 12.325 million tonnes in 2020. Increasing
demand for road traffic – in the projections, road traffic measured in vehicles
kilometres is estimated to grow at a rate of approximately 1,5 % per year until 2035 -
thus is compensated for by improved fuel efficiency in the car fleet.
Table 4.18 shows the existing policies and measures within the transport sector. A
number of important steps have been taken by the European Union. Most important
of all is probably the EU’s requirements on average CO
2
emissions for passenger
cars and vans, i.e. the mechanism imposing fines on manufacturers if they fail to
comply with the CO
2
targets
.
CO
2
measures at EU level and Danish measures aimed at reducing the transport
sector’s CO
2
emissions are described under the measures section below.
The national environmentally motivated measures for the transport sector, which
have also influenced CO
2
emissions, are usually characterised by aiming at limiting
environmental impacts in general. The registration tax and the annual tax (the green
owner tax) which is dependent on the energy efficiency of the vehicle as well as fuel
taxes are assessed to have had considerable effects on CO
2
emissions.
Transport in itself has a number of side-effects in addition to contributing to the
greenhouse effect through higher CO
2
emissions, for example air pollution causing
poor air quality or acidification, noise, accidents and congestion. It is thus important
to note that the various initiatives implemented in the transport area typically address
many of these aspects as well - and thus cannot only be considered in relation to CO
2
emissions.
As indicated above increased traffic has not caused increased CO
2
emissions from
transport, while other pollution emissions have fallen significantly. Other negative
effects of transport have also been reduced. The number of fatalities in accidents has
been reduced from 331 in 2005 to 211 in 2016.
From 2012 all petrol and diesel for transport sold in Denmark must contain an
average of 5.75% of biofuels, which must live up to the EU sustainability criteria.
According to the Energy Agreement of March 2012 a 10 percent target is foreseen by
2020, however this will depend on further analysis of alternative instruments carried
out by 2017. This will probably lead to a lower blending mandate.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
174
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Cars with high energy efficiencies, such as electric vehicles, are granted large
reductions in the registration tax. Electric vehicles are furthermore granted
deductions in the registration tax until 2020.
In 2013, the former government decided to allocate the future proceeds from a
change in the oil industry taxation to improve the rail infrastructure in Denmark. The
upgrade is expected to reduce travel times substantially. Given the current, lower oil-
prices and therefore the reduction in income from taxation, the current government
has made a review of the planned investments. This has resulted in a lower level of
investment where the electrification of the main lines and the regional lines on
Zealand has been given priority. Furthermore, the upgrade of the railway between
Aarhus and Langaa has been given priority in the budget for 2018.
The tunnel under the Fehmarn Belt will reduce CO
2
emissions by potentially 200,000
tonnes per year. This is mainly due to the following effects:
1. Rail freight trains will reduce the travel distance by 160 km
2. Rail transport for passengers and freight will be strengthened
3. The current ferry service between Rødby and Puttgarden is expected to cease
operation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
175
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0176.png
T
ABLE
4.18 M
EASURES CURRENTLY IN FORCE AIMED AT LIMITING
CO
2
EMISSIONS FROM THE TRANSPORT SECTOR
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
600
and IE (G1,
G4 and G5)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
2030
600
and IE (G1,
G4 and G5)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
Source of estimates
TR-1a: EU demands on
vehicle manufactures to
deliver fuel efficient cars
and vans
TR-1b(expired):
Information campaign on
fuel consumption of new
cars
TR-2(expired): Energy-
correct driving technique
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Efficiency improvements of vehicles (Transport)
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2000
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Other: European Commission
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf and
http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf
(summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Demand management/reduction (Transport), Improved Information
behaviour (Transport)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2000
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2000
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2000
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2012
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government: Denmark`s Road
Safety and Transport Agency
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved behaviour (Transport)
Information
Government: Ministry of Justice IE (G1, G4
and G5)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
TR-3(expired): Initiative on
enforcing speed limits
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved behaviour (Transport)
Information,
Economic
Government: Ministry of Justice IE (G1, G4
and G5)
IE (G1, G4
and G5)
TR-4(expired):
Establishment of
intermodal installations
TR-5(expired): Promotion
of environmentally friendly
goods transport
TR-6(expired): Reduced
travel times for public
transport
TR-7: Spatial planning
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Modal shift to public transport or non-motorized
transport (Transport), Improved behaviour (Transport)
Economic
Government: Ministry of
Transport and Energy,
municipalities, Danish State
Railways (DSB)
Government: Danish
Environmental Protection
Agency, Haulage contractors
Government: Ministry of
Transport and Energy and
Danish State Railways (DSB)
Local: Municipalities
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Modal shift to public transport or non-motorized
transport (Transport), Demand management/reduction
(Transport), Improved behaviour (Transport)
Modal shift to public transport or non-motorized
transport (Transport), Demand management/reduction
(Transport)
Economic,
Information
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Regulatory
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Low carbon fuels/electric cars (Transport), Demand
Regulatory
management/reduction (Transport), Improved transport
infrastructure (Transport)
Low carbon fuels/electric cars (Transport)
Regulatory
IE (G1 and
G4)
290
and IE (G1
and G3)
IE (G1)
IE (G1 and
G4)
290
and IE (G1
and G3)
IE (G1)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for the
National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
TR-8: EU requirements
regarding biofuels
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Implemented
Government: Danish Energy
Agency
TR-9(expired): Transport
infrastructure projects in
the fields of electric
vehicles, gas and hydrogen
TR-10: Electrification of
parts of the rail
infrastructure
TR-11(expired):
Investments in a new metro
line and bicycle transport
facilities.
TR-12: Investment in a
tunnel under the Femern
Belt
G5(new): Energy effciency
in transport by passenger
cars
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Low carbon fuels/electric cars (Transport), Improved
transport infrastructure (Transport)
Economic
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(and Expired - but included as it is expected to (BR3, Chapter VIII,
have influenced the level of total Danish
Table 3 of the CTF)
greenhouse gas emissions)
Adopted
See text and Annex F 2028
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Adopted
Government: Ministry of
Transport
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved transport infrastructure (Transport)
Economic
Government: Ministry of
Transport
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved transport infrastructure (Transport)
Economic
Government: Ministry of
IE (G1)
Transport, Local:Municipality of
Copenhagen
Government: Ministry of
Transport
Combined
550
-300
IE (G1)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved transport infrastructure (Transport)
Economic
200
Estimates for the construction phase (emissions of 300 kt CO2eq/year) and operation phase
(reduktion of 198.5 kt CO2eq/year) in the 2013 EIA for the project, Chapter 19 (
https://www.trm.dk/da/publikationer/2013/vvm-for-femern-baelt ).
550
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf and
http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf
(summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
Yes*
Combined (TD-6, TR- Combined
1a, TR-1b, TR2 and
TR-3)
Combined
Combined
Combined
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
176
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.5.1.10 Specific measures in the residential sector
In 2015, the residential/household sector contributed to Denmark’s total national
greenhouse gas emissions with 2.2 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents, corresponding
to a share of 4.5%. The residential sector in the greenhouse gas inventory only
includes CO
2
emissions from burning of oil and natural gas since emissions from
production of electricity and district heating used by households are attributed to the
plants where the electricity and heat is produced.
Approximately 92% of greenhouse gas emissions from the residential sector in 2015
consisted of CO
2
. There are also small emissions of methane and even smaller
emissions of nitrous oxide.
In this section measures addressing all types of energy consumption in the household
sector are described, although some of the energy savings will result in emission
reductions in the energy production sector.
The consumption of energy by households, including electricity and district heating,
is responsible for almost 30% of the total final energy consumption in Denmark.
The largest part of the energy consumption is used for heating homes, where burning
of oil and natural gas results in CO
2
emissions. A large part of the space heating is in
the form of district heating (in 2015 63.2 pct. of heat installations and 48 pct. of net
heat demand), which results in CO
2
emissions in connection with the production of
district heat. When district heat is produced at CHP plants or with CO
2
-friendly fuels,
particularly renewable energy, there are big CO
2
savings overall from use of district
heating instead of individual heating based on, for example, oil-fired boilers.
Danish households also have a substantial consumption of electricity. Most of the
household consumption of electricity is by household appliances and light sources,
whereas a decreasing amount of electricity is by electric heating. The electricity
consumption for heat pumps are increasing. Consumption for electric heating has
been almost constant in recent years as a consequence of the conversion from electric
heating to district heating and natural gas heating.
Households' disposal of waste also contributes to emissions of methane from landfill
sites.
The action being taken on households' waste and transport consumption is described
in the sections on waste and transport. This section therefore concentrates on the
possibilities of reducing the CO
2
emissions through savings in electricity and heating
in households and the possibilities for conversion to more environment-friendly
forms of heating. The possibilities for reduction in the public energy supply system
are described in the section on the energy sector.
In 2015, the final energy consumption in the household sector was 158.1 PJ for space
heating and hot water (climate-corrected) and 31.4 PJ of electricity for appliances,
etc. Consumption for heating has been quite constant for a number of years, in spite
of an increase in the number of households and in the area heated. The consumption
of electricity for appliances, etc. is still increasing. The increase in the consumption
of electricity has, however, not been nearly as great as the increase in the number of
appliances, since these have become steadily more energy efficient.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
177
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
With a view to reducing energy consumption and environmental impacts from the
household sector, a wide range of initiatives have been launched, as described in
Table 4.19 in order to promote:
•
•
•
Electricity savings,
Savings in energy consumption in space heating, and
Fuel conversion (from electric heating and the use of oil to district heating and
the use of renewable energy).
Several concrete measures and incentives already implemented are described below.
Energy taxes
All energy consumption for space heating as well as other energy consumption in
households and the public sector, as well as non-VAT-registered businesses is
subject to energy taxes. Throughout the 1990s CO
2
and energy taxes have steadily
increased, but since 2002 they have been almost stable. The increases have mainly
affected households, helping to reduce their energy consumption.
CO
2
taxes
All energy consumption in households is subject to CO
2
taxes. The CO
2
tax is further
described in section 4.3.3.
Energy labelling of buildings
Denmark has long experience with energy efficiency and energy savings in
buildings. From 1990 to 2015 energy consumption for heating has been reduced by
17.5% per m
2
. The goal is to reduce energy consumption in new buildings by 75% by
2020 relative to 2006.
The Danish reduction goals for energy consumption in
buildings toward 2030 are in progress right now.
The benefits of reducing energy consumption are tangible: less fossil fuel is
consumed and the environment has improved substantially. Strict and progressively
tightened building regulations since 1977 have ensured a stable demand for energy-
efficient building technologies.
Energy labelling of buildings when built, sold or rented
Energy labelling of buildings must be implemented after finishing the construction of
a building and on the sale or rental of the building - primarily heating consumption.
This applies in principle for all buildings, irrespective of size, apart from production
facilities, factories etc.
Regular energy labelling of large buildings and public buildings
Energy labels and an energy plan must be prepared regularly every seven to ten years
for all large buildings over 1,000 m
2
and for all public buildings over 250 m
2
.
Minimum energy requirements and energy labelling of appliances
Energy labelling (A-G) of white goods, lighting, air con etc. is compulsory within the
EU. The European Community also has mandatory energy requirements for some
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
178
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
energy-consuming products, such as electric motors, circulators, white goods etc.
There are also voluntary labelling schemes (Energy Star, Energy Arrow, windows,
boilers) for a number of products. Danish authorities play an active role both in
negotiation of the requirements and in securing compliance with the compulsory
requirements. The Danish Energy Agency offers advice on its website to end-users in
order to promote energy-efficient appliances and products.
Information initiative towards private households
In March 2012 the Centre for Energy Savings was replaced by an information
initiative placed at the Energy Agency. The main target of this initiative is to
promote energy-efficient products and solutions. The measures of the initiative will
be information campaigns, web-based information for private households etc.
Heat pumps as an energy service
In 2016-2019 the measure
Heat pumps as an energy service,
is implemented. The
purpose of the initiative is to facilitate a market for energy services based on heat
pumps where energy companies install, finance, run and maintain heat pumps
installed in houses and in industry. In return the customer pays for the heat delivered
by the heat pump. Thereby heat pumps as an energy service imitates the way that
district heating has been deployed and driven in urban areas.
The initiative is targeting mainly areas without supply of natural gas or district
heating.
“Better Houses”
“BetterHouses” is a scheme (voluntary and market-driven system) from the Danish
Energy Agency focusing on energy renovation of buildings. The aim is to make it
easier for owners of buildings, mostly homeowners, to energy renovate by
creating a
“one stop shop” for energy renovation, where the owner only has to contact one
certified building contractor and to get an overall counselling on energy renovation
of the entire building.
Skilled workmen are educated under the BetterHouses
program to be advisors on energy renovation. The Danish Energy agency approves
the BetterHouses firms and professionals like architects, engineers, craftsmen,
energy consultants and building designers can take training courses to become
BetterHouses advisors. The training is carried out at academies of higher education.
A Better Houses advisor can manage the process and can follow the project all the
way from plan to completed renovation.
Strategy for energy renovation of buildings
The former government adopted in May 2014 a strategy for energy renovation of
buildings, most of the initiatives is implemented or in the process of being
implemented. The strategy contains initiatives which will promote the renovation of
the Danish building stocks and insures that energy efficiency measures are
implemented on the buildings. It is expected, that the effect of the strategy on energy
consumption will be a reduction of net energy consumption for heating and hot water
with 35 pct. in 2050 compared with 2014. The strategy includes following initiatives:
•
•
Revision and upgrade of building regulations and energy requirements that applies to
renovation and retrofitting of existing buildings
Information to building owners, construction companies, financial institutions etc. on energy
how to improve energy efficiency
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
179
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0180.png
•
•
•
•
•
Revision of the energy certificates scheme to improve the efficiency of the scheme
Promotion of the ESCO-concept (ESCO: Energy Service Companies)
18
Promotion of energy efficiency in public buildings
Measures to improve professional training to craftsmen and engineers in the building sector
Development and demonstration of new technologies.
In March 2012 the former government and a broad majority in Parliament concluded
a comprehensive Energy Agreement with several new measures for the period until
2020. The background for the agreement is the long-term objective that Danish
energy consumption is to be solely based on renewable energy sources. In 2050 there
is to be no use of fossil fuels. One of the key ambitions in the agreement is to further
improve energy efficiency and energy savings.
18
For example, an ESCO solution for heat pumps will mean that installers, manufacturers and external finance companies
establish an ESCO company that offers the home owner an all-in-one solution. Here the owner again pays only one kWh
price and the heat pump + installation is repaid through the energy savings achieved. By this solution, the owner will after
the end of the repayment period own the heating installation, but will not notice the savings in the repayment period as the
savings are used to pay off the heat pump installation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
180
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0181.png
T
ABLE
4.19 M
EASURES WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD
(
RESIDENTIAL
)
SECTOR TO REDUCE EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
IE (G1 and
G4)
2030
IE (G1 and
G4)
Source of estimates
HO-1: Energy labelling of
small and large buildings
(incl. public sector and
business)
HO-2: Energy labelling of
electric appliances
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Efficiency improvements
of buildings (Energy
consumption)
Regulatory,
Information
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1997
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1992
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2010
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvement of Information
appliances (Energy
consumption)
Switch to less carbon-
Economic,
intensive fuels (Energy
Information
supply), Efficiency
improvements of buildings
(Energy consumption)
Efficiency improvements
of buildings (Energy
consumption)
Efficiency improvements
of buildings (Energy
consumption)
Information
Implemented
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
HO-3: Substitution of
individual oil-based
furnaces
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
20
and IE (G1
and G4)
20
and IE (G1
and G4)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected
Measures for the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency,
December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in
Annex B3 ))
HO-4: Better Houses
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2016
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
HO-5: Strategy for Energy
renovation of buildings
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Information,
Education,
Research
Implemented
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
HO-6 (new): Heat pumps as
an energy service
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency improvements Economic
of buildings (Energy
consumption), Increase in
renewable energy (Energy
supply)
Combined
Combined
Implemented
IE (G1 and
G4)
IE (G1 and
G4)
G4: All EE mitigation actions
(Energy Efficiency) since
1990
Yes*
Combined (TD-b1, - Combined
2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7;
EN-1; BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -9, -10; TR-1a, -1b,
-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -
10, -11, -12; HO-1, -
2, -3, -4, -5, -6)
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
16944
18793
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
181
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.5.2
CH
4
(methane)
Total emissions of methane from the energy sector account for about 1.1% of the
sector's greenhouse gas emissions, corresponding to about 0.5 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents. Many small sources contribute to this overall relatively minor source of
greenhouse gas emissions. The biggest single contribution comes from gas-fired
CHP plants, which emit unburnt natural gas. With a view to minimising the
emissions, a 1998 Statutory Order, in force from 2006 to 2013, has limited emissions
of nitrogen oxides, unburnt carbon hydrides, including methane, and carbon
monoxide etc.. However, the limit value for unburned hydro carbons was removed in
a revision of the Statutory Order entering into force on 7 January 2013.
4.3.5.3
N
2
O (nitrous oxide)
Nitrous oxide accounts for 0.8%, or 0.4 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents, of the
energy sector's total greenhouse gas emissions. Within energy, emissions of nitrous
oxide from transport have increased since the introduction of new cars with catalytic
converters in 1990. However, as the population of cars from before 1990 is almost
zero today, no further increase in specific nitrous oxide emissions from cars with
catalytic converters is expected.
4.3.6
Industrial Processes and Product Use
The greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes and product use made up
4% of Denmark's total greenhouse gas emissions in 2015 (without LULUCF), of
which CO
2
was the primary emission. 62% of the sector’s emissions are CO
2
,
primarily from cement production, and 37% are emissions of the industrial gases
HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
.
4.3.6.1
CO
2
- Cement production
Cement production results in large emissions of CO
2
. The production process itself is
very energy-intensive, and a large quantity of CO
2
is emitted in connection with the
production process.
Cement production in Denmark is concentrated in a single company. About half of
the emissions come from the company’s energy consumption and the other half from
chalk, which is one of the raw materials used in the process. A lot has been done
within the cement industry. For example, in the last 20 years the Danish cement
producer has significantly reduced its CO
2
emissions per tonne cement produced.
Since 2005, all CO
2
emissions from cement production in Denmark are subject to the
EU ETS.
4.3.6.2
N
2
O - Production of nitric acid
The emission of nitrous oxide (N
2
O) from the production of nitric acid in connection
with the production of fertilizer in Denmark has only been included in Danish
emissions inventories in recent years, even though production from the single plant
in Denmark, with associated emissions, has taken place for many years, including
1990, Denmark’s basis year for emissions of nitrous oxide.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
182
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0183.png
In summer 2004, however, the owner decided to stop production of fertilizer and so
production of nitric acid in Denmark. Emissions of nitrous oxide from production of
nitric acid in 2003 corresponded to 0.9 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents. In 2004
emissions were about one-half of this, and from 2005 they ceased entirely cf. market
conditions for production of fertilizer in Europe.
4.3.6.3
HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
- Consumption of these substances
Emissions of the so-called industrial gases HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
are in accordance
with the emission inventories included in the industrial sector. This is also the case
for emissions from other sectors during use and scrapping of equipment containing
HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
. These gases are used for several purposes including as
refrigerants and blowing agents, etc. (HFCs) and insulator gas in high voltage
switchgear (SF
6
). Since there is no production of these gases in Denmark, all
emissions are related to the import of the substances. The developments in imports of
chemical mixtures containing HFCs in recent years are shown in Figure 4.10.
F
IGURE
4.10I
MPORT OF
HFC
S TO
D
ENMARK
2000-2015
IN
T
ONNES
HFC
S
Source: Danish Environmental Protection Agency
The Danish regulation of emissions of the industrial greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs,
and SF
6
) is 2-phased, since there is a consumer tax on the use of the substances and
also a statutory order on the phasing out use of the gases in new facilities and
products. Both measures are further described below.
According to model-based calculations, the combined effect of taxation and
regulation of F-gases compared to a business as usual scenario starting in 2000 is an
approximately 1.4 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents reduction in annual F-gas
emissions in 2020. The accumulated emission savings over the period from 2000 to
2020 is estimated at approximately 11.2 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
183
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.6.3.1 Taxes on HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
Taxes corresponding to their GWP have been imposed on each of the greenhouse
gases from March 2001 in combination with the Danish CO
2
tax of DKK 0.15 per kg
CO
2
as described in section 4.3.3. This means that HFC-134a is subject to a tax of
DKK 215/kg, as it has a GWP of 1,430. There is a ceiling of DKK 600/kg so
although SF
6
has a GWP of 23,900, the tax is only DKK 600/kg and not DKK
3,585/kg.
The tax is imposed on the substances on importation because none of them is
produced in Denmark. The tax is payable whether the substances are imported as
pure substances or as part of imported products. If the content in the products is not
known, the tax is based on a fixed tariff.
The tax is payable on a wide range of products, including:
•
•
•
Refrigerating and freezing plants
Air-conditioning plants
PUR foam for cooling plants, district heating pipes, insulated gates and doors,
panels for refrigeration and freezer rooms, extruded polystyrene for insulation
(XPS foam), jointing foam
Spray canisters
Insulation gas
•
•
The tax is also payable on services on existing and new installations/products.
4.3.6.3.2 Regulation of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
On 15 July 2002, a statutory order on the regulation of certain industrial greenhouse
gases came into force.
This Statutory Order includes a general ban on the use of industrial greenhouse gases
in a great number of new facilities and products from 1 January 2006, including
household cooling and freezing appliances, PUR foam, etc. However, some products
and applications are exempted from the ban. This applies, for example, to servicing
existing plants, mobile cooling plants, including mobile air conditioning plants, the
use of HFCs in cooling and air conditioning plants with fillings between 0.150 and10
kg HFC, SF
6
in high voltage plants, etc. The Statutory order was revised in May
2017 in order to reflect the development of new low GWP, fluorinated refrigerants
such as HFOs. The only change is that the revised order does not cover HFCs with a
GWP below 5. All other provisions remains unchanged.
To ensure the best possible implementation of the phase-out dates for the
refrigeration sector, a total of DKK 12 million was reserved for the period 2005-2007
for development of alternatives and for subsidies for implementation of the
alternatives developed in the previous years. A knowledge centre for HFC-free
cooling has been established. This centre disseminates knowledge and offers
technical assistance.
As from 2015 to 2017 DKK 1,5 million is reserved for promoting cooling equipment
relying on natural refrigerants and retrofitting existing equipment to use refrigerants
with lower GWP.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
184
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
To ensure regeneration and environmentally friendly destruction of newly developed
flammable fluorinated refrigerants DKK 2.5 million is granted from 2017 to 2019 to
upgrade the existing return system (see Chapter 4.3.4).
An overview of the above measures regarding industrial processes is given in Table
4.20.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
185
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0186.png
T
ABLE
4.20 M
EASURES IN
I
NDUSTRIAL
P
ROCESSES
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2030
IE (G1 and
G6)
Source of estimates
IP-1: Regulation of use of
HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (phasing
out most of the uses)
Yes*
Industry/Industrial HFCs, PFCs,
processes
SF6
Reduction of emissions of Regulatory
fluorinated gases
(Industrial processes)
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2006
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
2020
Government:
IE (G1 and
Danish
G6)
Environmental
Protection Agency
G6(new): F-gas taxes and
regulation
Yes*
Combined (TD-8
and IP-1)
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
800
800
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
186
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.7
Agriculture
The primary occupational sectors agriculture, forestry and fisheries are generally
considered as one single economic sector in Denmark, although the importance of
the individual sectors differs greatly with respect to Denmark's emissions and uptake
of greenhouse gases. Agricultural farms have emissions of primarily methane and
nitrous oxide as described in this section. Liming, urea application and other carbon-
containing fertilizers are minor sources of CO
2
emissions. The CO
2
emissions by
sources and removals by sinks in relation to Denmark's agricultural soils and forests
are included under the LULUCF sector described in Section 4.3.7. CO
2
emissions
from energy use in agriculture are included under energy (section 4.3.4).
In 2015, emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture (i.e. excluding CO
2
from
cropland and grassland under the LULUCF sector) were responsible for 21.3% of
Denmark's total greenhouse gas emissions (total excluding LULUCF, but with
indirect CO
2
). Total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture consisted, in 2015, of
53.6% from methane, 44.6% from nitrous oxide and primarily from liming 1.7% CO
2
emissions. Agriculture is the overall most important sector regarding emissions of
N
2
O and CH
4
. In the same year, the contribution of N
2
O and CH
4
from agriculture to
the national total emission of these gases was 88.1% and 80.0%, respectively. N
2
O
emissions decreased by 28.5% and the CH
4
emissions decreased by 1.1% from 1990
to 2015 (Nielsen
et al., (2017a)).
Table 4.21 shows measures for greenhouse gas emission reductions within
agriculture.
Policies and measures relevant for the agricultural sector which have affected or will
affect the sector's greenhouse gas emissions are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ban on burning of straw on fields
Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment I and II and Action Plan for
Sustainable Agriculture
Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III
Ammonia Action Plan
Action Plan for Joint Biogas Plants and subsequent follow-up programmes,
including the New Energy Policy Agreement
Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings
Agreement on Green Growth 2009
Agreement on Green Growth 2.0
Subsidy for conversion of arable land on organic soils to nature
Political Agreement on a Food and Agricultural Package
Agreement on Nature (the Nature Package)
National Green Climate Fund – Initiatives in agriculture 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
187
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.7.1
CH
4
(methane)
Methane emissions mainly steams from the agricultural sector, contributing, in 2015,
with 80% of total Danish CH
4
emissions, corresponding to 5.5 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents (Nielsen
et al., (2017a)).
The methane is formed through enteric
fermentation in farm animals and from conversion of carbohydrates in manure.
Danish agriculture's biggest contribution to the methane emissions comes from dairy
cows.
In the digestion process, methane is a by-product of the fermentation of feed in the
rumen, primarily from grass and roughage fodder. In addition, methane is formed
during conversion of manure under anaerobic conditions if the temperature is
sufficiently high. These conditions normally occur in manure stores and housing
systems with liquid manure or deep litter.
The emission of methane from agriculture has remained more or less stable in the
period from 2003 to 2015. At present, the number of dairy cows in Denmark is
projected to increase slightly in combination with an increased milk production per
dairy cow, which again cause the feed intake and thus the methane emissions from
enteric rumen fermentation to rise. At the same time, the CH
4
emissions from manure
are expected to slightly decrease due to an increasing share of the manure expected
to be treated in biogas plants or acidified during storage.
4.3.7.1.1 Biogas
Biogas from digestion of manure and organic wastes carries a number of advantages
when used to substitute fossil energy: reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases,
better utilization of manure as fertiliser, recycling and use of organic wastes for
energy and fertiliser purposes etc.
In order to stimulate expansion of the biogas sector the subsidy on the sales price of
electricity production based on biogas was adjusted by the Energy Policy Agreement
of 22 March 2012. The Agreement resulted in an amendment to the Promotion of
Renewable Energy Act of 27 December 2008.
The Energy Policy Agreement continued funding biogas for combined heat and
power (CHP) and introduced subsidy equality so that biogas sold to the natural gas
grid would receive the same subsidy as biogas used at CHP plants. In addition the
agreement also introduced a new subsidy when biogas is used in industrial processes,
as a fuel for transport or for the production of heat.
Finally, as part of the Danish Rural Development Programme 2007-2013, financial
aid has been provided to investments in biogas plants in 2010 and in 2012. In 2012
support was awarded to both new and existing biogas plants to the amount of DKK
262 million.
Consequently the latest projection from the Danish Energy Agency expects an
increase in biogas production from 3.9 PJ in 2007 to 13.8 PJ in 2020 from
agricultural sources – i.e. the major part of total production of 15.4 PJ from all
biogas plants (Denmark's Energy and Climate Outlook 2017, Danish Energy Agency,
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
188
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0189.png
March 2017)
19
. With this, a five to six fold increase in the volume of manure used for
biogas generation before 2020 is expected.
The biogas production is expected to result in a reduction of the annual emissions of
methane and CO
2
by approximately 0.9 million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents by 2020
including the reduced CO
2
emissions from substitution of fossil fuels, primarily
natural gas. Reduction in the emission of nitrous oxide is not included in this figure.
The expected effect was re-estimated in September 2016 by DCE
20
.
As mentioned in chapter 4.3.4, the 1
st
allocation of the budget under the National
Green Climate Fund in June 2017 included an earmarking of 9,0 million DKK for
developing solutions in existing biogas plants and associated suppliers of feedstock
with a view to reduce the retention time of manure. This is expected to increase the
production of biogas per unit input of manure while at the same time reducing
emissions of methane. The expected effect of this initiative is not included in the
GHG emission projection from March 2017.
4.3.7.2
N
2
O (nitrous oxide)
Agriculture is the largest source of nitrous oxide emissions in Denmark. Of the total
Danish N
2
O emissions of 5.3 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2015, 88% or 4.6
million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents came from agriculture (Nielsen
et al., (2017a)).
The process of emission of N
2
O occurs in some types of manure storage facilities
and during conversion of mineral and organic bound nitrogen (e.g. in manure and
applied wastewater sludge) in the soil. Some of the leached nitrogen is also
converted into nitrous oxide. Nitrogen entering the soil with applied fertiliser and
manure, and through plant residue, is the main sources of nitrous gas emissions.
Likewise, ammonia (NH
3
) volatilisation contributes to the greenhouse effect because
some of the ammonia nitrate ends up as nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. Ammonia
volatilisation into the atmosphere stems almost exclusively from agriculture, through
conversion processes from manure, fertiliser, sludge, crop residue and treatment of
straw with ammonia. In particular, the emissions occur during handling of manure in
animal housing, during storage and transport of manure, and from grazing animals
21
(Nielsen
et al., (2017a)).
The main reason for the drop in the overall emissions of N
2
O from the agricultural
sector of 28% from 1990 to 2015 is enforced legislation (see below) to reduce
nitrogen leaching by improving the utilisation of nitrogen binding in manure, as well
as measures to reduce the application of mineral fertilizers to soils. The legislation
has resulted in less nitrogen excreted per unit livestock produced, as well as a
considerable reduction in the use of mineral fertilisers. The basis for the N
2
O is then
reduced (Nielsen
et al., (2017a)).
Implementation of the Action Plans for the Aquatic
Environment II and III contribute the most to this reduction
22,23
. Further projected
19
After publication of Denmark's Energy and Climate Outlook 2017, new estimates of the future total biogas production have
been provided in connection with the government’s proposal for the 2018 State Budget. The updated estimate of total
biogas production in 2020 is 17.5 PJ.
20
”Biogasproduktions konsekvenser for drivhusgasudledning i landbruget” Rapport nr. 197 DCE, 2016.
21
Mikkelsen et al., 2005: Mikkelsen, M.H., Gyldenkærne, S., Poulsen, H.D., Olesen, J.E. & Sommer, S.G. (2005). Opgørelse
og beregningsmetode for landbrugets emissioner af ammoniak og drivhusgasser 1985-2002. Arbejdsrapport fra DMU Nr.
204 (in
Danish).
22
Olesen et al., 2004: Olesen, J.E., Petersen, S.O., Gyldenkærne, S., Mikkelsen, M.H., Jacobsen, B.H., Vesterdal, L., Jørgensen,
A.M.K., Christensen, B.T., Abildtrup, J., Heidmann, T. & Rubæk, G. (2004). Jordbrug og klimaændringer - samspil til
vandmiljøplaner. DJF rapport Markbrug nr. 109. (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
189
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0190.png
decrease in N
2
O emissions towards 2020 is mainly attributed to areas being taken out
of agricultural production for urban development and infrastructure etc., and to
anticipated increased shares of organic agriculture (DCE, December 2014).
In 2016, the Political Agreement on a Food and Agricultural Package from 2015)
allowed Danish farmers to use more nitrogen in the fields through a lifting of the
reduced fertilizer standards for nitrogen. The potential slight increase in future N
2
O
emissions resulting from this policy change is sought mitigated by correspondingly
implementing measures for ensuring optimization of N-binding and carbon
sequestration in agricultural soils (e.g. catch crops).
4.3.7.2.1 Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment I and II and Action Plan for
Sustainable Agriculture
One of the main purposes of the Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment and the
Action Plan for Sustainable Agriculture was to reduce agriculture's nutrient losses to
the aquatic environment.
The action plans was implemented as regulation of farmers' behaviour. The Action
Plan for the Aquatic Environment I was initiated in 1987, and the Action Plan for
Sustainable Agriculture in 1991. In particular, these action plans included
requirements concerning closed periods for applying slurry, ensuring a better
utilisation of manure as well as minimum slurry storage capacity, mandatory
incorporation of manure into the soil shortly after application, and winter green
fields. The Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment II from 1998 contained a
number of additional measures, including re-establishment of wetlands, afforestation,
agreements on environment friendly agricultural measures, establishment of organic
farming on an additional 170,000 ha, improved utilization of fodder, reduced animal
density, use of catch crops, reduced fertilisation norms, and increased efficiency in
use of nitrogen in manure. The aim of the political plans, which has now been
reached, was to reduce nitrogen leaching by 100,000 tonnes N/year up to the year
2003
24
. The benchmark for the evaluation of the agricultural nitrogen leaching, as
part of the final evaluation of the Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment II in
December 2003, was 311,000 tonnes N per year. The evaluation showed that
measures already implemented in addition to the measures agreed upon and financed
by Action Plan II would result in a reduction of the total nitrogen leaching from
agriculture (root zone and stable and storage facilities) of around 149,000 tonnes N
per year. This corresponds to a reduction of around 48% of 311,000 tonnes N. After
taking into account the calculation uncertainties, the nitrogen discharge reduction
goal of 49% was achieved.
Specifically, these action plans have reduced the emissions of nitrous oxide. There
have presumably also been small effects on methane emissions from manure stores,
particularly as a consequence of increased use of anaerobic fermentation of manure
in biogas plants. The increased use of catch crops and larger overall areas with
organic farming would also be expected to lead to an increased storage of carbon in
the soil.
23
Olesen, 2005: Olesen, J.E. (2005). Muligheder for reduktion af drivhusgasemissioner i jordbruget. I: Olesen, J.E. (red).
Drivhusgasser fra jordbruget - reduktionsmuligheder. DJF rapport Markbrug nr. 113, s. 12-32. (in Danish).
24
Grant et al., 2000: Grant, R., Blicher-Mathiesen, G., Jørgensen, V., Kyllingsbæk, A., Poulsen, H.D., Børsting, C., Jørgensen,
J.O., Schou, J.S., Kristensen, E.S., Waagepetersen, J. & Mikkelsen, H.E. (2000). Vandmiljøplan II - midtvejsevaluering.
Miljø- og Energiministeriet, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Silkeborg, Denmark. 65 pp (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
190
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Most of the changes in nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture through the period
since 1990 can be attributed to these action plans. However, it has been calculated
that even without the action plans there would have been a reduction in emissions,
although to a much lesser extent, due to an overall optimization and improvement of
farming techniques and management practices. The effect of these action plans on
emissions of nitrous oxide has been calculated at about 2.2 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents/year
19
. There are no estimates of the effect of the Action Plans I and II
for the Aquatic Environment and the Action Plan for Sustainable Agriculture on
carbon storage in the soil.
4.3.7.2.2 The Ammonia Action Plan
Ammonia emitted from agriculture will stimulate emissions of nitrous oxide when it
is deposited in other ecosystems. Reducing ammonia evaporation will therefore also
result in a reduction of nitrous oxide emissions. Together with the Action Plans for
the Aquatic Environment I, II and III, the Ammonia Action Plan, which was adopted
in 2001 carried a projected reduction of ammonia emissions by an estimated 15-
20,000 tonnes of nitrogen annually. Hence, ammonia evaporation from agriculture
should be reduced from 90,000 tonnes of nitrogen in the mid-1990s to approximately
60,000 tonnes of nitrogen in 2004.
The measures covered by the Ammonia Action Plan are:
1) Optimisation of manure handling in stables for cattle, pigs, poultry and fur
animals.
2) Rules on covering storage facilities for solid manure and slurry tanks.
3) Ban on overall surface spreading and reduction of the time from field application
of manure to incorporation in soil.
4) Ban on ammonia treatment of straw.
Following from an evaluation, these measures are estimated to have led to a
reduction in emissions of nitrous oxide corresponding to 34,000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents annually in 2010 and thereafter. A shorter period of exposure for spread
manure have had the greatest effect with an estimated reduction of 13,000 tonnes of
CO
2
equivalents annually
20
.
4.3.7.2.3 Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III and the agreements of
Green Growth
With the political agreement on the Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment III
(APAE III) of 2 April 2004, a number of measures were implemented to follow up
on the results attained via the previous plans. This third action plan contains targets
with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus, sensitive natural areas, and slurry odour. It is a
10-year agreement, and was, in 2008 and 2011, evaluated with respect to the Water
Framework Directive and the Habitats Directive. Special emphasis in the APAE III
was on the use of catch crops, stricter requirements for use of manure as well as
afforestation and agro-environmental measures. In addition, the agreement includes
research initiatives aimed at slurry odours and reduction of emissions of nutrients,
e.g. research into technology to manage slurry, ammonia etc. The effect of the action
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
191
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0192.png
plan for the period 2008-2012 was projected at 0.2 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents/year
25
.
In 2008 the APAE III was evaluated on results, adequacy of tools and economic
aspects to ensure that activities and expected results were achieved. The main
conclusions for a number of measures were that implementation and effects have not
been as anticipated. At the midterm evaluation of the APAE III, covering the years
2004-2007, no reductions in the production of animal manure were recorded, nor any
decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, no significant reductions in
nitrogen leaching were proved for the investigated period (Waage Petersen et al.,
2008).Thus, no change in the key parameters that provided reduction in the
emissions of greenhouse gasses in the earlier action plans for the aquatic
environment have happened so far, and it may therefore be difficult to reach the
initial target.
In 2009, the Danish government launched the Green Growth Agreement (GGA) – as
a plan for ensuring better conditions for nature and the environment while allowing
agriculture to develop as a business. The GGA is a long-term plan for Danish nature,
environment and agriculture with the purpose of ensuring that a high level of
environmental, nature and climate protection goes hand in hand with modern and
competitive agriculture and food industries.
The GGA was augmented in 2010 by the Green Growth Agreement 2.0, containing a
series of initiatives to improve agriculture and food sector growth conditions and
thus help to secure employment on farms, in the food industry and downstream
industries. Furthermore, the GGA 2.0 supported the ongoing development of
bioenergy with the aim of contributing to support Denmark's target of 30 per cent
renewable energy by 2020 and fulfilment of Denmark's climate goals.
The GGA contains targets with respect to discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus to
the aquatic environment, protection of nature and biodiversity, development of
renewable energy in the agricultural sector including biogas plant, reduction of
harmful pesticides, development of the organic sector and strengthened initiatives
within research and development within the agricultural and food sectors.
The GGA also dealt with the problems previously encountered in achieving the
expected goals through the APAE III. The measures in the GGA likewise pursued
the achievements of the objectives of the Nitrates Directive on reducing discharges
of nitrogen and phosphorus, as the target in APAE III were included in the GGA
target. Different from the former APAE’s were also the switch from a target on N
leaching from the root zone to a target on N discharge to the aquatic environment. As
the GGA worked to implement the EU Water Framework Directive, some measures
were targeted sub-catchment while some measures were general rules.
The initiatives incorporated in the GGA were projected to reduce the agricultural
sector’s overall emissions of greenhouse gases by about 800,000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents annually. Of this, about 400,000 tonnes reduction were expected to be
derived from a green, market-based re-structuring of nitrogen regulation.
25
Olesen et al., 2001: Olesen, J.E., Andersen, J.M., Jacobsen, B.H., Hvelplund, T., Jørgensen, U., Schou, J.S., Graversen, J.,
Dalgaard, T. & Fenhann, J. (2001). Kvantificering af tre tiltag til reduktion af landbrugets udledning af drivhusgasser. DJF-
rapport Markbrug 48. (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
192
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0193.png
The latest estimate of achieved effects of the GGA, as well as of structural
developments in agriculture etc., used in the October 2014 WEM greenhouse gas
emission reduction projection amounts to 0.5 Mt of CO
2
eq. annually by 2021 (DCE,
December 2014). A joint evaluation of the GGA’s and the APAE’s March 2014
showed an overall reduction effect of approx. 0.19 Mt CO
2
eq. annually for the
period of 2007-2011, and approx. 0.337 Mt CO
2
eq. annually for 2012-2015. The
reduction of specific emissions for 2007-2011 equals annually an estimated 4 Kt CO
2
eq. from CH
4
, 67 Kt CO
2
eq. from N
2
O, 107 Kt CO
2
eq. from carbon storage, and 11
Kt CO
2
eq. stemming from reductions in fuel use. Likewise, for the period of 2012-
2015 the reductions equals an estimated 179 Kt CO
2
eq. from N
2
O, 129 Kt CO
2
eq.
from carbon storage, and 41 Kt CO
2
eq. stemming from reductions in fuel use, while
emissions stemming from CH
4
rose with 12 Kt CO
2
eq.
26
(DCA 2014).
4.3.7.2.4 Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings
The Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings was implemented on 1
January 2007, providing national minimum requirements for environmental
protection (odour, ammonia, nitrate, phosphorous, landscape, etc.) when livestock
holdings are established, expanded or changed. The purpose of the Act was also to
ensure the use of best available techniques (BAT).
The measures covered by the Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings in
2007 were:
•
•
•
•
•
•
300 m buffer zones around ammonia-sensitive areas where no extension of
livestock farms can take place if such an extension would lead to increased
ammonia deposition in natural areas vulnerable to ammonia.
Demand for a general reduction of ammonia emissions relative to a
production facility with the lowest ammonia emission norm: 2007: 15%,
2008: 20%, 2009: 25%.
Demands for injection of animal slurry on black soil and grass within buffer
zones (1 km from vulnerable natural areas and, from 2011, in the whole
country).
Demand for fixed cover on most new containers for solid manure and slurry
tanks (if they are within a distance of 300 meter to neighbours or vulnerable
natural areas).
Environmental standards and limits for nitrate-leaching to surface waters and
groundwater depending on vulnerability, e.g. denitrification capacity and
standards for phosphorous surplus depending on soil type and drainage.
Environmental standards and limits for maximum deposition of ammonia on
vulnerable nature and maximum odour impact on neighbours and cities.
The effect of these measures on greenhouse gas emissions has not yet been
quantified.
The Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings was changed in 2011, and
the environmental standards for ammonia were heightened trough several measures.
The general reduction goal was increased to a reduction of 30%, the specific
26
DCA (2014): Shelde, K. & J. E. Olesen. Klimaeffekt af kvælstofvirkemidler i dansk landbrug i perioden 2007-2015. Report
on evaluation of GHG effects ordered from the Danish Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
193
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
ammonia reduction requirements were introduced with a maximum for total
deposition to certain ammonia sensitive areas. This replaced the 300 meter buffer
zones. In general this led to an overall tightening of the ammonia reduction with
local exceptions.
4.3.7.2.5 Political Agreement on a Food and Agricultural Package
In 2015 the Green Growth Agreement was replaced by the Political Agreement on a
Food and Agricultural Package (FAP) which ensures better production conditions for
farming, while at the same time handling a number of the key environmental
challenges.
The agreement includes a diverse package of measures designed to make a shift in
the way environmental regulation in the agricultural sector is carried out, from a
general regulation to a targeted approach.
The fertilization standards for the
agricultural sector was lifted to the level of economic optimum and a new targeted
regulation based on specific environmental goals for the aquatic environment and
ground water resources is introduced from 2019.
The re-establishment of wetlands, rewetting of organic soils and afforestation
(conversion of arable land) remain important measures to reduce the loss of nitrogen
to the aquatic environment. As a part of the Political Agreement on a Food and
Agricultural Package a comprehensive support scheme for catch crops was also
introduced. The agreement also included changes to the regulation on the use of
catch crops in Danish agriculture: a requirement of catch-crops as compensation for
livestock-related nitrogen leaching and additional catch-crops as part of a targeted
regulation. The aforementioned regulatory schemes on catch crops were
implemented in addition to the already existing two other schemes, covering
mandatory catch crops and catch crops as part of the EU requirement of
environmental focus area.
Demands on growing catch crops (primarily grass) in the autumn to reduce the
nitrate leaching do also sequester CO
2
. The area today is >220.000 hectares or 8 % of
the agricultural area. Based on plans for future agricultural regulations the area is
expected to increase significantly towards 2021.
The overall estimation of effect of the agreement on greenhouse gas emissions
(including carbon sequestration) is an yearly increase (calculated with respect to
corresponding soil carbon binding) of 287 Mt CO
2
eq. for 2016, 357 Mt CO
2
eq. for
2017, 374 Mt CO
2
eq. for 2018, 287 Mt CO
2
eq. for 2019, and 141 Mt CO
2
eq. for
2020. In 2021, the effect is a net decrease of 11 Mt CO
2
eq., (calculations from
Aarhus University (DCA), University of Copenhagen, IFRO, the Ministry of Food
and Environment of Denmark, and the Danish Energy Agency). If the soil carbon
binding is not included in the assessment, the package will lead to a yearly increase
ranging from 247 to 412 kt CO
2
eq. in all years. In these figures are not included an
estimated increase in the carbon stock in the agricultural soils due to an expected
crop yield increase. See the chapter on the LULUCF sector.
Subsidy for conversion of arable land on organic soils to nature
Cultivated organic soils emits large amounts of CO
2
. In Demark approximately
66,000 hectares of organic soils (>12% organic carbon) are under agricultural
practice.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
194
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0195.png
In 2014 the Danish Government adopted a subsidy scheme for conversion of arable
land on organic soils to natural habitats under the framework of the common
agricultural policy (CAP). This scheme is now a part of the Agreement on the Food
and Agricultural Packet.
The objective of the scheme is to reduce agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases
from organic soils through less intensive agricultural operations. The initiative also
offers opportunities for synergies in relation to reduced discharges of nitrogen into
watercourses, lakes and fiords as well as for increased biodiversity. From 2015 to
2017 the plan has been to provide economic subsides to convert approximately 2,500
hectares of organic lowland areas into rewetted natural habitats and reduce emissions
of greenhouse gases. The CO
2
effect has been estimated at a reduction of at least
33.000 tonnes of CO
2
-eq. annually in the period 2014-2017. The effect is likely to be
greater due to prioritization of projects with the lowest emission reduction costs
(DKK per kg CO
2
), depending on soil types
27
. The areas under the subsidy scheme
are registered with a ban on cultivation, fertilisation and pesticide application. As a
part of the Agreement on the Food and Agricultural Packet the scheme has been
extended to 2020. The scheme is co-financed by the Danish rural development by the
European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).
At present, ten projects have been initiated under the programme, with many more
applications waiting. Data on the climate effect of the subsidy scheme are expected
to become available from 2018.
4.3.7.2.6 Political Agreement on Nature
The Political Agreement on Nature (the Nature Package) was installed in May 2016
with the main aim of supporting an increased protection of biodiversity. The
agreement states initiatives within the following areas: Forests for biodiversity,
continued agreements for nature, nature and biodiversity, urban nature and outdoors
recreation, open land management and the farmer’s role as resource manager,
modern nature conservation, and simplification of legislation.
The climate effect of this Agreement has not yet been established.
4.3.7.2.7 Bio-refining
Bio-refining can produce a range of products such as inputs to biogas production,
protein and fodder and other higher value products for use in e.g. the chemical and
pharmacological industry. As mentioned in chapter 4.3.4, the 1
st
allocation of the
budget under the National Green Climate Fund in June 2017 included an earmarking
of 8 million DKK as support in 2017 for pilot-scale bio-refinery projects based on
non-food biomass. Commercialization of the bio-refining sector can facilitate
demand for crops such as grasses with higher associated environmental and climate
benefits than for conventional crops like corn or cereals. In addition, bio-refining is
considered to be essential in realizing the bio-economy potential within Danish
agriculture and other connected sectors.
27
DCE (2014): Jensen, P.N. (red). Fastsættelse af baseline 2021. Effektvurdering af planlagte virkemidler og ændrede
betingelser for landbrugsproduktion i forhold til kvælstofudvaskning fra rodzonen for perioden 2013-2021. DCE technical
report no. 43.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
195
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0196.png
T
ABLE
4.21 M
EASURES WITHIN AGRICULTURE
,
FORESTRY AND FISHERIES TO LIMIT EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
(S
EE ALSO
T
ABLE
4.25 (LULUCF))
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
1900
Source of estimates
AG-1(expired): Action Plan
for the Aquatic
Environment I+II and Action
Plan for Sustainable
Agriculture
AG-2(expired): Action Plan
for the Aquatic
Environment III
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture)
Regulatory
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture)
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1987
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
State,
Local:
Municipalities
2030
1900
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
IE (G1)
AG-4a/4b/4c/4d/4e:
Reduced emissions of
ammonia
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
AG-4f: Environmental
Approval Act for Livestock
Holdings
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O, CH4
AG-6: Biogas plants
Yes*
Agriculture, Energy CO2, CH4
AG-9(expired): Agreement
on Green Growth
Yes*
Agriculture, Energy N2O, CO2,
CH4
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture),
Improved animal waste
management systems
(Agriculture)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture),
Improved livestock
management (Agriculture),
Improved animal waste
Improved animal waste
management systems
(Agriculture), Increase in
renewable energy (Energy
supply), Switch to less
carbon-intensive fuels
(Energy supply)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture),
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply),
Switch to less carbon-
intensivein renewable
Increase fuels (Energy
energy (Energy supply),
Reduction of pesticides
use (), Reduction of tax on
productive farmland (),
Conversion to organic
Improve the ability of the
food and agricultural
industry to increase
primary production and
exports, as well as to
contribute to creating
growth and jobs, in due
interaction with protection
of nature and biodiversity
Protection of the
through increased
involvement of farmers in
land use planning,
simplification of related
legislation etc. (),
Protection of biodiversity
through increased
involvement of farmers in
land use planning,
Regulatory
See text and Annex F 2004
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
(and Expired - but
Table 3 of the CTF)
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2001
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
State,
Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1)
Government:
State,
Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2007
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:State IE (G1)
,
Local:Municipaliti
es
IE (G1)
Economic
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1987
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
State
240
207
2020: ”Biogasproduktions konsekvenser for drivhusgasudledning i
landbruget” Rapport nr. 197 DCE, 2016 (
http://dce.au.dk/udgivelser/vr/nr-151-200/abstracts/nr-197-
biogasproduktions-konsekvenser-for-drivhusgasudledning-i-
landbruget/ );
2030: Preliminary estimate (to be published, in Danish).
0 The estimate for 2020 shown here is a former separate estimate for this
measure. As this measure has been replaced by measure no. AG-12, only
the effect estimated under AG-12 is included in the calculation of the
total effect of all measures.
Economic,
Regulatory
AG-11(new+expired):
Agreement on Green
Growth 2.0
Yes*
Agriculture, Energy CO2, CH4,
N2O
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2009
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
State
500
AG-12(new): Political
Agreement on a Food and
Agricultural Package
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O, CO2
Economic,
Regulatory
See text and Annex F 2010
(and Expired - but
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
included as it is
Table 3 of the CTF)
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2016
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
0
0 Notat nr. 2, Vedrørende effekter af forskellige tiltag i forbindelse med
Grøn Vækst, Aarhus Universitet (
http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/38211855/010511_DJF_DMU_notat_2_inkl
_Baselinegruppens_kommentarer_og_sp_rgsm_l.pdf , in Danish)
Government:
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
-122
-122
Answer to question no. 391 (ord. part) asked by the parliament's
Committee for Environment and Food on 15 Januar 2016
(http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/almdel/mof/spm/391/svar/1299227/1
598927/index.htm , in Danish)
AG-13(new): Agreement on
Nature (the Nature
Package)
Yes*
Agriculture,
Forestry/LULUCF
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2016
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
IE (G1)
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
196
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0197.png
4.3.8
4.3.8.1
LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry)
CO
2
– emissions and removals in LULUCF under the Climate Convention
The emission of GHGs from the LULUCF sector (Land Use, Land Use Change and
Forestry) includes primarily the emission of CO
2
from land use and small amounts of
N
2
O from disturbance of soils not included in the agricultural sector.
The LULUCF sector is subdivided into six major categories:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Forest
Cropland
Grassland
Wetlands
Settlements
Other Land
Forests and forestry are important due to CO
2
sequestration and emissions as a
consequence of trees growing, respiring and decomposing. Danish forests contain a
considerable store of CO
2
absorbed from the atmosphere. When new forests are
established, new CO
2
stores are created. Afforestation is therefore a useful climate
policy instrument.
Cultivated organic soils are a large source for CO
2
emission. In 2015 cultivated
organic soils has been estimated to be responsible for 6.7 % of the total Danish GHG
emission. Cultivated agricultural mineral soils have also been estimated to be a minor
source.
Forests
In the estimation of carbon pools and emissions from existing forests, afforestation
and deforestation in 1990 to 2015, the information collected in relation to different
forest census and inventories is combined with the satellite-based land use/land cover
map for the base year 1990, 2005 and 2011. Hereby, consistent estimates of
emissions from existing forests are obtained utilising as much information from the
data sources as possible and providing best possible time series. To estimate the
forest area satellite-based land use/land cover maps have been used for 1990, 2005
and 2011. From 2012 and onwards actual vector data are used.
Estimates of woody biomass carbon pools are obtained by applying species specific
biomass functions developed for the most important tree species in Denmark
(Skovsgaard et al. 2011; Skovsgaard and Nord-Larsen, 2012, Nord-Larsen and
Nielsen 2015) to individual tree measurements in the National Forest Inventory plots.
For tree species where no biomass function is available, stem volumen for conifers
and the total above-ground volumen for deciduous trees are calculated using species
specific volume or form factor functions. Subsequently, total stem or above ground
biomass is calculated by multiplying the volumes with species specific basic
densities for the wood. The estimated biomass is converted into total above-ground
and below-ground biomass by multiplying with expansion factors calculated from
expansion factor functions for beech and Norway spruce as representatives of
deciduous and coniferous species (Skovsgaard et al. 2011; Skovsgaard and Nord-
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
197
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0198.png
Larsen, 2012). The quantity of carbon is calculated by multiplying by the conversion
factor of 0.5 tonnes C/tonne dry matter.
Estimation of deadwood carbon pools follows the calculations stated above except
that a conversion factor is applied according to the degree of decomposition of the
wood.
Estimation of carbon pools in the forest floor (litter) is based on measurements of the
depth of the litter layer on the National Forest Inventory plots. As peat lands are
reported specifically, a maximum depth of 15 cm is used in the calculations. Forest-
floor carbon for individual species is estimated by multiplication of the forest floor
depth by the plot area, a species-specific density (Vesterdal & Raulund-Rasmussen,
1998) and the ground cover fraction of the individual species. Calculation of ground
cover fraction is based on the proportion of basal area of the individual species and
total forest-floor carbon is estimated by summation of forest-floor carbon of the
different species.
For estimation of carbon pools in the mineral soil, average carbon content for
different soil types (loamy, sandy and organic) were applied to the individual
National Forest Inventory plots according to their soil types determined from Danish
soil mapping. The average soil carbon contents used in this analysis were obtain in a
forest soil inventory in which it was documented that forest mineral soil is not an
overlooked source of CO
2
emissions. In a study, analysis of time series data did not
reveal any changes in forest mineral-soil carbon pools observed in 1990 and 2007-
2009.
A more detailed record of the calculations of carbon pools are provided by Nord-
Larsen and Johannsen (2016)
28
. The forest area and total amounts of carbon stored in
different pools of forests established before and after 1990 and forests removed after
1990 are provided in Table 4.22.
The changes in the different carbon pools are reflected in the CO
2
emissions from the
forests. However, as land-use changes in forestry are also reflected in the carbon
pools of other types of land use (e.g. cropland, grassland or wetland) the carbon
pools provided in Table 4.22 cannot be translated directly into CO
2
emissions for
forestry. Reported annual CO
2
emissions from forestry in 1990 to 2015 are provided
in Table 4.23.
Compared with other sectors, forestry has very low energy consumption. Green
accounting and environmental management are being developed in the sector, partly
with a view to determining whether the use of fossil fuels can be reduced.
The National Forest Programme includes evaluation of the possibilities offered by
the Kyoto Protocol for economically viable CO
2
sequestration in forests. Such
measures should be implemented without undermining the Protocol's environmental
integrity or counteracting established measures in support of sustainable forest
28
Nord-Larsen, T., & Johannsen, V. K. (2016). Danish National Forest Inventory: Design and calculations. Department of
Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen. (IGN Report). http://static-
curis.ku.dk/portal/files/164970017/Danish_National_Forest_Inventory.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
198
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0199.png
management. The forests are managed with a view to multiple-use and sustainability,
and carbon sequestration is one of several objectives.
T
ABLE
4.22 A
REA AND CARBON POOLS IN WOODY BIOMASS AND FOREST SOILS IN FORESTS
ESTABLISHED BEFORE AND AFTER
1990
AND IN DEFORESTATION
.
Source: University of Copenhagen - Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, NFI estimates, March
2017
Area and Carbon Pools
Forests established before 1990
Area (ha)
Forest
Organic soil
Biomass (‘000 tonnes C)
Above ground
Below ground
Dead wood
Soil (’000 tonnes C)
Forest floor
Mineral soil
Forests established after 1990
Area (ha)
Forest
Organic soil
Biomass (’000 tonnes C)
Above ground
Below ground
Dead wood
Soil (’000 tonnes C)
Forest floor
Mineral soil
Deforestation
Area (ha)
Forest
Organic soil
Biomass (’000 tonnes C)
Above ground
Below ground
Dead wood
Soil (’000 tonnes C)
Forest floor
Mineral soil
1990
544.541
26.559
25.293
5.393
360
6.074
93.350
2000
543.208
26.494
27.096
5.802
409
6.041
93.139
2010
538.589
26.269
28.772
6.214
504
6.572
92.388
2011
537.900
26.235
29.845
6.461
516
6.839
92.276
2012
537.541
26.218
30.578
6.632
539
7.095
92.218
2013
537.204
26.201
31.270
6.784
565
6.930
92.165
2014
536.677
26.176
31.892
6.919
635
7.137
92.075
2015
533.504
26.021
32.279
6.978
623
6.520
91.537
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
47.613
4.744
88
21
3
228
8.895
89.141
8.993
789
187
18
380
16.724
93.177
9.413
832
194
14
379
17.489
95.011
9.503
827
189
11
380
17.773
100.067
10.049
852
192
7
384
18.745
100.626
10.110
925
205
7
397
18.852
104.069
10.389
1.080
237
7
399
19.456
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
121
6
-2
-0
-0
-0
-19
662
32
-21
-4
-0
-4
-108
662
32
-22
-5
-0
-4
-108
323
16
-7
-2
-0
-1
-52
141
7
-6
-1
-0
-1
-23
474
23
-21
-4
-1
-6
-81
2.599
127
-39
-8
-3
-28
-441
T
ABLE
4.23C
ARBON DIOXIDE BALANCES OF FOREST MANAGEMENT
(
ARTICLE
3.4)
AND LAND
-
USE
CHANGE RELATED TO FOREST
(
ARTICLE
3.3).
Source: Denmark’s National Inventory Report 2017
CO
2
sequestration in Gg
(negative = emissions)
Forest Land
Art. 3.3
1990
2000
2010
-3654
-137
-231
94
-3517
2011
-5844
27
-67
95
-5871
2012
-4142
144
109
36
-4286
2013
-2492
54
19
36
-2546
2014
-3990
-216
-332
116
-3774
2015*
306
-361
-614
253
668
927
-834
32
-81
Afforestation
0
-115
Deforestation
32
34
Art. 3.4
Forest Management
895
-753
*
Temporary figures due to changes pending the final review.
The political measure to increase carbon sequestration is the objective from the
National Forest Programme (2002): “Forest landscapes should cover 20-25% of
Denmark after one tree generation (80-100 years)” – and the scope and potential for
natural habitats and processes should be strengthened in this effort. This measure
relates to Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol. Various measures have been taken
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
199
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
towards achieving this goal as shown in Table 4.25
17
. For instance, a government
grant scheme has been established as an incentive for afforestation on private
agricultural land. Also, the state itself is establishing new forests, and some private
individuals are establishing forests on agricultural land without a government grant.
Through rural planning and differentiated incentives, afforestation is particularly
encouraged in certain priority areas in order to pursue multiple forest functions and
values, implementing the water framework directive and including recreation and
ground water protection.
Carbon sequestration in afforestation is stored in the total living biomass (incl. roots)
of the trees. Forests raised on agricultural land accumulate far more biomass than the
previous agricultural land-use. The forest biomass contains about 50% carbon, which
is absorbed as CO
2
through photosynthesis. Probably, additional carbon is stored in
the organic matter in the soil following afforestation of cropland due to a larger
supply of dead organic matter and the absence of soil preparation. Denmark reported
on sequestration in litter (forest floors) developing after conversion from agriculture
to forestry while mineral soil C stocks are reported as unchanged based on field
measurements. Previous studies did not indicate any consistent change in mineral
soil C stocks (Vesterdal
et al., 2002, 2007).
The effect of afforestation on other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and
methane has recently been studied in Denmark (Christiansen
and Gundersen, 2011).
The acidification of nitrogen-rich former agricultural land may stimulate the
formation of nitrous oxide, and blocking of drains after afforestation and the
resulting water stagnation could increase methane emissions. The recent projects
have shown that methane uptake in soils is in fact increased following afforestation
of well-drained soils, although only in oak stands, while methane uptake was
unchanged in Norway spruce (Christiansen
and Gundersen, 2011).
In more wet
afforested areas, methane may be emitted when drainage pipes stop working
(Christiansen
et al., 2012).
Nitrous oxide emissions increased with time since
afforestation in both oak and spruce stands (Christiansen
and Gundersen, 2011).
Increased methane and nitrous oxide emissions could to some degree counteract the
positive effect of afforestation on CO
2
sequestration. However, since information is
still scarce on changes in the methane and nitrous oxide emissions, analyses of the
consequences of afforestation are only carried out for CO
2
.
The continued growth of new forests will provide for carbon sequestration on a long-
term basis. If the objective mentioned above of increasing the Danish forested area is
achieved, the new forests will sequester about 250 million tonnes of CO
2
over the
next approximately 120 years. Owing to the legal protection of forest land use, the
sequestration in subsidised afforested land is expected to be permanent. If the
objective of increasing the forest area is to be achieved, however, an enhanced rate of
planting will be needed. Afforestation offers many other benefits in addition to CO
2
sequestration. Conversion of farmlands into forest reduces the loss of nitrogen to the
aquatic environment. Besides playing a major role in protecting the aquatic
environment from nitrogen afforestation provides valuable groundwater protection
and protection of habitats for fauna and flora. Forest is also a highly valued type of
nature in terms of cultural values and landscape amenity and has great value for
outdoor recreation. In addition to carbon sequestration, afforestation thus contributes
to a wide range of values.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
200
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The Danish National Forest Programme is aiming at sustainable forest management
equally based on economic, ecological, environmental and social concerns. The
Programme aims at long-term conversion towards a forest management regime,
which increasingly supports and utilises the natural processes of the forest. For state-
owned forests (about 18% of the forested area) it has been decided to introduce
close-to-nature forest management. The Forestry Act of 2004 also provides for better
opportunities for private forest owners to move in this direction. However, at the
moment it is uncertain how far and how quickly this will happen. The Danish
National Forest Programme is under revision. It is not certain what the impacts of a
change in management towards more close-to-nature forestry will mean for storage
of carbon in the existing forested areas in the future. Some close-to-nature forest
management principles such as longer rotation and more permanent forest cover may
result in more CO
2
stored in forests, while grazing and more open areas have the
opposite effect. Any change in annual average increment will have an impact too, but
it is not clear in which direction this may go. On the one hand a move towards a
wider use of domestic tree species might impose a decline in annual increment and
thereby carbon storage in forests and timber products, as compared to faster growing
exotic species. On the other hand a movement towards more stable and diverse forest
structures, which are less sensitive to wind falls and other natural disturbances than
monocultures of exotic species, might impose an increase in total carbon storage due
to reduced loss caused by natural disturbances.
Another initiative related to forestry concerns Denmark’s election of Article 3.4
under the Kyoto Protocol, i.e. the sequestration of C in forests existing by 1 January
1990. Net C sequestration in forest remaining forest is the result of relatively low
harvest intensity compared to increment, whereas net emissions occur when
harvesting rates exceed annual increment. Net C sequestration in forest remaining
forest could partly be a result of an uneven age class distribution with a relatively
large proportion of young stands, where biomass is building up. Conversely, net
emissions from forest remaining forest may be a result of a relatively large
proportion of older stands where harvesting exceeds increment. Actual price relations
as a result of changing markets influence these relations, as do natural calamities
such as wind fall or fungi (such as ash dieback). Emissions from forest remaining
forest are given in Table 4.22 (“Forests established before 1990”). The new National
Forest Inventory has enabled reporting on dead wood and litter, while for soil C,
Denmark applies the non-source principle, i.e. Denmark uses evidence from repeated
sampling of forest plots sampled in 1990 and 2008-2009 and will continue this
documentation in 2014-2020 that forest soils are not net sources of CO
2
.
4.3.8.2
CO
2
– emissions, removals and credits from Activities under Articles 3.3
and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol
In 2007, a research and monitoring programme for the monitoring and reporting
activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 was decided with a total budget of DKK 72
million. The results from this programme have been included in the annual reporting
of greenhouse gas inventories under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol since
April 2010 and the final results are approved under the Kyoto Protocol with the
publication of the inventory review report on 4 February 2015.
A new research and monitoring programme has been launched to cover the 2
nd
commitment period 2013-2020.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
201
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The results from these programmes are further described in the following sections.
4.3.8.2.1 Article 3.3
In accordance with Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, emissions and removals from
afforestation, reforestation and deforestation (ARD) activities have been included in
the accounting of Removal Units (RMUs) in the 1
st
commitment period 2008-2012
under the Protocol. The total accounted quantity in the 1
st
commitment from ARD
was a net loss of 255.9 Gg. Mainly due to a low growth rate in the afforested areas
and a high deforestation rate (Submission to UNFCCC in April 2014 and UNFCCC
inventory review report of 4 February 2015).
In total for the first 3 years of the 2
nd
commitment period afforestation, reforestation,
and deforestation (ARD) activities has been estimated to a net sink of approximately
506 Gg CO
2
-equivalent or in average 169 Gg CO
2
-equivalent per year.
No reforestation was recorded in in the 1
st
commitment period or the first 3 years of
the 2
nd
commitment period.
4.3.8.2.2 Article 3.4
In accordance with Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol, emissions and removals from
forest management (FM), cropland management (CM) and grazing land management
(GM) activities have been elected to be included in the accounting of RMUs in the 1
st
and 2
nd
commitment period under the Protocol.
Forest management
According to the final estimates for the 1
st
commitment period (2008-2012) (Nielsen
et al., 2014
and the
Inventory Review Report
published on 4 February 2015), average
CO
2
removals from Forest Management amounted to 4050 Gg. The included carbon
pools were above-ground and below-ground biomass, dead wood and soil. This
estimate was much higher than the specified maximum of credits as removal units for
Denmark at 183 Gg CO
2
(50Gg C) annually in 2008-2012.
In 2015 the preliminary removal for forest management for the years 2013 to 2015
has been estimated to 5653 Gg CO
2
-eq or equivalent to 1884 Gg CO
2
-eq in average
per year (Nielsen
et al., 2017, in prep).
This combined with a Forest Management
Reference Level (FMRL) of 407 Gg as inscribed in the appendix of the annex to
decision 2/CMP.7 and a preliminary technical correction of -82.6 Gg (Nielsen
et al.,
2017, in prep)
gives a preliminary net accounting of 6632 Gg CO
2
-eq or equivalent
to 2211 Gg CO
2
-eq in average per year from Forest Management in 2013-2015.
Emissions from forest management may originate from an increased harvesting
caused by an uneven age distribution such as observed for beech in Denmark.
However, the observed emissions origins from a lower sequestration in living
biomass than usually observed and an unexplained loss of carbon in the forest litter
pool.
Harvested wood products (HWP)
Carbon emissions from harvested wood products (HWP) have been reported since
2013. Denmark has chosen to report under Approach B, the production approach,
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
202
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0203.png
which refers to equations 12.1, 12.3 and 12.A.6 of volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines and the 2013 Supplementary GPG.
According to a questionnaire on the production of the Danish wood industry the
production of sawnwood in 2015 was about 428.000 m
3
, while the production of
wood-based panels was about 387.000 m
3
. The questionnaire covered an estimated
95 % of the revenue generated in the sawnwood sector and 100 % of the sector
revenue for wood-based panels (there was only 2 relevant companies).
As of 2015 the HWP pool originating from domestic harvest and domestic
consumption consisted of about 5 million tonnes carbon (67 % from sawn wood and
33 % from wood-based panels – the paper pool was insignificant). This is equivalent
to 13 % of the carbon stock in live forest biomass. If imported wood were also
included, the pool increases to about 29 million tonnes carbon equivalent to 75 % of
the carbon stock in live forest biomass. The total inflow of carbon to the HWP pool
in 2015 is reported to about 158.000 tonnes carbon - 69.000 tonnes from sawn wood
and 89.000 tonnes from wood-based panels as shown in Table 4.24. The outflow
from the pool is reported to about 112.000 tonnes carbon in 2014 - 66.000 tonnes
from sawn wood and 47.000 tonnes carbon from wood-based panels. Thus there has
been a net carbon sequestration in HWP of about 46.000 tonnes carbon in 2015. The
projected net sequestration in 2015 is about 19.000 tonnes carbon.
T
ABLE
4.24. HWP
IN USE FROM DOMESTIC HARVEST
(CRF
TABLE
4.G
S
1).
HWP in use from domestic harvest
HWP
produced
and
consumed domestically (∆C
HWPdom IU DH)
Annual Change
in stock
(∆C HWP IU DH)
(kt C)
45.98
46.04
35.00
25.00
2.00
3.29
42.75
-0.06
Net emissions/
removals from
HWP in use
Gains
Losses
Half-life
(t C)
Total
1. Solid wood
Sawn wood
Wood panels
2. Paper and paperboard
158210.79
158210.79
68797.41
89413.38
NO
-112231.04
-112167.51
-65503.12
-46664.40
-63.53
(yr)
(kt CO2)
-168.48
-168.72
-12.07
-156.64
0.23
Cropland management and Grazing land management:
In 2006, the government at that time decided to include removals of CO
2
by soils
(Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol) in the calculation of Denmark's climate accounts
under the Kyoto Protocol
From 1990 to the 1
st
commitment period 2008-2012 Cropland management and
Grazing land management has shown a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of
7697 Gg CO
2
-equivalents or in average 1539 Gg CO
2
-equivalents per year ..
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
203
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0204.png
From 1990 to the first three years of the 2
nd
commitment period, i.e. 2013, 2014 and
2015, Cropland management and Grazing land management has shown a net
reduction in emissions of 4405 Gg CO
2
-eq. or in average of 1468 Gg CO
2
-
equivalents per year.
Contributions to the Kyoto Protocol under Article 3.4 concern changes to vegetation
and soil carbon stocks. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the flows of carbon to and from
biomass and soils are stated according to a net-net principle by which the change in
net emissions is calculated as the rate of change for the carbon stock in the 1
st
and 2
nd
commitment period less the rate of change for the carbon stock in the reference year
(1990). As elected land cannot leave an elected activity, emissions from areas, which
have been converted from Cropland and Grassland to Wetlands and Settlements in
the commitment periods, are included in the accounting. For agriculture, the
following potential sources of CO
2
emissions and CO
2
sequestration have been
included:
1.
2.
3.
Net change in the content of carbon in mineral soils in connection with
changed land use and cultivation.
Net change in the soil's carbon stock in connection with drainage and
cultivation of organic soils or re-establishment of wetlands.
Change in the carbon content of wood biomass in wind breaks and fruit
farms.
The agricultural mineral soils has shown to be a steady increasing sink. This is
primarily due to increased yields, better management, ban on straw burning, statutory
requirements for catch crops, etc.
One of the measures with an effect on return of carbon to the soil has been the ban on
burning of straw residues on fields as shown in Table 4.25.
The ban has resulted in greater return of carbon to the soil, and therefore increased
carbon storage in the soil, as well as increased use of straw as a fuel. Both uses will
result in a net reduction in CO
2
emissions. Not burning straw prevents the methane
and nitrous oxide emissions associated with the burning. On the other hand, there are
some emissions of nitrous oxide in connection with the return of nitrogen to the soil
when the straw is mulched.
The measure works by regulating behaviour, and the ban was introduced from 1990.
The measure was implemented in the form of a statutory order under the
Environmental Protection Act. Ban on field burning is a part of cross compliance
under EUs Common Agricultural Policy.
Demands on growing catch crops (primarily grass) in the autumn to reduce the
nitrate leaching do also sequester CO
2
. The area today is >220.000 hectares or 8 % of
the agricultural area. Based on plans for future agricultural regulations the area is
expected to increase towards 2021.
The agricultural yields are projected to increase in the future due to a shift in the
fertilizer regulation from 2015. Higher yields will result in a higher amount of crop
residues returned to soil and secondary increase the soil carbon stock.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
204
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0205.png
Another measure which will increase sequestration in woody biomass is the planting
of windbreaks also mentioned in Table 4.25. The objective of planting windbreaks
has been primarily to reduce wind erosion and ensure greater biodiversity. Planting
of windbreaks has been supported under conditions described in the Statutory Order
on Subsidies for Planting Windbreaks and Biotope-improving Measures (Statutory
Order no. 1101 of 12/12/2002). Support has been granted under the EU Rural
Districts Programme. For the period 2017-2019 windbreaks will be established under
the political agreement of May 2016 called “Naturpakken” and will focus primarily
on ensuring greater biodiversity. Since the end of the 1960s about 1,000 km of tree-
lined windbreaks have been planted with government subsidies. It is also estimated
that about 30% more has been planted without subsidies. Estimates indicate that
planting of windbreaks leads to CO
2
sequestration in woody biomass of about
130,000 tonnes CO
2
/year
29
Total from activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4
The total amount of net RMU credits from activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 is
estimated at 8.6 million RMUs (or tonnes of CO
2
-equivalents) for the whole period
2008-2012 or as the average per year 1.7 million RMUs.
The total preliminary amounts of net RMU credits under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 has
been estimated to 11.5 million RMUs (or tonnes CO
2
-equivalents) in the first three
years of 2
nd
commitment period or in average 3.8 million RMUs per year.
29
Gyldenkærne et al, 2005: Gyldenkærne, S., Münier, B., Olesen, J.E., Olesen, S.E., Petersen, B.M. & Christensen, B.T.
(2005). Opgørelse af CO
2
-emissioner fra arealanvendelse og ændringer i arealanvendelse. Arbejdsrapport fra DMU (under
preparation,, in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
205
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0206.png
T
ABLE
4.25 M
EASURES WITHIN
L
AND
-
USE
, L
AND
-
USE CHANGE AND
F
ORESTRY
(LULUCF)
TO LIMIT EMISSIONS BY SOURCES AND ENHANCE REMOVALS BY SINKS
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2030
IE (G7)
Source of estimates
LU-1: Ban on burning straw
on fields
LU-2: Planting of
windbreaks
LU-3: Subsidies scheme for
private afforestation on
agricultural land (increase
the forest area in Denmark)
Yes*
Forestry/LULUCF
CO2
Yes*
Forestry/LULUCF
CO2
Yes*
Forestry/LULUCF
CO2
Conservation of carbon in Economic
agricultural soils and
reduction of air pollution.
Enhancing carbon
Economic
sequestration through
planting of windbreaks ()
Afforestation and
Economic
reforestation (LULUCF),
Strengthening protection
against natural
disturbances (LULUCF)
Afforestation and
reforestation (LULUCF),
Strengthening protection
against natural
disturbances (LULUCF)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture),
Prevention of drainage or
rewetting of wetlands
(LULUCF)
Combined
Regulatory,
Voluntary
Agreement
Implemented
Implemented
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1989
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1960
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1991
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
2020
Government:
IE (G7)
State,
Local:
Government:
IE (G7)
Ministry of
Environment and
Government:
IE (G7)
Danish
Environmental
Protection Agency
IE (G7)
IE (G7)
LU-4: Public afforestation
(state and municipalities)
Yes*
Forestry/LULUCF
CO2
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1989
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
LU-5: Subsidy for
conversion of arable land
on organic soils to nature
Yes*
Forestry/LULUCF,
Agriculture
CO2, N2O
Economic
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2015
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
IE (G7)
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
Government:
IE (G7)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
IE (G7)
IE (G7)
G7(new): LULUCF activities
No
Combined (LU-1, -2, Combined
-3, -4 and -5)
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
1740
1740
Estimates by DCE, 2017 (http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR244.pdf ).
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
206
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.3.9
Waste
The direct contribution of the waste sector to greenhouse gas emissions consists
primarily of methane from the decomposition of organic waste that takes place at
landfill sites. Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment include both
methane (81%) and nitrous oxide (19%). Out of the total greenhouse gas emissions
from the waste sector of 1.2 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2015 – corresponding
to 2.4% of total Danish greenhouse gas emissions – the proportion from landfills was
66%, from compost production 19%, from wastewater treatment 13% and 2% from
other minor sources such as accidental fires.
Please note that all incineration of waste in Denmark is associated with energy
utilisation, which is why the emission of CO
2
from the incineration of plastic waste is
included under the energy sector.
4.3.9.1
CH
4
(methane)
In previous years, efforts within the waste sector have been based on the Action Plan
for Waste and Recycling 1993-97, which included targets on waste treatment up to the
year 2000. The plan did not relate directly to the waste sector's contribution to methane
emissions (CH
4
), but included a number of initiatives that are of relevance to waste
products containing industrial gases (HFCs and SF
6
), besides an objective concerning
stopping landfilling combustible waste.
Nor did the subsequent waste plan, Waste 21, which covers the period 1998-2004,
relate directly to the waste sector's possibilities for contributing to solution of the
problem of greenhouse gas emissions. The plan aimed at stabilising the total quantities
of waste in 2004, and increasing recycling and reducing the environmental burden from
the environmentally harmful substances in waste, including the industrial gases. With
respect to waste incineration, the objective was to adjust incineration capacity to what
was absolutely necessary to ensure best possible energy utilisation, maximum CO
2
displacement and regional self-sufficiency. The plan thus contributed indirectly to
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The objective in Waste 21 was for 64% of all waste to be recycled, 24% to be
incinerated and not more than 12% to be landfilled.
That objective was already reached in the year 2000, and according to the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency's Waste Statistics 2000 (ISAG) total waste in that
year amounted to about 12.8 million tonnes.
Waste Strategy 2005-08 was issued in September 2003. The Waste Strategy aimed at
decoupling growth in waste amounts from economic growth. The Strategy also aimed
at preventing the loss of resources in waste and environmental impacts from waste, as
well as better quality waste treatment and an efficient waste sector. Finally, the strategy
aimed at reducing waste amounts sent to landfill to 9% in 2008 and increasing recycling
to 65% of all waste.
The most important initiatives regarding greenhouse gases in the Strategy were
improvement of landfills and increased collection of plastic packaging for recycling.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
207
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The first part of the Waste Strategy 2009-12 was issued in March 2009 and the second
part was issued in June 2010. The recycling target for all waste was still 65%, and the
target for overall waste amount sent to landfills was reduced to 6%.
The current waste strategy (Denmark
without Waste I + II)
reflects a general change of
focus in Denmark to considering waste as a resource. The Danish waste strategy
includes 1) a Resource Strategy for Waste Management which focuses on increasing
recycling and 2) a Waste Prevention.
The Resource Strategy for Waste Management 2013-18 (Denmark
without Waste I)
includes 50% recycling of seven fractions (organic, paper, cardboard, glass, plastic,
wood and metal) of household waste in 2022. The strategy focuses on organic waste
from households and the service sector, recovery of shredder waste, construction and
demolition waste and phosphorous in sewage sludge.
It is estimated that the initiatives in the strategy will lead to a decrease in the amount
of incinerated waste (820.000 tonne less in 2022).
The Waste Prevention Strategy (Denmark
Without Waste II)
2015-20 includes a
number of initiatives with a special focus on food waste, textiles, electronic equipment,
packaging and construction.
Both the Resource Strategy for Waste Management and the Waste Prevention Strategy
have the purpose of keeping materials and products in circulation thus reducing primary
production of materials and products, which is often energy demanding. The two
strategies thus lead to indirect greenhouse gas savings, which are not directly
quantifiable.
The latest figures for waste in Denmark are in the Danish EPA Waste Statistics 2015.
Total waste (excluding soil) in 2015 was 11.3 million tonnes of which 69% was
recycled, 27% incinerated, and 4% landfilled.
The waste sector's contribution to the direct reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
consists mainly in:
•
•
•
•
banning the landfilling of organic waste,
utilising gas from closed as well as existing landfills,
optimising the oxidation of gas in landfill covers (biocovers),
recovery of shredder waste from landfills.
On the top of this there are measures that indirectly reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
•
•
•
increasing recycling of plastic-, paper-, cardboard-metal-, WEEE-, wood-, and
glass-waste, that will substitute primary production of materials
using waste (except for plastics) as an energy source in dedicated incineration
plants
digestion of organic waste to produce biogas.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
208
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0209.png
An overview of the detailed measures implemented in the pursuance of these objectives
is given in Table 4.26
30
. The emission of methane from Danish landfills is calculated to
have been 71,000 tonnes gross in 1990, decreasing to approximately 33,800 tonnes in
2013, corresponding to a 52 per cent reduction.
As a consequence of the municipal obligation to assign combustible waste to
incineration, from 1 January 1997, methane emissions from the Danish landfills will
continue to decrease in the years ahead.
According to the Danish Energy Authority's inventory Biogas, Production, Forecast and
Target Figures, there were 25 gas plants at Danish landfills in 2002. These installations
produced 10,000 tonnes of methane annually, compared to approx. 1,700 tonnes in
1993. In 2004, methane recovery from landfills amounted to 7,700 tonnes methane
31
.
The same study shows that, through optimising existing gas plants, a further 1,800
tonnes methane per year could be recovered over the next five years. Furthermore, the
establishment of new gas-collection equipment at five landfills could contribute with
additional 1,300 tonnes methane per year over the next five years.
However, optimisation of existing plant and establishment of new gas plants will
probably require subsidies. The previous subsidy scheme to promote gas collection at
landfills was discontinued at the end of 2001.
Only a few landfill gas plants are expected to be established in the future. The
maximum quantity of methane recovered peaked in 1998 at about 13,200 tonnes. The
quantity of methane recovered will continue to fall gradually over many years.
The total quantity of waste incinerated rose from 2,216,000 tonnes in 1994 to 3,068,000
tonnes in 2015, i.e. an approximately 57% increase. This is a slight decrease compared
to 2006 where 3,489,000 tonne of waste was incinerated. The energy produced from the
incineration plants is included as part of the renewable energy production in the Danish
energy statistics. The international greenhouse gas inventories include greenhouse gases
from incineration of the content of oil-based products, such as plastics in waste.
In accordance with the targets in the waste strategies, waste incineration plants are
designed so as to optimise energy utilisation.
Besides the direct effect of waste management on greenhouse gas emissions, the
emissions are also affected indirectly through recycling of paper, cardboard, plastic,
metals, etc. which means less energy consumption and thus less CO
2
emissions during
production of raw materials and new products.
The implementation of national waste plans and fulfilment of targets has necessitated
the implementation of a wide range of measures.
In 1996 the Statutory Order on Waste was amended to introduce a municipal obligation
to assign combustible waste to incineration (corresponding to a stop for disposal of
combustible waste at landfills). As a result of this, large quantities of combustible waste
30
Following the three sub-tables cf. Annex XI in “COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 749/2014 of 30
June 2014 on structure, format, submission processes and review of information reported by Member States pursuant to
Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council“ (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0749&from=EN) and displaying the current content of the EEA database on
EU Member States’ policies and measures (PaMs).
31
Willumsen, 2004
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
209
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
that used to be disposed of at landfills are now either recycled or used as fuel in Danish
incineration plants.
Besides the traditional regulation via legislation, statutory orders, and circulars, the
waste sector is regulated by means of a range of policies and measures, including taxes
and charges, grant schemes and agreements.
A tax on landfilling and incineration of waste was introduced in Denmark in 1987.
Since 1993 the tax has been differentiated to reflect the political priorities of the
different forms of treatment. It thus costs most to dispose of waste, less to incinerate the
waste and nothing in tax to recycle waste. The waste tax has been increased several
times and today (March 2015) the waste tax is DKK 475 per tonne waste disposed of at
landfills and the energy tax associated with incineration of waste is 60,9 DKK/GJ
(equalling an approximated average of DKK 330 per tonne waste for incineration). The
size of the taxes thus provides an incentive to recycle as much of the waste produced as
possible and to use non-recyclable, combustible waste as fuel in energy production
instead of disposal of the waste at landfills.
Weight-and-volume-based taxes (e.g. on various packaging, carrier bags and PVC film)
encourage a reduction in packaging consumption and thus the quantities of waste. The
weight-based tax is based on an index that reflects the environmental burden of the
materials used.
Under the Danish EPA’s “Programme for Cleaner Products etc.”, grants were made for
projects that reduced the environmental burden in connection with development,
production, sale and use of products or in connection with the management of the waste
generated during the product's entire lifecycle. Furthermore, support could be granted to
waste projects aiming at reducing the problems in connection with disposal of waste. A
total of approximately DKK 100 million for the part of the programme related to waste
was allocated for the 5-year period 1999 to 2003.
In 2005 the Programme for Cleaner Products etc. was replaced by the Danish
government’s “Enterprise Scheme” which refunds CO
2
taxes to business. The waste
part of this programme was aimed exclusively at enterprises. A total of DKK 33 million
for the five-year period 2004 to 2008 was earmarked for the waste part of the scheme.
The subsidies were to be used to reduce the environmental impact of waste.
In 2005, the Danish EPA also supported initiation of a development project aiming at
documenting the oxidation of methane in landfill biocovers. By applying covers mainly
consisting of compost, optimal oxidation in covers can be ensured and methane
emissions from landfills can be reduced. If the reduction can be documented it can be
credited to the CO
2
accounts. This bio-cover project was carried out by the Technical
University of Denmark with funding from the EU LIFE Programme. The bio-cover
project has established a viable methodology for documentation of the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions gained by installation of a bio-cover system on a landfill.
The methodology consists of a logical order of tasks using well documented
measuring technologies. The demonstration project also proved that several obstacles
may occur in relation to the biocovers on landfills which can prevent an efficient
greenhouse gas reduction, and the project has obtained an understanding of which
precautions should be taken.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
210
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The most important obstacles are:
a) Ability to control point gas releases,
b) Ability to distribute the landfill gas to active parts of the bio-cover system, and
c) Ability to obtain a spatially even gas distribution to active parts of the bio-cover.
Due to the obstacles the goal of reaching a 90% reduction of the methane emission
was not reached; the obtained reduction was in the 20-30% range.
To address the obstacles and to improve the method, another biocover-project was
initiated in 2007 as part of the Enterprise Scheme. The project was performed on
another landfill, and was taking the identified difficulties into account. A reduction
of the methane emission of 79-93 % was reported in the project.
Based on the promising results of the latest large scale biocover-project combined
with a low shadow price, approximately 180 mio. DKK has been allocated to a
Subsidy programme for biocovers at landfill sites. The subsidy programme is
expected to run from 2016 – 2019, and the estimated reduction in methane-emission
in the year 2020 is 300,000 t CO2-equivalents.
In 2007 subsidies from the enterprise scheme were given for establishing methane
recovery and test pumping at 11 landfill sites. The results were reported in 2011 and
showed a reduction of the emission of methane over a five year period equalling
84,435 tonnes of CO2 equivalents.
The goal in the EU Packaging Directive of increasing the collection of plastic
packaging waste for recycling to 22.5% was met in 2008 through an amendment to the
Statutory Order on Waste requiring municipalities to improve the possibilities of people
and enterprises to separate and deliver plastic packaging waste for recycling. This
meant an increase in recycling of about 12,000 tonnes in 2012 compared to 2008.
Furthermore, producer responsibility obligations have been introduced concerning
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and batteries due to new EU
Directives resulting in higher collection and recycling rates of these used products. The
aim is to increase recycling of metals significantly, resulting in energy savings
compared to extraction and refining of virgin materials.
On the basis of the EU Landfill Directive, demands on the establishment and operation
of landfills in Denmark have been tightened with Statutory Orders No. 650 of 29 June
2001, No. 252 of 31 March 2009, No. 719 of 24 June 2011 and No. 1049 of 28
th
of
August 2013 on landfills. According to the Statutory Orders on landfills, methane in
landfills for mixed waste must be monitored. From landfills where significant amounts
of biodegradable waste are disposed of, methane gas must be managed in an
environmentally-sound way.
An amendment to the Statutory Order on Waste in 2000 means that municipalities must
now assign non-recyclable waste PVC and impregnated wood to landfill. The objective
is to avoid adding PVC and impregnated wood to incineration with the consequential
pollution of flue gas and slag. Work is being carried out to develop new treatment
methods in order to utilise the resources in waste. When these methods have been
developed and new plants established, it is expected that the Statutory Order on Waste
will be amended so that PVC and impregnated wood is assigned to these plants and
landfilling is avoided. However, due to higher costs related to the establishment of
temporary storage capacity at landfills in comparison with the cost of transportation and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
211
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
incineration at incineration plants abroad with excess capacity, in particular in
Germany, the most common solution for impregnated wood waste has been export for
incineration.
It is not possible to make a quantitative estimate of the effects of the various measures
for the waste area. The objectives in the national waste plans are related to waste
amounts and their treatment. The developments are monitored through the annual waste
statistics. However, changes in the treatment of waste cannot immediately be converted
into changes in emissions of greenhouse gases.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
212
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0213.png
T
ABLE
4.26 M
EASURES WITHIN THE WASTE SECTOR TO REDUCE EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
.
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity
affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing
entity or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
WA-1: A ban of landfill of
combustible waste.
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/wast
e
Reduced landfilling
(Waste), Waste
incineration with energy
use (Waste), Enhanced
recycling (Waste)
Reduced landfilling
(Waste)
Demand management /
reduction (Waste)
Demand management /
reduction (Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1997
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Local:
Municipalities
333
2030
333
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
IE (G1)
Source of estimates
WA-2: The waste tax
Yes*
WA-3: Weight-and-volume-
based packaging taxes
WA-4: Subsidy programme
– Enterprise Scheme
(special scheme for
businesses)
WA-5: Increased recycling
of waste plastic packaging
Yes*
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/wast
e
Waste
CO2, CH4
management/wast
e
Waste
CH4
management/wast
e
Waste
CO2
management/wast
e
Economic,
Fiscal
Economic,
Fiscal
Economic
Implemented
Implemented
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1987
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2014
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2004
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1994
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry for the
Environment
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
Yes*
Enhanced recycling
(Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
Government:
IE (G1)
Danish
Environmental
Protection Agency
Government:
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency,
Local:
Municipalities
Government:
Danish Energy
Authority
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
WA-6: Implementation of
the EU landfill directive
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/wast
e
Improved landfill
management (Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1999
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
IE (G1)
WA-7(expired): Support for
(construction of facilities
for) gas recovery at landfill
sites
Yes*
Waste
CO2, CH4
management/wast
e
Enhanced CH4 collection
and use (Waste)
Economic
WA-8(expired): Subsidy
programme for cleaner
products
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/wast
e
Demand management /
reduction (Waste)
Economic
Implemented
(and Expired - but
included as it is
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1984
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
205
205
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-
7614-588-3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-
7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf (summary in English included in
Annex B2 )).
IE (G1)
WA-9: Subsidy programme
for biocovers on landfills
Yes*
CH4
Waste
management/wast
e
Improved landfill
management (Waste)
Economic
See text and Annex F 1999
(and Expired - but
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
included as it is
Table 3 of the CTF)
expected to have
influenced the level
of total Danish
greenhouse gas
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2017
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government:
Ministry for the
Environment
IE (G1)
Government:
Danish
Environmetal
Protection Agency
Combined
300
179
Estimates by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017 - based on
"Virkemiddelkatalog, Tværministeriel arbejdsgruppe, August 2013,
Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet" (
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/virkemiddelkatalog_-
_potentialer_og_omkostninger_for_klimatiltag.pdf )
46585
Calculated as the sum of the effects estimated for G3, G4, TD-9, TR-12,
G6, AG-1, AG-6, AG-12, WA-1, WA-7 and WA9.
G1(changed): Group of all
policies and measures
except in the LULUCF sector
Yes*
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also shown in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario included in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
213
Combined (TD-b1, - Combined
2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -
8, -9; EN-1, -2, -3, -4,
-5, -6; BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -8, -9, -10; TR-1a, -
1b, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -
7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -
12; HO-1, -2, -3, -4, -
5, -6; IP-1; AG-1, -2, -
4a-f, -6, -9, -11, -12, -
13; WA-1, -2, -3, -4, -
Combined
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
43135
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.4
4.4.1
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH
A
RTICLE
2,
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
Denmark’s climate efforts – a step on the way to sustainable
development
In 2015, United Nation countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The Danish government is
in the process of formulating an action plan for Denmark's national and international
up-follow-up on the UN 2030 agenda and the global Sustainable Development
Goals.
4.4.2
Efforts for international air transport and shipping
Denmark recognises that the international aviation and maritime transport sectors are
large and rapidly growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions and have to be dealt
with at international level. Given the global nature of the two sectors, Denmark
believes that the international organisations for civil aviation and maritime transport
– the ICAO and the IMO – should decide, develop and implement appropriate global
measures to control greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation and
maritime transport at levels keeping the EU’s 2-degrees-Celsius objective within
reach.
Denmark welcomes that ICAO in 2016 decided to implement the Carbon Offsetting
and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, CORSIA. CORSIA is a market
based measure, and the aim of CORSIA is to achieve carbon neutral growth from
2020. This means that growth in the CO
2
emissions from international flights beyond
the 2020 level will have to be compensated by reducing the CO
2
emissions
elsewhere, for instance by investing in CO
2
reducing projects in developing
countries.
Denmark welcomes that the IMO in October 2016 adopted a roadmap for developing
a Comprehensive IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, which
sets out an initial strategy to be adopted in 2018. Furthermore, Denmark recalls that
IMO has in recent years adopted principles for climate regulation, especially the
introduction of rules that increase ships’ energy efficiency and the adoption of a
global data collection system that charts the ships' fuel consumption.
Denmark has contributed actively in the discussions of the development of the
roadmap and the development of the draft initial IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG
emissions from ships and has proposed the need for IMO to define the fair share of
international shipping in the global effort to limit the increase of global average
temperature. Denmark is, together with other countries, working for a global IMO
strategy, which is in accordance with the temperature goal of the Paris agreement.
This must be done through global, flag-neutral solutions that can help reduce global
CO
2
emissions consistent with the IMO principles.
Denmark further contributes actively to the ongoing discussions on the possibility to
introduce a phase 4 after phase 3 in the agreed Energy Efficiency Design Index
(EEDI) requirement together with the possibility to shorten phase 2 in order to move
phase 3 forward to enter into force in 2022.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
214
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.4.3
Efforts to limit adverse effects in other countries
In connection with Denmark’s contribution to international climate efforts, in
accordance with the Kyoto Protocol Denmark will endeavour to implement policies
and measures under Article 3 of the Protocol in such a way that adverse effects in
other countries are minimised. However, Denmark does not consider that its
contributions to international climate efforts have adverse effects in other countries
as, on the contrary, the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases in Danish
commitments under the Protocol will in fact contribute to limiting dangerous climate
change in all countries.
If nothing is done to limit emissions of greenhouse gases, climate scenarios from the
IPCC indicate that developing countries in particular will experience the greatest
changes in climate.
In its international efforts, Denmark will therefore continue to take the greatest
possible account of the special needs and concerns of developing countries and
especially least developed countries. This also applies to adverse effects which can
already be ascertained from changes in climate. The existing strong Danish focus on
the special vulnerability of developing countries to climate change underlines this
(see Chapter 7).
4.4.4
Strategies to mitigate climate change cf. Article 10(b) of the Kyoto
Protocol
Denmark’s Climate Strategy and measures to mitigate climate change are described
in sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
4.5
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES NO LONGER IN PLACE
In Denmark’s Sixth National Communication (NC6) including Denmark’s First
Biennial Report (BR1) from January 2014 the portfolio of climate relevant policies
and measures reported included in total 52 initiatives. Of these, 2 initiatives already
expired in 2001 (WA-7) and 2003 (WA-8) respectively. However, they were
included in the reporting as the investment subsidy for landfill gas recovery (WA-7)
and the subsidies for development of cleaner products and waste reduction (WA-8)
could continue to have an effect on Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions. This
illustrates that policies and measures no longer in place could still have an effect on
greenhouse gas emissions. Of the 52 initiatives, 5 were reported as new since NC5
from January 2010 (TD-9, BU-8, TR-8, HO-3 and AG-9). By mistake one initiative
was in fact a group of some of the single initiatives reported (TD-1a).
Between Denmark’s NC6/BR1 and Denmark’s BR2 from January 2016 there were
the following changes to the portfolio of climate relevant policies and measures:
additional 2 initiatives were reported as expired (BU-1 and BU-7), 5 initiatives were
reported as revised (TR-3, TR-4, TR-5, TR-6 and TR-7) and 11 new initiatives were
reported (BU-9, BU-10, TR-9, TR-10, TR-11, TR-12, HO-4, HO-5, LU-5, WA-9 and
WA-10). BR2 also included 4 groups of initiatives: G1(all initiatives), G2(energy
taxes), G3(all renewable energy initiatives since 1990) and G4 (all energy efficiency
initiatives since 1990).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
215
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
From BR2 to this report (NC7/BR3) the major change in the portfolio of climate
relevant policies and measures is that the Ministry of Transport, Building, and
Housing has reassessed the transport relevant initiatives included in the climate
reporting and now left out 7 initiatives previously included (TR-1b, TR-3, TR-4, TR-
5, TR-6, TR-9 and TR-11). State funding for TR-1b, TR-2, TR-4, TR-5 and TR-9 has
been discontinued. The scheme previously reported under TR-3 is currently being
redesigned which makes uncertain the side effects on reduced CO
2
-emissions. TR-6
has been merged with TR-10. The main purpose of TR-11 is to increase urban
mobility . The CO
2
-reduction from TR-10 is uncertain and only a side effect which
will not contribute significantly to reducing Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Two initiatives have expired since BR2 (BU-7 and BU-8) and two initiatives – in
principle still in place, but with no resources allocated (EN-5 and WA-10) - have
been left out. Since BR2, 4 new initiatives (HO-6, AG-11, AG-12 and AG-13) and
one revived initiative (BU-1) have been added to Denmark’s portfolio of climate
relevant policies and measures included in this report (NC7/BR3).
4.6
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES IN
G
REENLAND
High basic energy demands and the expected emergence of an industrial sector
indicate that Greenland’s energy consumption is unlikely to decrease over the
coming years. Nevertheless, government policies aim at reducing energy
consumption, where possible, and to improve efficiency in existing energy
production and supply.
During the last decades it has been a consistent priority to expand the use of
renewable energy and today approximately 61% of the national energy supply is
based on hydropower. Concurrently, potentials for wind energy, solar energy and
hydrogen-based energy production are being explored on a smaller scale with
possibilities for future expansion.
Policies and measures targeting energy production and energy consumption have
multiple purposes. In addition to emission reductions, the shift to renewable energy
sources is associated with a decreasing dependence on imported fossil fuels and
positive effects on the local and regional environment. Improving the efficiency of
the current energy production and supply system is cost-reducing and at the same
time contributes to reducing GHG emissions. Energy-saving policies, acts and
measures are therefore often designed to address a wider range of priorities; of which
the reduction of GHG emissions remains predominant.
4.6.1
Policies and acts
A number of energy policies and acts which consider challenges, benefits and
initiatives associated with reducing emissions and improving energy efficiency have
been introduced:
The Coalition Agreement 2016 - 2018
This agreement entered into force on the 27
th
November 2016 with a given set of
objectives concerning energy and climate.
The Coalition will work to introduce electricity, water and heating prices that are
based on solidarity and equality. In this way the Coalition will ensure more equal
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
216
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
conditions for all families. There must be uniform prices for electricity, water and
heating for all production facilities in the country, to ensure equal opportunities to
promote business and industry, wherever they are located.
The Energy Supply Act
Energy supply legislation was first introduced in 1997, when Parliament passed the
Energy Supply Act covering the supply of electricity, heating and fuel. In accordance
with the Act, the supply of energy must be managed to promote energy saving and be
economically sound. It must further improve efficiency of the production and supply
system while introducing an environmentally cleaner production of energy.
Economic incentives for fuel-efficient behaviour
The Greenlandic Parliament has furthermore passed three acts that create economic
incentives for fuel-efficient behaviour:
•
Act on Environmental Taxes for Products used in Energy Production is
Greenland’s first environmental tax on fossil fuels. The Act came into force
in January 2011 and constitutes a direct tax of DKK 0.10 per litre of the retail
price on most fossil fuels, regardless of end-use, creating an incentive to both
reduce fossil fuel consumption and to invest in new and cleaner technologies
within the private and public sectors.
An increase in motor vehicle taxes, primarily targeting heavy vehicles. The
Act came into effect in 2013.
A general tax exemption for vehicles fuelled by electricity (EVs) or
hydrogen. The tax exemption came into effect in January 2014 and will
remain in place until 1
st
January 2018.
Past and on-going measures
•
•
4.6.2
Hydropower for electricity and heating
The development of hydropower has been central to the national energy supply since
the 1970s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, systematic studies of possible
hydropower potentials were carried out. The 1986 Energy Policy Guidelines stated
that hydropower should be a bearing element of the future energy supply system in
Greenland.
The first hydropower facility was opened in 1993 and since then the use of
hydropower has gradually expanded. With the introduction of the fifth hydropower
plant in 2013, the total capacity of the hydropower plants in Greenland amounts to 91
MW, covering around 50% of total supply. In 2014 the five hydropower plants will
produce enough energy to save more than 67 million litres of oil, cutting greenhouse
gas emissions by more than 174.7 Gg annually, which equals approximately 23% of
the total greenhouse gas emissions in 2011 in Greenland.
Residual heat from energy production at the hydropower plants is in some places
used for district heating. Surplus electricity production is likewise used for district
heating and constitutes an efficient way of making use of energy that would
otherwise go to waste. In Nuuk, the capital, the heating supply depends almost
entirely on this kind of district heating. A couple of times a year, when the demand
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
217
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
peaks, there is no surplus electricity production and temporary use of oil boilers
ensures a continuous and steady heating supply. The most recent hydropower plant in
Ilulissat will have district heating facilities installed by the end of 2013, which are
expected to meet the total energy demand of the town.
In this way, hydropower constitutes a significant resource in improving the
efficiency of existing energy production and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
in Greenland. While no new hydropower plants are planned for the coming years,
initiatives and efforts to improve efficiency of existing production continue.
Waste Incineration Facilities
Waste management in Greenland is challenged by the vast distances and hence
depends on local waste management schemes. In six major cities, incineration plants
are in use. Much of the residual heat from these facilities is used for district heating
and, in combination with hydropower-based heating, contributes to an energy-
efficient heating system. The incineration of waste replaces fuel for heating and
reduces emissions of methane that would otherwise occur, if waste was deposited at
landfill sites.
In smaller towns and settlements, 46 small-scale incineration facilities have been
established. The primary objective with these facilities is to provide an alternative
method of waste disposal compared with open landfills in small communities. A
current project carried out by the government, is investigating the potentials for
improved use of residual heat from waste incineration plants. The project will
contribute to the formulation of a strategy for incineration solutions in Nuuk as well
as in smaller towns and settlements.
The project has determined that the best solution from an environmental and socio-
economic perspective is to move towards centralisation of the country’s waste
management.
The aim is that all waste incineration will take place in three larger towns – Nuuk,
Qaqortoq and Sisimiut – by 2024. Residual heat from waste incineration can
complement existing energy sources in an efficient manner in Qaqortoq and Sisimiut,
while large-scale advantages in Nuuk make it worth concentrating here.
Sector Programme for Renovation with Environmental and Energy Effects in
Greenland 2000-2003
The objective of the Sector Programme was to ensure that efforts in the renovation of
buildings and supply plants would increasingly take into account environmental and
energy-saving aspects.
Projects carried out under the Programme included renovation of combined
electricity and heat production plants (CHP plants) and supply grids along with
renovation of buildings. It also included a revision of the existing building
regulations, the preparation of a new energy plan and initiatives for behaviour-
regulating measures.
In 2003, an evaluation of the Sector Programme was carried out, estimating a
reduction in CO
2
emissions of more than 3,900 tonnes annually. Calculations were
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
218
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
based on information from energy statistics provided by the Danish Energy Authority
as well as estimates of reductions in the consumption of both electricity and oil.
The Transport Sector
The transport sector is considered a key sector, despite the fact that Greenland has no
roads connecting towns and settlements. Even though the market for electric vehicles
(EVs) is limited in Greenland, EVs have reached a technological stage of
development, where they in some cases can become a realistic alternative to diesel
vehicles.
The analysis,
Electric Vehicles as a Realistic Alternative in Nuuk,
from 2013
identifies barriers to the introduction of EVs in Nuuk and presents a number of
recommendations for improving conditions for EVs in Nuuk. Surplus capacity from
hydropower energy production that is now used for heating purposes can be used
even more efficiently for charging EVs.
The initiative to push forward the introduction of EVs in Nuuk is backed up by
several actors represented in a working group on EVs hosted by CSR Greenland; an
organisation established in 2010 which promotes the benefits of responsible business
and sustainable development in Greenland. The working group on EVs includes
representatives from the municipality and the government, local businesses and
interested citizens.
Other Initiatives
In 2013 the Ministry of Housing, Nature and Environment launched a national
campaign to raise awareness of the effects of GHG emissions. The campaign was
published in a number of local newspapers and in one national paper and encouraged
energy-saving behaviour.
The Ministry of Labour, Trade, Industry and Energy supports the research in and
development of new initiatives within the renewable energy sector.
The programme was designed to support research in hydrogen energy, but today has
been expanded to include financial support for a wider range of projects within the
field of energy and climate change adaptation. The projects supported under the
programme are small-scale, but bring knowledge and practical experience to
entrepreneurs and other interested actors in Greenland. As examples, solar panels
have been established to supply a folk high school with energy, and in one settlement
a micro-hydropower plant has been introduced to supplement energy production
from a CHP plant. The programme has furthermore supported pilot projects on wind
energy and geothermal energy. All projects provide good experience and useful
lessons for entrepreneurs and they contribute to the generation of new knowledge
about the opportunities for expanding the use of renewable sources in Greenland.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
219
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0220.png
4.7
4.7.1
P
OLICIES AND MEASURES ON
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
Climate policy and policy-making process
The Climate Convention was ratified by the Realm, and therefore it also applies for
the Faroe Islands. When ratifying the Kyoto Protocol the Danish government took a
territorial reservation for the Faroe Islands.
In the spring 2008, the Faroese Government started a process formulating a Climate
Strategy, and in the autumn 2008, a catalogue
32
of potential options to reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases was published.
In December 2009, the Faroese Parliament adopted the Faroese Climate Policy. All
the political parties in the Parliament adopted the policy.
A description of the national targets set in the strategy is in BR3, see Chapter VII.C.
In a move to follow international recommendations, the Faroese Government has
decided that the Faroe Islands shall be part of the Paris Agreement.
The Faroe Islands are covered by the Kingdom of Denmark’s ratification of the Paris
Agreement. The Faroe Islands will, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, define
and notify a separate Faroese emission reduction target. This will be communicated
in addition to the NDC, which Denmark has already communicated as a part of the
EUs NDC.
4.7.2
Policies and measures and their effect
The Faroe Islands will fulfil its obligations by accelerating the shift to renewable
energy aiming to become completely self-sufficient in green energy. The
Government aims for all power production from renewable sources by 2030.
In 2016 renewable energy was less than 6 % of total energy supply in the Faroe
Islands. However, there is unexploited potential, especially in wind and solar power
and in a longer perspective in tidal power.
Wind farms
SEV, the Public Power Company, owned by the Faroese municipalities, is
responsible for production, transmission and distribution of nearly all power in the
Faroe Islands. SEV announced its plans to reach 100% green energy power
production by 2030, when the company officially opened the Húsahagi 11 MW wind
farm on 9 October 2014. The wind farm at Húsahagi is, with its revolutionary battery
system, which in terms of minutes and seconds balances the energy output to the
grid, the first concrete step on the green course. The battery system enables higher
yield from wind energy. A hundred percent green power production will reduce the
emission of GHG with 90,000 tonnes CO
2
equivalents.
The Faroe Islands is surrounded by plentiful and unstable winds, with an average
annual wind above 10 m/s on several locations. Energy production from wind is
unstable and closely correlated to the changeable weather patterns in the Faroe
32
Skjótt syftir seiðir og tunga takið (Easy picking and the long haul). http://www.us.fo/Default.aspx?ID=14087
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
220
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Islands. The challenge is that wind alone cannot be the sole source of supply; rather
the wind needs to be coupled with more stable production sources, such as
hydropower.
Wind farms are easy and quick to build, as well as being an inexpensive form of
production, and more energy from wind is certainly a part of the plan. This will most
likely happen in conjunction with energy storage that can store excess wind energy,
and then release the stored energy onto the grid, when wind production is low.
The first 0.2 MW wind turbine was erected in 1993 and was regarded as a test
engine. In 2003, the private company Røkt installed 3 x 0.66 MW Vestas turbines in
the area above Vestmanna. Two years later SEV installed five turbines in Nes
(Eysturoy) and in 2014, 13 turbines were erected in Húsahagi near the capital
Tórshavn. The total yearly production from the 22 turbines is 55- 60 GWh and the
reduction in CO2 equivalents is 25,000 tonnes.
Plans are in place to construct two new windfarms in 2018 and 2019 with a total
capacity of respectively 5 MW and 12 MW and the emissions of CO2 equivalents
will be reduced by 45,000 tonnes.
The greatest challenges in the future is to ensure a balance between demand and
production. The challenge grows with increasing production from unstable
sustainable sources – such as wind, hydro, and solar. It is therefore important to
develop systems to secure a balanced, sustainable production every hour of the day,
all year round, while maintaining security of supply.
In the short term, the thermal plants will secure supply and balancing the grid, when
supply from green sources is insufficient. With developments in technology, the
green sources in conjunction with energy storage will be able to take over the
security of supply from the thermal plants for longer periods, such as in the summer
period.
The work to reach 100% green energy on shore in the Faroe Islands by 2030 is based
on three main principles. First, the security of supply must be maintained
unconditionally, second, all investments must be financially viable, and third is the
consideration for the environment. To make the right decisions at the right time is
crucial on the green course.
The tangible plan for the green course is a flexible project with the aim to securely
and with great care to select the best and least impacting green solutions for the
Faroe Islands.
Heating of household and other buildings
In order to make use of the increased power production from wind, electricity will
replace heating oil in space heating of houses and buildings. A normal family house
use 2,500 litre of heating oil and the emission is 8 ton CO2 a year. A heat pump will
reduce the emission with 5 ton, taking into account that a part of the electricity will
come from diesel engines. Today there are installed 300 ground source pump and
1,000 air to water / air-to-air heat pumps. The CO2 reduction is 8,000 ton/year.
District heating
Since 1990, parts of the houses in Tórshavn get heat from a District Heating System.
The energy originate from incineration of waste and waste heat from the diesel
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
221
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
power station in Sund outside Tórshavn. Today 1,100 houses are connected and the
reduction of CO2 is 9,000 ton/year.
Regulation on taxes
The total demand to electric power in the Faroe Islands increases both due to normal
economic growth and due the changes in energy usage, which is envisaged within
domestic transport and heating when the switch from oil and petrol to electric energy
takes place in years to come. Electric energy demand is expected to increase from
around 350 GWh in 2017 to around 600 GWh by 2030, where all the production
shall come from renewable resources.
In order to decarbonise the heat and transport sector the government introduced
financial incentives by lowering the tax on electric vehicle and promoting heat
pumps by removing VAT on the installation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
222
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0223.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0224.png
5 Projections and the total effect of policies and
measures
- and supplementarity relating to Kyoto Protocol mechanisms
5.1
5.1.1
P
ROJECTION WITH EXISTING MEASURES
(WEM-
SCENARIO
)
Projection of total greenhouse gas emissions
In March 2017, the latest baseline scenario with a projection of Denmark’s
greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2030 was published by the Danish Energy Agency
(DEA
2017)
33
. A full documentation report in English with additional projections for
2031-2035 was published in November 2017 by DCE, the Danish Centre for
Environment and Energy at Aarhus University (Nielsen
et al. (2017b))
34
. As further
described below detailed results from the 2017 projection are available in Annex C1.
The purpose of the baseline scenario – the so-called “with (existing) measures”
projection or WEM-scenario - is to get an assessment of how energy consumption
and emissions of greenhouse gases will evolve in the future if no new policies are
introduced. This is often referred to as a "frozen policy" scenario or a ”business-as-
usual” scenario. The actual development will continue to be influenced by new
political initiatives, and the scenario is not considered as a long-term forecast, but
rather as a calculation that, on the basis of some given assumptions, we can identify
the challenges which future climate policy must address.
The baseline scenario is based on a number of general economic assumptions (the
output of industries, private consumption, fuel prices etc.), a number of specific
assumptions on technology (what are the costs of different types of plants, what is
the efficiency etc.) and assumptions about how the energy market players will act
with pure market conditions.
Scenarios of this nature will always be subject to many key and uncertain
assumptions. A different development than the assumed may therefore move the
DEA 2017:
Basisfremskrivning 2017,
Danish Energy Agency, March 2017 (in Danish:
https://ens.dk/service/fremskrivninger-
analyser-modeller/basisshyfremskrivninger /
in English:
https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/danish-
climate-and-energy-outlook
)
34
Nielsen et al. (2017b):
Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035. Nielsen, O-K., Plejdrup, M.S., Winther, M., Hjelgaard, K.,
Nielsen, M., Hoffmann, L., Fauser, P., Mikkelsen, M.H., Albrektsen, R., Gyldenkærne, S. & Thomsen, M. 2017. Aarhus
University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment
and Energy No. 244 (http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR244.pdf). It should be noted that the projection results in this DCE report deviate
slightly from the results in the DEA report as the estimated effects of biocovers are not included in the DCE report.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
224
33
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
result in both directions. The baseline scenario includes the effects of already
adopted, but not necessarily implemented, measures.
All elements of the Energy Agreement of March 2012 are included in the baseline
scenario. In addition, the baseline scenario includes previously agreed actions. The
results of the projections are very dependent on these assumptions.
In principle the baseline scenario includes the total effect of the policies and
measures described in Chapter 4. However, the total effect of policies and measures
is derived at through the use of projection models, assumptions and input parameters
rather than calculated as the sum of the effects of individual policies and measures.
One key assumption is that the effects of exisiting policies and measures is reflected
in the greenhouse gas emission inventory for the latest historic year for which data
are available. For the March 2017 baseline projection preliminary inventory data for
2015 were used. As new knowledge for two source categories (“Agricultural soils”
and “Biological treatment of solid waste”) was taken into account when the final
inventory data for 1990-2015 were re-submitted under the UNFCCC in May 2017,
and as this was also the case in the projections included in the projection report
published by DCE in November 2017, the projection results presented in this report
(both in NC7 and BR3 included as Annex F) also include the revised methane
emission time series projected for these two souce categories. This change and one
additional difference between the DEA-report and the DCE-report is further
explained in Annex C1.The March 2017 projection goes up to 2030 with additional
estimates for the period 2031-2035, and its findings are obviously very uncertain.
As shown in Figure 5.1 total Danish greenhouse gas emissions have exhibited a
downward trend since the mid-1990s. In 2015, total emissions had fallen by about
27% compared with 1990. Emissions from the energy sector - which include
emissions from electricity and district heating production, energy consumption by
households and industries, as well as oil and gas extraction and refineries - have
traditionally played a significant role in the calculations, but have also exhibited the
most significant decrease as a result of Danish conversion of the energy system.
Since 1990, the transport sector's share of total emissions has grown steadily due to
rising transport needs in the wake of economic development.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
225
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0226.png
F
IGURE
5.1 T
OTAL
D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
,
WITHOUT
LULUCF,
WITH INDIRECT
CO
2
IN
THE BASIC SCENARIO
(WEM)
AND THE
A
LTERNATIVE SCENARIO UNTIL
2030, 1990-2015
ARE
INVENTORY DATA WITHOUT AND WITH ADJUSTMENTS FOR INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS IN ELECTRICITY
TRADE AND TEMPERATURE
In connection with the financial crisis in 2008, the rising curve of emissions by the
transport sector was broken. In addition to the financial situation, another
contributing factor was increased focus on energy efficiency in cars. Emissions from
agriculture have been falling since 1990, primarily due to increased efficiency of
agricultural production and stricter environmental regulation. The remaining
emissions, about 5-7% of total emissions, come from industrial gases, waste and
wastewater. These emissions increased from 1990 up to 2000, after which they
significantly decreased up to today.
The reduction in the use of fossil fuels means that energy-related CO
2
will be
reduced significantly towards 2020. The decrease up to 2020 will mainly occur
within energy related emissions, and it is closely linked to implementation of the
energy agreements from 2008 and 2012. The fall in emissions is due the deployment
of and conversion to renewables, as well as decreased energy consumption as a
consequence of energy efficiency improvements.
Starting around 2020, emissions in the basic scenario are expected to increase,
primarily due to the discontinuation of many of the elements of the energy policy
framework which are currently keeping emissions low. This include support schemes
for renewable energy capacity installation and energy saving efforts. With the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
226
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0227.png
assumption of no new policy (frozen-policy approach) applied in the baseline
scenario (WEM), these schemes will not be replaced by new ones, and this will lead
to an increase in emissions. This will primarily be driven by rising energy demand,
which will be met by increased consumption of energy based on fossil fuels,
particularly coal. The increased consumption of coal will lead to increasing
emissions. If new policy decisions are made for the energy area, for example a new
energy agreement, conditions and, thus, developments will change accordingly.
The alternative scenario is an illustration of this situation: it assumes that the energy
company Ørsted (former DONG) phases out coal by 2023 as announced on February
2017. This situation involves coal being replaced by biomass, which means that coal
consumption will first drop and then increase again; however, at a slower rate. As
shown in Figure 5.1 this will result in a drop in greenhouse gas emissions up to 2025,
after which emissions will rise slightly again up to 2030.
Realised and expected reductions in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the base
year 1990/95 are shown in Table 5.1.
T
ABLE
5.1: R
EALISED AND EXPECTED REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMPARED TO THE
BASE YEAR
1990/95
Source: Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017, Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
Emissions
in
base year
1990/95
1
Million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents
2015
Million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents
Reduction
relative to
base year, %
Million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents
2020
2
Reduction
relative to
base year, %
Including
sensitivities
analysed
Million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents
2030
2
Reduction
relative to
base year, %
Including
sensitivities
analysed
70.8
3
51.9
27%
44.8
37%
34% to
39%
nd
50.9
43.4
28%
39%
18% to
38%
Assuming implementation of Ørsted's coal phase-out
Note 1: The recalculated and approved base year in relation to the Kyoto Protocol’s 2 commitment period (see chapter 3.5.2).
Note 2: Assuming no new initiatives.
Note 3: As with all other signatories of the UNFCCC, Denmark's baseline year is based on observed emissions on Danish
territory in 1990. Emissions this year were unusually low due to plentiful precipitation in Sweden and Norway providing a large
supply and low prices for hydropower electricity. Denmark therefore opted to import electricity rather than produce it. Danish
emissions would have been a little over 6 million tonnes CO2-eq. higher if adjusted for this electricity trade. In relation to an
adjusted and higher baseline year, realised and expected reductions would be about 5 percentage points higher each year.
5.1.1.1 Progress towards Denmark’s non-ETS target for 2013-2020 in the EU
Under the 2009 EU climate and energy package, Denmark is committed to reducing
emissions from non-ETS sectors by 20% by 2020 relative to the 2005 level, as well
as to achieving a set of sub-targets up to 2020. These sub-targets become
progressively stricter up to the end-target in 2020. Overachievement in one year can
be carried forward and used for target achievement in the subsequent year.
Overachievement is expected for the period 2013-2018. In 2019 the sub-target will
be more or less reached, and 2020 will see an underachievement of slightly less than
1 million tonnes CO
2
-eq. as shown in Figure 5.2. As previous years'
overachievement may be carried forward and used for target performance in years
with underachievement, Denmark is expected to achieve its reduction commitments.
A total, accumulated overachievement of about 9 million tonnes CO
2
-eq is expected
for the whole commitment period. When sensitivities are taken into account, the
2020 underachievement is expected to be between 0 and 1.5 million tonnes CO
2
-eq.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
227
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0228.png
A total, accumulated overachievement of between 8 and 11 million tonnes CO
2
-eq is
expected for the whole period when including sensitivities
35
.
F
IGURE
5.2
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
D
ENMARK
’
S NON
-ETS
SECTORS IN THE BASELINE
(WEM)
SCENARIO UNTIL
2020, 2013-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Note: Overachievement is expected up until around 2019, after which time emissions are expected to exceed targets. Note that
the y axis does not begin at 0.
5.1.1.2 Progress towards Denmark’s preliminary non-ETS target for 2030 in the
EU
As mentioned in Chapter 4, the Danish government has increased its ambition and in
October 2017 agreed to a further reduction in non-ETS emissions in the period 2021-
2030, rising to 39% by 2030 relative to 2005 under the draft EU Effort Sharing
Regulation for which final approval is pending (the European Parliament and the
European Council reached a provisional agreement on the effort sharing regulation
on 21 December 2017).
The Energy Agreement from March 2012 has brought Denmark a long way towards
realising the 2020 target. This is illustrated in Figure 5.2. However, significant
additional efforts will be needed to reach the 2030 target.
The baseline scenario projections show a fall in total emissions up to 2020 after
which emissions will begin to rise. The decrease up to 2020 will mainly occur within
energy related emissions, and it is closely linked to implementation of the energy
agreements from 2008 and 2012. The fall in emissions is due the deployment of and
35
After publication of the projection report in March 2017, the European Commission adopted in August 2017 a decision with
revised target paths 2017-2020 for the EU Member States. When the revised target path for Denmark, primarily due to the
inclusion of indirect CO
2
emissions both in 2005, 2008-2010 and the target years, is taken into account, the accumulated
surplus 2013-2020 is expected to increase and the greenhouse gas emissions in the non-ETS sector to be below the target
path also in 2020.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
228
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
conversion to renewables, as well as decreased energy consumption as a
consequence of energy efficiency improvements.
After 2020, many of the existing energy policy framework elements will cease to
apply, including support schemes for renewable energy capacity installation and
energy saving efforts. With the assumption of no new policy (frozen-policy
approach) applied in the projections, these schemes will not be replaced by new ones,
and this will lead to an increase in emissions. This will primarily be driven by rising
energy demand, which will be met by increased consumption of energy based on
fossil fuels, particularly coal. The increased consumption of coal will lead to
increasing emissions.
Under an alternative scenario, which involves realisation of Ørsted’s (the former
DONG Energy) announced phase-out of coal by 2023, the rise in coal consumption
will be considerably more modest and will not begin until the middle of the 2020s.
Emissions are expected to drop in a period up to 2025, after which they will begin to
rise again, but at a much slower rate than in the basic scenario. Conversion from coal
to biomass is part of the reason for the difference between the alternative scenario
and the baseline scenario; another part of the reason is increased imports of
electricity to cover rising electricity consumption.
Both without and with the Ørsted scenario additional efforts will be required to reach
the reduction target for the period 2021-2030.
On 20 July 2016, the European Commission published a proposal for climate efforts
for non-ETS sectors for the period 2021-2030. The proposal contains both effort
sharing and the framework for achievement of targets. On 13 October 2017 the EU
Member States and the European Commission reached an agreement on non-ETS
targets for the Member States and the on the framework. Final agreement with the
European Parliament is now pending (a provisional agreement on the effort sharing
regulation was reached on 21 December 2017). Thus, all assessments on the
consequences of the agreement are therefore subject to the reservation that the final
outcome might look different.
The framework for efforts is essentially the same as for the period 2013-2020, with
one target for 2030 and progressively stricter binding annual sub-targets up to 2030.
By 2030, Denmark must reduce its non-ETS emissions by 39% relative to 2005.
However, the absolute target in tonnes in 2030 as well as the target path starting in
2021 will not be finally decided until later. There is also uncertainty with regard to
the projections themselves. In addition to this, the agreed framework with new
internal EU flexibility mechanisms could also change before final agreement is
reached with the European Parliament. All in all, this means that the assessments of
reduction needs are subject to considerable uncertainty.
Even so, the challenge facing Denmark can already now be outlined, if we look
exclusively at the projected emissions and the expected commitments. This is shown
in Figure 5.3.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
229
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0230.png
F
IGURE
5.3
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
D
ENMARK
’
S NON
-ETS
SECTORS IN THE BASELINE
(WEM)
SCENARIO UNTIL
2030, 2005-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Note: Emissions from non-ETS sectors are expected to stay at a fairly constant level up to 2030. Progressively stricter reduction
targets mean that a climate deficit will accumulate up to 2030. This reduction trajectory represents a best estimate and, with
regard to start and end points, is based on data from Denmark's Energy and Climate Outlook 2017 (as reassessed in May 2017).
By 2030, Danish non-ETS emissions are likely to have been reduced by between
20% and 26% relative to the 2005 level, which is not enough to meet the target
without additional reduction efforts or the use of possible flexible mechanisms. On
the basis of these assumptions, it is anticipated there will be an overall need for
accumulated additional reductions of between 21 to 38 million tonnes CO
2
-eq.
(middle estimate of around 28 million tonnes) over the entire period 2021-2030, and
between 5 and 8 million tonnes in 2030, if Danish non-ETS emissions are to be in
line with the reduction target.
One of the non-ETS framework’s new EU internal flexible mechanisms is the option
of using the so-called LULUCF credits, which represent the carbon sequestration or
uptake by soil and plants in Denmark. According to the agreement reached on 13
October 2017 Denmark may use up to 14.6 million tonnes of LULUCF credits in
total 2021-2030 (see Box 5.1). Under the proposed regulations LULUCF credits
2021-2030 are expected to be generated at a volume above this limit However, it
should be noted that the projections of future LULUCF credits are very uncertain.
Additionally, the proposal contains a number of other flexible mechanisms such as
limited access to the use of ETS allowances for non-ETS target achievement or the
trading of emission rights between EU countries.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
230
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0231.png
B
OX
5.1 LULUCF -
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
The sequestration or uptake of CO
2
by soil, plants and trees, known as LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-
Use Change and Forestry) also plays a role in climate efforts. There is potential for enormous uptake
or emissions in connection with land use just due to the size of the carbon pools in question.
It can be relatively difficult to determine the uptake and emissions from land use. There is therefore
great uncertainty in connection with these estimates - both in connection with historical figures and
the projected figures.
In addition to the complexity of natural science methodologies used to calculate LULUCF
contributions, the rules for applying LULUCF in the climate accounts are also difficult. Different
regulations apply to different commitment periods. Under the United Nation’s Kyoto Protocol,
LULUCF could be used in the period 2008-2012 but with certain restrictions. An equivalent
framework for LULUCF for the period 2013-2020 has not yet entered into force, and in connection
with the EU's own efforts 2013-2020, it is not been possible for Member States to use LULUCF
credits for the achievement of their EU non-ETS target.
It has been preliminary agreed that LULUCF credits may, to a certain extent, be used in European
efforts in the period 2021-2030. This means that Denmark might have the option of utilizing up to
14.6 million tonnes CO
2
-eq. of LULUCF credits during that period. The contribution is determined
based on emissions from cultivated lands in comparison with the average emissions levels in the years
2005-2007. Credits will be generated if emissions have dropped since then and vice versa. With the
current projections and methodology used to calculate LULUCF, 17.6 million tonnes CO
2
-eq. of
LULUCF credits are expected to be generated from Danish soil in the period 2021-2030 (in the first
estimate shown in the DEA-projection report from March 2017 there was an error – resulting in an
erroneous estimate of 44 million tonnes CO
2
-eq. LULUCF credits). Note that estimates on LULUCF
contributions are subject to considerable uncertainty due to the fact that even relatively small
adjustments to methodology can result in very different results.
5.1.1.3 Progress by sector and by gas
Based on baseline scenario projections of activity data from sectors with greenhouse
gas emissions, e.g. energy consumption in the energy sector, number of livestock in
the agricultural sector etc., projections of greenhouse gas emissions are calculated.
The main sector categories in the greenhouse gas projections are the same as those
defined in the IPCC guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories with the split of
AFOLU into agriculture and LULUCF adopted under the UNFCCC :
- Energy (Fuel Combustion, including Transport, and Fugitive Emissions from
Fuels)
- Industrial Processes and Product Use
- Agriculture
- LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry)
- Waste
The energy-related CO
2
emissions account for the vast majority of Denmark's total
emissions of greenhouse gases.
A major part of the energy-related CO
2
emissions falls under the EU Emissions
Trading System (EU ETS), not least electric utilities. Changes in these emissions do
not directly influence Denmark’s compliance with reduction commitments under the
Kyoto Protocol, since the final result for Denmark’s accounting of emissions and
credits under the Kyoto Protocol is determined by the quota for Danish installations
covered by the EU ETS. In case of emissions above the quota, the responsible
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
231
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0232.png
entities under the EU ETS have to buy and surrender extra quotas or credits to cover
this excess of emissions. This means that the excess of emissions are covered by an
equivalent amount of emission reductions elsewhere. Although the amendment to the
Kyoto Protocol for the second commitment period and Denmark’s commitment
thereunder has not yet entered into force, Denmark will comply as if it has entered
into force due to the EU legislation defining Denmark’s share in fulfilling the joint
EU target for the period 2013-2020.
Table 5.2 and Figure 5.4 show Denmark’s emission of greenhouse gases from
Denmark’s base year (i.e. without Greenland) under the 2
nd
commitment period
under the Kyoto Protocol (“KP2 BY”) to 2035 for the main IPCC sector categories
mentioned above together with total greenhouse gas emissions with and without
LULUCF. As in Denmarks target 2013-2020 indirect emissions of CO
2
are also
included for the whole period. Figures for emissions in the period 1990-2015 are
from the National Inventory Report (NIR) submitted under the UNFCCC and the
Kyoto Protocol in May 2017, and figures for emissions in the period 2016-2035 are
from the March 2017 baseline or “with measures” projection scenario.
The full set of tables with the results from the March 2017 baseline scenario is
included in Annex C1.
T
ABLE
5.2
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
.
WITHOUT EMISSIONS IN
G
REENLAND AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS FOR
M
AIN
IPCC S
ECTORS
–
INCLUDING
E
NERGY WITH
AND WITHOUT
T
RANSPORT
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2008-12
2015
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
70793 70356 78282 70786 66371 63217 60609 48331 48419 45090 49059 51269 49502
70802 75259 82472 74994 71611 62420
53600
42866
10733
2644
12784
9
1765
53619
42885
10734
2343
12631
4902
1763
70356
54808
7624
7882
42
61727
49634
12093
2878
12079
4190
1598
78282
62752
8051
7134
344
54414
42129
12285
3631
11228
4208
1513
70786
55170
7907
6926
782
51519
38276
13242
2789
10788
5240
1276
66371
52257
7671
5472
971
49667
36542
13125
2034
10326
-797
1190
63217
49727
7347
5139
1005
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
1A3 Transport
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use
3. Total Agriculture
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
5. Total Waste
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
without LULUCF
without LULUCF
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO2]
59974 52484
46785
33756
13030
2199
10406
-635
1218
60609
47148
7261
5210
990
34888
22552
12336
1992
10299
4153
1153
48331
35559
6849
5182
742
50850 47456 50923 53283 50540
34922
22665
12258
1964
10469
2431
1063
48419
35672
6796
5290
661
31747
19422
12325
1910
10572
2366
861
45090
32686
6518
5415
472
35691
23497
12195
1844
10629
1864
894
49059
36758
6606
5460
235
37836
25807
12029
1824
10702
2014
908
51269
39005
6651
5473
141
36024
24531
11493
1857
10696
1038
926
49502
37276
6617
5481
127
70793
54785
7864
7799
344
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
with LULUCF
with LULUCF
70802 75259 82472 74994 71611 62420
54794
7864
7799
344
59664
7643
7909
42
66888
8078
7161
344
59316
7943
6953
782
57426
7715
5499
971
48851
7399
5166
1005
59974 52484
46434
7313
5237
990
39618
6909
5216
742
50850 47456 50923 53283 50540
38011
6857
5320
661
34956
6583
5445
472
38525
6672
5491
235
40920
6717
5505
141
38214
6684
5515
127
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
232
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0233.png
F
IGURE
5.4
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
.
WITHOUT EMISSIONS IN
G
REENLAND AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, T
OTAL EXCLUDING AND INCLUDING
LULUCF
AND FOR
THE
M
AIN
IPCC S
ECTORS
–
INCLUDING
E
NERGY WITH AND WITHOUT
T
RANSPORT
, 1990-2015
ARE
OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
The developments in greenhouse gas emissions by sector has shifted over time
because changes are primarily occurring in the energy sector. In 1990, energy related
emissions in Denmark accounted for 60% of total emissions, while transport and
agriculture both accounted for 16% respectively. Additional sources jointly
accounted for only 5% of total emissions. This situation was vastly different in 2015.
Energy related emissions had been almost halved and accounted for less than 50% of
total emissions while transport emissions had increased by a quarter. The share of
emissions from agriculture had also increased to 20% despite absolute emissions for
the sector having decreased by 18% since 1990.
This development is expected to continue until the current energy agreement expires
in 2020. Transport and agriculture will both account for an increasing share of total
emissions, and simultaneously slightly increase absolute emissions. The share of
emissions by the energy sector is expected to decrease to just over 40% and absolute
emissions are expected to have been reduced by 60% compared to levels in 1990.
After 2020, emissions from both transport and agriculture will remain mostly
unchanged up to 2030 - agriculture will increase slightly while transport will
decrease slightly. In the basic scenario, energy related emissions are also expected to
increase again up to 2030. This means that the energy sector's share of total
emissions will increase to almost 50% again, while the share of other sectors will
decrease correspondingly.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
233
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0234.png
In connection with Ørsted’s plan to end the use of coal at its power plants by 2023
(the alternative scenario), energy related emissions are expected to decrease and then
increase slightly up to 2030. In this situation, energy related emissions will account
for about 40% of total emissions in 2030.
Although CO
2
is the predominant greenhouse gas in Denmark’s total greenhouse gas
emissions, the basic scenario also shows a decline in other greenhouse gases.
The following chapters contain further projection information by sector and by gas.
5.1.2
Energy (Fuel Combustion, including Transport, and Fugitive Emissions
from Fuels)
This section decribes the projection of the total emissions of CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O from
combustion of fuels and from fugitive emissions from fuels. The projections of
combustion of fuels include all fuel-consuming sectors. A more detailed description
of the approach used in the energy projection is included in Annex C2.
5.1.2.1 Methods
Based on a projection of the development in energy consumption in the period 2016-
2030/2035, projected emissions of CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O from combustion of fuels have
been calculated by multiplying the fuels’ related energy consumption by emission
factors.
The projection of end-user energy consumption by the business and domestic sectors
is based on an ADAM/EMMA projection. EMMA is a macro model that describes
the final energy consumption broken down into a number of sectors and seven types
of energy. It is based on historical experience with the behaviour of businesses and
households and is documented in NERI 1995
36
.
In EMMA, energy consumption in the business sector is determined by three factors:
production, energy prices/taxes and energy efficiencies/ trends. Increased production
will increase the demand for energy input, whereas increased energy prices and taxes
will pull in the direction of a more limited demand for fuels. Improved energy
efficiency will mean that production can be maintained using less energy, and in
EMMA this results in reduced energy consumption.
The projection of production by businesses is based on the latest ADAM projection
from the Danish Ministry of Finance (FFL2017, August 2016).
The projection of electricity and heat production is based on the Danish Energy
Agency's RAMSES model, using as the basis the demand for electricity and district
heating according to the projection of the consumption sectors. In the projection,
electricity and heat production is divided between existing and possible new
production plants on the basis of technical specifications and prices of fuels and CO
2
allowances. The model also determines electricity prices on the Nordic market and
the degree of electricity exchange with the other Nordic countries. In this regard it
takes account of the limitations in exchange capacity. Electricity production has been
liberalised throughout the Nordic region and therefore it is not closely linked to
36
Environmental satellite models for ADAM, NERI Technical Report no. 148, DMU 1995.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
234
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Danish demand, but rather to the characteristics of the individual power plant and
market prices. Industrial and local mini-CHP production is not projected in the
RAMSES model, therefore a separate (bottom-up) projection has been made of this
production.
The projection of emissions from other sectors (primarily from extraction of oil and
gas as well from as oil refineries) is based on data on expansion plans and ad-hoc
assumptions. For these sectors the projections include both fuel combustion
emissions and fugitive emissions.
The projection of of emissions from transport is carried out with the Transport
Model, which models energy consumption by the transport sector.
The basis for the emissions projections is the official Danish national fuel
consumption projections from the DEA (2017). These activity data are used in
combination with sector-specific emission factors derived from emission models
developed at DCE for road transport, aviation, railways, sea transport and working
machinery. More in-depth documentation can be seen in
Nielsen et al. (2017b).
5.1.2.2 Assumptions and key parameters
In general, the projection is based on the policies implemented or adopted before
March 2017, including the Agreement on Danish Energy Policy from March 2012.
The projection is based on energy consumption in 2015. The basic assumption is that
energy consumption in the future will equal the 2015 level, unless there is a drop in
economic activity, and/or prices, technical improvements, initiatives, climate, etc.
change. Therefore, only initiatives where the effect will change in relation to 2015
(including new initiatives) are included specifically when calculating the projection.
Therefore, the projection should be regarded as a ”with (existing) measures”
projection (WEM-scenario).
The IEA price assumptions for fossil fuels (World Energy Outlook – New Policy
scenario, 2016) have been applied. Prices of biomass are based on an analysis
prepared by an external consultant in 2016. District-heating prices are based on
production costs, while the price of electricity, as mentioned above, has been
calculated on the basis of marginal production costs.
Other assumptions behind the energy projection are economic growth of about 1.1-
1.9 per cent p.a. and prices of CO
2
allowances of about EUR 6 per tonne in 2020 –
increasing to about EUR 10 per tonne in 2030.
In Table 5.3 a number of key assumptions for the projections are shown.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
235
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0236.png
T
ABLE
5.3 G
ROWTH ASSUMPTIONS
1
Source: Danish Energy Agency
Gross Domestic Product
Gross domestic product
growth rate
1
Population
Population growth rate
International coal prices
International oil prices
International gas prices
Carbon price
1
The growth rates are from
The Danish Finance Ministry (FFL 2017, August 2016)
, * For 2016.
Units
Million €
2010 constant prices
prices
Per cent
Annual growth rate
1000 pers.
Per cent p.a.
2016 prices, €/GJ
2016 prices, €/GJ
2016 prices, €/GJ
2016 prices, €/t CO
2
2015
2020
2025
249,000 270,000 289,000
1.0%
5700
0.35%
2.1*
6.7*
4.4*
5.4*
1.9%
5800
0.35%
2.1
10.5
5.1
6.0
1.2%
6000
0.67%
2.3
12.1
7.1
7.6
2030
2035
305,000 305,000
1.6%
6100
0.33%
2.5
13.7
8.7
10.1
0.0%
6100
0.00%
2.5
13.7
8.7
10.1
5.1.2.3 Results
Gross energy consumption
Danish Danish gross energy consumption has been more or less constant since 1990
(see Figure 5.5) and has been following a slightly downward trend since 2000, while
GDP has increased considerably. Looking forward toward 2030, energy consumption
is likely to be slightly higher towards the end of the period than it is today. However,
this trend reflects a continued slight drop up to 2020 followed by an increase in
demand up to 2030. The drop in energy consumption up to 2020 is due primarily to
energy efficiency improvements and new wind power capacity
37
(including the
establishment of Kriegers Flak), while the expected increase in consumption after
2020 is due to a halt in the installation of new wind power capacity, fewer energy
efficiency improvements and increased electricity demand from new data centres.
F
IGURE
5.5 G
ROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION
2000-2030, 2000-2015
ARE OBSERVED
Source: Danish Energy Agency
Note: Following a slightly downward trend from 2000 to 2020, gross energy
consumption will increase slightly from 2020 to 2030.
37
Wind power can reduce gross energy consumption if the new capacity replaces thermal electricity production, since there is
no loss from converting from fuel to electricity in the case of wind power.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
236
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0237.png
Total consumption of renewable energy will increase significantly from 2016 to
2019, after which time it will stay at a more or less constant level up to 2030 (see
Figure 5.6). The increase early in the projection period is due primarily to the
conversion of large-scale CHP plants to biomass in combination with the deployment
of new wind power capacity.
After 2020, many of the large-scale power plants will have been converted to
biomass-based production, and no more conversions are expected under the basic
scenario. No more offshore wind farms have been approved for establishment after
Kriegers Flak has been fully commissioned in 2021, and in February 2018, the EU's
approval of state aid for onshore wind expires. Consequently, subsidies for onshore
wind capacity have not been included after 2018, which is one among several
reasons why the increase in renewable energy consumption will stagnate after 2019
under the basic scenario. There will be a significant increase in electricity production
from photovoltaic solar modules, since there will continue to be a self-generation
incentive. However, electricity production from photovoltaic solar modules will
continue to play a minor role for the overall picture.
As mentioned above, we have also prepared an alternative scenario. In this scenario,
consumption of renewable energy after 2020 will be slightly higher compared with
the basic scenario. This is due to increased consumption of biomass as it has been
assumed that DONG Energy's plants will be fired exclusively by biomass under this
scenario.
F
IGURE
5.6 T
OTAL CONSUMPTION OF RENEWABLES
2000-2030, 2000-2015
ARE OBSERVED
Source: Danish Energy Agency
Note: The conversion of several large-scale plants to biomass and the establishment of offshore
wind farms will lead to an increase in renewables from today up to 2020, after which time
these initiatives will end and the increase in renewables will therefore stagnate.
Renewable share and targets
Under the 2009 EU Climate and Energy Package, Denmark is committed to
achieving at least 30% renewables in gross final energy consumption
38
by 2020, as
well as various sub-targets before 2020. With a projected renewable share of 40% in
38
Gross final energy consumption has been calculated by adding cross-border trade, electricity and district-heating distribution
losses and own consumption in connection with district heating and electricity production to final energy consumption, less
consumption for non-energy purposes.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
237
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0238.png
2020, this target will have been exceeded by a large margin (see Figure 5.7). Annual
targets up to 2020 will also be reached by a large margin. The increase in the
renewable share from today and up to 2020 will be due, in particular, to the
conversion of large-scale plants to biomass, as well as to the deployment of more
offshore wind power capacity, including the establishment of the Horns Rev 3 and
Kriegers Flak offshore wind farms; however, it will also be due to continued energy
savings leading to less consumption.
In 2014, the EU committed to a 27% renewable energy share of consumption for the
EU as a whole by 2030. However, this target has not been translated into national
targets. Instead, from 2018, in national energy and climate plans, Member States
must account for their expected contribution to achieving the common EU target for
renewable energy by 2030, as well as for their ambitions to deploy renewable energy
after 2021.
The current Danish government platform includes a target of at least 50% renewables
by 2030. According to the basic scenario, the renewable share of gross final energy
consumption will be around 35-43% in 2030 as shown in Figure 5.7. The standstill in
the increase of the renewable share will be primarily due to a halt in biomass-
conversion of plants and in new wind power capacity installation, in combination
with increased energy consumption. The government's 2030 target will therefore not
be achieved, unless new policy is introduced to ensure this.
Under the alternative scenario, the increase in the renewable share will not stagnate
until after 2024. In 2030, the renewable share will be around 3 percentage points
higher in the alternative scenario than in the basic scenario. The alternative scenario
will have a higher share of renewable energy due to more use of biomass.
F
IGURE
5.7: R
ENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE
(EU
METHODOLOGY
)
Source: Danish Energy Agency.
Note: EU targets before and by 2020 will be exceeded by a large margin, but the government will fall
short of the 2030 target by 7-15 percentage points.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
238
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0239.png
Renewable energy targets for transport
The EU Climate and Energy Package also includes a separate target for renewables
in the transport sector, by which Denmark is obligated to reach a renewable share in
land-based transport of at least 10% by 2020. This target only applies for 2020 with
no requirements for sub-targets towards 2020.
The Danish 2012 Energy Agreement included a decision to amend the Danish
Biofuel Act so as to ensure a mix of 10% biofuels in transport fuels by 2020.
However, implementation of this is pending an analysis of alternative routes to
achieving the renewable energy target. Without this change, the share of biofuels in
transport in 2020 will not be enough to ensure an overall renewable share of 10% by
2020. However, the expected 5.5% biofuel share
39
in 2020, in combination with the
electrification of railways, will result in an overall renewable share of 8.7%.
Fossil fuels consumption
For many years, Denmark has seen falling consumption of fossil fuels; a trend that is
expected to continue up to 2020. After 2020, a decline in the efficiency
improvements in energy consumption, increased demand for electricity e.g. from
data centres, and a halt in the installation of new wind power capacity will mean that
consumption of fossil fuels will go up. In overall terms, consumption of fossil fuels
will fall from around 650 PJ in 2010 to 450 PJ in 2020 (an approx. 30% reduction);
however, by 2030 consumption will have increased to 520 PJ. The increase will be
due, in particular, to an increase in coal-based electricity generation, while
consumption of oil and natural gas is projected to stay at a relatively constant level
after 2020 as shown in Figure 5.8.
Under the alternative scenario, coal consumption will not start to rise until after
2025. This scenario assumes conversion to biomass of one additional plant and it
assumes that none of DONG's plants will exploit the possibility to use coal in
production of electricity and district heating (several of the plants can usually shift
between coal and biomass depending on prices). Therefore, this scenario projects a
lower consumption of coal than the basic scenario. In the alternative scenario, the
increased electricity demand will instead be by met by electricity imports, but this
scenario is sensitive to developments in fuel prices and to the energy mix in
neighbouring countries.
39
The anticipated 5.5% biofuel share is lower than required pursuant to the Biofuel Act; however, since the Act allows for
second generation biofuels to be multiplied by 2 (i.e. to count double), the legal requirement will have been met
nonetheless.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
239
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0240.png
F
IGURE
5.8 C
OAL
,
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
(
INDEX
, 2015 = 100) 2015-2030, 2015
IS OBSERVED
Source: Danish Energy Agency
Note: Consumption of oil and natural gas is projected to stay at a relatively constant level
after 2020, while coal consumption will increase due to increased electricity consumption.
However, in the alternative scenario the increase in electricity consumption will be met by
an increase in imports.
Further specific energy projection information regarding Production of electricity
and district heating, Household energy consumption, Energy consumption by the
business sector and Energy consumption by the transport sector is contained in
Annex C2.
Emissions of energy-related CO
2
and other greenhouse gases
In energy statistics, energy-related CO
2
emissions from Denmark’s gross energy
consumption is calculated (the total input of primary energy to the energy system),
including both the actual and corrected consumption, where the corrected
consumption is corrected for electricity trade. At the same time gross energy from
fuels used in Denmark is calculated.
In the international greenhouse gas inventories, emissions from combustion are
defined as emissions from fuels sold in Denmark, and therefore include emissions
that relate to cross-border trade with petroleum products (gasoline, gas-/diesel and
petroleum coke). Also, emissions from flaring is included, but not emissions from
international aviation.
The actual energy-related CO
2
emissions are sensitive to changes in electricity
exchange and are therefore difficult to use to assess the trend of development. CO
2
emissions associated with the electricity exchange will also predominantly be
covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). By correcting
emissions for electricity trading, the fluctuations caused by climate fluctuations
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
240
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
(particularly precipitation in the Nordic countries) and temporary capacity factors
(e.g. extraordinary outage times for nuclear power) are eliminated. The development
in corrected emissions better reflect the trend in emissions related to the Danish
energy consumption.
The corrections are only used for the historic data and only for domestic puposes.
The trend in corrected total greenhouse gas emission is shown in Chapter 3. For the
projection period the projected electricity trade is eliminated in the emission
projections as conservative estimates are preferred. In the results from the energy
projection models a tendency appears where Denmark is a net importer of electricity.
These imports are very sensitive in relation to external factors such as rainfall in
Norway and Sweden and operational stability in nuclear power plants. Variations in
these factors contribute significantly to the historical fluctuations in actual emissions.
In order to take into account the high uncertainty regarding the size and direction of
the electricity trade, the greenhouse gas emissions projections are calculated as if the
trade situation was neutral (i.e. no net import/export in the years of the projection
period)
Total greenhouse gas emissions decline in the scenario period until 2022/2024, as a
result of the substitution of fossil fuels with CO
2
-neutral renewable energy, as
previously described due to the changes in gross energy consumption. After 2024
emissions will increase again if the expiring policies an mesures from the 2012
Energy Agreement is not replaced by new or extention of existing policies and
measures expire in a new energy agreement. As mentioned in Chapter 4 the
government will put forward a proposal for a new energy agreement in 2018.
The results of the projections of total greenhouse gas emissions from energy,
including transport 2016-2035, are shown in Table 5.4 and Figure 5.9 together with
the corresponding historic emission inventories for 1990-2015. As with the historical
emissions inventories, the national totals for projected emissions of greenhouse gases
do not include emissions from international air transport and international marine
transport.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
241
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0242.png
T
ABLE
5.4
PROJECTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS FOR
E
NERGY
INCLUDING
T
RANSPORT
–
AND EXCLUDING
T
RANSPORT
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),DCE,
May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach)
'1. Energy industries,
'2. M anufacturing industries and construction
'3. Transport
'4. Other sectors
'5. Other (M ilitary)
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
1.A.3 Transport
1x. Total Enery (excluding Transport)
1. Total Energy
[including indirect CO2]
[including indirect CO2]
[including indirect CO2]
[including indirect CO2]
1990
53619
42885
53103
27468
5460
10734
9270
170
516
53619
52894
364
361
0
42885
42317
308
260
0
10734
10576
57
101
0
1995
61727
49634
61028
33696
5921
12093
8995
323
699
61727
60554
730
443
0
49634
48636
673
326
0
12093
11918
57
118
0
2000
54414
42129
53325
26921
6019
12285
7899
201
1089
54414
53023
907
484
0
42129
40900
861
369
0
12285
12124
46
115
0
2005
51519
38276
50643
23887
5543
13242
7592
379
876
51519
50222
851
445
0
38276
37120
818
338
0
13242
13102
33
107
0
2010 2008-12
49667
36542
49100
24636
4422
13125
6708
209
567
49667
48545
692
431
0
36542
35552
673
317
0
13125
12992
18
114
0
46785
33756
46292
22420
4345
13030
6258
239
493
46785
45755
624
406
0
33756
32860
605
291
0
13030
12895
19
116
0
2015
34888
22552
34497
13248
3887
12336
4827
199
391
34888
34134
365
389
0
22552
21943
354
255
0
12336
12192
11
134
0
2013-20 2020
34922
22665
34563
13803
3674
12258
4888
223
359
34922
34163
375
384
0
22665
22050
365
249
0
12258
12113
10
135
0
31747
19422
31523
11355
3511
12325
4534
220
224
31747
31052
327
368
0
19422
18876
320
226
0
12325
12176
7
142
0
2025
35691
23497
35353
15102
3812
12195
4288
220
339
35691
34957
344
391
0
23497
22915
337
244
0
12195
12042
7
146
0
2030
37836
25807
37590
17418
3980
12029
4091
220
246
37836
37132
315
389
0
25807
25259
308
240
0
12029
11873
7
149
0
2035
36024
24531
35784
15991
4190
11493
3934
221
240
36024
35358
281
385
0
24531
24019
274
238
0
11493
11339
6
148
0
53600
42866
53084
27472
5517
10733
9190
170
516
53600
52873
364
362
0
42866
42297
308
262
0
10733
10577
57
100
0
Note: For 2008-2012 and 2013-2020 the annual averages are shown.
F
IGURE
5.9
PROJECTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS FOR
E
NERGY
INCLUDING
T
RANSPORT
–
AND EXCLUDING
T
RANSPORT
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
75000
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),DCE,
May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
70000
65000
60000
55000
50000
45000
40000
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO2]
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
[including indirect CO2]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO2]
'1. Energy industries,
[including indirect CO2]
'2. Manufacturing industries and construction
15000
'3. Transport
'4. Other sectors
'5. Other (Military)
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
2033
KP CP2 BY
2035
35000
30000
25000
20000
10000
5000
0
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
242
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0243.png
5.1.2.4 Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations
The projection cannot be better than the material on which it is based. It is no
surprise that there is great uncertainty linked to the economic data, in particular in the
more distant future. Similarly, on a number of occasions it has been demonstrated
that tachygraphy data is also uncertain.
For the above reasons it is important to stress that the projection should only be used
as a descriptive tool for developments from one period to another. The uncertainty of
the values for the individual years may be great, and interpreting the level for the
specific year may be incorrect.
As the projection results are sensitive to changes in key assumptions, sensitivity
analyses have been carried out for the following parameters, which are considered to
be particularly uncertain or of major importance to the results:
• Fuel prices
• CO
2
quota prices
• Developments in neighbouring countries
• Electricity consumption in Denmark
• The expansion with land wind and solar cells
• Weather variations - rainfall (in Norway and Sweden) and wind
Most of the calculations are based on two sets of alternative assumptions compared
to the assumptions in the central scenario:
• A low emission development scenario based on high fuel and carbon prices, low
biomass prices, high expansion rate with land wind and solar cells and good weather
conditions for renewable energy production.
• A high emission development scenario based on low fuel and carbon prices, high
biomass prices, low expansion rate with land wind and solar cells and bad weather
conditions for renewable energy production.
As an example the CO
2
quota prices assumed in the low, central and high emission
scenario from the sensitivity analyses are shown in Table 5.5. Detailed information
on the actual assumptions for all parameters in the high emission and low emission
scenarios is included in the background report (in Danish).
T
ABLE
5.5 CO
2
QUOTA PRICES ASSUMED IN THE CENTRAL EMISSION SCENARIO AND IN THE SENSITIVITY
ANALYSES
’
LOW AND HIGH EMISSION SCENARIOS
.
Source:
CO
2
quota
prices (2016)
EUR/tonnes
Low
Central
High
2016
5.4
5.4
9.2
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017 Background Report,
Danish Energy Agency, 2017 (in Danish)
2018
5.4
5.6
12.3
2019
5.4
5.8
13.8
2020
5.4
6.0
15.3
2021
5.4
6.2
16.9
2022
5.4
6.5
18.4
2023
5.4
6.8
19.9
2024
5.4
7.2
21.5
2025
5.4
7.6
23.0
2026
5.4
8.0
25.3
2027
5.4
8.5
27.5
2028
5.4
9.0
29.8
2029
5.4
9.5
32.0
2030
5.4
10.1
34.3
2017
5.4
5.5
10.8
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
243
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
In Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 the combined effects of the sensitivities analyzed on
greenhouse gas emissions are shown as the colored areas expanding around the
central scenario in the projection period.
In Figures 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 the combined effects of the sensitivities analyzed on the
energy parameters depicted are shown as the colored area expanding around the
central scenario in the projection period.
5.1.3
Industrial Processes and Product Use
In addition to the emissions of greenhouse gases related to energy consumption by
industry included in section 5.1.2, greenhouse gases are also emitted from a number
of industrial processes. These include emissions from the production of cement, lime,
bricks/tiles, glass etc., as well as emissions of the fluorine-containing industrial gases
HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
(F-gases) from the production and use of products containing
these substances, such as refrigerants, foaming agents, and insulation gases. The use
of solvents and certain other products is a minor source of greenhouse gas emissions.
The projections of these emissions are included here.
5.1.3.1 Methods
For process emissions, there is often proportionality between production and
emissions, if there are no significant changes in the technology used in production or
any measures to limit emissions. However, it is often not possible to obtain
information from enterprises on their expected future production, partly for
commercial reasons and partly because market and production conditions are
unpredictable. The emission projections are therefore for some of the industrial
sources based on projected production values for the energy and production
industries from the Danish Energy Agency. These production value projections are
available for steel-, glass- and cement-industry, building/construction and
incineration of coal and waste for energy production.
For HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
, also known as F-gases, emission projections are based on
an F-gas projection published by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
(Poulsen,
2017).
The fluorinated gases all contain fluorine, hence the name f-gases.
None of the f-gases are produced in Denmark. The emission of these gases is
therefore associated only with their use.
For the remaining sources, emission projections are based on historical emissions.
For more detailed information on the methodologies and sources used within the
different categories is available in
Nielsen et al. (2017b).
5.1.3.2 Assumptions and key parameters
With regard to process emissions, the projections are in general based on energy and
production value projections related to specific sectors. From these value projections,
extrapolation factors have been calculated and applied.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
244
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0245.png
With regard to the fluorinated gases (F-gases) an account of the annual consumption
and emission of F-gases has been prepared by a consultant on behalf of the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA) (Poulsen,
2017).
In this connection,
projections to 2030 have also been prepared. Annual reports that contain both
consumption and emission data are available. In
Nielsen et al. (2017b)
this projection
has been extended to 2035. The projections of the F-gas emissions are based on
implemented and adopted policies and measures, described in Chapter 4, including a
statutory order on the phasing out of certain industrial gases, including a ban on the
use of HFC as a coolant in the retail trade and stationary A/C systems from 1 January
2007, except for refilling of existing systems, and as a foaming agent in PUR foam
from 1 January 2006.
The assumptions and key parameters used within the different sub-sectors are
described in detail in
Nielsen et al. (2017b).
5.1.3.3 Results
Results of projections of greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes and
product use, including emissions of F-gases, appear in Table 5.6 and Figure 5.10
together with the inventory data reported in April/May 2017.
T
ABLE
5.6 P
ROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM
I
NDUSTRIAL
P
ROCESSES AND
P
RODUCT
U
SE IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),DCE,
May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
804
1
0
203
13
956
57
0
2008-12
2015
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
2644 2343 2878 3631 2789 2034
1080 1082 1418 1629 1563
1003 1003
65
165
0
242
89
0
60
165
0
0
33
0
870
73
185
0
242
91
0
966
61
190
0
726
59
0
1
16
215
0
951
42
0
2199 1992
1002 1052
1
0
185
9
924
78
0
2
0
173
0
639
126
0
1964 1910 1844 1824 1857
1094 1227 1398 1473 1519
1
0
186
1
576
105
0
1
0
187
0
431
63
0
1
0
187
0
219
37
0
1
0
187
0
125
38
0
1
0
187
0
111
38
0
2644 2343 2878 3631 2789 2034
1276 1278 1642 1860 1795 1008
2
344
2
42
3
889
344
3
985
782
4
19
2
19
1021 1021
2199 1992
1188 1226
3
19
990
4
20
742
1964 1910 1844 1824 1857
1281 1416 1587 1661 1707
3
19
661
3
19
472
3
19
235
3
19
141
3
19
127
971 1005
Note: For 2008-2012 and 2013-2020 the annual averages are shown.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
245
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0246.png
F
IGURE
5.10 P
ROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM
I
NDUSTRIAL
P
ROCESSES AND
S
OLVENT AND
O
THER
P
RODUCT
U
SE IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
4000
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),DCE,
May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
3500
3000
2500
2000
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
1500
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
1000
D. Non-energy products from fuels and
solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS(2)
G. Other product manufacture and use
KP CP2…
0
H. Other (as specified in tables 2(I).A-H and
2(II))(3)
500
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
2033
5.1.3.4 Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations
There are no sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations emissions of greenhouse
gases from the industrial processes sector. On the basis of the effects described
above, for example, it can be ascertained that the resumption of the production of
nitric acid in Denmark – with the same technology as was used prior to the cessation
in 2004, which in practice will probably not be the case – will increase annual
emissions by about 1 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents. In other contexts it has also
been assessed that a relaxation of Danish regulation regarding F gases to align with
EU regulation would have increased Danish emissions of F gases by 0.4 – 0.7
million tonnes CO
2
equivalents per year in the period 2008-2012.
5.1.4
Agriculture
The emission of greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector includes the emission
of methane (CH
4
) and nitrous oxide (N
2
O). Emissions are mainly related to livestock
production and include CH
4
emissions from enteric fermentation and manure
management and N
2
O emissions from manure management and agricultural soils.
Furthermore, minor CH
4
and N
2
O emissions are estimated from the burning of straw
on fields. The CO
2
emission from the agricultural sector covers emissions from
liming, urea applied to soils and use of inorganic N fertiliser.
In this projection, the latest official reporting from Denmark includes emissions until
2015. Thus, the projection comprises an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions
from the agricultural sector from 2016 to 2035.
It must be noted that CO
2
removals/emissions from agricultural soils are not included
in the agricultural sector. According to the IPCC guidelines these removals/emissions
should be included in the LULUCF sector (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and
Forestry). The same comment applies to emissions related to agricultural machinery
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
246
2035
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
(tractors, harvesters and other non-road machinery); these emissions are included in
the energy sector.
The most recent projected greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sectors
(Nielsen
et al., 2017b)
are provided in Table 5.7 and Figure 5.11.
5.1.4.1 Methods
The projection of greenhouse gas emissions is regularly updated in line with new
scientific knowledge, which also includes changes in the historical emission
inventory. Therefore, some deviations are apparent in comparison with the projection
scenarios published in previous reports. The projection of greenhouse gases
published in
Nielsen et al. (2017b)
replaces the latest basic projection published in
Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 194,
2016 (Nielsen
et al., 2016).
Regarding the environmental regulation for the agricultural production, it has until
now primarily focused on the ammonia emission and nitrogen losses to the aquatic
environment. Improvements of the nitrogen utilization and subsequent decrease in
nitrogen losses will also reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas treated slurry
has a direct influence on reducing the methane emission and following the
Agreement on Green Growth (2009 and 2010), a strategy for expanding biogas
production is agreed upon. The future biogas production is based on a forecast
provided by the Danish Energy Agency.
The current projection takes into account the elements included in the Political
Agreement on a Food and Agricultural package adopted in December 2015 (MEFD,
2017).
The purpose of the agreement was to establish better framework conditions
for the agricultural production, to ensure opportunities for economic growth,
increased exports and increased employment, in interaction with nature and the
environment. Expected change in the agricultural production conditions due to e.g.
nitrogen use, biogas production, use of ammonia reducing technology in housing and
etc., are included in the projection.
The methodology used to estimate the projected emission is based on the same
methodology as used in the annual emission inventories, which is described in the
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC,
2006).
Thus,
the same database setup is used, as well as the same estimation approach and the
same emission factors.
Increasing demands to reduce unwanted environmental effects of the livestock
production has led to additional legislation regarding approvals and establishment of
new animal houses with focus on ammonia reducing technologies. The current
projection includes an increase in the uptake of ammonia reducing technologies,
which has an indirect impact on N
2
O emissions, as well as on CH
4
emissions. In the
current projection, ammonia reducing technology includes acidification of slurry
(housing, storage and application), cooling of manure in housing, air cleaning in
housing, heat exchanger for poultry housing, manure removal in mink housing two
times a week and slurry delivered to biogas plant.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
247
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0248.png
The expectations to the future framework conditions for the agricultural production
include establishment of ammonia-reducing technologies. Increasing demands to
reduce unintended environmental effects of livestock production has led to more
legislation in connection with approvals and establishment of new animal housing.
This projection includes several objectives formulated in the Agreement on Green
Growth (2009 and 2010), such as expansion of the biogas production and the
establishment of non-cultivated areas along water streams and lakes. Furthermore
implementation of technologies to achieve reductions in N-loss to the aquatic
environment has been taken into account. The most important assumptions are
expected change in number of produced animals, change in nitrogen excretion as a
consequence of efficiency for dairy cattle and sows and expected changes in housing
systems for livestock.
5.1.4.2 Assumptions and key parameters
The assumptions regarding the expansion and development of ammonia reducing
technologies in livestock production are based on an assessment provided by the
Danish Environmental Agency (DEPA, 2017), whose information is based on the
environmental approvals register. The expectations to expansion of the biogas
production are based on assumptions provided by the Danish Energy Agency (DEA).
The main part of the emissions is related to the livestock production, and thus the
expectations to the development are a key element and have a substantial impact on
the emission. The assumptions related to the expected development on the livestock
production and the agricultural area are based on estimates provided by University of
Copenhagen, Department of Food and Resource Economics by using the model
called AGMEMOD (AGriculture MEmber states MODelling).
The AGMEMOD model is an econometric, dynamic, multi-product partial
equilibrium model, which can be used to provide projections and simulations. The
model follows the market for agricultural products such as cereals, potatoes, protein
products, milk and meat and the flows between countries. The model does not
represent a closed economy, but the concept of key markets and key prices has been
introduced in order to take into account the influence of other member states on a
given country market. Further information on the AGMEMOD model can be
obtained from
Jensen et al., (2016b).
For cattle, swine and broilers, the number of animals is based on the model
AGMEMOD until 2030. For 2031-2035, the numbers have been assumed constant.
For non-dairy cattle, the number of bulls and heifers are projected based on
AGMEMOD combined with estimates from DCA (Kristensen
and Lund, 2016),
while the number of suckling cattle is based on an average for 2013-2015.
The projection of number of fur bearing animals (mink) is based on estimates made
by Hansen (2016). Number of sheep, goats, hens, turkeys, ducks and geese is based
on the average for 2013-2015 and the number of horses is kept at the same level as in
2015.
In 2015, approximately 3.8 million tonnes slurry were treated in biogas plants, which
are equivalent to approximately 10 % of all slurry. Biogas treatment of slurry leads to
a lower CH
4
emission from animal manure. Prognoses provided by DEA assume an
increase of manure based biogas production from 5.3 PJ in 2015 to 13.8 PJ in 2020
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
248
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0249.png
and 16.0 PJ in 2023 (for total biogas production the figures are 6.3 PJ in 2015, 15.4
PJ in 2020 and 17.6 PJ in 2023) . The biogas production is maintained at the same
level until 2035.
The projection of the agricultural area is based on the model AGMEMOD for 2020
to 2030. The years 2016-2019 are interpolated and 2031-2035 are set at the level as
2030. AGMEMOD assumes that the agricultural area decreases with 0.25 % per
year, based on the development during the past 40 years. The production of different
crops dependents on the development in prices and yields. The area with wheat and
grass in rotation is assumed to increase in the years up to 2030, while the areas with
barley, other cereals and permanent grass is assumed to decrease.
Projection of the area with organic soils is estimated for 2016-2035 (Gyldenkærne,
2016) and it is assumed that the area will decrease by 8 % during the period. In 2016
and 2017, funding is available for wetland restoration. These areas should at least
have 70 % soils with an organic carbon (OC) content >12 %. For 2016 and 2017, it is
expected that 1500 hectares of agricultural land is restored per year. From 2018 and
onwards, there are no specific plans for wetland restoration. From 2018 and onwards,
it is assumed that around 300 hectares organic soils is removed from agricultural land
per year.
The projection on the use of inorganic N-fertiliser is based on Jensen et al. (2016),
which estimates an economic optimum norm for use of inorganic N-fertiliser.
However, estimates from Knudsen (2017) and Olesen (2017) shows that the
optimum norm is not fully used, and therefore the use of inorganic N-fertilisers is
around 7 % lower than the economic optimum. This is taken into account in the
projection.
More details on the assumptions regarding developments in livestock, technology,
agricultural area, use of synthetic fertiliser, nitrogen leaching and field burning of
agricultural residues are given in
Nielsen et al. (2017b).
5.1.4.3 Results
The results of the March 2017 baseline projection scenario regarding greenhouse gas
emissions from agriculture are provided in Table 5.7 and Figure 5.11. The
greenhouse gas emission is expected to increase from 10.3 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2015 to 10.6 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2020 and 10.7 million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents in 2035. Thus, a 4 % increase of GHG emission from the
agricultural sector from 2015 to 2035 is expected. The increased emission is driven
both by an increase in CH
4
emission and N
2
O emission.
As it can be seen from Table 5.7, the greenhouse gas emissions from enteric
fermentation and manure management taken together (primarily CH
4
emissions) are
nearly unchanged from 2015 to 2035. The decreased emission from manure
management compensates for an increase in emission from enteric fermentation.
The historical emission related to the enteric fermentation shows a decrease, which is
due to a fixed EU milk quota. Because of higher milk yield per cow, a lower number
of dairy cattle are needed to produce the amount of milk, corresponding to the EU
milk quota. The AGMEMOD model indicates that Denmark, in the future, can be
expected to increase both the milk production and the number of dairy cattle. A
growing number of dairy cattle and a continued increase in milk yield, followed by
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
249
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0250.png
an increase of feed intake, all leads to an increase of the CH
4
emission from enteric
fermentation.The CH
4
emission from manure management has increased from 1990
to 2015, which is a result of change in housing systems towards more slurry based
systems. In the future, the emission from manure management is expected to
decrease due to more housing systems with acidification of manure and manure
cooling, and because of more manure delivered to biogas production.
The expected development for the greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils
(primarily N
2
O emissions) is an increase of 5% from 2015 to 2035. This increase is
mainly driven by an increase in emissions from animal manure applied on soil and an
increase in the use of inorganic N fertilisers.
T
ABLE
5.7. P
ROJECTED TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN THE
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
. 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),DCE,
May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
4039
2522
0
5448
0
3
565
15
38
0
3967
2796
0
4775
0
3
496
15
26
0
3631
3034
0
4290
0
4
261
2
5
0
3483
3165
0
3913
0
5
220
0
2
0
3631
2793
0
3743
0
3
153
1
3
0
2008-12
2015
3667
2586
0
3864
0
4
166
1
10
0
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
3814
2358
0
4196
0
4
195
1
4
0
3971
2246
0
4213
0
4
191
1
4
0
4153
2133
0
4219
0
4
188
1
4
0
4153
2131
0
4216
0
4
188
1
4
0
12784 12631 12079 11228 10788 10326
4011
2789
0
5362
0
3
565
15
38
0
10406 10299
3618
2762
0
3836
0
4
183
1
3
0
10469 10572 10629 10702 10696
3732
2515
0
4009
0
4
204
1
4
0
12784 12631 12079 11228 10788 10326
619
5824
6342
0
619
5585
6427
0
537
5831
5712
0
268
5719
5241
0
222
5682
4884
0
156
5633
4537
0
10406 10299
186
5588
4631
0
177
5524
4597
0
10469 10572 10629 10702 10696
209
5550
4710
0
200
5534
4838
0
196
5590
4843
0
193
5669
4840
0
193
5669
4834
0
Note: For 2008-2012 and 2013-2020 the annual averages are shown.
F
IGURE
5.11. P
ROJECTED TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN THE
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
. 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
250
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0251.png
5.1.4.4 Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations
In general the projection is uncertain and the result is sensitive to the assumptions
and parameters. Therefor a sensitivity analysis is carried out. In this analysis the
paremeter investigated is the number of dairy cattle. Dairy cattle have a relatively
significant impact on the development of emissions from Danish agriculture, and
there is also great uncertainty about the expected development. The European milk
market is finding a new equilibrium after the abolition of EU milk quotas, and very
small adjustments in assumptions about cross-border pricing are important for where
in the EU the future milk will be produced. In the underlying projection of
agricultural activities there is an expectation of a moderate increase in the number of
dairy cattle by 2030. In the projection, a confidence interval was valued at +/- 17 per
cent. in 2030. A sensitivity analysis has therefore been made on the emissions in a
situation where the number of animals in 2030 is 17 pct. higher respectively lower
than the central estimate of the projection. The numbers of animals are taken from
agricultural projections made by the Department of Food and Resource Economics
(IFRO), and the emissions are calculated on the basis of emission factors per animal
from DCE. The results are shown in Table 5.8.
T
ABLE
5.8. V
ARIATION IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DUE TO VARIATION IN PROJECTED NUMBER OF
DAIRY CATTLE IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
.
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017 Background Report,
Danish Energy Agency, 2017 (in Danish)
Number of dairy cows, central estimate
Sensitivity, +/- number of animals
Sensitivity, +/- kt CO
2
equivalents
2015
570,000
-
-
2020
578,000
80,000
400
2025
592,000
90,000
400
2030
612,000
103,000
500
5.1.5
LULUCF
The emission of GHGs from the LULUCF sector (Land Use, Land Use Change and
Forestry) primarily includes the emission of CO
2
from land use, small amounts of
N
2
O from disturbance of soils not included in the agricultural sector and CH
4
emission from Grassland, Wetlands and wild fires in the LULUCF sector.
The LULUCF sector is subdivided into six major categories:
• Forest (FL),
• Cropland (CL),
• Grassland (GL),
• Wetlands (WE) subdivided into fully water covered and partly water covered,
• Settlements (SE) and
• Other Land (OL).
The projections are made on best available knowledge on the past development in the
land use in Denmark and expectations for the future. The methodologies for
estimation of emissions by sources and removals by sinks for the different sectors
Forest, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements and Other Land, are described in
greater detail in Chapter 7 of
Nielsen et al.
(2017a, DCE,
Denmark’s National
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
251
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0252.png
Inventory Report 2017).
Furthermore, the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 2006) and
the 2013 Wetlands Supplement (IPCC 2014) have been taken into account.
Approximately two thirds of the total Danish land area is cultivated and 14.3 per cent
is forest, see Figure 5.12. Intensive cultivation and large numbers of animals exert
high pressure on the landscape, and regulations have been adopted to reduce this
pressure. The adopted policy aims at doubling the forested area within the next 80-
100 years, restoration of former wetlands,etc.. In Denmark almost all natural habitats
and all forests are protected. Therefore, only limited conversions from forest or
wetlands into cropland or grassland have occurred and is expected to occur in the
future.
Figure 5.12 shows the land use in 1990, 2010 and the expected land use in 2035. A
continuous increase in Forest land and Settlements is expected, at the expense of
primarily the Cropland area. It should be noted that the definition of the LULUCF-
sectors differs slightly from the normal Danish land use definitions and the shown
distribution will therefore differ from other national statistics.
Land use conversions (LUC) affect whether a category is a sink or a source. In the
following, emissions by sources are given as positive values (+) and removals by
sinks are given as negative values (-).
The figures reported below are under the Convention. This implies that an area,
which has undergone LUC, is kept in the corresponding land use change category for
20 years. After this period, the area is moved to land remaining land.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark has elected Cropland Management (CM) and
Grazing Land Management (GM) under article 3.4 in addition to the obligatory
Afforestation, Reforestation and Deforestation (ARD) under article 3.3 and Forest
Management (FM) under article 3.4. Since land, which is converted from one
category to another (e.g. from Cropland to Settlements), cannot be omitted from the
reporting obligation under the Kyoto Protocol, the actual estimates in each category
reported under the Convention, may not be the same as accounted under the Kyoto
Protocol, see Section 5.1.5.5.
F
IGURE
5.12 L
AND AREA USE
1990-2035.
Source:
Nielsen et al. (2017b)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
252
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0253.png
5.1.5.1 Methods
Other methodologies are applied when projecting emissions by sources and removals
by sinks for the categories Forest, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements and
Other Land. In general the methodologies used in the projections follow the
methodologies used for the estimations of the historic greenhouse gas inventories for
these categories. Further details about the methodologies used are available in
Nielsen et al. (2013).
5.1.5.2 Assumptions and key parameters
For the categories Forest, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements and Other
Land also different assumptions and key parameters are used.
For example for Forest, one of the main assumptions is that the Danish forest policy
target of doubling the forest area from 1980 to 2080 will be maintained.
For Cropland, the decrease over the last 20 years, primarily due to urbanisation and
afforestation, is assumed to continue in the future.
Further details about the assumptions and key parameters for the different categories
are available in
Nielsen et al. (2013).
5.1.5.3 Results
The overall expected emission trends in the LULUCF sector are shown in Table 5.9
and Figure 5.13. For these categories an overall emission of around 4,153 kt CO
2
equivalents per year in 2015 is estimated, decreasing to 1,038 kt CO
2
equivalents per
year in 2035.
T
ABLE
5.9 P
ROJECTIONS OF
G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE
LULUCF
SECTOR
*
IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
-797
-553
931
102
13
0
-2
0
-557
856
75
19
0
-116
0
-580
819
76
25
0
26
0
536 -3768
878
117
47
0
98
0
855
91
60
0
-72
0
-797
-876
51
27
0
2008-12
2015
229
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
-351
-972
-970 -2152
9 4902 4190 4208 5240
-635 4153
-4346
2431 2366 1864 2014 1038
-1039
4412 3912 3825 3540 2008
2672 2601
925 1363
90
66
0
-70
0
55
71
0
-171
0
2247 1545 1661 1841 2053
1183 1107 1101 1101 1101
65
75
0
-100
0
76
82
0
-93
0
82
90
0
-97
0
49
99
0
-107
0
49
108
0
-121
0
9 4902 4190 4208 5240
9 4856 4136 4146 5169
19
27
0
27
27
0
35
27
0
44
27
0
-635 4153
-714 4059
53
27
0
60
34
0
2431 2366 1864 2014 1038
2339 2270 1767 1915
62
30
0
66
30
0
66
31
0
66
32
0
938
66
34
0
Notes: For 2008-2012 and 2013-2020 the annual averages are shown. Emissions by sources are given as positive values (+) and
removals by sinks are given as negative values (-). *Under the Kyoto Protocol, separate rules regarding the LULUCF sector
apply in accordance with articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the protocol.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
253
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0254.png
The Danish forests are expected to be a steady sink in the coming years, which is
primarily due to the expectations of an increase of forest area with the related
increase in Carbon (C) stock.
In total from 1990 to 2035, an afforestation of 136 774 hectares is expected, while
the deforestation is only expected to include 18 059 hectares. Half of the
deforestation area is conversion of Christmas trees in agricultural rotation back to
CL. These areas have a limited amount of C stock. The other half of the deforestation
area is due to conversion to SE and new roads, or more open areas in the forests. FL
remaining FL is expected to be a small sink in the near future.
F
IGURE
5.13 P
ROJECTIONS OF
G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE
LULUCF
SECTOR
*
IN KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
*Under the Kyoto Protocol, separate rules regarding the LULUCF sector apply in accordance with articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the
protocol.
CL and GL are major sources, primarily due to the large area with cultivated organic
soil in Denmark. The steady extensification of the CL area on organic soil towards
permanent GL and the conversion to WE, leads to a decrease in emission until 2035.
Currently the agricultural mineral soils are near a C balance, but in the future the C
stock in mineral agricultural soils is expected to increase, as a general increase in the
harvest yield of 5 % is expected, as the Danish farmers are allowed to increase the
fertilization rate from 2016 and onwards. As CL is dominated by large emissions
from organic soils, the increased C stock in mineral soils will give a reduction in the
overall emission from CL.
The area reported under GL is assumed stable with only minor changes.
For WE, only emissions from managed WE are reported. The overall trend for WE is
a decreasing emission from WE remaining WE, caused by a decreasing peat
excavation in Denmark. Peat excavation is expected to cease completely by 2029.
SE is expected to have increasing emissions, because of the steady LUC to SE and
especially from CL. The increasing emissions are caused by a loss of Soil Organic
Carbon (SOC), because the default C stock in SE is lower than for the land, from
which it is converted.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
254
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Harvested Wood Products is estimated to be a small sink due to an increased logging
in the Danish forests.
5.1.5.4 Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations
Sensitivity analyses have not been carried out for the greenhouse gas projections in
the LULUCF sector. As reseach with a view to improve estimates of emissions an
removals in the LULUCF sector is carried out on a continuously basis, new
knowledge, as well as correction of errors, could lead to changes in future LULUCF
inventories and projections as has been the case in the past (see Box 5.1).
5.1.5.5 Projection of accounting quantities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto
Protocol
In addition to the obligatory inclusion of ARD (article 3.3), and in the second
commitment period FM, Denmark has elected CM and GM under article 3.4 to meet
its reduction commitment in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
2008-2012. With the election of CM and GM in the first commitment period, the
inventories and accounting is mandatory in the second commitment period although
Denmark cannot use LULUCF credits in the achievement of Denmark’s annual
reduction targets for the non-ETS sectors under the EU Effort Sharing Decision for
the period 2013-2020. Although, the accounting under the Kyoto Protocol is based
on the national inventory under Climate Convention (UNFCCC) there are several
differences. The major differences are CM and GM, where the reduction is estimated
based on the net-net principle. Furthermore, a land area, which belongs to any of the
elected land use activities in 1990 cannot leave the commitment, and must therefore
be accounted for in the future. It means that land converted from CL to e.g. SE must
still be accounted for in the first and all subsequent commitment periods.
In Table 5.10, the projected emissions from ARD, FM, CM and GM until 2020 are
shown. As land cannot leave an elected activity, these figures area slightly different
from those given in Table 5.9 for CL and GL. The main driver for the decreased
emission is the expected increase in C stock in mineral soils and conversion of
organic CL and GL to WE. In the projection, afforestation will be a net sink of
approximately 720 kt CO
2
eqv per year until 2020 and deforestation would be a
source of 84 kt CO
2
eqv per year until 2020. FM will be a net source of around 300
kt CO
2
eqv per year until 2020.
The related projected accounting quantities are shown in Table 5.11. For CM, the
expected increase in crop yield due to the increased N allocation to CL, leads to an
increase of the C stock in the soil in the near future. GM is estimated to contribute
negatively with emissions in the period compared to 1990. From the historic
inventories for 2013-2015 and the projected estimates for 2016-2020 the annual
average of accounting quantity for the period 2013-2020 is estimated at 3,293 kt CO
2
eqv. or 3.293.000 so-called RMU credits.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
255
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0256.png
T
ABLE
5.10 P
ROJECTED EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR ARTICLES
3.3
AND
3.4
ACTIVITIES IN KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
. 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990, 2013-2015:
The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2020: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
kt CO
2
equivalents*
Afforestation/Reforestation (3.3/AR)
Deforestation (3.3/D)
Forest Management (3.4/FM)
Cropland Management (3.4/CM)
Grassland Management (3.4/GM)
1990
-30.4
10.3
4416.2
932.0
2013
23.0
35.8
2297.5
1181.6
2014
-326.8
116.4
-3774.1
3003.9
1091.3
2015
-607.6
252.8
667.7
2542.3
1283.6
2016
-774.4
162.1
-151.8
2855.9
1142.3
2017
-720.5
162.8
377.2
2252.2
1105.1
2018
-719.6
84.2
345.6
1821.5
1101.9
2019
-718.3
84.4
328.4
1660.4
1096.7
2020
-717.0
84.5
297.0
1558.3
1091.4
-498.3 -2546.2
* Emissions by sources are given as positive values (+) and removals by sinks are given as negative values (-).
T
ABLE
5.11 P
ROJECTED ACCOUNTING QUANTITIES
2013-2020
FOR
A
FFORESTATION
(A),
R
EFORESTATION
(R), D
EFORESTATION
(D)
UNDER
A
RT
. 3.3.
AND
F
OREST
M
ANAGEMENT
(FM),
C
ROPLAND
M
ANAGEMENT
(CM)
AND
G
RASSLAND
M
ANAGEMENT
(GM)
UNDER
A
RT
. 3.4
OF THE
K
YOTO
-
PROTOCOL IN KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS OR CREDITS IN
‘000 R
EMOVAL
U
NITS
. 2013-2015
ARE
OBSERVED
.
Source:
‘000 RMU credits*
2013-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2020: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
Total for the
Annual average for
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
period 2013-2020
the period 2013-2020
3.3: AR
3:3: D
3.3: Total
FMRL(original)#
FMRL(tech. corr.)#
FMRL(corrected)#
3.4: FM#
3.4: CM
3.4: GM
3.4: Total
3.3 and 3.4: Total
23
36
59
409
-83
326
-2,873
-2,119
250
-4,742
-4,683
-327
116
-210
409
-83
326
-4,101
-1,412
159
-5,353
-5,564
-608
253
-355
409
-83
326
341
-1,874
352
-1,181
-1,536
-774
162
-612
409
-83
326
-478
-1,560
210
-1,828
-2,440
-721
163
-558
409
-83
326
51
-2,164
173
-1,940
-2,498
-720
84
-635
409
-83
326
19
-2,595
170
-2,406
-3,041
-718
84
-634
409
-83
326
2
-2,756
165
-2,589
-3,223
-717
85
-633
409
-83
326
-29
-2,858
159
-2,728
-3,360
-4,561
983
-3,578
3,272
-661
2,611
-7,067
-17,338
1,638
-22,767
-26,345
-570
123
-447
409
-83
326
-883
-2,167
205
-2,846
-3,293
* Emissions by sources and debits are given as positive values (+) and removals by sinks and credits are given as negative values (-).
# Only changes in net emissions from FM activites beyond the Forest Management Reference Level (FMRL) established for the second
commitment period (2013-2020) including the technical correction reported in Denmark’s initial report under the Kyoto Protocol’s second
commitment period. In accordance with the review of Denmark’s initial report a FMRL(corrected) of 326 kt CO
2
per year in the period 2013-2020
has been used to calculate the FM accounting quantities shown in the table.
5.1.6
Waste
Greenhouse gas emissions under this sector include methane (CH
4
) from landfills and
methane and nitrous oxide (N
2
O) from wastewater treatment. In the historic
greenhouse gas inventories, minor sources are included, e.g. human cremation,
animal cremation, sludge spreading, biogas production, other combustion, accidental
building fires, accidental vehicle fires and compost production. For completeness
these sources are included in the projections also. Further information on the
projection of emissions from these minor sources is available in
Nielsen et al.
(2017b).
5.1.6.1 Methods
Landfills
The CRF source category 5.A, “Solid waste disposal”, gives rise to CH
4
emissions.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
256
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0257.png
The CH
4
emission is calculated by means of a First Order Decay (FOD) model
equivalent to the IPCC Tier 2 methodology (Nielsen
et al., 2016).
The model
calculations are performed using national statistics on landfill waste categories
reported in the national waste statistics. Waste amount reported according to the
European waste codes are grouped into 18 waste types with individual content of
degradable organic matter and degradation kinetics expressed as half-lifes (Nielsen
et
al., 2016).
Biological Treatment of Solid Waste
Biological treatment of solid waste consists of the sub-categories Composting and
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste (biogas production).
Emissions from composting are calculated according to a country specific Tier 1
method. In Denmark, composting of solid biological waste includes composting of
garden and park waste (GPW), organic waste from households and other sources,
sludge and home composting of garden and vegetable food waste. The future activity
of each category has been projected individually while the emission factors are kept
constant throughout the time series.
Biogas production in this sector covers emissions from the handling of biological
waste including biowaste and manure digested at manure-based biogas plants. The
energy production at biogas plants within the agricultural sector is projected by the
Danish Energy Agency to increase from 7.8 PJ in 2016 to a constant level of 16 PJ
2023 to 2035. The methane emission is calculated using an emission factor of 4.2 %
of the methane content in the produced biogas.
Waste Incineration
Most waste incineration in Denmark – such as incineration of municipal, industrial,
clinical and hazardous waste – takes place with energy recovery. In accordance with
the IPCC guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories the major part of emissions from
waste incineration is included under the Energy sector.
However, other incineration activites such as cremation of human bodies and
cremation of animal carcasses also contribute with CH
4
emissions.
Flaring off-shore and in refineries are also included under the Energy sector. No
flaring in chemical industry occurs in Denmark.
Wastewater handling
Methane emissions from the municipal and private wastewater treatment plants
(WWTP) are divided into contributions from 1) the sewer system, primarily settling
tanks and biological N and P removal processes, 2) an-aerobic treatment processes in
closed systems with biogas extraction and combustion for energy production and 3)
septic tanks. For a detailed description of the model equations and input parameters
(process-specific emissions factors and activity data), see
Nielsen et al., (2016)
and
Thomsen (2016).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
257
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Other
As the historic greenhouse gas inventories include emissions from accidental building
and vehicle fires under the waste sub-category “Other”, contributions from these minor
sources are also included in the projections. Projected activity data for accidental
building fires and vehicle fires are chosen as the average of 2010-2014 data.
5.1.6.2 Assumptions and key parameters
Landfills
The total amount of waste deposited at landfills are fluctuating, while a continuous
decrease in the amount of organic degradable waste reaching a constant level in the
period 2005 to 2015 as shown in Table 5.12. The high value for total waste in 2010-
2012 is caused by changes to the data system and registration of more inert waste
than in preceding or following years.
The Danish EPA projects the total amount of primary waste to increase to 13400 kt
in 2030. Of this amount 4.4 %, i.e. 590 kt, is deposited at landfills. The projected
waste amounts are excluding sludge and stones (DEPA, 2015).
In the present projection of methane emissions from SWDSs, the characteris-tics of
waste type distributions have been set constant throughout the projection period
2016-2035. All waste types are kept constant from 2030 to 2035. For soil and stone,
as well as sludge, the amounts are kept at a constant level from 2016 to 2035
corresponding to the average value of the last five years. The waste type soil and
stone does not influence the modelled methane emissions as soil and stone are
characterized as an inert waste fraction in the FOD model (Nielsen
et al. (2016)).
The amount of recovered methane was estimated based on information from the
Danish Energy Agency stating that the amount of recovered methane will reach a
constant level of 0.14 PJ per year from 2018 onwards.
The reason for the sharp decrease in historical data on deposited amounts of organic
waste in the period 1990-2009, is to be found in a combination of the Danish waste
strategies and action plans including goals for a continued minimising the amount of
deposited waste in favour of an increased reuse and combustion for energy
production. Even though the percentage of waste being deposited at landfills is
decreasing to 4.4 % in 2030, the total amount of waste is increasing from 10 600 kt
in 2012 to 13 400 kt in 2030 (DEPA, 2015), which causes the absolute amount of
waste being deposited at landfills to increase slightly.
It should be mentioned that the preliminary estimates of the impact of implementing
the measure “Biocover” (measure no. WA-9 in Chapter 4) is included in the baseline
projection published by the Danish Energy Agency in March 2017, and therefore
also in the projection presented here. However, this impact is not included in the
projection report published by DCE in November 2017. The difference is shown in
Annex C1.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
258
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0259.png
T
ABLE
5.12 H
ISTORICAL AND PROJECTED AMOUNTS OF DEPOSITED WASTE AT
D
ANISH LANDFILL SITES
:
TOTAL AND ORGANIC AMOUNTS OF WASTE
,
ACCUMULATED DECOMPOSABLE ORGANIC WASTE
,
ANNUAL
DEPOSITED METHANE POTENTIAL
,
GROSS EMISSION
,
RECOVERED METHANE
,
NET METHANE EMISSION AT
D
ANISH LANDFILL SITES
,
KT
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Total Deposited Waste
Total deposited organic waste
Accumulated amount of
decomposable organic matter
Annual amount of degraded
organic matter
Annual deposited CH
4
, potential
Annual Gross CH
4
emission
Recovered methane
Annual net emission after
oxidation
Implied Emission Factor [kt/kt]
3190
1128
2063
93
88
69
1
61
0.019
1969
776
2063
92
60
67
8
53
0.027
1489
601
2009
86
59
59
11
43
0.029
983
147
1681
73
6
50
10
36
0.037
2463
173
1395
59
3
40
6
31
0.013
2587
247
1349
56
5
38
4
31
0.012
2475
239
1303
54
8
37
4
30
0.012
1417
221
1258
52
6
35
4
28
0.02
1278
228
1215
50
5
34
3
28
0.022
1084
229
1175
48
5
32
3
26
0.024
1760
276
1007
40
7
27
3
22
0.012
1828
316
881
34
8
23
3
18
0.01
1896
355
787
29
8
20
3
15
0.008
1896
355
714
26
9
18
3
13
0.007
Wastewater
The fugitive methane emissions from the sewer system, primary (and secondary) settler
tanks (clarifiers) and aerobic biological treatment processes are estimated from the
amount of influent total organic degradable matter measured as the chemical oxygen
demand (COD) in the influent wastewater flow.
Net methane emissions from anaerobic digestion in biogas tanks are at present
estimated with a emission factor set to 1.3 % representing the losses in relation to the
methane content in the gross energy production from biogas plants reported by the
Danish Energy Agency. The methane content in the biogas is calculated from the
calorific value 23 GJ/1000 m
3
biogas provided by the Danish Energy Agency, a percent
volume content of methane of 65 % and a density of 0.68 kg CH
4
/Nm
3
.
Methane emissions from septic tanks are calculated from an emission factor (EFst) of
0.125 kg CH
4
per kg COD, the fraction of the population not connected to the collective
sewer system (10 % for the entire time series estimated from National statistics of
scattered houses in percent of the total number of households in Denmark from
Nielsen
et al., (2015))
and the default IPCC value of the per capita produced degradable organic
matter, DOCst, i.e. 22.63 kg BOD per person corresponding to 56.6 kg COD per person
(IPCC,
2006).
Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment processes include both direct and
indirect N
2
O emission. These emissions are calculated based on country-specific and
process specific emission factors (Nielsen
et al. (2016))
and the amount of nitrogen in
the influent and effluent wastewater, respectively. The N content in influent and effluent
wastewater was projected based on the influent N per person per year in 2015 and
projected according to population statistics, while the effluents from separate industries,
rainwater conditioned effluents, scattered houses and aquaculture was held constant at
the 2015 level form 2016-2035. For the total N in the effluents, the contribution from
separate industries, rainwater conditioned effluents, scattered settlements and
aquaculture, a decreasing trend followed by a close to constant level is observed and the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
259
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0260.png
2015 effluent level are kept constant throughout the projection period. The total N
content in the influent and effluent from WWTPs is increasing according to population
statistics for the period 2016-2035.
5.1.6.3 Results
The projection of methane emissions from landfills and methane, and nitrous gas
emissions from wastewater handling is shown as total greenhouse gas emissions in
Table 5.13 and Figure 5.14.
T
ABLE
5.13 P
ROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS AND
W
ASTEWATER
H
ANDLING IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
KP CP2 BY
GHG emissions and projections (kt CO
2
e quivalents)
5. Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other (Accidental fires)
GHGs (kt CO
2
eq.)
CO
2
(kt CO
2
)
CH
4
(kt CO
2
eq.)
N
2
O (kt CO
2
eq.)
F-gases (kt CO
2
eq.)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
909
177
0
169
20
772
234
0
163
20
2008-12
2015
655
301
0
172
24
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
861
241
425
0
174
21
861
19
653
189
0
894
218
478
0
177
21
894
19
669
207
0
908
205
502
0
180
21
908
19
664
225
0
926
196
526
0
182
21
926
19
664
243
0
1765 1763 1598 1513 1276 1190
1536 1536 1331 1073
52
0
157
19
50
0
157
19
78
0
167
22
254
0
166
20
1218 1153
800
229
0
167
21
1063
528
341
0
172
21
1063
19
867
177
0
1765 1763 1598 1513 1276 1190
18
74
0
18
74
0
20
90
0
18
217
0
18
124
0
18
151
0
1218 1153
19
1046
153
0
21
955
176
0
1674 1672 1489 1278 1134 1021
Note: For 2008-2012 and 2013-2020 the annual averages are shown.
F
IGURE
5.14 P
ROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS AND
W
ASTEWATER
H
ANDLING IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
, 1990-2011
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
260
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0261.png
5.1.6.4 Sensitivity analyses and scenario calculations
Sensitivity analyses have not been carried out for the waste sector. But as an example,
the methan emissions from abandoned landfills would be 300 kt CO
2
- eq. higher in
2020 and 179 kt CO
2
- eq. higher in 2030 if the biocover measure (WA-9) will not have
the projected effect (cf. the effects shown on the first page of Annex C1).
5.1.7
Projection results by gas
In this section information on the WEM projection results on a gas by gas basis is
given. Total emissions by gas are shown in Figure 5.15.
F
IGURE
5.15 P
ROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
D
ENMARK IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
,
T
OTAL EXCLUDING
LULUCF
AND FOR THE DIFFERENT
G
REENHOUSE
G
ASES
(
THE
F-
GASES ARE SHOWN
AS A GROUP
). 1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
5.1.7.1 Carbon dioxide, CO
2
Table 5.14 and Figure 5.16 shows the expected development in CO
2
emissions in
Denmark’s main IPCC sector categories. A more detailed projection in IPCC source
and sector categories is contained in Annex C1.
The total CO
2
emission with indirect CO
2
emissions and without land-use, land-use
change and forestry (LULUCF) was 54,808 kt in 1990 and 35,339 kt in 2015. In
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
261
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0262.png
comparison, for the period 2013-2020, it has been calculated that the average annual
CO
2
emissions will be 35,672 kt CO
2
.
The biggest source of CO
2
emissions in Denmark is combustion of fossil fuels,
including electricity and heat production and transport.
Emissions of CO
2
from electricity production have varied considerably in the period
1990-2015 due to great variations in exports/imports of electricity.
The transport sector has had the biggest increase in CO
2
emissions since 1990, and
the emissions are expected to continue rising for the whole of the projection period.
CO
2
emissions from the transport sector were 10,576 kt of CO
2
in 1990 and had risen
to a peak of 14,217 kt of CO
2
in 2007, and therafter decreased to 12,192 kt of CO
2
in
2015. From 2016 the projection shows a slight decrease in the projection period until
2035.
The total net emissions in the Land-Use Categories (LULUCF) sector have fluctuated
in historic data due to inter-annual variations in the harvest both in Forest Land and
in Cropland – for example related to inter-annual variations in climate and world
market prices. In 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012 the net result was removals (negative
emissions in Figure 5.13). In the projections similar inter-annual variations cannot be
projected and the projected total is rather stable. Trends in the projection of
emissions and removals by the sub-categories in the LULUCF sector are different for
the different sub-sectors..
It should be noted that only specific parts of the LULUCF emissions and removals
estimated in accordance with the rules under the UNFCCC are to be taken into
account under the Kyoto Protocol in accordance with Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the
protocol. This is further described in Section 5.1.5.5 above.
T
ABLE
5.14 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
'
S
CO
2
EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
IN
2016 - 2035
AND EMISSIONS
OBSERVED IN
1990-2015
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
CO
2
emissions and projections (kt CO
2
)
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
1A3 Transport
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use
3. Total Agriculture
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
5. Total Waste
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2008-12
2015
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
54785 54808 62752 55170 52257 49727 47148 35559 35672 32686 36758 39005 37276
54794 59664 66888 59316 57426 48851
52873
42297
10577
1276
619
9
18
52894 60554 53023
42317 48636 40900
10576 11918 12124
1278
619
4856
18
1642
537
4136
20
1860
268
4146
18
50222
37120
13102
1795
222
5169
18
48545
35552
12992
1008
156
-876
18
46434 39618
45755 34134
32860 21943
12895 12192
1188
186
-714
19
1226
177
4059
21
38011 34956 38525 40920 38214
34163
22050
12113
1281
209
2339
19
31052
18876
12176
1416
200
2270
19
34957 37132 35358
22915 25259 24019
12042 11873 11339
1587
196
1767
19
1661
193
1915
19
1707
193
938
19
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
262
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0263.png
F
IGURE
5.16 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
'
S
CO
2
EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
IN
2016 - 2035
AND EMISSIONS
OBSERVED IN
1990-2015
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
5.1.7.2 Methane (CH
4
)
Most of the methane emissions come from farm animals' digestive systems (enteric
fermentation). The results of the projections are shown in Table 5.15 and Figure
5.17. The very small changes in emissions from agriculture from 1990 to 2035 are
primarily due to very little changes in cattle stocks. The next largest source of
methane is landfills, from which emissions were reduced from 1990 to 2015 and will
continue to decrease in the projection period primarily due to the decrease in
formation of methane in old landfills after the ban on landfilling of combustible
waste in 1997. Methane emissions from the energy sector have, however, increased
considerably until 1999 due to an increase in the use of gas-driven motors. This
increase was followed by a stabilisation which seems to continue in the projection
period.
Altogether total methane emissions decreased from 7,624 kt of CO
2
equivalents in
1990 to 6,849 kt of CO
2
equivalents in 2015, whereas the baseline projection for
2016-2035 shows a further decrease until 2020 followed by a slight increase until it
reaches 6,617 kt of CO
2
equivalents in 2035.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
263
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0264.png
T
ABLE
5.15 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S METHANE EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
2016 –
2035,
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
CH
4
emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
KP CP2 BY
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2008-12
2015
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
1A3 Transport
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use
3. Total Agriculture
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
5. Total Waste
Source:
7864
7864
364
308
57
2
5824
0
1674
7624
7643
364
308
57
2
5585
19
1672
8051
8078
730
673
57
3
5831
27
1489
7907
7943
907
861
46
3
5719
35
1278
7671
7715
851
818
33
4
5682
44
1134
7347
7399
692
673
18
2
5633
51
1021
7261
7313
624
605
19
3
5588
53
1046
6849
6909
365
354
11
4
5524
60
955
6796
6857
375
365
10
3
5550
62
867
6518
6583
327
320
7
3
5534
66
653
6606
6672
344
337
7
3
5590
66
669
6651
6717
315
308
7
3
5669
66
664
6617
6684
281
274
6
3
5669
66
664
F
IGURE
5.17 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S METHANE EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
2016 –
2035,
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017
with addition of the effects of biover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017.
5.1.7.3 Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Agriculture is by far the main source of emissions of nitrous oxide because this forms
in soil through bacterial conversion of nitrogen in fertiliser and manure. The results
of the projections are shown in Table 5.16 and Figure 5.18. The main reason for the
reduction in total nitrous oxide emissions from 7.882 kt CO
2
equivalents in 1990 to
5,182 kt CO
2
equivalents in 2015 is a combination of the Action Plans for the
Aquatic Environment I and II and the Action Plan for Sustainable Agriculture. The
baseline projection for 2016-35 shows an increase again until 2017 with a minor
increase thereafter until an emission of 5,481 kt CO
2
equivalents is reached in 2035.
Another substantial reduction is due to the fact that Denmark ceased to produce
nitrous acid in 2004, as shown under Industrial Processes and Product Use in Figure
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
264
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0265.png
5.18. Contributions from the other sector categories are minor and in general they
show no particular trends.
T
ABLE
5.16 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS IN
2016-2035,
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
KP CP2 BY
N
2
O emissions and projections (kt CO
2
e quivalents)
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
1A3 Transport
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use
3. Total Agriculture
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
5. Total Waste
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
7882
7909
361
260
101
1021
6427
27
74
2008-12
2015
5182
5216
389
255
134
20
4597
34
176
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
5415
5445
368
226
142
19
4838
30
189
7799
7799
362
262
100
1021
6342
0
74
7134
7161
443
326
118
889
5712
27
90
6926
6953
484
369
115
985
5241
27
217
5472
5499
445
338
107
19
4884
27
124
5139
5166
431
317
114
19
4537
27
151
5210
5237
406
291
116
19
4631
27
153
5290
5320
384
249
135
19
4710
30
177
5460
5491
391
244
146
19
4843
31
207
5473
5505
389
240
149
19
4840
32
225
5481
5515
385
238
148
19
4834
34
243
F
IGURE
5.18 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS IN
2016-2035,
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
5.1.7.4 Industrial gases HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
In accordance with the possibilities offered in the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark has
chosen 1995 as the base year for emissions of the industrial gases, or F-gases, HFCs,
PFCs and SF
6
. Total emission of these gases corresponded to 344 kt CO
2
equivalents
in 1995 and seems to have peaked in 2008 with 1,041 kt CO
2
equivalents.
The decrease in the rate of increase until 2008 is primarily due to taxes and
regulations introduced concerning the use of new installations/products.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
265
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0266.png
In the baseline projection of total F-gas emissions, emissions are expected to
decrease rapidly until 2027, after which only minor and slow further reductiona are
expected until a level of 127 kt CO
2
equivalents is reached in 2035.
As can be seen from Table 5.17 and Figure 5.19, the trends for the three individual
types of F-gas are very different due the different uses of these gases. With HFCs
being the major contributor, the trend for HFC emissions follows the trend for total
F-gas emissions closely.
T
ABLE
5.17 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
THE
F-
GASES
)
IN
KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS IN
2016-2035.
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
. U
NDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
T
HE
B
ASE
Y
EAR FOR THE
F-
GASES IS THE EMISSION LEVEL IN
1995.
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a),
DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b),
DCE, November 2017.
F-gas emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalents)
KP CP2 BY
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
2008-12
2015
2013-20
2020 2025 2030 2035
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
1x. Total Energy (excluding Transport)
1A3 Transport
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use [HFCs]
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use [PFCs]
2. Total Industrial Processes and Product Use [SF
6
]
3. Total Agriculture
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
5. Total Waste
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
Source:
344
344
0
0
0
241
1
102
0
0
0
42
42
0
0
0
0
0
42
0
0
0
344
344
0
0
0
241
1
102
0
0
0
782
782
0
0
0
704
23
56
0
0
0
971
971
0
0
0
933
19
20
0
0
0
1005
1005
0
0
0
950
19
36
0
0
0
990
990
0
0
0
916
17
56
0
0
0
742
742
0
0
0
634
5
103
0
0
0
661
661
0
0
0
572
5
84
0
0
0
472
472
0
0
0
428
3
42
0
0
0
235
235
0
0
0
217
2
16
0
0
0
141
141
0
0
0
123
1
16
0
0
0
127
127
0
0
0
111
1
16
0
0
0
F
IGURE
5.19 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
THE
F-
GASES
)
IN
KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS IN
2016-2035,
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
ARE OBSERVED
. U
NDER THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
T
HE
B
ASE
Y
EAR FOR THE
F-
GASES IS THE EMISSION LEVEL IN
1995.
Source:
1990-2015: The National Inventory Report (NIR and CRF),
Nielsen et al. (2017a)
, DCE, May 2017.
2016-2035: Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035,
Nielsen et al. (2017b)
, DCE, November 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
266
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
5.1.7.5 Denmark's total greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Figure 5.1 shows the base year and projections of Denmark's total greenhouse gas
emissions without LULUCF and with indirect CO
2
emissions. The overall trend and
effect of policies and measures is commented on in section 5.1.1. Further details
concerning IPCC source and sector categories are contained in Annex C1.
5.2
5.2.1
P
ROJECTION WITHOUT MEASURES
(WOM-
SCENARIO
)
AND
A
SSESSMENT OF
AGGREGATE EFFECTS OF POLICIES AND MEASURES
Total effects of policies and measures
According to the guidelines for national reporting, projections in National
Communications could also include results from projections “without measures”, i.e.
projections without the expected total effects of policies and measures implemented
after a certain point in time.
The Effort Analysis
from 2005 includes such a projection of Denmark's greenhouse
gas emissions in 2008-2012 excluding measures which were implemented from 1990
to 2001. The results of the
Effort Analysis
are described in Annex B2.
Note that the analysis has been prepared on the basis of a previous projection which
includes the effect of measures described in Denmark’s Third National
Communication as the analysis was started in 2003.
As stated in Annex B2 in the
Efforts Analysis,
it has been estimated that average
Danish emissions of greenhouse gases in 2008-2012 would have been 95.6 million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents– i.e. about 15.6 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents greater than
the previous projection with measures, if the measures initiated in the period 1990-
2001 had not been initiated.
In addition, as indicated in Annex B3, it has been estimated that average Danish
emissions of greenhouse gases in 2008-2012 would have been around 1 million
tonnes CO
2
equivalents per year greater, if the selected and analysed measures
initiated after 2001 had not been initiated. However, it should be noted that the
analysis described in Annex B3 only contains an evaluation of the effects of certain
climate change mitigation measures implemented after 2001 and that the analysed
measures have been selected by the National Audit Office. This analysis is therefore
not a complete analysis of all measures implemented after 2001. Furthermore it
should be noted that within the nine measures selected by the National Audit Office
it has been impossible to carry out an analysis for one of them.
In January 2016 estimates of the total effect of the group of policies and measures
that promote the use of renewable energy (RE-PAMs) and of the total effect of the
group of policies and measures that promote energy efficiency (EE-PAMs) were
reported in Denmark’s Second Biennial Report (BR2) under the UNFCCC. Based on
the most recent energy statistics (1990-2016, December 2017) and the projection
from March 2017 (Energy Outlook 2017) these estimates have been updated for
NC7/BR3. Annex B4 includes a brief description of the methodologies used and a
graphic presentation of the results for the period 1990-2035, with ex-post results for
the period 1990-2016 and ex-ante results for the period 2017-2035.
From the analyses of the effects of policies and measures described in the Annexes
B2, B3 and B4 it can be seen that the policies and measures promoting increased
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
267
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
production and use of renewable energy (RE) and well as policies and measures
promoting energy efficiency and energy savings (EE) are the measures which in the
past have affected – and in the future will affect – Denmark’s greenhouse gases the
most.
With the assumption that policies and measures addressing CO
2
emissions from the
energy sector comprises RE- and EE-measures only and that other previously
estimated effects of policies and measures for other gases and other sectors are
effects which have affected the level of total greenhouse gases in Denmark
permanently, the total effect of policies and measures have been calculated – both for
the past (so-called ex-post estimates) and for the future (so-called ex-ante estimates).
The results are shown in Table 5.18.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
268
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0269.png
T
ABLE
5.18 T
OTAL EFFECTS OF POLICIES AND MEASURES IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS IN
2020
AND
2030.
Name of mitigation action
Included in with
Sector(s)
measures GHG
affected
projection scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year of
imple-
mentation
Implementing entity
or entities
Estimate of
mitigation impact
(not cumulative,
in kt CO2 eq)**
2020
22805
Source of estimates
G3: All RE mitigation actions
(Renewable Energy) since
1990
G4: All EE mitigation actions
(Energy Efficiency) since
1990
Yes*
Combined (EN-2, EN-3, EN- Combined
4, EN-5, BU-8 and TR-8)
Combined (TD-b1, -2, -3, -4, - Combined
5, -6, -7; EN-1; BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -9, -10; TR-1a, -1b, -2, -3, -
4, -5, -6, -7, -10, -11, -12; HO-
1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6)
Energy
CH4, CO2
Combined
Combined
Combined
Yes*
Combined
Combined
Combined
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Combined
2030
24060
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
Combined
16944
18793
Estimated in 2017 - sse Annex B4.
TD-9: Tax on methane from
natural gas fired power
plants - equivalent to the
CO2 tax
TR-12: Investment in a
tunnel under the Femern
Belt
G6(new): F-gas taxes and
regulation
Yes*
Reduction of losses (Energy supply),
Economic,
Control of fugitive emissions from energy Fiscal
production (Energy supply), Methane
reduction ()
Improved transport infrastructure
(Transport)
Combined
Economic
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2011
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2028
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1987
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1987
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government: Ministry
of Taxation
30
30
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for the
National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
200
Estimates for the construction phase (emissions of 300 kt CO2eq/year) and operation
phase (reduktion of 198.5 kt CO2eq/year) in the 2013 EIA for the project, Chapter 19 (
https://www.trm.dk/da/publikationer/2013/vvm-for-femern-baelt ).
800
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf
and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-
5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
1900
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf
and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-
5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
207
2020: ”Biogasproduktions konsekvenser for drivhusgasudledning i landbruget” Rapport
nr. 197 DCE, 2016 ( http://dce.au.dk/udgivelser/vr/nr-151-200/abstracts/nr-197-
biogasproduktions-konsekvenser-for-drivhusgasudledning-i-landbruget/ );
2030: Preliminary estimate (to be published, in Danish).
-122
Answer to question no. 391 (ord. part) asked by the parliament's Committee for
Environment and Food on 15 Januar 2016
(http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/almdel/mof/spm/391/svar/1299227/1598927/index.ht
m , in Danish)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Adopted
Government: Ministry
of Transport
Combined
-300
Yes*
Combined (TD-8 and IP-1)
Combined
Combined
Combined
800
AG-1(expired): Action Plan
for the Aquatic
Environment I+II and Action
Plan for Sustainable
Agriculture plants
AG-6: Biogas
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Reduction of fertilizer/manure use on
cropland (Agriculture)
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it is
expected to have influenced the level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
Government: State,
Local: Municipalities
1900
Yes*
Agriculture, Energy
CO2, CH4
AG-12(new): Political
Agreement on a Food and
Agricultural Package
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O, CO2
WA-1: A ban of landfill of
combustible waste.
Yes*
Waste management/waste CH4
Improved animal waste management
systems (Agriculture), Increase in
renewable energy (Energy supply), Switch
to less carbon-intensive fuels (Energy
supply)
Improve the ability of the food and
agricultural industry to increase primary
production and exports, as well as to
contribute to creating growth and jobs, in
due interaction with protection of nature
and the environment.
Reduced landfilling (Waste), Waste
incineration with energy use (Waste),
Enhanced recycling (Waste)
Economic
Government: State
240
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 2016
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Government: Ministry
of Environment and
Food
-122
Regulatory
Implemented
See text and Annex F 1997
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 1984
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F 2017
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
See text and Annex F Combined
(BR3, Chapter VIII,
Table 3 of the CTF)
Local: Municipalities
333
333
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf
and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-
5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
205
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf
and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-
5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
179
Estimates by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017 - based on "Virkemiddelkatalog,
Tværministeriel arbejdsgruppe, August 2013, Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet" (
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/virkemiddelkatalog_-
_potentialer_og_omkostninger_for_klimatiltag.pdf )
46585
Calculated as the sum of the effects estimated for G3, G4, TD-9, TR-12, G6, AG-1, AG-6, AG-
12, WA-1, WA-7 and WA9.
WA-7(expired): Support for
(construction of facilities
for) gas recovery at landfill
sites
WA-9: Subsidy programme
for biocovers on landfills
Yes*
Waste management/waste CO2, CH4
Enhanced CH4 collection and use (Waste) Economic
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it is
expected to have influenced the level of
total Danish greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
Government: Danish
Energy Agency
205
Yes*
Waste management/waste CH4
Improved landfill management (Waste)
Economic
Government: Danish
Environmetal
Protection Agency
Combined
300
G1(changed): Group of all
policies and measures
except in the LULUCF sector
Yes*
Combined (TD-b1, -2, -3, -4, - Combined
5, -6, -7, -8, -9; EN-1, -2, -3, -
4, -5, -6; BU-1, -2, -6, -7, -8, -
9, -10; TR-1a, -1b, -2, -3, -4, -
5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12;
HO-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6; IP-1;
AG-1, -2, -4a-f, -6, -9, -11, -
12, -13; WA-1, -2, -3, -4, -5,-
6, -7, -8, -9)
Combined
Combined
Combined
43135
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
269
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0270.png
5.2.2
Projection without measures (WOM-scenario)
As mentioned in Chapter 5.2.1 National Communications could also include results
from projections “without measures”, i.e. projections without the expected total
effects of measures implemented after a certain point in time.
In this chapter the estimated total effects of policies and measures described in
Chapter 5.2.1 are added to the greenhouse gas inventory data in the period 1991-
2015 and to the greenhouse gas baseline (WEM scenario) projection in the period
2016-2030. The results are shown in Table 5.19 and Figure 5.20.
T
ABLE
5.19 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE
“
WITHOUT MEASURES
”
SINCE
1990
SCENARIO IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
.
Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘without measures’ scenario
a
*
Base year
Sector
Energy**
Transport
Industry/industrial processes***
Agriculture
Forestry/LULUCF
Waste management/waste
Other (specify: Memo item: International bunkers)
Memo item: International Aviation
Memo item: International Navigation
Gas
CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF
CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF
N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF
N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other (specify)
Total F-gases****
Total with LULUCF
f
d,e
1990
GHG emissions and removals (kt CO2 eq)
#
2010
1995
2000
2005
54685
12093
2878
12810
NE
1724
6869
1841
5027
NE
67803
NE
8177
NE
7865
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
344
NE
84190
57466
12285
3631
12689
NE
1750
6400
2336
4064
NE
70507
NE
8144
NE
8388
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
782
NE
87821
58440
13242
2945
12688
NE
1676
4938
2560
2378
NE
72420
NE
8071
NE
7372
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1127
NE
88990
60100
13125
2409
12226
NE
1728
4513
2425
2088
NE
73285
NE
7885
NE
7039
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1379
NE
89588
b
GHG emission projections (kt CO2 eq)
20XX -3
=2015
52301
12336
2569
12199
NE
1691
4983
2652
2331
NE
65278
NE
7417
NE
7082
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1319
NE
81095
c
2020
59201
12025
2745
12350
NE
1699
5231
2899
2331
NE
72134
NE
7386
NE
7193
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1307
NE
88020
2030
68690
12229
2659
12480
NE
1625
5302
2971
2331
NE
82058
NE
7398
NE
7251
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
975
NE
97682
42885
10734
2343
12631
NE
1763
4784
1748
3036
NE
54808
NE
7624
NE
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
IE
NO,NA
42
NE
70356
42885
10734
2343
12631
NE
1763
4784
1748
3036
NE
54808
NE
7624
NE
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
IE
NO,NA
42
NE
70356
Total without LULUCF
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
In accordance with the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”, at a minimum Parties
shall report a ‘with measures’ scenario, and may report ‘without measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios. If a Party chooses to report ‘without measures’ and/or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios they are to use
tables 6(b) and/or 6(c), respectively. If a Party does not choose to report ‘without measures’ or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios then it should not include tables 6(b) or 6(c) in the biennial report.
b
Emissions and removals reported in these columns should be as reported in the latest GHG inventory and consistent with the emissions and removals reported in the table on GHG emissions and trends provided in this
biennial report. Where the sectoral breakdown differs from that reported in the GHG inventory Parties should explain in their biennial report how the inventory sectors relate to the sectors reported in this table.
20XX is the reporting due-date year (i.e. 2014 for the first biennial report).
In accordance with paragraph 34 of the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”,
projections shall be presented on a sectoral basis, to the extent possible, using the same sectoral categories used in the policies and measures section. This table should follow, to the extent possible, the same sectoral
categories as those listed in paragraph 17 of those guidelines, namely, to the extent appropriate, the following sectors should be considered: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
d
e
f
c
To the extent possible, the following sectors should be used: energy, transport, industry/industrial processes, agriculture, forestry/LULUCF, waste management/waste, other sectors (i.e. cross-cutting), as appropriate.
Parties may choose to report total emissions with or without LULUCF, as appropriate.
* Denmark without Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CO2 and totals are with indirect CO2 emissions. The memo items are not included in the totals. Estimated emissions if the policies and measures implemented since 1990
have not been implemented.
** The IPCC category "Energy" excluding the subcategory "Transport".
*** The IPCC category "Industrial processes and product use".
**** Total F-gases: HFCs + PFCs + SF6
# Annual average of estimates for the period 2008-2012
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
270
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0271.png
F
IGURE
5.20 P
ROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE
“
WITHOUT MEASURES
”
SINCE
1990
SCENARIO IN KT OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
.
5.3
P
ROJECTION WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES
(WAM-
SCENARIO
)
In accordance with the reporting guidelines for National Communications, it is also
possible to include information on greenhouse gas projections where the expected
effects of additional policies and measures that are planned but still not implemented
are included.
As described in Chapter 4, the Danish government will in 2018 make proposals for a
new energy agreement and a cost-effective strategy for meeting Denmark’s reduction
target in 2030.
Therefore it is not possible to elaborate a scenario with additional measures “which
will have a realistic chance of being adopted” and which will not. And the former is
the criteria for measures in the planning stage to be included in a “with additional
measures” projection. Thus, a “with additional measures” projection scenario cannot
be made until the government has decided which additional measures Denmark
should include in its planning. In Denmark implementation of new measures often
starts as soon as a decision on an additional measure has been taken. When a final
decision has been taken and implementation has started the measure will be included
in the first WEM-scenario following the adoption of the measure. The window of
opportunity for a WAM-scenario in Denmark is therefore often very narrow or not
existing.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
271
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
5.4
S
UPPLEMENTARITY RELATING TO MECHANISMS UNDER
A
RTICLES
6, 12
AND
17
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
According to the Kyoto Protocol, the use of the mechanisms in Articles 6 (JI), 12
(CDM) and 17 (IET) of the Protocol must serve as a supplement to domestic action
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This was fulfilled in the first commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol 2008-2012. The second commitment period of the
Kyoto Protocol 2013-2020 has not yet entered into force. Should this happen, it
should be noted that the Danish Government does not plan to use the Kyoto Protocol
mechanisms in the second commitment period. As mentioned above the WEM
projection shows that Denmark will achive its target 2013-2020 under the EU Effort
Sharing Decision for the non-ETS sectors with existing measures. I.e. there is no
need for using the Kyoto Mechanisms in the non-ETS sectors. If the second
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol enters into force, information on the use of
Kyoto mechanisms units or credits by Danish entities under the EU-ETS will be
available from the EU registry.
5.5
M
ETHODOLOGY USED FOR THE PRESENTED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION
PROJECTIONS AND COMPARISONS WITH PREVIOUS PROJECTIONS
The methodologies used for the presented greenhouse gas emission projections are
described for the relevant sectors in section 5.1.2-5.1.7.
In Annex C3, a comparison of the latest reported greenhouse gas inventory with the
“with measures” projections of Denmark’s total greenhouse gas emissions included
in Denmark’s first to seventh national communication is shown. As can been seen,
no clear conclusion can be drawn from a plot of the “raw” projection data reported
over the period 1995-2015. However, if the data are normalised to take into account
the improvements made in inventory reporting over the same period, and if inter-
annual variations in temperature and electricity trade, the latter being sensitive to
inter-annual variations in precipitation in Norway and Sweden due to these countries’
hydropower based production of electricity for the Nordic electricity market, is also
taken into account, relatively good correlation between the projections until 2005 in
NC1 (1994) and until 2010 in NC2 (1997) and the later actual development can be
seen. A closer look into the detailed level of sectors and source categories, however,
reveals major differences, but outliers in both directions seem to even out each other
in the total due to the relatively high number of separately projected sub-categories.
The projections for 2009-2015 in the NC3 (2003), NC4 (2005) and NC5 (2009) show
significant deviations from the 2009-2015 inventory data reported in May 2017. The
projections for 2012-2015 in the NC6 (2014) are close to the actual inventory data
for 2012-2015 reported in May 2017. This illustrates that projected estimates for
years close to the present are more certain than estimates for years more that 3 years
into the future.
As a “with measures” projection elaborated at a given point in time only includes the
effects of implemented and adopted policies and measures, in many cases also with
an end date within the projection period, emissions are projected to increase after the
expiration of such policies and measures. The development in the projections shown
in Annex C3 can therefore also be seen as an illustration of the main purpose of the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
272
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0273.png
WEM projections: to inform governments about future greenhouse gas emissions
trends if no new policies and measures are adopted and implemented.
5.6
5.6.1
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
Greenland
Total greenhouse gas emissions in Greenland in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and
2015 are shown in table 5.20.
T
ABLE
5.20
TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
KT
C
O
2
EQUIVALENTS
)
IN
1990, 1995, 2000, 2005,
2010
AND
2015
Source: Statistics Greenland (2017)
.
GHG (kt CO
2
Equivalents)
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
1990
652.48
652.69
1995
561.71
562.10
2000
697.68
698.20
2005
679.00
679.63
2010
713.53
714.95
2015
557.41
558.46
Greenland is likely to experience significant industrial growth over the coming years,
which will impact on future emission levels. Possible sources of new emissions
include:
- Further growth in the mining industry with the establishment of new mines
- Continuation of oil and gas explorations
A number of exploration projects are ongoing, however the projected emissions
related to these projects are subject to a significant degree of uncertainty and future
scenarios have therefore not been included.
According to the latest data from Greenland Statistics the total greenhouse gas
emissions with LULUCF is recorded at 558,456 tons CO
2
in the year 2015
40
.
Greenland’s economic council has prepared a national economic outlook which
projects the 2016 GDP growth rate at 6.9%
41
, while the expected growth rate in 2018
being at 2.6%
11
. This rate has been maintained as a constant value throughout the
period 2018 to 2036. Moreover upcoming mining activities in Aappaluttoq and
Kangerlussuaq have been accounted for in the projections. The projected
Greenlandic total annual greenhouse gas emissions for 2016-2036 are shown in
Figure 5.19 together with the inventory’s total for 2015.
40
41
http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=da&version=201702&sc=EN&subthemecode=t2&colcode=t
http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Finans/ENG/GOR%202017%20rapport%20ENG.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
273
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0274.png
F
IGURE
5.19 G
REENLAND
’
S
T
OTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN KT IN
2015-36,
EMISSIONS IN
2015
ARE OBSERVED AND
2016-2036
PROJECTED
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
274
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0275.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0276.png
6 Vulnerability assessment, climate change impacts
and adaptation measures
6.1
6.1.1
E
XPECTED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate in the future
The climate is changing, and in all likelihood we will see more changes in the future.
In the long term, the future climate is strongly dependent on the future emissions of
greenhouse gasses and other substances that influence the climate. The development
in greenhouse gas emissions is especially dependent on three factors: demographic
development, the rate and spread of implementation of energy-efficient technologies,
particularly in the energy and transportation sectors, and the socio-economic
development in general. The changing climate with rising temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns, an increase in extreme weather events and rising sea levels
will have a broad impact on ecosystems and society in general.
In relation to future global climate change, Denmark is a robust country. This is
primarily because of a long tradition of legislation which prevents building in river
valleys, along the coast and in forests. Agricultural land is well-drained and many
farmers are able to irrigate in dry periods. Moreover, the Danish population is aware
of, and uses, systematic warning systems of extreme weather events and the
consequences of such events.
6.1.2
Climate trends in Denmark
6.1.2.1 The latest developments
Since the Ice Age, Denmark has had a temperate maritime climate. This climate,
with wet winters and cool summers, is now changing. The latest statistics
42
from the
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) show that the mean temperature is now above
8.6°C (1991-2016), an increase of about 1.5°C since the end of the 19
th
century. This
increase is about double the increase of the global mean temperature for the same
period. Today the average winter temperature in Denmark is often above 2ºC, and
the average summer temperature is about 16ºC.
The annual precipitation measured in Denmark is now about 755 mm (1991-2016).
Precipitation has increased by about 15% – or 100 mm – since the first recordings
42
Cappelen, 2017b
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
276
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0277.png
were begun in 1874. Precipitation is greatest in the western and southern part of
Jutland, with almost 1000 mm annual precipitation, and least precipitation is
measured in the eastern parts of Denmark (Zealand and the other eastern islands),
where about 600 mm of precipitation is recorded annually. In general wet areas
experience the greatest increase in precipitation. Correspondingly, precipitation has
increased most in western Jutland, by about 20% in the past 85 years.
The Danish climate has become more maritime in the 20th century. On average,
cloud cover has increased by about 5 percent since observations began in 1874. With
the clouds, more precipitation has come, there are fewer days with snow cover, and
temperatures are higher. The direct consequences, such as decreased need for ice-
breaking, shorter sledging season, earlier pollen season, longer growing season and
longer swimming season, can already be felt by the Danish population.
The sea level around Denmark has risen over the past 115 years. The maximum
observed rise is in southern Denmark, where the water level is rising by about 1.5
mm per year. In the northern-most part of Denmark uplift of the land after the Ice
Age is roughly in line with the rise in sea level.
6.1.2.2 Projected climate changes in Denmark
DMI has estimated the expected climate change in Denmark based on the latest
Danish and European scenario calculations focusing on climate change towards the
end of this century
43
. The assessment of future climate change is based on the
scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and
changes are expected to increase towards the end of this century.
Climate simulations and understanding of associated uncertainties are constantly
being improved. DMI here presents the latest results based on IPCC, BACC,
European studies and the Danish CRES project where a number of climate
simulations performed with several regional and global climate models. Projection of
future climate change based on an ensemble of climate models is more robust than
estimates based on a single model.
Future sea level rise depends on melting of snow and ice on land and ocean heating.
The amount of melting ice is associated with large uncertainties. The observed sea
level around Denmark since 1900, corrected for land rise, is presented together with
scenarios of future sea level rise.
For specific planning, assessment and risk analysis of climate adaptation, it is
important to consider the full range estimate as indicated by the uncertainty interval
in the report, instead of simply considering the best estimate.
Climate changes are expected to increase towards 2100 in terms of higher
temperatures, more winter precipitation, more frequent and more extreme weather
events as well as sea level rise.
All changes quoted below for the climate in Denmark are in relation to the reference
period 1986-2005, unless otherwise stated.
43
Olesen et al. 2014: Fremtidige klimaforandringer i Danmark, DKC-rapport 14-06, DMI.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
277
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
Temperature:
The future projection is highly dependent on emissions
scenario. By the end of the century (2081-2100) the expected temperature
increase in Denmark, relative to 1986-2005, is about 1.2 °C both for summer
and winter for the RCP2.6 scenario. For the RCP8.5 scenario the expected
temperature increase is 4.0 °C for the summer season and 3.7 °C for the
winter season.
Precipitation:
Global warming increases the water content in the
atmosphere, leading to increased global precipitation. For Denmark, this is
also the case. Towards 2100 there is a tendency towards increased
precipitation with the largest increase in the winter season. Summer
precipitation is expected to increase in Northern Scandinavia and decrease in
Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, and Denmark will likely be on the
border between these two zones, making predictions of future overall summer
precipitation in Denmark rather uncertain, but the summer precipitation will
be characterized by longer dry spells and more heavy precipitation events
(see Table 6.1).
Wind:
Mean wind is expected to increase slightly towards the end of the
century, while the dominant wind direction is more likely to be west. The
strength of storms and hurricanes is likely to increase.
Sea level:
The sea level is rising at all Danish coastlines, except in the
northern Jutland. Further sea-level rises are expected in the future due to
climate change. For 2081-2100 relative to 1986-2005, the sea level around
Denmark is expected to increase by 0.34 (0.1-0.6) m for the RCP2.6 scenario
and 0.61 (0.3-0.9) m for RCP8.5. DMI asesses a small risk in the order of 5%
for sea level rise for 2081-2100 relative to 1986-2005 above 1.2 m. The
uncertainty is largely due to the contribution from melting glaciers and ice
sheets. In the northern part of the country, the sea-level rise will be partly
compensated by land uplift.
Extreme events and other climate parameters:
Computer models show that
an increased green-house effect results in changes in frequency, intensity and
duration of extreme weather events. Denmark will experience an increase in
the frequency and duration of heat waves. Summers will be characterised by
longer dry spells and an increase in heavy precipitation events. The
occurrence of days with sub-zero temperatures will decrease dramatically,
while the length of the growing season will increase. The increase in sea level
will give rise to increased storm-surge height. Additionally, future changes in
wind patterns are estimated to increase the storm-surge height with 0.3 m
along the west coast of Jutland towards 2100, while less change is expected in
inner Danish waters In Esbjerg on the west coast of Jutland, a storm surge
event of 4.35 m, which today has a 400-year recurrence interval, is expected
to have a recurrence interval of 10 years towards the end of the century. For
Copenhagen a 100-year storm-surge event of 1.5 m today is expected to occur
every 2 years if the mean sea level increases by 0.5 m.
•
•
•
•
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
278
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0279.png
T
ABLE
6.1 F
UTURE CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION FOR
D
ENMARK
2081-2100
RELATIVE TO
1986-2005
Precicipation change [%]
Annual
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
RCP2.6
1.6 (±4.6)
3.1 (±7.9)
3.7 (±11.1)
-0.5 (±9.6)
0.8 (±7.2)
RCP8.5
6.9 (±6.1)
18.0 (±12.0)
10.7 (±12.6)
-16.6 (±21.0)
10.2 (±10.9)
6.1.3
Mapping the impacts of climate change in Denmark
The impacts of possible climate change in Denmark have been evaluated several
times, most recently in the 2012 report by the Task Force on Climate Change
Adaptation: Mapping climate change – barriers and opportunities for action
44
.
A review of the significance of climate change up to 2050 for the individual sectors
and industries shows that Danish society may experience both positive and negative
impacts.
The positive impacts will relate primarily to the higher temperatures that will result.
in, e.g a longer growing season and increased productivity for forestry and
agriculture. Milder winters will moreover reduce energy consumption and
construction costs, as well as the costs of winter-weather preparedness and road salt.
The negative impacts of climate change will relate primarily to more frequent
extreme rainfall, elevated sea levels and more powerful storms, which can lead to
flooding and damage to infrastructure and buildings as well as erosion along coasts.
In the following sections the impacts in individual sectors and industries are further
described.
6.1.3.1 Construction and housing
Climate change will have both positive and negative impacts for buildings. These
include primarily:
•
More extreme rainfall events will lead to more flooding:
The most important
challenge will probably come from increased precipitation. Heavy rainfall may
lead to more basements being flooded by intruding rainwater and sewage
water. Houses and buildings with entrances at terrain level may also be
exposed. A gradually rising sea level and more frequent storm-surge events in
combination with heavy precipitation may put low-lying and coastal urban
areas at risk, see the section on water.
•
Greater air humidity and less frequent sub-zero temperatures are significant
for the wear on buildings:
Milder winters with greater humidity may affect
buildings and reduce the life span of individual building components. This can
44
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/600858/130206_mapping_climate_change_final.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
279
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
be mitigated though greater focus on management and maintenance. However,
less frequent sub-zero temperatures may help reduce the wear and tear on
buildings.
•
More powerful storms and changes in snowfall may damage buildings:
Powerful storms may pose a risk of damage to buildings, including damage to
roof constructions from storms and greater snow load. The latter will often be
manageable through roof snow removal. In addition to this, there will probably
be a need for increased maintenance and, in some situations, reinforcement of
the building.
•
Less demand for heating during winter, but risk of poorer indoor climate:
Milder winters may in general entail a reduced demand for heating. At the
same time more humid winters may result in a more humid indoor climate
providing better conditions for house dust mites and increasing the risk of
mould, see the section on human health. A more humid climate may also result
in greater demand for maintenance of building envelopes.
•
Greater risk of overheating:
Large window sections facing south, and longer
periods with warm weather in the summertime may pose a risk of overheating
in buildings, which will have to be addressed when designing highly insulated
buildings. The problem has already been addressed in the building regulations'
provisions on energy efficiency classes 2015 and 2050, which stipulate
requirements on maximum indoor temperature.
•
Changes in productivity in the construction industry:
A more humid climate, in
particular during winter, may mean longer drying times and may pose the risk
of damage to building materials, all of which may affect parts of the
construction industry. However, the industry can prepare for this by using and
further developing methods and materials which reduce the significance of the
climate during the construction phase. Climate change could also result in
fewer bad-weather days due to milder winters (fewer days with sub-zero
temperatures). This will help enhance productivity in the industry.
6.1.3.2 Coasts and ports
Based on future projections of climate change, key consequences for Danish coasts
and ports will include:
•
Higher storm-surge water levels will increase erosion and coastal recession:
This is the implication of the general increase in sea level and the fact that the
coasts are being impacted by higher waves during more frequent and more
powerful storms, which will lead to increased erosion and recession of the
coastline relative to today. The flatter the coastal part of the seabed, the greater
the erosion. Erosion will be most pronounced for the west coast of Jutland and
less pronounced for other Danish coasts. Built-up areas in low-lying coastal
areas will be at risk from higher storm-surge water levels and more frequent
flooding. Furthermore, houses and other buildings near the coast will be at risk
from erosion.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
280
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
More frequent flooding of low-lying coastal areas:
Low-lying land not
protected by dykes will be exposed to more frequent flooding. At the same
time, the risk of water breaching existing dykes will increase. Urban
developments at the mouth of rivers, e.g. in fjords, may come under double
pressure: from rising sea levels as well as from increased precipitation and run-
off from the catchment area.
•
More powerful storm surges will make activity at ports more difficult:
With
more powerful storm surges, key areas will be flooded more frequently and this
means interruption in port activities and also poses a greater risk of damage to
buildings. The same applies to ferry landings. At the same time, more intense
storms will pose a greater risk of ships breaking their moorings and causing
damage to cranes and other equipment at the port.
•
More powerful storm surges put port infrastructure under pressure:
The port
protection that protects the basin itself will be affected to an increasing extent
by the waves, and protection will be less effective during high storm surges. In
ports where fairways and/or port basins are dredged, the need for dredging will
often grow because higher waves will lead to greater sanding.
6.1.3.3 Transport
Based on future projections of climate change, the key consequences for different
parts of the transport area in Denmark will be as described in the sections below.
6.1.3.3.1
Road network
• Higher temperatures reduce construction costs:
Higher temperatures during
winter will mean that periods with heavy frost will be shorter or will all
together disappear. This will provide the opportunity to reduce the thickness of
the bottom-most layers of roadbeds, frost protection, and thus the amount of
raw materials needed.
•
Higher temperatures reduce the need for winter-weather preparedness and salt
application:
Higher temperatures allow for savings on winter-weather
preparedness and road salt; this leads to both financial and environmental
benefits.
•
Temperature increases can have both positive and negative impacts on the
roadbed:
Fewer occurences of sub-zero temperatures may serve to improve the
life span of the asphalt. When temperatures fall below zero, this exerts a wear
on the road surface which results in loss of stone and cracks. However, asphalt
surfacing becomes softer at higher temperatures and its carrying capacity and
friction decreases. This problem may be managed by using alternative binding
agents. For the underlying gravel and sand layers of the roadbed, the increases
in temperature will have a limited but positive effect on the life span.
•
Greater water volumes are a challenge for the road network:
Increased
precipitation and rising groundwater level, leading to more flooding events,
will be a problem for traffic safety and passability. This will place greater
demand on road drainage systems and monitoring of the road network.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
281
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Flooding not only reduces the carrying capacity of roads, it also shortens their
efficient life span. Similarly, increased precipitation amounts may cause road
banks to become unstable thereby leading to the risk of landslide.
•
Greater water volumes will challenge bridge design:
For bridges and tunnels,
there is a greater risk of reduced carrying capacity of foundations, supporting
walls and sheet piles due to higher groundwater levels, regardless of whether
this is due to higher sea-water levels or increased rainfall. For constructions
founded on sand in particular this may become a problem.
•
More frequent storms will pose a challenge for road sign portals:
More
powerful storms will expose road sign portals to greater force.
6.1.3.3.2
Permanent links
•
Rising water levels and precipitation may affect Danish permanent links:
For
the permanent links cross the Great Belt and the Sound an increase in
precipitation will mean a greater amount of surface water which will have to be
pumped up from surface drainage systems in tunnels and roads. This in turn
means there may be a greater demand for pumping capacity. A rising water
level and more powerful storms may combine to enhance the risk of flooding
of tunnels and lead to longer periods of interruption. More powerful storms
may also mean that bridges will have to be closed down temporarily more
often.
6.1.3.3.3
Rail network
•
Increased water amounts will enhance the risk of flooding and landslides:
Flooding events and rises in groundwater level will enhance the risk of
landslides and embankment failures. A rise in the mean sea level could pose a
problem for rail services where embankment and slope drainage systems divert
the water into nearby watercourses that are affected by the rise in sea level.
Damming up of water in the watercourse could affect the water level in
trenches.
•
More powerful storms could lead to breakdowns of overhead wires and fallen
trees:
On electrified railway lines, powerful storms and greater wind speeds
may lead to greater frequency of breakdowns of overhead wires and to more
incidents with trees falling across the tracks. This may result in interrupted
train services with consequences for traffic and for the economy.
6.1.3.4 Water
Based on climate projections for the future, the key consequences for water are
described in the sections below.
6.1.3.4.1
Wastewater and flooding
•
More precipitation will increase the pressure on the sewerage system:
More
frequent events with extreme precipitation could mean that the capacity of
sewers is exceeded more often, leading to greater risk of overflow events and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
282
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
subsequent flooding of terrain, buildings and basements, which, in turn, poses a
risk to human health. More overflow events will also lead to greater strain on
vulnerable aquatic areas from pollution. Furthermore, an increased seal level
will deteriorate the drainage capacity of drains close to the coast, as reduced
water flow in the sewerage system may lead to local flooding events.
•
More precipitation means that vulnerable areas will be at higher risk of
flooding:
Increased precipitation will affect watercourses and low-lying land,
resulting in a higher risk of local flooding events. At the same time, the
increase of groundwater recharge could also mean more frequent flooding from
wastewater.
6.1.3.4.2
Groundwater and water supply
•
More precipitation means higher annual groundwater recharge:
The increase
in annual precipitation will increase groundwater recharge, and this will
increase the size of the groundwater resource available for water recovery.
However, seasonal variations mean that this will primarily be in the winter and
there are regional variations between east and west Denmark. In the summer
there will be less flow into lakes and rivers. Increased groundwater recharge in
the upper strata could give more local flooding problems.
•
Long periods of drought may bring water supply under pressure:
Ever longer
periods of drought are expected in the summer periods and these will put more
pressure on the water supply, especially in areas which are already affected by
water catchment for larger cities and to irrigate fields. Therefore, in exposed
areas it is likely that groundwater extraction will be adjusted to maintain water
flow in watercourses.
•
Higher temperatures mean more bacteria in drinking water:
Higher
temperatures may mean a slightly higher content of bacteria and amoeba in
drinking water compared with current levels. Today it can already be difficult
for some waterworks to comply with the recommended requirements for the
temperature of drinking water of max. 12°C at the tap.
•
Higher sea levels may add saltwater to the groundwater:
Higher sea levels will
move the current freshwater boundaries further inland. Locally, this could
cause problems with saltwater infiltration into coastal extraction wells and
create a need for new wells. The problem is especially serious for smaller
islands.
6.1.3.5 Agriculture
The most important effects of climate change for agriculture are as follows:
•
Increases in temperature will be favourable for many crops:
Crops such as
grass, sugar beets and maize will benefit from increases in temperature as the
length of the growing season determines the yield. Even now there is a change
in Denmark towards growing more maize. A longer growing season for grass
fields may also mean longer grazing periods.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
283
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
More CO
2
means increased yields:
More CO
2
in the atmosphere will increase
yields. If the CO
2
concentration doubles, the yield is likely to increase by
around 20% for most crops.
•
Higher temperatures extend the production season for vegetables and fruit:
For
field vegetables and fruit, higher temperatures, especially in the spring and
autumn, will mean an extended production season with a clear market
advantage. There will also be possibilities for new crops, for example more
Danish wine may be produced.
•
Higher overall yields for agriculture may give more nitrogen and phosphorus
run-off:
Increasing yields involves a greater need for fertilizer use.
Furthermore, higher temperatures and winter precipitation will increase the risk
of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching and run-off into the aquatic environment.
•
Rising temperatures mean lower yields for annual crops:
Temperature increase
will reduce the length of the active growing period for annual crops such as
cereal and rape, and thereby reduce the yield as the crops will mature earlier.
Increases in temperature may also lead to significant variations in yields.
•
Increased winter precipitation and increasing water levels mean poorer
agricultural exploitation:
Increased winter precipitation and rising water levels
in some areas will lead to flooding or to groundwater levels which are so high
that security of cultivation will be difficult to maintain. This may be
particularly relevant along a number of fjords and watercourses, but there may
also be problems for other drained areas with poor drops to watercourses in the
event of greater precipitation intensity.
•
Longer periods of drought increase the need for irrigation and watering:
Longer periods of drought during the summer mean a greater need to water
crops artificially, especially on sandy soil. Higher temperatures also increase
evaporation, but much of this effect is countered by less evaporation from
plants due to higher concentrations of CO
2
in the atmosphere. Changing crop
types to more maize will also increase the need for irrigation and artificial
watering. More artificial watering may have an effect on summer flows in
water courses.
•
Higher temperatures strengthen some species of weed:
Some weed species will
benefit from a warmer climate, e.g. cockspur and green bristle grass, both of
which are relatively new species in Denmark. These species are considered
some of the most aggressive globally, but so far they have not been a serious
problem in Denmark.
•
Higher temperatures could result in more plant diseases and pests:
It is very
hard to give a clear-cut description of the developments in plant diseases, but
the overall assessment is that higher temperatures in the future will be more
favourable for a number of plant diseases and pests, which therefore will
become more widespread. This will potentially increase the need for use of
pesticides, in lack of viable alternatives
•
Rising temperatures change conditions for exotic diseases in animals:
Rising
temperatures could change conditions for the incidence of animal diseases
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
284
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
which are currently regarded as 'exotic' in Denmark. Vector-borne diseases are
an example of this, as small changes in temperatures and humidity can enable
ticks and mosquitoes to establish themselves in new locations. The vector-
borne disease known as blue-tongue was considered an exotic disease some
years ago. In just a few years it has spread to most EU countries with
consequent comprehensive vaccination programmes.
•
•
Rising temperatures in soils:
Increase the rate of microbial digestion
of organic material leading to a loss of carbon stock in agricultural soils.
6.1.3.6 Forestry
The most important impacts for forestry are as follows:
•
Rising temperatures mean longer growing seasons and larger biomass
production:
Higher temperatures and higher CO
2
content in the atmosphere
may cause greater plant growth and thus greater inland biomass production.
Because of the warmer climate, the growing season for trees will also be
lengthened.
•
Increased storm intensity affects wood production and biodiversity:
Increased
storm intensity (5-10%), as well as increased storm risk, may lead to more trees
being blown down (especially conifers which comprise about one-half of the
Danish forest area) and more frequent forest storm damage. This can affect
wood production and cause a loss in biodiversity in forests, if forest storm
damage occurs in large, cohesive areas.
•
Drought stress and storms affect forest trees:
Forest trees are vulnerable to
climate change (drought stress and storms). This also increases their
vulnerability to harmful diseases and pests. Pests and diseases can attack trees
more easily, weakening the wood and rotting or drying it out.
•
Higher summer temperatures increase the risk of more forest fires:
As a result
of the warmer climate, there is a risk of more forest fires, which are already
widespread in southern Europe.
•
Rising temperatures change the species composition of forests.
Tree species
have different ways of dealing with climate change. Norway spruce, which
covers about 17% of Danish forest land, is threatened by temperature increases
as the species cannot cope very well with mild winters and summer droughts
(other, non-indigenous conifer species such as Sitka spruce will cope with
increases in temperature better). In contrast, deciduous forests will have better
conditions as a result of rising temperatures.
6.1.3.7 Fisheries
The most important effects for fisheries are as follows:
•
Rising sea temperatures impact fish stocks:
Fish are generally adapted to a
single temperature interval and rising temperatures will mean a general change
in the composition of stocks in Danish waters and thereby also in the resource
base for fishing. Stocks which have their southern limit in Danish waters will
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
285
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
be affected negatively, while stocks preferring higher temperatures will
generally be affected positively. Therefore it is likely that there will be an
increase in species preferring warmer waters (e.g. sardine and brisling/sprats)
and species preferring colder waters will retreat (e.g. cod in the North Sea).
•
Climate change affects species composition:
Rising sea temperatures and other
climate-related changes will affect the species composition throughout the
marine ecosystem and thus change food-chains, including the supply of food
for fish and fish predators. It is currently unclear whether these changes will
make fish populations and ecosystems more or less vulnerable to
anthropogenic impacts on the ecosystem such as fishing and eutrophication,
and therefore how the fisheries sector will be affected.
•
Rising sea temperatures and increased precipitation may cause oxygen
depletion:
Rising sea temperatures, for example in the Baltic Sea and in coastal
areas, could lead to more and more serious problems with oxygen depletion,
which can cause poorer living conditions for cod, for example. Similarly,
increased precipitation and run-off from watercourses could increase run-off of
nutrient salts and the risk of oxygen depletion (hypoxia). These factors will
also affect fishing.
•
Rising sea temperatures encourage disease-promoting bacteria:
Rising sea
temperatures can underpin the incidence of new disease-promoting bacteria
and toxic algae, which can threaten fish and shellfish stocks as well as food
safety.
•
Rising sea temperatures can affect production conditions:
Rising sea
temperatures could accelerate the occurrence of populations of invasive species
which may lead to significant changes in ecosystems and thus affect production
conditions and therefore fisheries for a number of fish and shellfish species.
Similarly, trout production is very sensitive to increases in temperature, and
marine rainbow trout farming may be threatened.
•
Rising sea temperatures enable alternative farming methods:
Increases in
winter temperatures in particular enable the application of alternative farming
methods and farming of other species.
•
Increases in precipitation and run-off from watercourses lead to a drop in salt
concentration in the Danish Belts and in the Baltic Sea:
Populations of a
number of important fish species in Danish coastal waters are demonstrating
local adaptation to the existing salt gradient from the Baltic Sea out to the
North Sea. Changes in salt concentration may mean changes in the
geographical and temporal distribution of the fisheries resources.
•
Strong winds and precipitation affect the development of marine aquaculture:
More frequent weather events with strong winds and precipitation may impact
the possibilities to develop marine aquaculture and may periodically obstruct
shellfish harvests in coastal areas because of discharges of untreated
wastewater and consequential problems for food safety.
•
Drops in pH impact production of a number of organisms:
Drops in pH levels
(acidification) as a result of increasing carbon concentration can affect the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
286
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
production of a number of organisms, including fish and shellfish, because of
reduced calcium formation.
•
Cumulative effects of climate change:
There may be cumulative effects from
climate change in relation to other anthropogenic impacts. This means that
even though the impact of climate change in relation to an organism or
ecosystem may be small, the impact may become significant because of other
pressures such as increased nitrogen.
6.1.3.8 Energy
Effects for the energy sector are primarily likely to be as follows:
•
Milder winters mean less energy consumption:
With higher average
temperature and milder winters, energy needs in the winter will drop. The
difference in energy consumption between mild and cold winters is about 20%.
However, warmer summers will also mean more needs for cooling, but the
effect of this is expected to be less than the effect of milder winters.
•
Weather extremes may affect energy-producing facilities:
More extreme
weather with more powerful storms may lead to a need to secure installations
against changed weather conditions. The effects are limited, however, as wind
turbines have been secured against high wind speeds and the vulnerable
electricity supply grid will more or less be buried underground. In high winds,
wind turbines are cut off which means electricity production will also stop.
•
More wind gives more output from wind turbines:
With stronger winds there is
a potential for better exploitation of wind turbines for greater electricity
generation. The expected increase in average speeds of 1-2%, however, will
only lead to limited additional production with no significant effect on the
economy.
•
Changed import/export patterns give lower electricity prices:
Changed
precipitation patterns in Sweden and Norway will mean production of more
hydropower. Higher temperatures in Norway and Sweden will also reduce
electricity consumption for heating in these countries. Both these factors will
reduce electricity prices in Denmark.
•
Possibility for more biomass production:
Higher temperatures and higher CO
2
content in the atmosphere may cause greater plant growth and thus greater
domestic biomass production. Biomass production can be incorporated in
electricity and heating supply and can replace fossil fuels as well as increase
security of supply.
6.1.3.9 Tourism
The most important impacts for tourism are as follows:
•
Denmark will be an attractive holiday destination for a larger part of the year:
At the moment, 75% of all tourists visit Denmark in the summer, i.e. June, July
and August. With a warmer climate, it is likely that the Danish tourist season
will extend towards the whole year, and Denmark will be even more attractive
in the high season. An analysis by Deutsche Bank highlights Denmark, with its
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
287
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0288.png
wide beaches, as the country in northern Europe with the best conditions to
meet the future European demand for sun and sand.
•
The Mediterranean will be too hot, and this will make Denmark more
attractive:
Although the Mediterranean is currently is the most popular region
for tourists in Europe, with a very hot and dry climate, it is expected that,
especially in high summer, the Mediterranean will attract fewer tourists. More
days of heat waves will increase the probability that it will be so hot that
tourists from primarily the north-western part of Europe will seek alternative
holiday destinations, and as a replacement for Cyprus, Greece, Malta and
Spain, Deutsche Bank
45
points to Denmark amongst other destinations in the
temperate zone as an attractive country for summer holidays.
•
The current coastal holiday areas will be less attractive because of higher sea
levels:
In the medium term, sea-level rises will make a number of current
holiday areas along the coast, with holiday centres, holiday houses and camp
sites, unusable or less attractive.
•
Larger investment in climate protection as a result of heavy downpours:
The
heavy downpours expected in the summer will affect many of the outdoor
activities and attractions tourists often demand in Denmark. These also include
the large amusement parks such as Tivoli, Dyrehavsbakken, Bonbonland and
Fårup Sommerland, which will have to invest in facilities to manage increased
amounts of rain.
6.1.3.10 Nature
The most important impacts for Danish nature are described in the following
sections.
6.1.3.10.1
Aquatic environment
•
More precipitation may increase the nutrient load on the aquatic environment:
Increases in precipitation and changed rainfall patterns are expected to cause
more nutrient enrichment in the aquatic environment. In combination with
rising temperatures, this will result in greater algae growth, poorer light
conditions, more oxygen depletion and possibly consequential fish death.
•
More precipitation means increased hydraulic impact of watercourses:
Increases in precipitation will also mean greater water flow in watercourses
and higher sea levels in coastal areas, which may have an impact on animal and
plant life.
•
Warmer climate can change the species composition:
Rising temperatures can
lead to changes in the biological structure in the aquatic environment - with
generally changed species composition and more invasive species.
•
Warmer climate leads to increased substance conversion:
Increases in
temperature also mean changed substance conversion in the aquatic
45
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/600858/130206_mapping_climate_change_final.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
288
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
environment in which the biological activity/conversion will increase because
of increased temperatures.
•
More CO
2
in the air causes acidification of the sea:
The content of CO
2
in
water is in a chemical balance with the content in the air. When the content of
CO
2
in the air increases, so does the content in water and this causes
acidification of the water with potentially large impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
6.1.3.10.2
Nature and landscapes
•
Higher temperatures and increases in the air's content of CO
2
will enhance
biomass production:
Rising temperatures provide for a longer growing season.
At the same time, increased contents of CO
2
in the atmosphere lead to more
favourable growth conditions. In combination, these factors provide for
enhanced biomass production in Danish nature.
•
Higher storm-surge water levels will probably lead to the loss of habitats along
the coasts:
A higher sea level and more powerful storms could cause coastal
erosion and recession, which will reduce and in other ways affect Danish
coastal habitats. These problems, however, will be limited up until 2050.
•
More frequent and more intense rainfall will lead to more flooding of low-lying
land areas:
Not only along coasts but also in low-lying areas, such as river
valleys and meadows, and habitats and the biodiversity living there may come
under pressure from more flooding events. There will also be pressure from the
lack of opportunity to spread to other habitats and not enough time to adapt to
new conditions.
•
A warmer climate will alter the species composition:
More non-native species
will be able to exploit a warmer climate to expand their natural habitat to
include Denmark, affecting the existing ecosystem and very likely supplanting
current species. This applies to all types of ecosystems: terrestrial, freshwater
as well as marine ecosystems.
6.1.3.11 Health
The greatest health-related impact is expected to occur during the last part of the
period up to the year 2100 when climate change is presumed to be greatest.
Noticeable consequences may however occur earlier, e.g. in connection with extreme
weather events with heatwaves or flooding.
•
Heatstroke and dehydration during heatwaves:
Heathwaves can lead to e.g.
heatstroke and dehydration which at worst may be life-threatening. People in
the northern parts of the world are less used to coping with high temperatures
than people who live further south. The elderly, patients in hospitals and
individuals suffering from certain diseases are at high risk. Infants and young
children will also require extra attention.
•
Positive as well as negative impacts of staying outdoors:
The human body
creates Vitamin D after only short exposure to the sun, however too much sun
exposure can cause skin cancer and melanomacancer. Spending more time
outdoors can have positive effects, e.g. in the form of more outdoor physical
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
289
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
activity, fewer problems with indoor climate and less disease transmission in
kindergartens etc. However, it may also cause more symptoms in people with
pollen allergies and possibly also lead to more people becoming allergic to
pollen.
•
Infections and similar when temperatures increase and in connection with
flooding:
Flooding of built-up areas has been documented to increase the risk
of infections in connection with e.g. work to clear up basements flooded by
polluted wastewater. There is a risk of health problems if the building is damp
and possibly also mould infested. Flooding which affects the access to or the
functioning of important institutions in society may also affect human health.
For example, flooding may cause delays in the treatment of patients.
Temperature increases and increased risk of extreme weather events will
increase the risk of food- and water-borne infections. Outbreaks of a number of
tick-borne diseases like inflammation of the brain and Lyme disease will also
be a risk. In the long term, there will also be risk of insect-borne diseases that
are restricted to tropical or subtropical areas today. After longer periods with
warm seawater, an increased concentration of certain marine bacteria will
comprise an infection risk for fishermen and swimmers, and there may be more
incidents of algal blooms and dangerous jellyfish.
•
More powerful storms and extreme weather events can increase the risk of
injury:
More powerful storms, cloudbursts and more frequent lightning bolts:
Experience reveals that a greater number of injuries can be linked to e.g. an
increase in outdoor activity and more outdoor work in the building and
construction industry.
•
Milder winters with lower mortality and less damage:
Milder winters may lead
to fewer cold-related diseases and deaths and fewer injuries from ice and snow.
•
Warmer summers and more precipitation enhance the risk of damp and mould:
The combination of warmer summers and more humid autumns and winters, as
well as a greater occurrence of cloudbursts, may enhance the risk of damage to
buildings from damp and mould and lead to greater nuisance from house dust
mites in homes. Damage from damp and mould in buildings can cause health
problems and exacerbate asthma and hay fever. Respiratory irritation may
increase the risk of respiratory infection. Furthermore, the existence of a
greater number of house dust mites may lead to an increase in symptoms
(asthma and hay fever) and intensified preventive treatment. Moreover more
people are likely to develop allergies.
•
A longer growing season will mean a greater risk of pollen allergies etc.:
With
a longer pollen season, higher pollen counts and more mould spores in outdoor
air, many people will experience more symptoms (asthma and hay fever) and
will need intensified preventive treatment. Furthermore, more people are likely
to develop allergies (hay fever and asthma). Very allergenic pollen species,
such as ragweed, have already found a habitat in Denmark.
•
A warmer climate will mean less outdoor air pollution:
A warmer climate
could also mean there will be less need for heating and thus less pollution from
heating sources.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
290
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
6.1.3.12 Cross-sectoral areas
There will be direct physical climate change impacts in the three next cross-sectoral
areas: emergency preparedness, insurance and spatial planning. These cross-sectoral
areas, however, are characterised by providing services to the other areas that are
especially vulnerable to changes in climate.
Spatial planning is about land use, which is extremely reliant on physical and
climatic conditions, and, as such, spatial planning is vital in cross-sectoral preventive
efforts within climate-change adaptation.
Emergency preparedness is about reducing the extent of the damage from extreme
weather events, whereas the insurance industry provides compensation to those who
have suffered damage. Both of these cross-sectoral areas are vital in mitigating the
negative impacts of extreme weather events in the other sectors and industries.
6.1.3.12.1
Emergency preparedness
The scope of the assignments of the Danish fire and rescue service will rely widely
on what other sectors do to prevent climate-change impacts, e.g. in terms of land use,
the design and dimensioning of buildings, sewerage and roads, coastal management
and coastal protection, and human behaviour. The task of the Danish fire and rescue
service is therefore to manage other remaining risks for society.
Climate change is not expected directly to entail new tasks for the Danish fire and
rescue service. A more likely trend seems to be the more frequent occurrence and
greater intensity of events for which a response is required. The Danish fire and
rescue service is responsible for limiting and mitigating damage and injury to people,
property and the environment. These responsibilities are assessed on an ongoing
basis against the need for developments in terms of equipment and manpower,
including training.
6.1.3.12.2
Important effects of climate change
Climate change could demand a greater number, as well as more resource-
demanding, emergency responses and assistance from municipal as well as national
fire and rescue services.
Responses to storm and water damage include efforts to fortify and identify
vulnerable buildings and infrastructure, prevent flooding with sand bags and pump
water away from low-lying land areas. Other responses include assisting in
establishing an emergency power supply. Moreover, an important task is to protect
the environment when e.g. sewers are at risk of flowing over with sewage water, or
when industrial areas have been flooded, tank systems have leaked, etc. In situations
when flooding leads to contamination of drinking water, the Danish fire and rescue
service can assist with the distribution of clean drinking water.
There is moreover a series of rescue assignments related to serious road accidents
and other accidents involving personal injury, e.g. during storm or cloudburst events.
In the event of particularly intense storms, snow storms and flooding, it may also be
necessary to rescue and provide housing and food relief for those in need (e.g. when
public transport, roads and bridges have been closed down and similar).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
291
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
More frequent and longer-lasting periods with drought in summer may lead to
greater risk of forest fires. This may result in a greater number of and more
comprehensive tasks for the Danish fire and rescue service, including fire guarding,
emergency drinking water supplies, fire extinction and fire-damping operations.
Furthermore, an increase in maximum day temperatures during summer could lead to
heatwaves of an intensity, scope and duration which may require the Danish fire and
rescue service to assist in home-nursing efforts and in the public health emergency
response.
Traditionally, the national fire and rescue service has been deployed abroad in the
event of natural disasters, including, in particular, floods. The national fire and
rescue service could therefore be assigned more international response tasks due to
more extensive and more extreme climate-related events.
The government's report on emergency preparedness (May 2010) stressess that in
future the Danish fire and rescue service must be prepared to mitigate the follow-on
effects of several climate-related events such as hurricanes/storms, heavy
precipitation, cloudbursts, storm surges, and extreme water levels. On the basis of
experience from climate-related events since 2007, it is likely that equipment to
tackle such events will continue to be in demand in the future. The size of the
investments required depends e.g. on whether there are enough preventive measures
in other sectors, as well as on future organisation and coordination of the rescue
preparedness services at local and central-government levels. The closer the
collaboration and coordination of equipment procurement and resource use across
local and central-government levels, the better and more cost-effectively the effects
of climate change can be managed.
6.1.3.12.3
Insurance
The most important impacts for the insurance industry are as follows:
•
Unpredictable weather reduces the possibility for addressing risks:
When
weather and climate change impacts are less predictable, the insurance
companies, in turn, have less possibilities for predicting damages and thus also
for addressing the risks. As a consequence, the companies will try to minimise
the uncertainty through measures like the ones mentioned below.
•
Higher reinsurance premiums:
Danish insurance companies are typically re-
insured in large international reinsurance companies that also insure against
financial losses from earthquakes, tropical storms and other large natural
disasters, and to some extent also acts of terrorism. An increase in the intensity
of cloudbursts and other extreme weather events in Denmark will lead to an
increase in the costs of reinsurance. For example, the international reinsurance
company Swiss Re has announced that the cloudburst that hit Copenhagen in
July 2011 will lead to higher reinsurance premiums. These higher premiums
will very likely trickle down to Danish insurance customers.
•
Targeted changes in premium and coverage:
For both citizens and enterprises,
climate change will entail a risk of higher premiums, lower coverage or the
introduction of special terms for taking out insurance. Differentiated premiums
(so-called "micro tariffing") might be used more extensively, which means
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
292
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
premiums will be determined based on where buildings are located (are they
located where the risk flooding is particularly large or small?), the special
characteristics and technical design of buildings, as well as their history of
damages. This will entail that particularly exposed properties may be at greater
risk (e.g. if the sewer system is under-dimensioned or if the property is in a
low-lying area, and if potential damages cannot be prevented through ordinary
preventive measures such as backflow blockers) and therefore cannot be
insured or can only be insured against paying extremely high insurance
premiums. This, in turn, may affect loan opportunities. Owners of such
properties will have a hard time selling their property. In the city of Odense,
the local water utility company ultimately had to buy seven houses.
6.1.3.12.4
Spatial planning
Climate change is a challenge for both new and existing designation of land. The
municipalities need the right knowledge to incorporate climate change in their spatial
planning.
The municipal councils are responsible for spatial planning in municipalities. The
municipal development plan is an overall plan for land use in the individual
municipality. The municipal development plans must not conflict with overall
planning and governmental interests. Furthermore, local development plans in the
municipality must be in accordance with the overall municipal development plan and
with any national planning directives that relate specifically to the area in question.
In addition to the legally binding provisions (national planning directives), the
Minister for the Environment can influence the municipalities' planning through
political statements in the national planning report, and through an report on national
interests in municipal planning published every four years for use in the
municipalities’ revision of their municipal development plans.
Furthermore, the Minister for the Environment has specific powers to intervene in
local planning to ensure national interests. These powers include, in particular, power
to object to proposed municipal development plans on behalf of all central-
government bodies whose interests are affected by the municipal plan (i.e. the
concept of national interests). Changes in or new land use, for example in connection
with adaptation to climate change, could fall under the concept of national interests.
Spatial planning is an effective instrument of control which can contribute to
reducing or eliminating the negative effects, as well as exploiting the positive effects,
of climate change in a number of sectors and industries. A bill was submitted on 29
March 2012 which will allow municipalities to incorporate climate considerations in
local development plans, and guidelines on local development plans that incorporate
climate change will be prepared in connection with the 2013 municipal planning
process.
6.2
V
ULNERABILITY
A
SSESSMENT
Vulnerability assessments have been an element in the mapping of impacts of
climate change in Denmark. To some extent, this area is dealt with in section 6.1.3.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
293
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0294.png
6.3
A
DAPTATION
M
EASURES
In March 2008, the Danish government launched the first Danish strategy for
adaptation to a changing climate.
The strategy was followed by an action plan for a climate-proof Denmark
46
, which
was launched in December 2012 . The action plan is based on the notion that a
responsible climate policy must do more than just work towards limiting climate
change in the long term. It must also ensure the action necessary right now to adapt
our society to a climate that is already changing.
The action plan
47
presented 64 new initiatives and gave at the same time an overview
of initiatives already set in motion by the government to ensure that Denmark will
become resilient to climate change.
All parts of society must contribute to climate change adaptation in Denmark.
Dealing with the climate challenge requires collaboration between authorities,
organisations, private enterprises and individuals, regardless of whether the project is
maintenance of existing roads, coastal protection, construction, or investments in
new infrastructure.
Climate change adaptation is first and foremost based on initiatives at local level and
involves the local authorities, companies or individuals. The individual stakeholders
know the local conditions best, and are consequently in the best position to make
decisions on
adaptation.
Central government itself has a responsibility as the owner of infrastructure,
buildings and land. However, the principle role for central government is to establish
an appropriate framework for local climate change adaptation by, for example,
adapting laws and regulations, but also by ensuring coordination and providing
information. A solid framework for the efforts must support the specific parties
involved, so that they can address the challenge in a socio-economically appropriate
manner at the right time.
Climate change adaptation measures can also contribute to the development of new
innovative solutions. The government will create the basis for continued
technological and knowledge development, so that Denmark will have a strong
position on the global market for climate change adaptation.
A series of initiatives and changes in relevant regulations have already been
implemented. As an example, an amendment to the Planning Act now makes it
possible for the municipalities to include climate change adaptation directly in the
local development plans from 1 June 2012. The possibility for wastewater companies
to invest in climate change adaptation has been clarified with an amendment in the
Water Sector Act in spring 2012.
46
47
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/590075/action_plan.pdf
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/590075/action_plan.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
294
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0295.png
Central to climate change adaptation efforts is a strong interaction between state and
municipalities. The government and the municipalities have agreed that the
municipalities will increase investments in climate change adaptation and that all
municipalities carry out a risk assessment and prepare municipal climate change
adaptations plans.
From 2012-2014 the Minister for the Environment established a task force on climate
change adaptation as a sounding board for the municipalities with regards to their
preparation of municipal climate change adaptation plans. The objective of this task
force was also to ensure up-to-date data and relevant knowledge on the Danish Portal
for Climate Change Adaptation
www.klimatilpasning.dk.
Implementation of the Danish Flood Risk Act (EU Floods Directive)
The Danish Flood Risk Act relates to the Directive 2007/60/EC of the European
Union on the assessment and management of flood risks. The purpose of the
Directive, implemented in Danish law by the Danish Flood Risk Act, is to identify
flood risks and improve preparedness for future flood events and flood risk
management.
In Denmark, 10 flood prone areas have been selected within the first step of the act.
At 9 of the 10 flood prone areas, the source for flooding comes from the sea or from
both the sea and rivers. Only one of the areas has an entirely fluvial risk source, and
is therefore not part of this study.
Methodologically, it was decided that risk areas consist of coherent areas that contain
a certain minimum real estate value potentially becoming flooded and a certain
number of addresses. The thresholds were politically decided at 2 billion DKK (265
million €) and 500 addresses, respectively. One risk area was later appointed due to a
potentially flood prone power plant and high-risk chemical plants.
In the second step of the act, maps were produced for 6 flooding scenarios, 2 hazard,
7 damage and 2 risk categories, respectively, in 5 grid cell sizes and yielded much
information about the method performance. The maps, provided by the Danish
Coastal Authority and the Nature Agency, were presented and discussed at municipal
meetings in order to appropriately fit their needs and varying technical solutions; to
incorporate prior knowledge about flood hazards and risks, and to merge the maps
with existing data sets within the municipalities.
In the third step of the act, the invoved 22 Danish municipalities had to prepare their
first flood risk management plan and started analysing the adverse flooding impact
on the health of the civil society, the environment, cultural heritage, and economical
activities through mitigation and adaptation measures. The preparation of risk
management plans built on a multi-layer concept with emphasis on prevention–
protection–preparedness and had to be based on the provided hazard, vulnerability
and risk maps. The plans had to be coordinated with the abovementioned municipal
climate adaptation plans and take into account floods related climate impacts.
The guidelines for preparing risk management plans, provided by the Danish Coastal
Authority and the Nature Agency, suggest that risk management planning should
emphasize on cross-coordination between actors in the municipality and across
municipalities and river basins. In addition, the guidelines recommend the inclusion
of civil society.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
295
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
6.4
M
ONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK
In the period February to August 2016, a working group with representatives from
the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark, the Ministry of Energy, Utilities
and Climate and the Ministry of Business and Growth carried out an evaluation of
municipal climate change adaptation efforts.
Every municipality in Denmark has prepared a climate change adaptation plan,
which mapped the risk of flooding, specified priorities and gave an overview of the
efforts. 22 municipalities also had to prepare a risk management plan pursuant to the
Danish Flood Risk Act, that relates to the EU Floods Directive.
Outcome of the evaluation of the municipal climate change adaptation efforts
The evaluation reveals that incorporation of climate change adaptation in municipal
development planning has served as a basis for coordination of climate change
adaptation efforts with other spatial planning efforts, and that it has provided a
picture of local flood risks throughout Denmark.
The tool will therefore be useful for municipalities in their future planning and
prevention of the consequences of cloudbursts and other sources of flooding.
The evaluation reveals discrepancies in the level of detail in the municipalities'
climate change adaptation plans, as well as differences in the scope of the topics
included in mapping. For example, many municipalities have not included flooding
from watercourses and groundwater flooding in their risk mapping.
The evaluation analysed the financial aspects of, and experience from, co-financed
projects. This analysis assessed that the co-financed projects budgeted and applied
for during the period examined were, on average, almost four times cheaper to
implement than traditional projects delivering the same level of service.
This shows that water utility companies can potentially reap substantial costs savings
by choosing co-financed solutions.
Through agreements or through their ownership in the company, the municipalities
can decide to raise the level of service without this burdening the financial
framework of the wastewater companies, as they will receive a supplement to their
financial framework, which will be approved by the Water Division.
Without municipal co-financing, increased investment in climate change adaptation
will also not burden the municipalities finances.
This presents an incentive problem, which may lead to over-investment and, thus,
failure to secure a socio-economically optimal level of investment.
6.5
P
ROGRESS AND OUTCOMES OF ADAPTATION ACTION
New governmental initiatives on coastal protection and erosion
In 2017, the Danish government decided to carry out a number of initiatives to
support municipalities and property owners in establishing cost-effective and
holistically planned flood and erosion protection. Several of the initiatives build on
the work of a cross-ministerial committee set up at the beginning of 2017.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
296
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0297.png
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Establishment of a new flood and erosion task force to serve for a three-year
period and guide municipalities in the establishment of holistically planned
solutions.
Development of a central-government risk analysis tool, which will be based
on previous events and guidance.
Drawing-up of guidelines and examples on how and what data to use in local-
government spatial planning and work on climate change adaptation.
Establishment of a limit on case-processing times for appeals in coastal
protection cases.
Mapping of all dykes in order to give the emergency management authorities
access to up-to-date knowledge about the height and strength of dykes so that
the authorities have better opportunity to organize personnel and resources in
connection with storm surges.
Amendment of the Planning Act, so that municipalities can identify areas in
their municipal development plans that are at risk of flooding and erosion and
ensure that remediation measures are put in place when urban development is
planned in these areas.
Preparation of a revised climate scenario on the basis of the UN IPCC Fifth
Assessment Report, as well as preparation of a climate atlas with data on
temperature, precipitation, sea level, etc.
Simpler and faster processing of coastal protection cases.
Amended object clause in the Coastal Protection Act, which gives property
owners greater freedom to choose methods of coastal protection, and
preparation of guidelines for various methods of coastal protection.
Preparation of guidance models to allocate costs across owners in large
coastal protection projects.
Guidelines for development projects in coastal areas.
Fast-track case processing of appeals in coastal protection cases.
Possibility to buy up homes repeatedly exposed to situations resulting in
claims for compensation.
Co-financing rules for local-government climate change adaptation projects
will be addressed in discussions in spring 2018.
Further development of
www.klimatilpasning.dk
The portal, www.klimatilpasning.dk contains news, concrete cases about climate
change adaptation measures and many interactive tools. From the launching of the
portal in 2012, a number of interactive tools can be used to assess risk from e.g.
rising sea levels and to climate-proof buildings. The portal is aimed at municipalities,
enterprises and individuals and is continuously developed e.g. with a great number of
cases and results from concrete projects throughout the country.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
297
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0298.png
6.6
C
LIMATE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN
G
REENLAND
Climate changes
Projections of future climate evolution using global and regional climate models
48
for
Greenland towards the end of the century compared with 1986-2005 for the RCP8.5
IPCC scenario show general temperature increases of 5-7 °C which is significantly
above the increase in mean global temperature. The warming at the east coast of
Greenland is expected to be as high as 8-9 °C. The temperature increase is largest in
winter, and there will be fewer extremely cold days. Simulations show general
increases in precipitation of 50-60 percent; and in Northern Greenland locally up to
350 percent during winter in presently dry areas. The changes result in earlier snow
melt and reduced ice cover, especially along the east coast.
DMI has in collaboration with the government of Greenland compiled a new data
basis for the Greenland adaptation planning, providing information about future
climate change in Greenland in the form of 66 climate indices (DMI Scientific
Report 15-04), including reports for each of 6 municipalities. As an example, the
length of the growing season in southern Greenland is projected to increase by
almost two months from the current extent of about 100 days by the end of the
century in the RCP8.5 scenario.
Adaptation measures
The Government of Greenland is initiating projects aimed at mainstreaming
adaptation efforts in the management and development of various sectors. A series of
assessments of how the public sector can promote adaptation to climate change was
launched in 2011. The first assessment focus on ’Opportunities for climate change
adaptation in the fisheries and hunting industry’ (September 2012). The assessement
is conducted on the basis of existing scientific assesments and local knowledge. The
assessment report draws up a range of conlusions pointing to the fact that climate
change has both direct and indirect consequences, often resulting in significant and
unpredictable impacts on the fishing and hunting sector.
Efforts and actions towards the adaptation to climate change should therefore be
viewed as a continuous process to be dealt with in close cooperation with the public
administration, the scientific community and the industry and various local
stakeholders.
The specific assessment of the fisheries and hunting sector addresses the fact that
climate changes pose a wide range of challanges to the sector, but also new
opportunities are identified. The assessments identify knowlegde gaps as more
scientific knowledge about the expected impacts of climate change on natural
ressources is needed in order to be able to develop national adaptation strategies and
implement systematic approaches.
An integrated adaptation and mitigation assessment of the shipping sector was
completed for political deliberation in 2015. Climate change potentially presents new
economic opportunities for the shipping sector, most notably due to expected
shortened shipping routes, longer navigable periods and increased access to oil and
48
Boberg, F., P. L. Langen, R. H. Mottram, J. H. Christensen and M. Olesen, 2017. 21st Century Climate Change around
Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland: From the Ice Sheet to the Shores of Davis Strait. Accepted for publication in Arctic,
Antarctic, and Alpine Research
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
298
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0299.png
gas resources. However, there are also uncertainties and challenges connected to
these opportunities. The assessment focuses on climate-change related challenges
and opportunities for the shipping sector, including mitigation efforts.
The latest assessment ‘Opportunities for climate change adaptation in the agricultural
sector’ was completed for political deliberation in June 2017. The assessment
describes the consequences of climate change towards 2050 for the agricultural
sector with a focus on how climate change can affect livestock, grazz production,
crops and watering.
Furthermore, the Government of Greenland has engaged in an Arctic Council
partnership with a view to producing an integrated regional assessment of climatic
and antropogenic changes in the Arctic as a tool for future adaptation plans and
actions. The Project “Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic” (AACA) draws on
input from research and government institutions from Denmark, Greenland and
Canada and focuses on the Baffin Bay/Davies Strait region.
In addition, a regional overview report was published in April 2017. It presents an
overview of the findings of the AACA Baffin Bay / Davis Strait Region pilot study
for policy-makers. The scientific report is expected to be finish in 2017.
The background for the Arctic Council decision to make such an integrated
assessment is the observation that the Arctic has experienced substantial climate
changes, and over the past decades Arctic climate change and the effects thereof
have accelerated. This has led to profound effects and impacts on the physical,
chemical and biological conditions of the Arctic and is expected to lead to
fundamental changes across the Arctic.
To ensure that the public, the municipalities and the businesses know about the
consequences of climate change, the government of Greenland administrates the
website
http://climategreenland.gl/.
The aim of the website is to provide an overview
of some of the ways in which Greenland is affected by a changing climate and how
this is dealt with.
6.7
6.7.1
C
LIMATE CHANGES AND ADAPTATION MEASURES ON THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
Projected climate changes in the Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands have an extremely maritime climate, where the differences
between summer and winter are relatively small. Projections with global climate
models show the following general changes for the climate on the Faroe Islands in
the period 2081-2100 in relation to the period 1986-2005:
49
•
•
A rise of about 3ºC in annual mean temperature. There is only a slight
difference in the temperature rise in summer and winter.
A rise in winter precipitation of about 30% and a slight increase of 10% in
summer.
49
IPCC AR5
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
299
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
6.7.2
Expected impacts of climate change
6.7.2.1 The marine environment
The ocean areas around the Faroe Islands are dominated by the North Atlantic
Current that brings warm water flowing northeastwards until they meet colder waters
from the East Icelandic Current north of the Faroes. This ensures that the upper
layers in most of the Faroese economic zone including the shallow parts of the Faroe
Plateau and the western banks are continually covered by fairly warm water. Any
disruption in the balance between these two current systems may therefore have huge
impacts on the temperature. With global warming, a general warming of the
Northeast Atlantic is expected, but the North Atlantic Current is an integral part of
the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which is projected to
weaken during this century (IPCC, WGI, 2013). In many climate models, this
weakening is projected to occur in the Labrador/Irminger seas system, but some
CMIP5 models project weakening of the North Atlantic Current and cooling over
Faroese ocean areas. In addition to this uncertainty, the strength of the Sub Polar
Gyre circulation has a large effect on conditions in Faroese waters and the air
temperature is very dependent on wind direction. The Faroese region is therefore
especially sensitive to potential changes in the storm track.
Taking all these uncertainties into account, it is difficult to predict with any
confidence how the physical conditions in Faroese waters will change, which makes
it even more difficult to assess how marine ecosystems and fisheries will be affected.
In the pelagic domain, recent years have shown large shifts in the migratory
behaviour of economically important fish stocks and changes in the physical
conditions are likely to have contributed to these. For the demersal fish stocks, their
habitat is highly restricted geographically, which does not allow the stocks much
room for relocation if conditions become unfavourable.
Summarizing, the physical conditions, the marine ecosystems, and fishing potential
are likely to change in Faroese waters, but the severity and even directions of these
changes are difficult to predict at the present level of knowledge.
6.7.2.2 Nature and landscape
The Faroese climate is highly dependent on the stability of ocean currents and wind
directions and therefore difficult to predict. If there will be substantial warming, as
projected by most climate models, substantial effects may be expected for the natural
terrestrial vegetation. In high mountain regions, some alpine plant species are likely
to disappear. In the lowlands, new species are likely to find favourable conditions,
including highly invasive species. More generally, phenological changes are to be
expected. Possible effects of other climatic factors, such as changing cloudiness,
precipitation, or storm track, are at present difficult to assess.
6.7.3
Adaptation measures
So far no known adaptation measures have been implemented, nor planned on the
Faroe Islands.
The University of the Faroe Islands is part of a project on climate change adaptation
in regions in the Nordic countries as well as with regions in the United Kingdom and
Ireland. The aim of the programme is to tackle Climate Change on local and regional
levels through increasing public awareness and by using models of best practice to
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
300
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0301.png
develop Climate Adaptation Plans for local authorities. The project will also develop
a preparedness scale matrix for local authorities. See more in chaper 8.2.6.9.
6.8
A
SSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR THE WHOLE
A
RCTIC
The Arctic crysosphere (Snow and Ice) is a critically important component of the
earth system, affecting the energy balance, atmospheric and ocean circulation,
freshwater distribution and storage, sea level as well as the storage and release of
large quantities of greenhouse gasses. Further, changes in the arctic cryosphere
impact ecosystems, the economy, infrastructure, health, and indigenous and non-
indigenous livelihoods, culture and identity.
In 2017 the Arctic Council and its subsidiary Arctic Monitoring and Assessment
Program released a new synthesis and assessment of recent climate change and
changes in Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic;
Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic 2017 – SWIPA 2017
50
. The SWIPA
2017 report is a follow the up to the first SWIPA
51
report issued in 2011 and the
2005 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
52
.
Focusing on arctic climate change and its impacts on the Arctic cryosphere since
2010 the SWIPA 2017 report documents a continuation of cryospheric trends
consistent with the rapid warming of the Arctic, and finds that the trends are very
likely to continue past mid century, with more frequent and stronger extremes and
the passing of no-return tresholds.
The Arctic sea ice is undergoing a regime shift from multi-year ice to predominately
first year ice and the loss of land-based ice –from mountain glaciers and ice caps – is
expected to accelerate, and the report finds emerging impacts of Arctic change on
mid-latitude weather/climate and global sea level rise.
The SWIPA 2017 work was chaired by the Kingdom of Denmark.
In parallel to the above mentioned assessment focusing on changes in the physical,
chemical and biological environment 3 regional assessments on the socital effects of
climate change and other major drivers of change in the Baffin Bay/Davis Strait
53
(see section 6.4), the Barents Sea Region
54
, and the Chukchi Sea/Berring
Sea/Beauford Sea
55
region respectively have been undertaken with an aim to inform
adaptation actions.
50
AMAP, 2017: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrsot in the Arctic (SWIPA 2017): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway
51
AMAP, 2011: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Arctic
Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, xii + 538 pp.
52
ACIA, 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 1024 p.
53
AMAP, 2017: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic Baffin Bay – Davis Strait Region. Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Program (AMAP), Oslo
54
AMAP, 2017: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic, Barents Sea Region. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program
(AMAP), Oslo
55
AMAP, 2017: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic, Chukchi Sea-Berring Sea-Beauford Sea Region. Arctic Monitoring
and Assessment Program (AMAP), Oslo
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
301
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Scientist and other experts from the realm have had leading roles in the above work.
Valuable contibutions to the understanding of Arctic climate change and effects
thereof are based on long term observations and studies as well as other research
efforts.
Since 1994 an integrated ecosystem based climate-effect measurement programme
has been operating at the High Arctic research station Zackenberg in north-east
Greenland. In 2007 the Zackenberg programme was complemented by a similar
program at Kobbefjord close to Nuuk in south-west Greenland, and in 2013 the
programme was extended to also include measurements at Arctic Station on Disko
Island. The comprehensive cross-diciplinary programme – Greenland ecosystem
Monitoring – creates long term dataseries of multiple aspects of ecosystem responses
to climate variability and long term trends thus creating a basis for thorough multi-
year analyses and targeted process studies.
The programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) carried out
by the National Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland provides real time
data measuerments from the marginal ice and has operated for more than 10 years.
A center for Ice and Climate was established in 2007 as part of the University of
Copenhagen. Here research from among other things ice-core drillings has
contributed significantly to knowledge of past and present climate dynamics and the
dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
The Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC) is concerned with the expected
impacts of climate change on Arctic marine, limnic and terrestrial environments and
on Greenlandic society, including adaptation and prevention strategies. The centre
was established in 2009.
A centre for the study of Permafrost, CENPERM, under the University of
Copenhagen was established in 2012.
Major institutions in Arctic climate-related reseach and data gathering within the
Kingdom of Denmark include: the Danish Meteorological Institute, the University of
Copenhagen, the University of Aarhus, the University of Aalborg, the Danish
Technical University, theUniversity of Southern Denmark, the National Geological
Survey of Denmark and Greenland, the National Museum of Denmark, the Faroe
Marine Research Institute, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and the
Greenland Climate Research Centre.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
302
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0303.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
7 Financial resources and transfer of technology
- including information under Articles 10 and 11 of the Kyoto
Protocol
7.1
S
TRATEGIES FOR
D
ANISH DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Since 2012, the Danish policy towards development assistance and climate finance
has been guided by various frameworks, namely the overall strategy ‘A Right to
Better Life’, supplemented by ‘A Greener World for all: Strategic Framework for
Natural Resources, Energy and Climate’ (2013) and ‘the Green Growth Guidance
Note‘ (2014).
In January 2017, the Danish Government presented its future strategy for
development cooperation and humanitarian action, ‘The World 2030‘. This new
strategy specifically targets support to five Sustainable Development Goals: Goal
No. 5 (gender equality), Goal No. 7 (sustainable energy), Goal No. 13 (climate),
Goal No. 16 (peace, justice, institutions) and Goal No. 17 (partnerships).
Public support to developing countries for climate actions should comply with the
'Danida Aid Management Guidelines' and 'the Danish Finance Act'.
7.1.1
Danish climate finance
The public Danish support to climate relevant action in developing countries is
provided through dedicated mechanisms, such “Climate envelope”, and as integrated
element of other development cooperation and financing instruments and
programmes. A significant part of the Danish climate finance is channelled through
various international and multilateral development institutions, such as the World
Bank, African Development Bank or UNDP, either as core funding or through
special climate windows and programmes of these institutions. Likewise, Denmark
provides parts of its climate financing through the operating entities of the financial
mechanisms of UNFCCC – the Global Environmental Facility and the Green Climate
Fund.
Denmark seeks to support both adaptation and mitigation related action with a view
to contribute to sustainable development. Danish support to adaptation related
activities and programmes address underlying causes of vulnerability, and contribute
to building resilience against crises, natural disasters and the impacts of climate
change. The support also assists developing countries in their efforts to integrate
adaptation and emission reduction considerations in their national planning and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
304
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
policy preparation and implementation, including as part of supporting their
Nationally Determined Contributions.
Through both multilateral and bilateral assistance, Denmark supports increased
access to sustainable energy in developing countries, improvement in energy
efficiency and improved access to climate-friendly technologies. This is done by
strengthening the national and local knowledge and capacity, by supporting the
policy development and implementation, and through support to investments in
preparation and implementation of specific mitigation projects. Furthermore,
Denmark offers technical assistance and advice on development of investment
opportunities and by strengthening local businesses in developing countries.
The 'Climate Envelope' is an important part of Danish climate financing as a
dedicated mechanism for supporting mitigation and adaptation activities in
developing countries. The 'Climate Envelope' is programmed jointly by both the
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and
Climate. In the period 2013-2016, the finance commitments from the ‘Climate
Envelope’ have on average constituted around DKK 400 million annually.
A significant part of the Danish climate engagements are targeting a range of priority
partner countries, with whom Denmark has a long-term partnership for sustainable
development. The Danish bilateral development assistance is decentralised to the
Danish representations in the partner countries, which has the primary responsibility
for the dialog with the respective partner countries and the related programming and
management of the development cooperation. Denmark cooperates with national and
local government authorities, international agencies, civil society organisations,
private companies, research institutions and other relevant actors, and specific
projects and programmes are identified and prepared in close collaboration with
national partners.
Denmark is one of few developed countries that fulfil the UN goal of contributing a
minimum of 0.7 percent of the gross national income to development assistance.
About 30% of the total budget is channelled as core contributions to multilateral
institutions, mainly the EU, the UN, the World Bank and the regional development
banks that play important roles in the global climate finance landscape. Contributions
to the core functions of the organisations are complemented by targeting thematic
and regional initiatives, where Denmark has special interests, including to various
climate relevant programmes and trust funds.
7.1.2
New and additional
According to the reporting requirements, Annex II parties shall clarify how they have
determined if resources are new and additional. For the purpose of this report, newly
committed (for reporting on commitments) or disbursed (for reporting of
disbursements) finance for climate change adaptation or mitigation activities within
the reporting period and was not reported to UNFCCC in the previous report are
considered new and additional. This definition allows a transparent, comprehensive
and comparable reporting of climate finance provided to developing countries across
the years.
Denmark sees the achievement of climate change and the broader sustainable
development goals as closely linked and strongly interdependent, and seeks to
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
305
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0306.png
identify and support activities in developing countries that address multiple
objectives as identified by these countries, including strong co-benefits between
climate and broader sustainable development objectives.
7.2
M
ETHODOLOGY FOR REPORTING
This report includes figures on both commitments and disbursements of climate
finance. It is important to note that commitments and disbursements describe two
different phases in the deployment of climate finance. Climate finance is committed
to a specific project, programme or institution when it is finally approved by the
relevant Danish authority and an agreement or similar document signed with the
recipient country or organisation. Finance is disbursed when an actual transfer has
taken place to an account of the recipient country or organisation. In some cases
commitment and disbursement takes place in the same year. In other cases,
disbursements will take place over a number of years following the commitment.
Information on commitments and disbursements 2013-2016 is contained in Annex
D1 in the Common Tabular Format (CTF) for biennial reports. The information on
the disbursements in 2015 and 2016 is also contained in Annex F as Tables 7, 7(a)
and 7(b) of the CTF reproduced in Chapter VIII of Denmark’s Third Biennial Report
under the UNFCCC (BR3).
Denmark has decided to report financial figures using the same CTF format as in the
Third Biennial Report. This makes it possible to compare figures with First Biennial
Report (BR1) covering 2011-2012 and Second Biennial Report (BR2) covering
2013-2014. Denmark’s method for reporting to the UNFCCC was changed between
BR1 and BR2, as BR1 reported on commitments while BR2 reported on
disbursements. By providing data on both commitments and disbursements in this
report, it is possible to compare with older reports using both reporting methods.
In the following, the methods behind tracking and reporting bilateral, multilateral and
mobilised private climate finance are explained.
7.2.1
Bilateral climate finance
For bilateral public climate finance, Denmark uses the OECD DAC CRS database
with its Rio Markers as basis for reporting on climate change relevant activities. The
Rio Markers on adaptation and mitigation are policy markers that indicate policy
objectives in relation to each project/programme that is reported to OECD’s 'Creditor
Reporting System (CRS)'. The markers are assigned based on well-defined
guidelines and technical eligibility criteria agreed within OECD DAC.
The guidelines for Rio markers are part of the general 'Official Development Aid'
statistics guidelines
56
, which provide concrete examples of Rio-marking (Annex 18,
Rio Markers). The Rio-marker framework is a useful result of the OECD initiatives
to improve/develop the DAC reporting methodology related to transparency on
public and private climate finance. Denmark has been an active member of an OECD
56
Converged Statistical Reporting Directives for the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the Annual DAC Questionnaire,
OECD DAC, DCD/DAC(2016)3/ FINAL (https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/documentupload/DCDDAC(2016)3FINAL.pdf ,
https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/DCD-DAC(2016)3-ADD1-FINAL-ENG.pdf
and
https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/DCD-
DAC(2016)3-ADD2-FINAL%20-ENG.pdf
).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
306
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
working group refining and improving the Rio marker system to better serve the
purpose of being used as the basis for climate finance reporting to UNFCCC.
Rio markers are applied to all bilateral support to developing countries, except
general budget support, imputed student costs, debt relief, administrative costs,
development awareness-raising, and refugee reception in donor countries. For a
precise definition of OECD DAC Rio markers see the
'Converged Statistical
Reporting Directives for the Creditor Reporting System (CRS)'
and
'the Annual DAC
Questionnaire'
(including Annex 18 therein).
All Danish support to developing countries is screened and marked with Rio markers
to establish whether the project is targeting adaptation and/or mitigation as a
“principal objective”, a “significant objective” or not targeting. The values of a
project are attributed according to the extent to which the themes are explicitly
addressed at the level of problem analysis (context); objectives and results; and
activities as defined in the eligibility criteria.
The climate relevant contribution of a specific project or programme is quantified
based on the adaptation and mitigation markers. If a project or programme is marked
with Rio-marker 1 ("Significant") for adaptation and/or mitigation, 50% of the
project is reported as climate relevant finance. If a project or programme is marked
with Rio-marker 2 ("Principal"), 100% of the budget is reported as climate relevant.
In order to avoid double-counting, Denmark ensures that in cases where projects or
programmes are marked for both adaptation and mitigation, the total amount of
climate relevance finance reported does not exceed the highest marking given.
The types of climate specific support that are reported are “Mitigation”,
“Adaptation”, “Cross-cutting” and “Other”. The applied Rio-markers are used to
distinguish between the different support types. Contributions relating to
programmes, projects and activities that are assigned with a positive Rio-marker for
either mitigation or adaptation are reported under the relevant heading. Definitions of
mitigation and adaptation are in accordance with the definitions by OECD DAC.
Detailed information is provided in Annex 18 of the OECD DAC reporting
directives. Mitigation seeks to limit climate change by reducing the emissions of
GHGs or by enhancing sink opportunities. Adaptation aims to lessen the adverse
impacts of climate change. Contributions to programmes, projects and activities
assigned with a positive Rio-marker for both mitigation and adaptation are reported
as cross-cutting.
The Danish MFA has put in place a system of external quality assurance of all Rio
markers in the project portfolio, which is done before submitting to the OECD CRS
database and the use of the database for reporting UNFCCC. Furthermore, the MFA
has internally made an effort to further develop its methods and understanding on the
handling of reporting to UNFCCC, including by addressing the comments and
recommendation by the UNFCCC Expert Review Team to BR2 and NC6. Among
the changes and improvements in the methods can be mentioned:
• More detailed information is provided for bilateral climate projects, including
information on project titles and identification number in the CRS. This
number allows potential users of the report to get more detailed project level
information from the open-access OECD DAC CRS database.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
307
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
• Reporting on multilateral climate-specific funding has been improved to
include climate specific funding going through multilateral institutions. Such
support to multilateral climate funds is now included as climate-specific
finance.
• Analysing the climate part of major Danish public support to major NGO
framework programmes.
7.2.2
Multilateral climate finance
Multilateral climate finance is in the CTF divided into core funding to institutions
and climate-specific funding. Core funding is by Denmark identified as funding to
selected institutions that are marked as “Core contributions to multilateral
institutions" in CRS++ statistical reporting to OECD DAC. Core funding for
multilateral institutions is
not
marked with Rio markers in CRS by member states.
The numbers reported as core funding to multilateral institutions in CTF Table 7 are
the actual amounts of disbursed annual contributions to the organisations.
Many of these institutions track the climate relevant proportion of the projects they
support, and report data on these to OECD DAC. It is thus possible to get data on
climate-relevant outflows from the main multilateral institutions. But in accordance
with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines, Denmark has simply reported its annual core
contributions to the organisations, and has not included information on possible
climate relevant shares in the CTF table 7. This information is available from the
organisations or from OECD DAC.
With regard to CTF Tables 7 and 7(a), Denmark reports on core/general finance and
climate-specific finance in a mutually exclusive way:
•
Core contributions to ‘Multilateral
financial institutions, institutions,
including regional development banks and ‘Specialised United Nations
bodies’
are reported as such, including core funding for the World Bank,
African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, UNDP and UNEP.
This also includes funding to the Global Environment Facility.
In addition, Denmark reports on core funding to selected multilateral
institutions whose portfolios may include climate related activities,
including: CGIAR, the International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), Nordic Development Fund, UN International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and World
Food Programme.
•
Contributions to ‘Multilateral
climate change funds’
are reported as climate-
specific, including funding to the UNFCCC, the Green Climate Fund, the
Least Developed Countries Fund and the Multilateral Fund for the
Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
In 2015 and 2016, Denmark also reports on climate-specific funding
channelled through the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American
Development Bank, the International Energy Agency, United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF), Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO),
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
308
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
United Nations Office for Project Services and through other multilateral
organisations. These climate specific contributions are to be distinguished
from core contributions to the same organisations that are reported as core
contributions as mentioned above.
Climate-specific finance through multilateral institutions is identified, except for the
core finance to multilateral climate funds, based on an application of Rio markers, in
a method identical to the one used for bilateral climate-specific finance, as also
described above. Denmark separates climate-specific bilateral and multilateral
funding based on OECD DAC channel codes. The multilateral funds are reported in
CTF Table 7(a) and the bilateral funds are reported in CTF Table 7(b).
Reporting on climate finance through core contributions to multilateral organisations
is a major challenge for Denmark and other donor countries. Therefore, Denmark
values the joint climate finance tracking methodology used by the Multilateral
Development Banks (MDBs). Such a methodology is enhancing accountability with
regard to climate finance commitments, and to monitor trends and progress in
climate related-investment. This is well described in their annual reports (‘Joint
Report on Multilateral Development Banks' Climate Finance’).
Denmark will
actively engage to seek further improvement of the reporting methodologies for
multilateral climate finance flows to allow for better reporting of these to UNFCCC.
7.2.3
Private climate finance
For the first time, Denmark did in 2015 and 2016 apply Rio markers to private
climate finance mobilised by public finance through the Danish development
financing institution, the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU). IFU both
provides equity capital to climate relevant investments in developing countries using
its own resources and it manages a number of investment vehicles that also involves
private investors, such as the Danish Climate Investment Fund (DCIF). DCIF may
invest in all developing countries offering venture capital and advice to climate
investors. The DCIF is an innovative collective investment vehicle that uses public
funds provided by the Danish government and IFU to mobilize further financing
from Danish pension funds and other private investors have contributed the major
part.
IFU submits an annual report to the Danish MFA with information about climate
relevant investments, since 2015 including private climate-finance mobilised.
In addition to the support provided by the IFU, Denmark supports private sector
climate projects through the Danida Business Finance and Danida Market
Development Partnerships. Both programmes provide support to projects focused on
sustainable development, including energy efficiency, resource use, environment
impacts and climate. A number of climate related activities have been supported, in
particular investments in renewable energy.
7.2.4
Methodological differences from BR2
The methodology used for calculating Danish climate finance for 2015 and 2016 is
generally the same as the one that was used in BR2 for 2013 and 2014. Some minor
differences are noted between the two reports, specifically:
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
309
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0310.png
•
Projects receiving a score of “Principal” in one of the Rio markers in pursuit
of the UNFCCC, and a score of “Significant” in the other were in BR2 for the
years 2013 and 2014 classified as “Cross-cutting”. For the years 2015 and
2016, such projects have been classified as 100% in pursuit of the Rio marker
scored as “Principal” (either Mitigation or Adaptation).
Core funding for all multilateral climate funds were in BR2 for the years 2013
and 2014 reported in the Core/general column in CTF Tables 7 and 7(a). For
2015 and 2016, core finance for all multilateral climate funds other than for
the Global Environment Facility, and core finance for the Global Green
Growth Institute has been classified as climate-specific.
Core funding is for 2015 and 2016 reported for a number of additional
institutions, whose project portfolios may include some amount of climate
finance. The institutions for which core finance was not reported in BR2, but
is reported for 2015 and 2016 include CGIAR, the International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Multilateral Fund for the
Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, Nordic Development Fund (NDF),
and UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
Final remarks
•
•
7.2.5
Denmark provides the information in CTF Tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in Danish Kroner
and United States Dollars. Denmark is using the currency exchange of the OECD
DAC statistical table: Annual Exchange Rates for DAC Countries from 1960 to
2016.
Information on individual Danish development projects is publicly available in
Danida's OpenAid database (
http://openaid.um.dk
), where updated disbursements to
individual projects and total sums for disbursements to countries, sectors and
particular implementing organisations can be found. This testifies to the Danish
MFA’s implementation of the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI).
Denmark, as an EU Member State, also reports under the EU Monitoring Mechanism
(MMR), which provides annual reporting of up-to-date information on financial
support, capacity building and technology transfer activities to developing countries
based on the best data available. This updated reporting mechanism was initiated in
2013. To the extent possible, Denmark follows the recommendations made by the
European Commission to allow comparable reporting among Member States of the
EU.
7.3
O
VERVIEW OF
D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
2013
TO
2016
This section presents an overview of the Danish climate finance reported to
UNFCCC. The overview includes a breakdown by implementation channel
(multilateral, bilateral etc.), an overview of recipient countries, mitigation and
adaptation shares, bilateral and multilateral channels as well as support to LDC
countries.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
310
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0311.png
7.3.1
Danish climate finance reported 2013 to 2016 - disbursements
In Table 7.1 below there is an overview of Danish climate-specific finance between
2013 and 2016 for disbursements and commitments. Denmark’s core contributions to
multilateral institutions are not included in Table 7.1 (reported separately under the
‘Core/general’ column in CTF Table 7 as required by the UNFCCC). The table
shows how Danish climate finance disbursements and commitments have been
distributed between mitigation, adaptation and cross-cutting based on Rio markers.
Figure 7.1 shows how Danish climate finance disbursements are distributed between
mitigation, adaptation and cross-cutting in the period from 2013 to 2016. The support
has, on average, targeted 29% on mitigation, 14% on adaptation and 55% on cross-
cutting projects.
It should be noted that commitments may fluctuate significantly from year to year
depending on the specific types of commitments made in the specific years. Thus, the
commitments were very high in 2013 and 2014 due to a number of multi-year
country support programmes being approved these years.
T
ABLE
7.1: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE
2013-2016. F
IGURES FOR
2013
AND
2014
ARE CALCULATED
USING A METHOD SIMILAR TO THE METHOD USED FOR
2015
AND
2016
IN
BR3. T
HESE MIGHT
THEREFORE DIFFER FROM FIGURES REPORTED IN
BR2.
Danish climate-specific finance
(DKK millions)
Mitigation
Adaptation
Commit-
ments
Cross-cutting
Other
Total climate-specific
Mitigation
Adaptation
Disburse-
ments
Cross-cutting
Other
Total climate-specific
2013
229
81
1,336
0
1,646
392
202
665
33
1,292
2014
471
0
1,257
0
1,728
492
171
788
33
1,484
2015
192
89
793
0
1,074
296
107
762
43
1,208
2016
259
394
203
2
857
346
248
691
7
1,293
Average
2013-2016
288
141
897
0
1,326
382
182
726
29
1,319
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
311
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0312.png
F
IGURE
7.1: D
ISBURSEMENTS OF CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
D
ENMARK BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016. V
ISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF THE NUMBERS FOUND IN
T
ABLE
7.1.
The cross-cutting category can be split equally into mitigation and adaptation with
the result shown in Table 7.2
57
.
T
ABLE
7.2: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE
2013-2016. A
S
T
ABLE
7.1
BUT WITH
T
HE CROSS
-
CUTTING
CATEGORY EQUALLY SPLIT INTO MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
.
Danish climate-specific finance
(DKK millions)
Cross-cutting split between mitigation and adaptation
2013
897
749
0
1,646
724
535
33
1,292
2014
1,099
629
0
1,728
886
565
33
1,484
2015
589
486
0
1,074
677
487
43
1,208
2016
360
495
2
857
692
594
7
1,293
Average
2013-2016
736
590
0
1,326
745
545
29
1,319
Mitigation
Commit-
ments
Adaptation
Other
Total climate-specific
Mitigation
Disburse-
ments
Adaptation
Other
Total climate-specific
57
Cross-cutting has been divided evenly between mitigation and adaptation. This has been done based on all projects included
in the category having the same Rio marker in mitigation and adaptation (either Significant in both or Principal in both
objectives).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
312
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0313.png
With this method, Danish climate finance disbursements in the period from 2013 to
2016 has, on average, spent 56% on mitigation and 41% on adaptation.
7.3.2
Danish Climate Finance Reported to the UNFCCC (2013 to 2016) -
commitments
Figure 7.2 shows Danish climate finance commitments between 2013 and 2016. On
average, Denmark has committed DKK 1.33 billion annually, amounting to 8% of
total Danish ODA commitments.
F
IGURE
7.2: C
OMMITMENTS OF CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
D
ENMARK BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016. V
ISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF THE NUMBERS FOUND IN
T
ABLE
7.2.
7.3.3
Danish climate finance to multilaterals channels (2013 to 2016)
Core funding to multilateral institutions is reported separately under the
‘Core/general’ column in Table 7 as required by the UNFCCC reporting guidelines.
These core contributions are not included in the summary tables above.
Many multilateral institutions annually report their climate-relevant outflows to
OECD, and the percentage of their total portfolios that can be considered as climate-
relevant financing. Based on this information it is possible to estimate the so-called
imputed shares of the core contributions to these multilaterals that may be considered
as climate relevant.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
313
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0314.png
Table 7.3 below provides an overview of Danish core contributions (disbursements)
to a range of multilateral institutions and the corresponding imputed climate relevant
shares
58
.
T
ABLE
7.3: B
REAKDOWN OF MULTILATERAL CORE FUNDING BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016
INCLUDED IN
THE
D
ANISH REPORTING TO THE
UNFCCC
AND THE CORRESPONDING CLIMATE RELEVANT PART OF
THESE CONTRIBUTIONS CALCULATED BASED ON THE
OECD
IMPUTED SHARE METHOD
. F
IGURES FOR
2013
AND
2014
ARE CALCULATED USING A METHOD SIMILAR TO THE METHOD USED FOR
2015
AND
2016
IN
BR3. T
HESE MIGHT THEREFORE DIFFER FROM FIGURES REPORTED IN
BR2*.
Core funding to
multilateral institutions
Imputed method
(DKK million -
Disbursements)
Multilateral climate change
funds
Multilateral financial
institutions
Specialised United Nations
bodies
Total
Core
contributi
on
reported
157
936
552
1,645
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
127
196
0
323
Core
contributi
on
reported
242
629
625
1,495
2013
2014
Imputed
Climate
relevant
share
202
134
20
355
2015
Core
contributi
on
reported
200
1,034
619
1,853
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
170
205
20
395
2016
Core
contributi
on
reported
194
1,107
434
1,736
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
165
209
0
374
7.3.4
Climate Finance by type of partner
Figure 7.3 below illustrates the breakdown of Danish climate finance by type of
direct partner. The categories are based on information available in CRS, and include
climate specific contributions channelled through multilateral institutions bilateral
grants to government institutions in partner countries, and NGO-managed funds. It
does, however, not include core contributions to multilateral organisations neither in
full nor as imputed climate-relevant shares.
As shown in Figure 7.3, bilateral public sector institutions (43%) are the primary
partners for Danish climate finance, accounting for about twice as much of the
climate finance as multilateral organisations (24%) and NGOs (21%).
58
It is noted that to simplify the calculation of imputed multilateral contributions, one standard rate of climate share for each
institution has been used (2014-2015 average, available from OECD
http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/climate-change.htm).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
314
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0315.png
F
IGURE
7.3: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS
2013-2016
BY TYPE OF PARTNERS
.
C
ONTRIBUTION TO MULTILATERAL CORE FUNDING IS NOT INCLUDED
.
7.3.5
Breakdown by Income Groups and Danida Priority Countries
Based on the project information available in OECD CRS, it is possible to categorise
Danish climate finance according to recipient country income groups. This is
illustrated in Figure 7.4 below, which shows how Danish climate finance disbursed
between 2013 and 2016 is distributed between income groups used by the OECD-
DAC (LDC: Least Developed Countries; Other LICs: Other Low Income Countries;
LMICs: Lower Middle Income Countries; and UMICs: Upper Middle Income
Countries). The figure excludes the 51% of funding categorised as “Unallocated”
(e.g. spent by means of framework agreements with NGOs or universities or
programmes and contributions to multilateral organisations or targeting multiple
countries).
F
IGURE
7.4: B
ILATERAL COUNTRY SPECIFIC
D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS
2013-2016
DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS OF RECIPIENT COUNTRIES
.
* Cross-cutting climate finance has in the figure been divided evenly between adaptation and mitigation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
315
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0316.png
The least developed countries, LDCs, received more than 60% of bilateral country
specific-climate finance from Denmark between 2013 and 2016.
Between 2013 and 2016, the climate finance to LDCs was evenly distributed
between adaptation and mitigation while climate finance to middle income countries
has a stronger focus on mitigation.
7.3.6
Allocation of Climate Finance to Danida Priority Countries
Figure 7.5 below shows disbursements of Danish climate finance between 2013 and
2016, to the top ten recipients. As indicated in Figure 7.5, the amount of climate
finance varies a lot between the countries, but countries in South Asia, Southeast
Asia and Africa are well represented.
FIGURE 7.5: TOP TEN RECIPIENT COUNTRIES OF CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS
FROM DENMARK BETWEEN 2013 AND 2016.
7.4
7.4.1
T
ECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Introduction
Denmark does not have a dedicated system for tracking capacity building and
technology transfer elements of its climate relevant support to developing countries.
However, most climate support does have a capacity element and many projects and
programmes also have elements of technology transfer.
The projects mentioned below are examples of how Denmark is practicing an
integrated approach to capacity building and technology transfer as part of its overall
climate support portfolio.
Danish support to capacity building in relation to implementation of the UNFCCC
includes a broad spectrum of activities as capacity building activities are integral
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
316
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
parts of most project activities. Denmark aims to ensure that ‘capacity building
support’ provided to non-Annex I Parties reflects their priorities and needs through
effective development cooperation.
Danish support to technology transfer comprises transfer of both “soft” and “hard”
technology. The extent of this technology transfer is significant and cannot be clearly
separated from other activities in Danish development cooperation, as well as there is
often an unclear distinction between transfer of "soft" and "hard" technology.
Examples of Danish-supported bilateral activities leading to technology transfer are
e.g. the Danida Business Finance programme or the Danish sector programme
supporting the energy sector. In the next section a number of concrete programmes
are presented.
In Annex D2, descriptions in tabular format of a few selected programmes/projects to
advance and/or finance transfer of technologies to other countries are given.
An overview of selected projects is set out in CTF Tables 8 and 9 in relation to
country level ‘technology development and transfer support’ and ‘capacity building
support’ (see Annex F, Chapter VIII).
7.4.2
Examples of projects with technology and capacity building elements
7.4.2.1 Climate change adaptation in Bangladesh
Denmark supports a number of climate change adaptation projects in Bangladesh
focusing on adaptation of rural infrastructure to the impacts of climate change. The
support includes piloting local level participatory adaptation planning and
construction of more climate resilient local infrastructure in the fragile coastal zone.
Another project supports upgrading, constructing and maintaining of climate resilient
and sustainable rural roads connecting cyclone shelters also in the coastal zone. This
project aims at building capacity and test new methods and ideas for more general
uptake by the Local Government Engineering Department.
7.4.2.2 Energy efficiency in industry in Bangladesh
Through the Nordic Chamber of Commerce and Industry Denmark has supported
piloting of energy efficiency audits and implementation of energy efficiency
measures and technologies in a number of private sector companies in various
sectors. The project has built capacity among private energy auditors and
strengthened the local market for their services. Further, it has supported capacity
building and training of energy managers and piloting of the introduction of energy
saving technologies and processes in more than 50 companies.
7.4.2.3 Least Developed Countries Fund
Denmark has supported the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) since it was
conceived. The LDCF is a key mechanism for supporting, in particular, LDCs efforts
to initiate national adaptation planning and implementation as an integrated part of
the national, sectoral and local level development planning. Capacity building of
national and local authorities is an important element of the support provided by the
LDCF financed projects, including the support to introducing good practices and
relevant climate-smart technologies.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
317
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
7.4.2.4 Adaptation and building climate change resilience in Mozambique
Denmark has supported programmes for adaptation and building climate change
resilience in Mozambique (between 2011 and 2016) in collaboration with the central
government, municipalities, and civil society organisations. It strengthens the
capacity of the partners to coordinate and carry out their normative mandates and
mainstreams climate relevant activities in other sectors at provincial and municipal
level.
At municipal level the support has included strengthening the capacities of the
country’s new municipalities for addressing management, investments, urban
planning and environment. That includes climate change resilience and
mainstreaming of climate change concerns into all relevant aspects of municipal
planning and development. Building municipal climate change resilience is critical in
Mozambique, given the projected human and economic losses due to unaddressed
effects of climate change within urban areas, and the accelerating rate of
urbanisation.
7.4.2.5 Greening of Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia (GATE) thematic
programme
Denmark supports the thematic programme 'Greening of Agricultural Transformation
in Ethiopia (GATE)' with its first phase 2014-2017. The programme is designed to i)
accelerate a ”green” transformation of the agricultural sector with a focus on the
Ethiopian small-holder farmers and ii) gather speed to the mainstreaming and
implementation of Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiatives within
agriculture and forestry.
The project works through an autonomous entity accountable to the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Agricultural Transformation Agency that addresses the need for
improving the understanding of and building of capacity to mainstream Climate
Smart Agriculture across sectors. The focus is directed towards leaders in relevant
ministries, departments, and regions as well as civil society and the private sector.
7.4.2.6 The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)
The Danish government supports, the Climate Technology Centre and Network
(CTCN).The CTCN assists developing country Parties at their request, building or
strengthening their capacity to prepare and implement technology projects that span
the technology transfer continuum. The CTCN supports public and private sector
action on mitigation and adaptation, enhancing low emissions and climate-resilient
development in a manner consistent with the capabilities and priorities of countries.
CTCN is active in the Paris Committee on Capacity Building, sharing experience in
developing in-country capacity and operating the web portal, www.ctc-n.org that
provide access to over 14,600 curated technology publications, webinars and case
studies. The Centre hosts an innovation-focused meeting of the global research and
development community, and cooperates with the GCF to advance solutions that
address challenges early in the technology cycle.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
318
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
7.4.2.7 UNEP-DTU partnership
The UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) is an international research and advisory
institution on energy, climate and sustainable development that has received Danish
Government core funding since it was established in 1990. The UDP supports UN
Environment in facilitating a shift towards cleaner and more efficient energy systems
and support more climate resilient sustainable development in developing countries
through internationally leading research, policy analysis and capacity development.
As a UN Environment Collaborating Centre, UDP specifically supports the planning
and implementation of UN Environment’s Programme of Work and Medium Term
Strategy. The Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency, which is one of the thematic
programmes within UDP, also functions as an Energy Efficiency-Hub for SEforALL.
Focus in all UDPs activities is on capacity building and technology transfer, and
includes;
•
•
•
•
•
Technology Transfer Partnerships for SDG and Climate Action,
Strengthening markets and value chains for renewable energy in NDCs,
Scalable and replicable models for private sector adaptation and mitigation
action,
Transparency of NDC and SDG actions, and
Emissions and adaptation gap reports.
7.4.2.8 Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate
Change in Bolivia
The programme supports: i) Improved forest management and livelihood in national
parks and forestry areas, ii) Improved energy efficiency, use of renewable energy and
cleaner technologies and iii) Climate change mitigation and adaptation. The
programme supports capacity building among local level actors and institutions on
territorial planning and sustainable production of forest products for indigenous
peoples contributing to climate change mitigation and ecosystems preservation.
Further, the programme supports capacity building and technology transfer in energy
efficiency and renewable energy. The later has included the construction fo a large
scale wind-farm connected to the grid.
Finally, the programme has supported Bolivia in developing its Joint Mechanism of
Mitigation and Adaptation for the Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests
and Mother Earth.
7.4.2.9 Promotion of green technologies in Strategic Sector Cooperation with
Kenya
Danida has supported management and reforms of Kenya’s natural capital base
especially in the sectors of water, environment and agriculture since the early days of
engagement with Kenya. Partnering directly with the Government, this support has
brought forward development of relevant sectoral policies, institutional and capacity
building, in addition to facilitating community-driven environmental management
and advocacy initiatives. The programme has supported the demand from community
level for technical services from both public and private service providers. Further,
Danida has supported the development of Kenya’s National Climate Change Action
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
319
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Plan (2013-2017) and activities to enhance private sector and community
engagement in climate interventions through the use of technology innovation to
reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to a low carbon development
path.
Furthermore, Denmark has since 2012 supported "Improving Community Resilience
and Rangeland Management (Northern Rangelands Trust – NRT). This programme
seeks to enhance pastoral livelihoods in the harsh ASAL (arid and semi-arid lands) in
Northern Kenya. It addressed the key challenges that undermine the resilience of
marginalised and vulnerable communities in this region created by lack of water and
pastureland. The programme strengthens capacities to manage under the land use of
pastoralism and wildlife conservation, diversifies livelihoods by creating new
enterprises, establishes lasting peace and security among Northern Kenya
communities and contributes to the long-neglected human capacity development by
investing in health, education and water infrastructure. Lastly, the programme has
supported the introduction and acquisition of additional weather monitoring
technologies and equipment to enhance the provision of accurate weather and climate
information to various end-users, and thereby enabling knowledge based decision-
making.
7.4.2.10 Assist countries with energy planning and transition to renewable energy
The Danish Energy Agency cooperates with the governments of a number of
developing countries on capacity building and technology transfer related to sector
energy transition to become a low-carbon economy. The cooperation is primarily
focusing on policy improvements in long term energy planning and
modeling, renewable energy integration and deployment, energy efficiency
interventions and in climate change mitigation, and preparation of specific
investments in renewable energy projects and technology transfer.
•
Denmark and Ethiopia cooperates on expanding Ethiopian wind power. The
Danish Energy Agency is among the Danish authorities who contribute
Ethiopia’s ability to utilise its huge wind potential, providing technical
assistance and experiences from Denmark as well best practice
internationally.
China and Denmark cooperates on transition to a low-carbon economy that
proved it possible to reduce emissions and maintaining economic growth.
Support is provided to Mexico for implementing its climate change strategy
and action plans, helping to improve Mexico's frameworks for introducing
renewable energy and energy efficiency interventions.
Assistance is provided to South Africa for transforming its energy sector
away from coal. The focus is on mitigating carbon emissions, increasing
energy efficiency and improving conditions for renewable energy into the
country’s energy mix.
Denmark is supporting Vietnam in order to improve the Vietnamese energy
efficiency and increase use of renewable energy, and investing in low
emission technologies in SMEs.
•
•
•
•
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
320
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
In 2015 the Ukrainian-Danish Energy Centre opened in Kiev. Here Denmark
supports the Ukrainian authorities in building capacity for the implementation
of Ukraine’s long term energy strategy and planning.
The Danish Energy Agency is supporting Turkey in meeting its long-term
objectives for renewable energy, energy efficiency and district heating. It is
also assisting with the research and innovation agendas related to these
sectors.
Indonesia with a programme focusing on energy planning, integrating
renewable energy into the energy mix and increasing energy efficiency.
•
•
In the period 2012-2016 the cooperation was carried out through the Low Carbon
Transition Unit (LCTU) based at the Danish Energy Agency under the Ministry of
Climate, Energy and Building. In 2017, the LCTU was replaced by the Danish
Energy Agency’s Energy Partnership Programme (DEPP).
The DEPP consists of experts within the fields of energy efficiency, renewable
energy, mitigation analysis as well as international greenhouse gas emission
baselines. The DEPP gives high quality technical government-to-government
guidance to help developing countries and emerging economies with greenhouse gas
emission reductions and low carbon transition in the energy sector. The DEPP works
both with countries regarding general and methodological issues relevant to
greenhouse gas emission reductions as well as with specific energy-related capacity
building and technology transfer in selected emerging economies as described above.
Annex D3 contains further information about the DEPP.
7.4.2.11 Supporting the Indonesian Energy Transition
The Danish Energy Agency assists Indonesia reducing emission through a three-year
strategic partnership programme focusing on energy planning, integrating renewable
energy into the energy mix and increasing energy efficiency. This is part of a Danish
supported Strategic Sector Cooperation programme, which facilitates government-to-
government collaboration in areas where Denmark has decades of experience, which
is valuable to rapidly emerging economies.
The cooperation operates on both technical and institutional level, and the main
outcome of the SSC-programme is the support to improved modeling and energy
planning, extended integration of renewable energy in the energy system and the
reduction of the energy demand through energy efficiency measures. That includes
the development of the Indonesian National Master Plan on Energy Efficiency and
transferring Danish experiences and technology with energy efficiency to the
industrial sector. It also includes capacity building within integration of fluctuating
renewable energy into the energy mix and to prepare a set of guidelines on the
assessment of wind power projects.
7.4.2.12 Support to sustainable energy systems
Denmark is a long-time supporter of the Energy Sector Management Assistance
Programme (ESMAP), an assistance programme administered by the World Bank
(WB). ESMAP provides analytical advisory services to low- and middle-income
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
321
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
countries to reduce poverty and boost growth, through environmentally sustainable
energy solutions. ESMAP builds capacity in client countries through targeted
technical assistance, knowledge generation and dissemination, pre-investment project
preparation, and implementation support. ESMAP tackles questions related to energy
in all its forms in both rural and urban settings. It influences billions in loans for
development projects, leverages public and private financing, working with global
agendas on energy and climate in country partnership programs and beyond.
Practically, ESMAP works in every WB client country supporting improved energy
sector performance and governance, enhancing access to modern energy services and
technology, increasing the efficiency of energy use, and/or promoting renewable
energy.
7.5
M
OBILISED PRIVATE SECTOR CLIMATE INVESTMENTS THROUGH
IFU
Denmark has made significant efforts to establish new and innovative instruments to
mobilise private finance for climate relevant investments in developing countries.
The main bilateral vehicle for these efforts has been the Danish development
financing institution IFU (Investeringsfonden for Udviklingslande or Danish
Investment Fund for Developing Countries).
Table 7.4 below shows the amount of private sector investments mobilised through
projects that are co-financed by public resources from IFU and the Danish MFA:
In 2016: DKK 1,487,055 private investments mobilised.
In 2015: DKK 1,297,214 private investments mobilised.
The Danish Climate Investment Fund (DCIF) is involved in 11 of 16 investment
projects in 2015-2016 listed in Table 7.4.
This fund is a public-private partnership managed by IFU. DCIF has raised EUR 174
million of public and private funds (until 2016) to the fund itself that is mobilising
further private investments at the project level. The public funds have been provided
by the Danish government and the IFU, while Danish pension funds have contributed
the major part (EUR 104 million). The fund mobilises further project finance by
partnering up with private co-investors, who must contribute the bulk of funds. It is
estimated that the fund will generate total investments of EUR 1-1.2 billion. The
fund has the opportunity to invest in all developing countries by offering venture
capital and advice to climate investors.
The amounts of private finance mobilised have been calculated on the time of
IFU/DCIF declaring their commitments and is expressing the level expected after the
investments have been carried out.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
322
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0323.png
T
ABLE
7.4: A
N OVERVIEW OF SPENDING AS REPORTED BY
IFU
TO
D
ANISH
MFA*.
* When zero self-financing has been reported for the four investments channeled through DCIF in 2015, this is because the
capital, including the private capital, from the fund itself was invested in 2014, and has hence not been included again in 2015
(to avoid double counting).
7.6
I
NFORMATION UNDER
A
RTICLES
10
AND
11
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
The steps taken by Denmark to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of
technology to developing countries and to build their capacity described in sections
7.1-7.5 above concern both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
323
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
324
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0325.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
8 Research and systematic observation
8.1
C
LIMATE RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS IN GENERAL
Research and observations within climate in the broad sense of the word are going on
at a number of institutes and organisations and cover a wide range of disciplines,
from natural science to evaluation of policies and measures and societal aspects.
The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) carries out observations of climate
parameters (atmosphere and ocean) under the World Meteorological Organisation's
(WMO) programmes and sub-programmes: the World Weather Watch Programme
(WWW), Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the Global Observing System (GOS),
the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and the Global Ocean Observing
System (GOOS). DMI also participates in the Network for the Detection of
Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC).
The Technical University of Denmark (DTU) is a founding member and national
contact point of the European Climate Research Alliance (ECRA). Denmark is
currently active in ECRA’s collaborative programmes via DMI (polar research) and
DTU (programmes on sea level, hydrology and high impact events, where DTU
coordinates the latter). DTU (Space) monitors a significant number of essential
climate variables with respect to, in particular, sea ice, sea level, ice sheets, the state
of the ocean and large-scale hydrological systems using remote sensing and
participates in a large number of international initiatives in this regard.
Climate monitoring and research has been a key task for DMI for about 145 years.
DCE – the National Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University (AU) is
in charge of monitoring the effects of climate change on nature and the environment.
Danish research competence concerning the physical expressions of past climate
change is particularly at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), the
University of Copenhagen (KU) and Aarhus University (AU). GEUS also has
competencies in glaciological studies of the Greenland ice sheet and the ice sheet's
interaction with climate change, and in the effect of climate change on the water cycle
in nature. The Geophysical Department and the Geological Institute at KU and the
Department of Geoscience at AU have very great expertise in palaeoclimate data, and
the climate group at KU is known worldwide for its ice core drilling and analyses. The
departments of Bioscience and Environmental Science at AU and Department of
Biology at KU contribute important research competence in relation to the effect of
climate change on ecosystems.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
326
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0327.png
DMI has an extensive international scientific record within regional climate
modelling and is the leading national authority on regional climate change
projections. DMI also operates global climate models in order to investigate
interactions and feedback mechanisms between atmosphere, ocean, land surface and
ice on a larger scale.. Several other Danish institutions, notably KU, AU, GEUS and
the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) also work in this field or with different
aspects of climate research. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, the
Coordination Unit for Research in Climate Change Adaptation and the Ministry of
Climate and Energy, published in 2009 a Mapping of Climate Research in
Denmark
59
.
It is partly on the basis of research competencies in the above areas that Denmark
also participates actively in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). Denmark has contributed to IPCC work, for example through
contributions to all five Assessment Reports, and continue to do so in the IPCC 6
th
Assessment Cycle. DTU has participated extensively in the work of the IPCC, as
CLA and LA for more than 20 years. DTU contributed to the AR5 working group 3
and is further engaged in scoping and review activities for the IPCC special reports,
and has been part of the scoping process for the upcoming AR6. It is expected that
DTU experts will be involved in the AR6 starting in 2018.
Danish research contributes to the four core projects under the World Climate
Research Programme: the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC), Climate Variability and
Predictability (CLIVAR), the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
(GEWEX) and Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC).
The Danish Centre for Energy and Environment (DCE), the Greenland Institute of
Natural Resources (GINR) and Asiaq, Greenland Survey are in charge of monitoring
the effect of climate change on nature and the environment in Greenland. Greenland
Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) constitutes the main monitoring programme on
ecosystems and climate change in Greenland. GEM covers marine, terrestrial, limnic,
atmospheric and glacial components of different monitoring sites in Greenland,
which also operate as key sites for climate research. The GINR conducts research
into Arctic ecosystems and how they are affected by climatic and human impacts.
The GINR also monitors the living resources and the environment in Greenland and
advises the Government of Greenland and other authorities on sustainable
exploitation of living resources and safeguarding the environment and biodiversity.
A webportal, Isaaffik Arctic Gateway (isaaffik.org), was established in 2015 in order
to facilitate arctic scientific collaboration. It presents an overview of current and
future expeditions, research projects and courses. Among other, it enables
researchers and institutions to coordinate logistics, which are often costly parts of
projects in the Arctic.
In the Faroe Islands, research related to climate and climate changes is primarily
conducted on the Faroe Marine Research Institute but also on the Natural History
Museum and the University of the Faroe Islands. The Faroese Marine Research
Institute is also responsible for a series of systematic ocean climate observing
59
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Coordination Unit for Research in Climate Change Adaptation and the
Ministry of Climate and Energy, 2009:
Mapping of Climate Research in Denmark (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
327
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0328.png
systems. Other institutions, The Road Authority and the Fisheries Inspection are as
well responsible for some systematic climate observations.
8.2
8.2.1
R
ESEARCH
Research policy and funding
Climate-related research in Denmark has grown within an already existing framework
of institutional activities. Danish climate research was mapped in 2009. The mapping
showed the picture of a relatively small research field with a strong international
position. In an international perspective, Danish climate research has extensive
publication activity compared with the rest of the world, and in addition it has
significant impact in terms of the number of citations received. The mapping showed
that Danish ice core research and palaeoclimatology research are particularly visible in
the international context.
In June 2017, the Danish Agency for Science and Higher Education published the
research catalogue RESEARCH2025
60
. The objective of the RESEARCH2025-
catalogue is to provide a consolidated overview showing the most important research
areas of the future as seen from the perspectives of businesses, organisations, ministries,
Danish knowledge institutions as well as a wide variety of other stakeholders.
The RESEARCH2025-catalogue will function as a source of inspiration and knowledge
and as a basis for prioritizing research investments in various contexts such as political
negotiations of the distribution of the research reserve, strategic considerations at
Danish knowledge institutions and in relation to Danish participation in international
research cooperation.
The catalogue is the result of an extensive mapping and dialogue process and focuses
on the research needs within four main areas (1. New technological opportunities, 2.
Green growth, 3. Better health and 4. People and society) and 19 different
subthemes. The objectives and perspectives for the theme on ‘Climate change and
adaptation’ is the need for research that can strengthen the knowledge base to make
decisions in a number of areas of society. The research must create more solid and
detailed knowledge about climate processes and changes as well as the effects of
climate change. Together with new forms of organization, management tools and
financing models this could support climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. The
effort could also support Denmark’s participation in international cooperation
activities on climate change, including in connection with knowledge-based
international regulation and its implementation. The research should contribute to the
development of new, innovative technologies and products in business and robust
solutions for the society that addresses the challenges created by a changing climate.
The research could address development of new technologies, efficient planning and
adaptation within areas such as new crops, water systems, coastal protection,
sewerage, construction and construction, fishing, aquaculture, energy, etc. in relation
to Denmark's adaptation to climate change. For the arctic parts of the realm, also
shipping, tourism and mineral extraction can be added. New innovative solutions and
60
https://ufm.dk/publikationer/2017/forsk2025-fremtidens-lofterige-forskningsomrader
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
328
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0329.png
services in the field of climate adaptation are globally sought after and could
contribute to Danish exports.
The Innovation Fund Denmark participates (from 2016 as observer) in the European
Joint Programming Initiative ‘JPI Climate – Connecting Climate Knowledge in
Europe’
61
; an initiative to coordinate and align European research programmes
within the area. Denmark is also participating in the extensive 18M ERA4CS Co-
Fund action on climate services
62
, which was recently initiated, with 5 projects (DTU
participates in 2, GEUS, DMI, KU, AU each in one).
In the Faroe Islands, a number of institutions participate in research related to climate
and climate changes.
Climate-related research in Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands is described in
detail in the following sections.
8.2.2
Climate processes and studies including palaeoclimatic studies
8.2.2.1 DMI
DMI carries out research on atmospheric , oceanic and cryospheric processes and
their interactions, all of which are important in connection with global climate
change. These process studies include natural atmospheric-oceanic-cryospheric
interplay on time scales from years to decades, including main processes of
importance for deep water formation in the North Atlantic. Also, DMI has developed
a fully interactive ice sheet model that responds to climate variations and feeds
information about the runoff from the melting processes into an Earth System Model
and an ocean model to close the water budget. DMI further uses high-resolution
regional modeling to study the snow and firn processes governing the surface mass
balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Studies are performed on the downward propagation of the influence from the
stratosphere on tropospheric climate
.
Studies have also been conducted of the
processes in the tropical tropopause that control water vapour entering the
stratosphere, and on models for air traffic impact on the climate.
DMI works on improving statistical methods for reconstructing past climate from
proxy data from e.g. tree rings and pollen.
8.2.2.2 University of Copenhagen
The Climate and Geophysical Department at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University
of Copenhagen is strongly involved in studies of climate processes in the research fields
of climate, meteorology, oceanography and glaciology. The research includes
development of atmosphere and earth-system models to understand the large-scale
dynamics of the atmosphere, mapping the natural and anthropogenic climate change
and variability, studies of how ocean processes contribute to the large climate
fluctuations and evolution of the ice sheets and sea level rise. Through drilling deep ice
61
62
http://www.jpi-climate.eu/home
http://www.jpi-climate.eu/ERA4CS
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
329
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
cores through the Greenland ice sheet, palaeo-records of past temperatures,
precipitation, greenhouse gas concentrations, solar irradiance, impurities and volcanic
eruptions are measured and models are applied to the research subjects listed above
with the objective of understanding the governing processes of past and future climate.
8.2.2.3 Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Research teams at the Technical University of Denmark works primarily on climate
processes related to wind, precipitation and the marine environment, ice sheet and sea
ice dynamics as well as on land surface and hydrological systems together with
international research partners and/or partners from University of Copenhagen and
DMI.
8.2.2.4 University of Southern Denmark
At the University of Southern Denmark, research is going on within the areas of the
stability of the climate system, the role of the ocean in the climate system, as well as the
chemical and biological development of the atmosphere and the ocean.
8.2.2.5 GEUS
GEUS studies the effects of past climate change in the hydrological cycle, especially in
relation to groundwater conditions and the interaction with surface water. The effects of
heavy rain and higher temperature on groundwater formation and the quality of the
water are addressed in relation to the environment and the drinking water supply. Also
the occurrence of flooding and salt water intrusion is studied.
A key research topic at GEUS is the study of mass balance and dynamics of the
Greenland ice sheet, including its interaction with climate change and effect on changes
in water level and interaction with ocean circulation variability. This includes the effects
of surface albedo variability and refreezing of melted ice on freshwater run-off and the
freshwater flux to the fjords and oceans from the ice sheet are measured and evaluated.
GEUS works with reconstructing longer term records of climate and environmental
change based on sediment cores in order to assess the magnitude of current changes in
the Arctic. Furthermore, the aim is to better understand the complex interactions
between the climate, oceans, sea-ice, and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specifically, GEUS
researchers analyse sediment archives from marine and lake environments using
sedimentological, biogeochemical, and microfossil proxies to reconstruct past changes
in temperature, salinity, ocean current strength, glacier activity, meltwater and
freshwater dynamics, sea-ice variability, nutrient status, and primary productivity.
GEUS works with long-term surveillance of Danish natural woodlands (non-
intervention forest reserves), including trees, regeneration, pollen deposition, flora and
soil conditions. The studies were initiated in 1948.
GEUS further studies the development of the coastal regions and their responses to the
rapid Holocene sea level rise. These studies provide input to assessments and modelling
of the coastal responses to coming sea level changes thus forming part of the science
fundament for mitigation of climate changes.
Further, GEUS has mapped and estimated the geothermal energy resources in the
Danish subsurface in order to facilitate the utilisation of this renewable energy source.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
330
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
GEUS provides data and advices for the relevant authorities at municipal and national
level, as well as consultancy advices to the exploration and exploitation industry.
8.2.2.6 Aarhus University
AU is carrying out research in how, since the last Ice Age, climate change has affected
the biological structure of North Atlantic lakes in Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe
Islands. Paleolimnological methods are being used to develop projection models.
8.2.2.7 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR)
GINR houses the Greenland Climate Research Centre, through which most of the
monitoring and research on effects of climate changes on the marine habitat is carried
out.
GINR investigates climatic changes and the effects of temperature variability through
the past 10.000 years by analysing phytoplankton in sea bottom substrates around West
and East Greenland.
GINR is co-leading an interdisciplinary research project using both natural and social
sciences to analyse and improve our understanding of long-term climate variability in
Greenland. The project is exploring the links between variations in past sea ice, climate
conditions, changing environments and Arctic human societies. The links between
humans, changing environments and sea ice are used to describe settlement patterns in
the Godthåbsfjord. Additionally, through human responses to environmental change,
socio-economic patterns may reciprocally be used, supplemented and discussed by
using the perspectives of the natural sciences, e.g. by understanding sea-ice conditions
and changing fjord environments. Here, emphasizing that increasingly, understanding
climate change requires an interdisciplinary perspective. The project provides a detailed
reconstruction of changes in climate, environment and sea-ice cover in the inner part of
the Godthåbsfjord.
Climatic records covering the last 5000 years will be constructed with special focus on
the past 1000 years. Investigations are based on marine geological surveys,
oceanography studies, including studies of the rapid changes in relative sea level,
variations in the distribution and thickness of fjord sea ice, dynamics of the tidewater
glacier, KNS and the general impact of changes in ocean circulation. This will be
supplemented by analysis of the cultural landscape, summarizing the changes of these
parameters, to show how environmental and climate changes over time have affected
the living conditions of the cultures.
8.2.3
Climate modelling and the climate of the future
8.2.3.1 DMI
With substantial support from the European Commission, DMI is working closely
together with research institutions in Europe on analyses of the climatic
consequences of increased greenhouse effect. The main emphasis is on Denmark and
the European region, as well as the Arctic, but global research is also being carried
out.
The work includes both development and employment of models for scenario
calculations of the climate of the future. The models include:
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
331
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
•
Regional dynamic ocean models for calculating changes in ocean and sea ice.
The focus areas are the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Greenland waters.
A regional dynamic atmosphere-climate model for calculating regional/local
climate change and variations. The main focus has been on Denmark, Europe,
and Greenland, with applications also in Arctic regions, West Africa and
India.
Global Earth System modelling: dynamic coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea-ice
models, which are used to study climate change (primarily as a consequence
of increased greenhouse effect) and internal variability in the climate on
decadal to centennial time scale.
State-of-the-art ice-sheet models coupled to regional climate models for
studies of the changes of the Greenland ice sheet in the past, present and
future.
•
•
DMI has contributed to the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase
5) under the WMO’s World Climate Research Programme, and the results of the
simulations using the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios fed
into the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report. This work continues and DMI will
contribute to the ongoing CMIP6 which will feed into the coming IPCC reports.
Regional climate simulations on down to 5 km grids are carried out in connection
with national, European and international projects, covering Europe in particular, but
also Greenland and the Arctic.
With regard to regional simulations, the most important focus areas for Denmark are
changes in (extreme) precipitation, soil moisture and storm activity. For Greenland,
of special interest are changes in simulated snow accumulation, melting and
refreezing on the ice sheet and changes in permafrost conditions.
Output from the simulations from the EU projects ENSEMBLES (2004-2009) and
PRUDENCE (2002-2004) are made available to all groups of researchers who are
studying the effects of climate change, and to decision makers taking part in planning
and implementation of adaptation to climate change on a server at the DMI. These
data have been used extensively by researchers from cross-cutting disciplines in
Denmark and in Europe for assessments of climate-change impacts and risks. The
hosting of data archives from regional climate models initiated in the EU
PRUDENCE and ENSEMBLES projects continues with the WCRP CORDEX
projects, where DMI hosts data in the so-called ESGF nework. These data are
accessible to the general public.
8.2.3.2 University of Copenhagen
Research at the Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management and the
Department of Biology at the University of Copenhagen includes experimental/field-
related, theoretical, and modelling aspects of vegetation and greenhouse gas emissions
and helps to indicate methods that can be used for evaluating the climate of the future.
At the Niels Bohr Institute, the Climate and Geophysics researchers develop
atmosphere circulation models, Earth system models and state-of-the-art ice-sheet
models to predict the changes in the Arctic regions and how they will influence global
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
332
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
and regional sea level rise. The research is done in collaboration with GEUS and DMI
and is partly funded by EU framework programmes.
8.2.3.3 Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Research at the Technical University of Denmark focuses on current and future
damages of climate change events based on integrated modelling of coastal, pluvial and
fluvial flooding events, and damages on a wide range of economic, human and
ecosystem assets. The methods employed encompass dynamic and statistical
downscaling techniques, hydrological modelling, cost benefits analysis, and decision
making in the context of complex uncertainties. Other research areas covered by the
Technical University of Denmark include wind, other kinds of hydro-meteorological
extremes (e.g. droughts) and interactions between climate and hydrological systems.
Limited activities are ongoing within the areas of (regional and global) climate
modelling and on the application of statistical methods in climate science. The research
is done in collaboration with Danish and international partners, primarily funded by
Danish and EU research and innovation programmes.
8.2.4
Effects of climate change
The effects of climate change on nature and ecosystems are covered by research at
DMI, GEUS, the University of Copenhagen, Aarhus University, the Technical
University of Denmark, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and the Danish
Coastal Authority.
8.2.4.1 Aarhus University (AU)
AU is working on the effects of climate change, especially in Greenland, and it is
carrying out a standardised biological/ecological monitoring programme covering a
broad spectrum of processes, fauna, and flora. In connection with this project, the
institute is carrying out research projects aimed at increasing knowledge of basic Arctic
ecosystems. These include a strong focus also on physical drivers and feed-back
mechanisms like snow modelling and research in the energy- and carbon balance of
Arctic ecosystems.
AU is running the High Arctic Zackenberg Research Station, an ecosystem research and
monitoring facility in Northeast Greenland (74º28’ N). Zackenberg is owned by the
Government of Greenland and is operated by the Department of Bioscience, Aarhus
University. The work at Zackenberg is coordinated through the Zackenberg Ecological
Research Operations programme with the following institutions as partners: the
Department of Bioscience at Aarhus University, Greenland Institute of Natural
Resources, the University of Copenhagen, Asiaq - Greenland Survey and the
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. The station enables increased research
in high-Arctic ice and permafrost as well as the effect of climate change on the high-
Arctic sea, air, geology, animals and plants.
AU has since 2014 been running the Villum Research Station at the military outpost
Station Nord in high arctic North Greenland (81°36’ N, 16°40’ W). Villum Research
Station is owned by the Greenland Government and is being operated by AU in
cooperation with the Danish Defense (the Arctic Command). The station hosts
individual scientific projects focusing on atmospheric, marine and terrestrial research.
In addition to this, the station is also used as a permanent base for an extensive long-
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
333
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
term monitoring programme with main focus on atmospheric pollution, but also
including effects of Climate Change on arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
The station is open for access throughout the year, and it can host up to 14 scientists at a
time.
AU is carrying out research in the effect of climate change on biodiversity and function
of the soil environment, in laboratory as well as field conditions. Work includes genetic
variations in soil-living fauna, and the fauna’s physiological adaptation to extreme
climate conditions. AU has research competences concerning tolerance limits for air
pollution for particularly sensitive terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, the interaction
between climate change, chemical substances and other factors are investigated.
AU has built up competence focused on the function and dynamics of the Arctic marine
ecosystem and it is investigating an Arctic fjord system and, within this, relationships
between production and nutrient conversion.
Within freshwater, AU has research competence concerning the effect of climate
change on nutrient degradation and biological interaction in watercourses and lakes.
Studies are being carried out for instance in Arctic, temperate and subtropical lakes,
where biological interaction is being studied along climate gradients. Experimental
studies are carried out at an advanced test plant at Silkeborg. Models are developed as
tools of projection of nutrient transport as well as effects on freshwater ecosystems.
AU is working with climate-change effects across climatic gradients, analyzing,
modelling and comparing climate effects at different spatial and temporal levels using
an interdisciplinary approach.
AU is doing research in the effects of climate change on air pollution, including the
importance for transport of pollutants such as POP and mercury to the Arctic.
AU is carrying out research on the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems,
studying how marine Arctic as well as European ecosystems respond to climate change,
in terms of both biodiversity changes and ecosystem structure and function.
AU works with the interaction of climate and agriculture, including effects of climate
and atmospheric CO
2
on processes in the soil-plant system. This includes research on
how climate change and CO2 affects photosynthesis and crop yields. The research
includes both experimental and model based studies. The experimental studies are
mostly conducted in controlled environments. A range of crop models are used for
studying effects of climate changes on crops and livestock systems. Also, monitoring
and experimental data are used in statistical analyses to explore crop-climate
interactions. This research is mostly conducted in an international collaboration as part
of the European MACSUR knowledge hub and the global AgMIP project. In addition
AU has ongoing research collaborations with research institutes in China, Iran, Ghana
and Tanzania involving assessments of climate change impacts on agriculture.
8.2.4.2 GEUS
GEUS has competence concerning long-term variations and effects in ecosystems in
Denmark and Greenland and on the Faroe Islands caused by the climate. The institute is
investigating how the ecosystems react to climate change in vegetation, lakes and
marine environments in Denmark and Greenland and in forests in Scandinavia. It also
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
334
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
registers changes in sea level and their effect on the water cycle, and conduct research
regarding coastal responses to sea level changes.
The formation of groundwater and the effects of climate change on this important
resource is being covered by GEUS in several studies. The studies of the hydrological
cycle include expected changes in groundwater levels and saline intrusion in the
groundwater as well as changes in river discharges and water levels.
Studies have been carried out on the effects of climate change on flooding of urban
areas from rivers in Denmark as well as studies of the effects of climate change on
pesticide leaching and transport in groundwater and surface water.
Studies of the permafrost in Greenland focus on the consequences of the thawing on the
Arctic ecosystems and the mobilization of potentially huge amounts of carbon and
nitrogen and release of greenhouse gases (CENPERM CENTRE).
8.2.4.3 Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
The Technical University of Denmark carries out research, methodology development,
capacity building and implementation of actions and strategies to reduce the
vulnerability and enhance the climate resilience of developed and developing countries.
With respect to developing countries the work is carried out in close collaboration with
UN Environment (UNEP), through the UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP), with core
funding from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida). Work on developed
countries focuses on Europe and is mainly funded by research grants, innovation
activities, and government-funded programmes in Denmark and Europe.
Within a Danish and European context, the main focus for DTU has been on urban
landscapes and anticipated changes in pluvial and coastal flooding due to increasing
precipitation extremes and rising sea levels. A framework has been developed that is
being implemented as a standard tool for insurance companies, the private sector, the
emergency management units, municipalities and utilities in their strategic decision
making on climate change adaptation.
DTU also carries out research and modelling on the effect of climate change and future
climate policies on energy and water systems and related environmental and socio-
economic impacts at a variety of different scales. The main emphasis is on windpower,
hydropower and other renewables, including the risks, impacts and adaptation of related
sectors.
To strengthen the capacity for climate risk management, DTU works with academic
and public and private partners on development and application of analytical
frameworks for assessing climate change impacts and vulnerability, and to identify and
evaluate response options. By developing and testing new analytical approaches, DTU
facilitates enhanced integration of information about climate change, climate variability
and related costs into projects and policies. Likewise, DTU actively supports the
development of actionable climate services as endorsed by World Meteorological
Organization and other international bodies. In this context, DTU currently participates
in several major climate service projects funded under EU Horizon 2020 and the ERA-
NET Consortium “European Research Area for Climate Services” (ERA4CS).
UNEP DTU Partnership is engaged in both analytical tool development and country
capacity building in the new area of Transparency under the Paris Agreement.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
335
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Engagement covers both mitigation and adaptation. Particularly for adaptation, there is
a significant need for new research and methodology development to support
transparent monitoring, reporting and evaluation of adaptation action and support at
national and global level.
8.2.4.4 DMI
DMI is lead partner in a project on climate change adaptation strategy in the North and
Baltic Sea region, carrying out research on the effects of climate change, including
analyses of precipitation, sea level change, biodiversity and surface waves/erosion.
DMI is modelling regional and global changes of permafrost, both on land and at the
bottom of shallow shelf seas in the Arctic. DMI is involved in modelling and field
studies to quantify the long-term fluxes of greenhouse gases from the Northern Russian
land mass due to permafrost thawing.
DMI is an active partner in several projects under the COPERNICUS initiative,
where one goal is to construct a publicly accessible "Climate Data Store" with both
direct data access, numerical tools, and guidance for impacts modellers. DMI
participates in production of regional simulation, development of climate indices and
data for storm surge and waves, and in the construction of guidance for users wrt.
sub-ensemble construction and validation.
8.2.4.5 University of Copenhagen (KU)
The effects of climate change on natural and managed ecosystems have strong focus at
KU. The research is partly based on numerous large-scale in-situ infrastructures
including long-term experiments, particularly in forests, an EU-funded infrastructure of
climate change manipulation experiments and climate gradients INCREASE and the
Centre for Permafrost CENPERM funded by the Danish National Research Foundation.
Furthermore, the Department of Biology (BIO) and the Department of Geosciences and
Natural Resource Management (IGN) have a number of Arctic climate manipulation
experiments in Abisko, Disko and Zackenberg. The research comprises biological
processes, ecosystem functioning, biodiversity, carbon and nutrient cycling and
adaptation of processes and ecosystems to extreme climate conditions and moderate
changes. KU has competences from both managed and natural terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, working at scales from molecules to landscape and at different temporal
scales.
BIO performs extensive work in climate change effects on plant-atmosphere and plant-
soil-microbe interactions, making use of long-term ecosystem manipulation
infrastructure as warming, CO
2
enrichment and altered nutrient input and precipitation
patterns, mainly in the Arctic but also in temperate ecosystems. The experimental work
spans from physiological processes at fine root and leaf level to plot and ecosystem
scale, and includes work on greenhouse gas emission, volatile organic compound
emissions, nutrient cycling and vegetation responses. The work is integrated in
CENPERM and also includes upscaling and modelling.
IGN at the University of Copenhagen is doing research on soil-forming processes in
relation to climate and vegetation that are of significance for, amongst other things, the
exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and the atmosphere. This is performed on
the basis of a wide range of ecological and climatic regions from processes in the Arctic
areas (e.g. CENPERM), Danish sites and tropical sites e.g. in Africa. In the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
336
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0337.png
CENPERM different scientific disciplines meet to investigate the biological,
geographical and physical effects of permafrost thawing. CENPERM combines field
experiments in Greenland, Svalbard, northern Sweden and Russia under extreme
conditions with experiments under controlled conditions in our laboratories at
University of Copenhagen.
Both IGN and BIO also carry out research on the impact on ecosystem function and
structure of changed climate and potential for adaptation and mitigation based on
management of forests, heathlands and nature areas, changes in plant diseases and
invasive species. This includes research in genetic aspects of adaptation and
development. This is further supported by the cooperation, including forest monitoring
performed for the Ministry of the Environment.
IGN carries out studies of the impact of recent climate change on vegetation
productivity at global scale, making extensive use of Earth Observation satellite data.
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences
(PLEN), has significant research on the effects of climate change on the production
levels of future agricultural biomass (food, feed, fibre, fuels) and the related impacts
on soil quality and fertility, as well as feedback mechanisms on environmental
emissions e.g. effects on soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. The
cross-disciplinary Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Systems
(http://safor.ku.dk), hosted by PLEN, forms an umbrella organisation for many of these
activities. An example of such collaborative work is the I-REDD+ EU-project on
‘Impacts of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and
Enhancing Carbon Stocks’ (http://www.i-redd.eu/) coordinated by IGN.
Mitigation research of climate changes on wetland and dryland crops is also hosted by
BIO in collaboration with leading universities in Japan and Australia. Emphasis is on
traits in root and shoot tissues that confer flood tolerance of rice and wheat and is
supported by a grant from the VILLUM Foundation as well as numerous international
grants.
8.2.4.6 Danish Coastal Authority
The Danish Coastal Authority (DCA) is working with projects focusing on the effect of
climate change on coastal erosion and flooding and how to adapt the coastal protection
in the most sustainable way. DCA is advising the planning authorities in Denmark on
how to plan for climate change and has published a report “Guidelines for climate
adaptation”. DCA is responsible for implementing the EU’s flooding directive in
Denmark.
In different research projects DCA focus on subsidence of coastal areas based on
satellite data. The focus is also flood protection assets and the optimum management
plan in the light of climate change (Interreg project FAIR). There is a focus optimizing
coastal protection measures in todays and futures climate (Interreg project BWN). The
Interreg project FRAMES focus on dynamic planning in the future and the society’s
recovery phase after a flood event.
8.2.4.7 Roskilde University
Environmental biologists at the Department of Science and Environment, (INM ) are
doing research in climate effects on the invasion of marine species.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
337
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
8.2.4.8 Aalborg University
At the Aalborg University, research is being carried out on the impact of climate
change on society, including regional perspectives on climate change, the impact of
climate change on industrial and financial structures as well as human, political and
rhetorical implications from the climate change discourse.
Furthermore, studies are being carried out on the effects of climate change on energy
consumption in housing, the impact on architecture, building components and
technologies as well as studies on the impact on everyday life and the indoor climate.
8.2.4.9 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR)
As part of the GEM (Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring) GINR is monitoring the
effect of climate change on nature and the environment in Greenland. Since 1995
Zackenberg Research Station in Northeast Greenland (ZERO) has facilitated research
and monitoring in the high Arctic (NE Greenland). In 2007 a low Arctic counterpart
(Kobbefjord, SW Greenland) (NERO) was established. These two stations, which are
funded by the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy through the DANCEA
programme, form the basis of the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM). The
GEM collects long-term data series in order to quantify variations in biological as
well as geophysical parameters in the terrestrial, aquatic and marine environments on
a seasonal as well as yearly basis in relation to local, regional and global climate
change.
The GEM consists of several basis programmes: ClimateBasis collects data on
climatological and hydrological conditions, e.g. data from automatic weather
stations. GeoBasis collects data on changes in the landscape in relation to climate,
hydrology and physics, e.g. data on snow and ice and on methane and CO
2
flux from
the vegetation. BioBasis collects data on biological parameters in lakes as well as on
land, e.g. data on arthropods, birds, vegetation phenology, NDVI, CO
2
exchange
between the vegetation and the atmosphere. MarineBasis collects data on physical,
chemical as well as biological oceanographic parameters.
These monitoring programmes also provide a data and knowledge foundation for on-
going national and international research projects related to climate change in
Greenland.
GINR conducts annual surveys on marine mammal, fish and shrimp stocks in West
and East Greenland offshore areas and in the Disko Bay. The monitoring programme
provides unique time-series dating back several decades, thus providing knowledge
on the response to natural climate variation and ongoing anthropogenic climate
change.
GINR provides scientific advice for the Greenland Self-government on sustainable
harvest and conservation of marine and terrestrial mammals, birds and vegetation. In
this regard, a significant amount of research is conducted on the effects of climate
variation, primarily sea ice dynamics, on abundance and behaviour of marine
mammals and birds. Moreover, the GINR has developed methods for obtaining
oceanographic data in the vicinity of glacier fronts or areas heavily influenced by sea
ice by means of tagging diving mammals. Such areas are not easily accessed in
traditional oceanographic surveys, but particularly interesting in a climate change
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
338
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0339.png
context providing invaluable data for understanding the oceanographic feedback
processes.
8.2.4.10 The Faroe Marine Research Institute - (Havstovan)
The Faroe Marine Research Institute (FAMRI,
www.hav.fo)
conducts studies of the
Faroese marine environment and its living resources, informs the Faroese authorities
and public about these conditions and provides advice on sustainable exploitation.
Each year FAMRI informs the Faroese government about the state of fish stocks in
Faroese waters and other waters that Faroese fishing vessels use and provides
scientific advice and assessments according to the law on commercial fishing. For
this purpose, FAMRI performs annual fisheries surveys with the research vessel
"Magnus Heinason" and chartered vessels, in addition to analysing catches from
commercial fishing vessels.
FAMRI makes regular surveys of the marine environment each year. They highlight
the changes from one year to another and help understand the changes in physical
conditions and the living resources.
FAMRI carries out a number of experimental fishery projects each year. The Institute
also participates in Nordic and international projects in fisheries and marine science
of various kinds. This includes monitoring of the oceanic heat transport towards the
Arctic, most of which passes by the Faroe Islands, and one of the main overflow
branches, returning to feed the AMOC, which FAMRI has monitored for more than
two decades.
On-going projects include:
•
•
•
•
Faroese Monitoring (FARMON) in 2017-2019
Blue-Action: Arctic impact on weather and climate in 2016-2020
Western Valley OverfloW (WOW) in 2016-2018
Optimizing and Enhancing the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System (AtlantOS)
in 2015-2019
More information about on-going as well as completed projects is on FAMRIs
homepage:
http://www.hav.fo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=111
(in Faroese).
8.2.4.11 Natural History Museum (Náttúrugripasavnið)
The Faroese Museum of Natural History (www.savn.fo) is responsible for
biodiversity collections from the Faroe Islands, for research in biodiversity, and for
presenting the current state of knowledge on biodiversity to the public.
The Faroese Museum of Natural History is participating in projects on the effects of
climate change on the vegetation and selected plant species. Since 2001 an ITEX
(International Tundra experiment) site was established in alpine area, and the
vegetation and phenology of selected plant species have been followed at a regularly
basis.
In 2009 a GLORIA (Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments)
site was established on four mountain summits in the Faroe Islands. The aim of the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
339
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0340.png
network is to establish and maintain vegetation and temperature data collected at the
GLORIA sites for discerning trends in species diversity and temperature. Globally,
most sites are investigated at 6-7 year intervals, and the site in the Faroe Islands was
monitored for the second time in 2015. For inter-comparison, it is following the same
cycle as at the other sites.
On-going projects include:
•
Global observation research initiative in alpine environments (www.gloria.ac.at/)
•
International Tundra Experiment (ibis.geog.ubc.ca/itex/)
8.2.5
Economic and other research, including evaluation of climate change
and possibilities for mitigation
It is important to take account of the economic consequences of the different ways to
mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
8.2.5.1 Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
DTU is involved in various research activities, primarily relating to policies and
measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and relating to emission scenarios for
greenhouse gases. The activities include development and implementation of
international methodological standards for cost and sustainability analyses of reduction
policies, discussion and testing of baseline approaches and various project and sector
studies for the energy, transport, and agricultural sectors. DTU has a significant
research portfolio in the areas of renewable energy, mainly energy system analysis and
planning, wind and solar, energy efficiency options and policies, intelligent energy
systems and integration.
The research activities include direct support for the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change in many areas, often combined with capacity and
training programmes in developing countries.
With the Paris Agreement, the activities focus on supporting implementation of the
Nationally Determined Contributions where UNEP DTU Partnership has worked with
35 countries on their submissions before Paris and is now engaged in supporting
integration and implementation of the new national plans.
One specific area where research and capacity building are moving forward fast is the
issue of transparency i.e. the countries’ ability to assess and subsequently report on the
results of their national mitigation and adaptation actions in a clear, comparable and
unambiguous manner. UNEP DTU Partnership has a leading global position in this area
covering both methodology and tool development, and country level support.
8.2.5.2 Aarhus University
Research at Aarhus University is concentrated on the judicial, economic and
politological aspects of climate policy and legislation at UN, EU and national levels.
Cooperating with researchers from the University of Southern Denmark, University of
Copenhagen, and a number of partner institutions abroad, and following up cooperation
established with the former Centre for Social Science Research on the Environment at
Aarhus University, general competence is assured in cross-disciplinary research into
law, politology and economics. Research focuses on analyses of effectiveness of
specific policy instruments (solely or in interaction with other instruments), both
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
340
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
traditional regulatory measures, information measures, economic policy instruments
like taxes, quotas and subsidies, and flexible mechanisms (JI and CDM agreements).
Decision-making processes and target group behavior/perceptions on climate change
are also focus areas for Aarhus University. Moreover, researchers have thorough
knowledge of environmental and energy policy and legislation. Such competence forms
the basis for cooperation on a Masters degree in Environment and Energy Law, cf.
Chapter 9.
AU’s Department of Environmental Science has general competence in setting up and
evaluating mechanisms for reducing emissions and special competence within the
agricultural, energy and transport sectors. In addition, it possesses general knowledge of
the different aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, including research competence concerning
the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation. Activities include
preparation of guidelines for economic assessment of adaptation to climate change.
AU carries out research on the social and economic dimensions of climate change
adaptation, such as how economic analyses are used in the decision-making process,
economic modelling of changes in land use. AU carries out research on synergies in
green, sustainable cities and climate adaptation and sociology research on how private
and public actors perceive and react to climate change, and how they participate in
climate change adaptation activities.
8.2.5.3 University of Southern Denmark
The University of Southern Denmark in Odense carries out research on climatic,
ecological and anthropogenic impacts on marine environments, particularly in the North
Sea, in Greenland and in the Baltic Sea.
8.2.5.4 University of Copenhagen
At the University of Copenhagen, the social science aspects (economics, law,
sociology, anthropology etc.) of adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change effects
is an integrated aspect or a core focus of numerous research activities as well as
educational elements. It includes studies of how adaptation to climate change effects
enters into decision making for e.g. policy makers, natural resource managers, industry,
land owners and households, using economic optimization approaches, environmental
sociology and legal regulation as well as anthropological methods. The research
addresses the behaviour of decision makers in Denmark as well as in many foreign
(developing country) cases, and cases that concern a wide range of topics including e.g.
biodiversity conservation under change, land owners’ adaptation to changing climatic
conditions, rural household livelihood, transition to greener energy and coping
strategies.
Mitigation measures and regulation approaches are thus topics of research, in particular
for the economic and legal disciplines, but also others. Apart from focus on e.g. taxes,
subsidies and other promoting measures for renewable energy technologies, the ETS
and similar regulation tools, there is also emphasis on more general issues like urban
industrial and households’ decisions on transport, energy consumption etc., as well as
global issues like a reliable design of the REDD+ mechanism and reduction of CO2
emissions.
Since 2010, research at the Faculty of Law has also focused on addressing the
challenges of the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector and the
two sectors of the economy excluded from the scope of the Kyoto Protocol, namely:
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
341
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
international aviation and maritime transport. Also, research on the legal implications of
REDD has been developed. Two PhD theses and books have been published on these
aspects of mitigation, as well as a number of outputs in the shape of journal articles and
paper presentations at conferences worldwide.
Furthermore, research is carried out at the Faculty of Law on the highly relevant issue
of the role of industry action in the climate change conundrum. Specifically, a project
on Smart Cities Accelerator on integration of more renewable sources and energy
conservation in the urbanization that takes place and a project on Climate Change and
International Maritime Transport: ‘Legal Implications of the Maritime Industry’s
Voluntary Measures’ is running since autumn 2016 and the end of 2015, respectively.
The Centre of Public Regulation and Administration (CORA) has initiated a project on
“smart” regulation that reflects developments following the Paris Agreement and has
published on Global and Inclusive Governance.
The Faculty of Law is also involved in a project on ‘Energy Innovation and the Law in
the Age of Climate Change’ (2016-2018) and has led a project in 2016 for the Nordic
Council of Ministers (‘Nordic Working Group for Global Climate Negotiations –
NOAK’) on a transformation to low-carbon shipping to inform Nordic work on the
implementation of the Paris Agreement with regards to the maritime transport sector
through the formulation of a set of suggestions for Nordic action. As a result, discussion
papers and a final report were published and workshops have been held. Many of these
works take an interdisciplinary approach.
Crucially, the Faculty of Law has established a research network with 20 foreign
universities: The Academic Advisory Group under International Bar Association,
Section on Energy, Environment, Natural Resources and Infrastructure Law and
established in 2016 a network with New York University School of Law, ‘The
Transatlantic Maritime Emissions Research Network’ (TRAMEREN). These
associations serve as platforms for climate knowledge exchange and research
dissemination. A number of activities have been organized under the network auspices,
including international conferences. Additionally, the faculty takes part in the Working
Group on Climate Change of the European (COST) Action ‘Ocean Governance for
Sustainability – Challenges, Options and the Role of Science’ (OceanGov - CA15217).
With regard to extreme weather events generated by climate change, the University of
Copenhagen’s Center for Disaster Research (COPE) participates in a number of
international projects focusing on the management of and recovery from natural
disasters. ESPREssO (‘Enhancing Synergies for disaster PRevention in the EurOpean
Union’) - a research project funded by EU under the H2020 program, specifically
targets the integration between efforts to reduce disaster risk and climate change
adaptation. The Nordic Centre of Excellence on Resilience and Societal Security,
NORDRESS, a 5-year project under the Social Security Programme of NordForsk in
which the Faculty of Law participates, focuses on developing a particular Nordic
variant of resilience towards climate risks.
8.2.5.5 Roskilde University
At Roskilde University, research is going on concerning scenario building within
climate-stabilising policies, together with lifecycle analyses as a tool in economic
evaluation of climate-stabilization strategies.
At the university’s Department of People and Technology (IMT) research includes
participation in the EU project Greeco on territorial potential for a greener economy
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
342
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
(http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_AppliedResearch/greecoTPG.html
). The development of local and regional mitigation and adaptation strategies to
climate change is an important research area which is conducted in cooperation with
Danish municipalities. Research also addresses public lighting strategies, transitions
to energy-neutral and energy-producing buildings, transitions to public transport and
energy-efficient vehicles. The implications for daily life, regional infrastructure
planning and transport-related taxation is evaluated.
8.2.5.6 DMI
DMI is involved in various national and international research and networking projects
for assessments of climate change impacts on the economy, energy and agriculture
sectors, as well as the cost of the climate changes. In these projects, DMI develops
methodology for downscaling the climate-change projections to the regions of interest,
and provides expert advice for other partners of cross-cutting disciplines in the projects
on applications of model projections and their uncertainties to assess the climate-change
impact and risk on various sectors.
8.2.5.7 Aalborg University
At Aalborg University, focus of climate mitigation research is in part on how to reduce
energy consumption from the built environment, especially the transition to low energy
consumption housing, and the transport sector. Economic assessment load on energy
consumption in housing and building renovation is prioritized.
Moreover, research is being done on the relations between climate change, design
strategies and sustainability of industrial products, e.g. sustainable architecture in a new
climate and Life Cycle Assessments.
8.2.6
Research and development of technologies and approaches to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change
From 2008 to 2012 Aarhus University hosted the Coordination Unit for Research in
Climate Change Adaptation (KFT) at the DCE – Danish Centre of Environment and
Energy in collaboration with the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, the University
of Copenhagen, the Technical University of Denmark, the Danish Meteorological
Institute, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. KFT has supplied
authoritative climate data and climate-effect data as well as specific climate research
results of relevance to climate adaptation. KFT has mapped climate adaptation research
in Denmark in terms of both researchers and projects. Since 2013, a new network of
climate-change adaptation researchers has been formed, including the former members
of KFT as well as the DHI Group (an independent consulting and research organisation
in the field of water environment).
Aarhus University (AU) is heavily involved in all university activities related to the
environment, energy and climate-related issues. AU has broad competences within the
topics: Future energy systems, Future climate and climate adaptation, and Competitive
environmental technologies.
At the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) many Departments are engaged in
research and development related to wind and solar technologies, smart energy systems,
systems integration and energy system modelling. DTU has also established the
Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency as the Hub of the global Sustainable Energy
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
343
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
for All initiative. The Centre is engaged in research and country and city level support
to implement best practice energy efficiency technologies.
DMI works with solar resource assessment and forecasting and is involved in a Solar-
PV development and demonstration project.
8.2.6.1 Energy research
Denmark has a long history of supporting research and development in the field of
energy. Chapter 4.3.4.1.6 contains further information on the Danish Energy
Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (EUDP) and Mission
Innovation.
8.2.6.2 Aarhus University
Research at Aarhus University, DCA – Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture focuses
on the agricultural sector's possibilities for adapting to climate change by changing the
cultivation system, including changes in fertilisation and the use of pesticides and
adapting soil tillage methods. The aim is to develop adaptation options that also reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from the sector. Research at AU is also conducted within
European and global research projects to address more general concerns for adaptation
of agricultural systems to climate change.
At AU, Department of Agroecology and Department of Animal Science conduct a
range of research projects aimed at quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from
agricultural activities and the effects of management and technologies to reduce these
emissions. This covers emissions from soil, livestock and manure, and many different
technologies and management systems are being explored. This research is often
conducted in collaboration with other European research institutes or as part of the
Global Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases.
At DCA, the world's largest biogas plant for research purposes was commissioned in
2007. It can be used by scientists and private companies - Danish and foreign - for
projects in biogas production and slurry separation. Recently, much focus has been
given to investigate and up-scale methanisation of the CO2 part of biogas in order to
integrate wind and biogas production and increase storage capacity of the renewable
energy system. Since 2017, an interdisciplinary AU Centre for Circular Bioeconomy
(www.cbio.au.dk) will intensify the research in sustainable and low emission biological
production systems on land and in the sea. The centre further investigates the
conversion of the biomass into materials and energy to substitute fossil fuels.
AU, DCA has long experience in developing dedicated energy crops with a low
environmental impact and high net-emission reduction. Most promising crops are
perennial crops such as willow and miscanthus, the latter utilising the C4-
photosynthetic pathway, which will become increasingly effective in the warming
climate. However, the high content of protein in conventional cut grass and clovers has
been intensively studied with the aim of producing a local protein source instead of
importing large amounts of soya bean products from other continents. Side-streams
from this production are expected to be used for bioenergy, and a demonstration scale
plant is expected build in 2018 based on experiences on a pilot plant built in 2015.
Denmark has opted to include detailed accounting of LULUCF as part of its mitigation
efforts. Therefore large efforts have been invested at AU (DCA and DCE) to monitor
and model changes in soil carbon in both mineral and organic soils. AU has developed
the CTOOL model for this purpose, and this model is being applied for national
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
344
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
accounting of soil carbon changes. This model has been proved to be reliable, and is
currently being considered for application in other European countries.
AU, Department of Environmental Science is working with the main drivers behind
greenhouse-gas emissions from the energy sector, the agricultural sector, and the
transport sector. The University of Copenhagen, Department of Geoscience and Natural
Resource Management has competence in forestry, afforestation, etc. Together, these
two institutions cover the aspects of land use in the open countryside for agricultural
purposes, forestry and nature. Both institutions are looking at challenges related to use
of biomass from agriculture and forestry as an energy source.
AU makes general inventories of atmospheric emissions from all sectors and activities,
including the greenhouse gases. The institution has special research competence in
inventories from the agricultural sector, the transport sector, the industrial sector, and
the energy sector. The University of Copenhagen, Department of Geoscience and
Natural Resource Management contributes with inventories of emissions from forestry
and changes in land-use in relation to how forests affect the forest ecosystems' carbon
sinks and thus the potential binding of CO2 in biomass and soil.
AU has models for projecting greenhouse-gas emissions, based, for instance, on
projections of activities in relevant sectors, with the University of Copenhagen,
Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management providing input on
forests.
AU also has research competence in modelling the dispersal of greenhouse gases
locally and regionally, with special focus on Denmark, Europe, and Greenland. The
Department of Environmental Science has developed a CO2 model (DEHM) for
dispersal, transport, and surface movements. The model can be used to determine the
size of sources and drains for CO2 in Europe over specific areas and for estimating
whether these areas comply with the Kyoto Protocol. AU (Department of Bioscience
and Department of Environmental Science) recently joined the ICOS (Integrated
Carbon Observation System) with a number of ecosystem monitoring sites and an
atmospheric site in Greenland where greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations are
monitored and subsequently used for research and input to climate assessments (e.g.
SWIPA, IPCC etc).
AU’s department of Environmental Science has a large research group working on
different aspects of climate change adaptation, including eg: risk assessment, economic
assessment of climate adaptation measures, user involvement, farmer perception and
adaptation to climate change, climate change communication, development of climate
services to the public and private sector, sustainable urbanization and nature based
solutions.
AU has several research areas of relevance to local climate adaptation solutions related
to excess water both in urban and open areas (fluvial, coastal and groundwater). Some
of the central research areas are: Groundwater identification and modelling,
development of nature based solutions for water retention and development of novel
treatment technologies for urban storm waters.
Two new AU interdisciplinary research centres in Climate and in Water Technology
will address some of these issues.
AU has several initiatives on the human aspects of climate related risks in the past as
well as the present. One of the projects are C3NET – the Climate | Culture | Catastrophe
Network with the aim of bringing together an interdisciplinary team of researchers
concerned with the human impacts of climate change and extreme environmental
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
345
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
events in the past – as well as in the present and future. C3NET aims to create and
catalyze a Palaeoenvironmental Humanities research, education and outreach cluster at
Aarhus University and beyond.
AU has an interdisciplinary Centre for Environmental Humanities (CEH), that is
concerned with re-engaging the environment in disciplines such as history, religion,
literature and media, ethics, archaeology, anthropology, education, and artistic practice
as ways of understanding and communicating climate change and increasing climate
and geo-literacy. Numerous externally- funded projects in archaeology (e.g. EU Life,
DFF, Carlsberg) are concerned with past human-environment relations and hence
contribute to our understanding of shifting baselines and our stock of knowledge with
regards to the diversity of these relations over time.
The Danish School of Education at AU has conducted research on the role of education
in relation to climate change and sustainable development.
8.2.6.3 University of Copenhagen
The University of Copenhagen is involved in a number of research projects related to
new technologies e.g. for renewable energy, including biofuels. Furthermore a number
of projects and research areas have focus on adaption to and effects of climate change.
The University of Copenhagen is exploring the options for adaptation of cities to
climate change by means of blue-green approaches and exploitation of ecosystem
services. This research includes principles for redesign of the blue-green infrastructure
for storage, infiltration and evaporation of stormwater runoff, for buffering of the urban
heat island, and for biodiversity support, as well as the development of new
technologies for treatment of stormwater runoff to high quality water for reuse
purposes. The research and innovation activities further encompass description and
assessment of urban planning concepts for climate-change adaptation in Denmark,
China and Africa.
Another research theme at the University of Copenhagen, Department of Geosciences
and Natural Resource Management (IGN), is climate-change adaption in the Danish
municipalities. Main focus is on performance, drivers and barriers within the following
fields: mapping of flooding threats, adaptation policies and planning, implementation
and management strategies as well as attitudes and collaboration between the different
sectors and stakeholders: politicians and planners from the different authorities as well
as the citizens.
Numerous research projects at IGN address issues related to sustainable biomass
production, both in forestry and in cooperation with other departments related to
agricultural biomass production. The use of biomass, the land use and land use change
(including ILUC) is an integrated part of several these projects. Topics related to
conversion of biomass to energy – solid or liquid – are directly related to the processes
of moving towards a bio-based society and economy.
The response of tree species to climatic change, the endurance, adjustment and
tolerance of species and the resilience of forest ecosystems, as well as the expected
influence on productivity and ecosystems services of forests are important research
topics at the forest, nature and biomass section of IGN. The implications for
development of wise management strategies, including options for sustained and
increased biomass productivity and carbon pools, are an important part of the research
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
346
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0347.png
and development activities. The carbon pools, the dynamics over time and scale are
core topics in a number of research projects, including development and testing of
efficient inventory and sampling methods, utilizing both field data and remote sensing.
IGN carries out research on both mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.
Within the framework of an IGN-led EU-funded I-REDD project, the effects of the
REDD+ mechanisms are being studied in SE Asia, and in collaboration with UNEP-
DTU, possibilities of options for renewable energy have been explored in Mali
63
. In a
Danida-funded project, improved adaptation to climate change, making better use of
outputs from regional climate modelling and seasonal forecasting, is being studied in
West Africa, in collaboration with DMI and AGRHYMET in Niger.
The Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of
Copenhagen, focuses on developing methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
different agricultural production systems, depending on both application of mineral and
organic fertilisers, irrigation strategies and choice of crops in both temperate and
tropical production systems. A special focus area in a number of research projects is
agricultural and urban organic waste recycling technologies, including anaerobic
digestion for biogas production and upgrading of residues for biofertilizer production in
both intensive and extensive agricultural systems (e.g.
http://www.reusewaste.eu,
http://biochain.dk, http://www.susane.info).
Advanced agroecosystem models and life
cycle assessment models are being used to investigate and compare the effects on
global warming potential of alternative technologies.
The UN CGIAR headquarters of Climate Change and Food Security (CCAFS,
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/)
is located at PLEN. A member of the Department sits in the
Science Board of the JPI on Food Security, Agriculture and Climate. The Department
also studies the food systems of cities and has developed new identity metrics to
calculate GHG emissions linked to food demand and supply for 9 billion people.
Together, the PLEN and IGN departments play a key role in national and international
research initiatives to develop renewable biofuels for climate-change mitigation. The
research focuses on sustainable intensification of the productivity and quality of
biomass for different bioenergy purposes (http://www.bio4bio.dk). These activities are
combined with targeted improvement of biomass feedstocks for new energy
applications (e.g. maritime fuels;
http://b21st.ku.dk/)
and for use in biorefineries
(http://biovalue-spir.ku.dk).
At the Department of Biology, research on freshwater streams and lakes is carried out in
the light of increasing temperature as well as changes in precipitation patterns. Issues
like increased brownification of freshwaters and also increased nutrient mobility in
groundwater and surface waters are covered. The research has lately been supported by
the VILLUM Foundation via the Centre for Lake Restoration and Aage V Jensens
Naturfond.
8.2.6.4 GEUS
GEUS is researching impacts on the Arctic environment, and the driving forces for
natural climate variations in long-term perspectives.
63
http://www.frsemali.org/
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
347
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
In cooperation with other countries, GEUS participates in EU-funded projects, in which
the possibilities for finding geological storage possibilities near the European power
stations and large industrial CO
2
point sources are being studied. Technical-economic
models are also being developed in this project for planning and price calculations of
different combinations of sources of CO
2
emissions, transport, and types of geological
storage. Several geological formations in Denmark are known to be suitable for
deposition and GEUS has identified and mapped potential storage sites and estimated
the storage volume.
GEUS is also participating in the international research project CO2STORE, a
continuation of the SACS project, in which CO
2
deposition from the Norwegian
Sleipner gas field is being further developed. GEUS is studying the geological
properties of the storage, including the extent of the sand formation, the tightness of the
clay seal and the chemical effects of storing CO
2
in the form of carbonic acid at low
acidity.
As a significant outcome of the Energy agreement in spring 2012 GEUS has established
an open Geothermal Energy portal, where users – including local and national
authorities and industry – can find a comprehensive amount of data and information
regarding prospective areas, depths and qualities of aquifers. GEUS has further
contributed with local geological models assessing the potential in a number of
geothermal license areas and has established numerical models for production capacity.
GEUS is investigating the possibilities of using deep-sited aquifers for energy storage
for mitigating seasonal fluctuations in production and consumption. Also shallow
geothermic energy and heat storage applications are being developed and exploited.
8.2.6.5 Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
The Technical University of Denmark (DTU) is in the international top league in
research and development of sustainable energy technologies covering all major areas
related to a shift from fossil energy sources to renewable energy technologies. More
specifically, DTU's research covers exploitation of renewable energy sources and
development of new energy technologies; conversion and storage of energy;
development and control of energy systems; and insight in patterns of energy
consumption.
DTU is strong in development and implementation of wind farms; utilization of
biomass (gasification, bioethanol production, biogas upgrade, biofuels and
biochemicals) and utilization of solar energy (photovoltaics, photo catalysis and
concentrated solar power (CPS)). DTU develops technologies for conversion and
storage of energy (e.g. fuel cells, electrolysis cells, batteries, magneto-caloric cooling
and heating, thermal energy storage, biofuels and carbon capture storage (CCS)), new
concepts for sustainable transport and energy saving building and cities.
DTU has expertise in developing and managing future energy systems capable of
handling large amounts of energy from intermittent energy sources such as wind and
solar and concepts for smart cities to optimize the use of renewable energy
technologies.
DTU engages in research on the linkages between the uses of cleaner energy
technology and its impact on the climate and development processes. Through the
UNEP DTU Partnership, DTU supports implementation of policies and strategies in
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
348
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
developing countries that provide access to cleaner and more efficient energy
technologies. DTU has long standing experience and methodologies to facilitate energy
technology transfer, identifying and overcoming political, institutional and financial
barriers to increase use of these technologies.
Further, DTU carries out analysis, research and technical assistance on emerging
mitigation policies, strategies and instruments, increasingly in the context of Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDCs) as defined through the Paris Agreement. UNEP
DTU Partnership has also supported the development of Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in a multitude of countries, and even earlier it has been
key supplier of guidance on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the
Kyoto Protocol. DTU provides institutional and technical capacity building in Asia,
Africa and Latin America through various in-country activities in close collaboration
with local counterparts.
DTU also carries our research on methodological frameworks for assessing the social
and financial costs and benefits of climate-change adaptation measures at project and
sector levels. The aim is to help expand the knowledge base on the costs and benefits
of addressing climate-change through both mitigation and climate resilience strategies.
DTU's activities moreover include research in linking technology transfer to underlying
economic forces, as well as developing tools to assess the benefits and costs of
technologies needed to adapt to climate change. This involves methodology
development and technical assistance related to identification, assessment and
prioritization of technologies for climate-change adaptation..
DTU is active in the research to improve wind resource estimation and wind power
integration. These wind energy research fields are reflected in a number of international
projects involving in-country national research centres, government departments and
companies in the energy sector. There is a capacity building component to these
projects, so that delivery of new data is coupled to competences to apply the data to
give best value. DTU has worked with IRENA to create a wind energy costing tool,
expected to be launched in the near future. DTU is currently working with the World
Bank to make a significant update to the Global Wind Atlas dataset and website. This
initiative is seen as an important platform and partnership, to bring wind resource data
into the public domain, and increase accessibility for subsequent analysis for national
planning purposes.
DTU provides researched-based consultancy in renewable energy system integration,
planning and policy to the energy sector in countries like e.g. China, South Africa and
Mexico. Likewise, DTU leads prominent IEA expert groups, including the Energy
Aystem Technology Analysis Program (ETSAP) and the Experts Group on R&D
Prioritisation and Evaluation (EGRD). In the area of wind energy, DTU is coordinating
member on a number of IEA tasks and a member of several more.
DTU Wind Energy is leading the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) Joint
Programme on Wind Energy. The alliance works on influencing the European research
agenda. It has also several members on the IEC standards committees, influencing and
aligning how the latest science can be implemented into reliable wind energy
technology. Furthermore, DTU Wind Energy is seeking to have an author contributing
to IPCC reporting on the topic of wind resources in Energy Systems.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
349
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
8.2.6.6 Roskilde University
The university’s Department of People and Technology (IMT) is involved in the
evaluation of technical, economic and environmental aspects of biofuel production.
Research focuses on energy crops and algae cultivation for transformation to bio
fuels. The research is based on utilizing sewage water to increase productivity, and it
examines effects on CO
2
and nutrient removal. Activities include participation in the
Baltic Sea Bio-Energy Promotion Programme (EU Interreg Programme with 36
partners) and in Cluster Biofuel Denmark, which is a technology platform bridging
the gap between private enterprises, universities and public authorities.
Another research theme is Climate Change and Innovation in the Building Sector,
and this is being conducted in cooperation with the Technical University and many
others. In this context, the energy and environmental challenges for building and
renovating in the future are being addressed.
8.2.6.7 Aalborg University
In the transformation of low-carbon, renewable energy from alternative to
mainstream, Aalborg University has made crucial academic contributions. By 2017,
some 400 energy researchers at AAU are engaging a very wide range of academic
disciplines in flagship projects within the fields of renewable energy, energy-
efficiency, and smart energy systems. All of these activities are carried out in close
collaboration with partners such as private businesses, public organizations or
NGO’s.
AAU has a long-standing tradition for research paving the way for the smart energy
systems of the future and the present, both from a system as well as from a
technological perspective. Since 2012 Aalborg University has led the creation and
elaboration of the ”Heat Road Map Europe” (funded by FP7 and Horizon 2020), a
catalogue of strategies for greener heating and cooling in Europe. Heat Road Map
Europe has delivered a host of data, tools, and methods for the analysis of energy
systems, heat savings, and district heating and cooling on a European level.
Considered the main provider of recommendations for these areas by the European
Commission, the results from Heat Road Map Europe have been utilized directly in
the configuration of EU strategies for heating and cooling.
Closely related to these prominent contributions are a variety of efforts to develop
models, strategies, and technological solutions and designs to the integration of
heating/ cooling, gas, and electricity. Particularly challenging is the integration of
renewables into the energy system. From a technological perspective, projects like
SmartC2Net and RemoteGrid (funded by FP7 and the Danish Energy Technology
Demonstration Program respectively) have provided groundbreaking progress in
these areas. A world-leading ICT research institution for decades, AAU researchers
are currently applying insights and know-how from the disciplines of smart cities,
artificial intelligence, machine learning and Internet-of-Things on these designs for
the smart energy system. Research into the storage of energy from renewable sources
shows great potential as AAU researchers are utilizing the experiences and
competencies acquired from long-term research and development within thermal
energy technology and especially fuel cells and hydrogen technology. These new
technologies are expected to radically impact the carbon footprint of the
transportation sector as they point towards greener fuels.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
350
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Research within renewable, low-carbon energy technologies (wind, wave, PV) has in
itself been prioritized heavily for decades at AAU. In recent years, however,
combined efforts towards the challenge of providing cost-effective and reliable
offshore wind energy have been at the heart of many research environments at AAU.
In prominent publicly funded research and innovation projects, research is being
conducted on the design of the components of the wind turbine system: the blades,
the mechanical parts (including e.g. nacelle and hub), and the substructure (i.e.
various types of foundations). Furthermore, the development of research-based
models for leaner and greener manufacturing processes and transportation of
components are highly requested by AAU’s business partners. New solutions for grid
connection and the control of the wind farms are being investigated and validated by
AAU researchers. Approximately 100 PhD’s and Post Docs are engaged in wind
energy research at Aalborg University.
Enhancing the efficiency and reliability of green energy technologies, power
electronics is a crucial part of the green transition. Through large-scale, state-of-the-
art research and demonstration projects (“Intelligent Efficient Power Electronics”
(2012-2017) and “Center for Reliable Power Electronics” (2011-2016)), AAU has
manifested its position as a world-leading hub for development of power electronics,
the part of the energy system where electricity from e.g. wind turbines or PV solar
cells is converted to electricity usable for households, transportation vehicles etc..
Currently, the “Advanced Power Electronic Technology and Tools” (funded by the
Innovation Fund Denmark) project aims at preparing for a paradigm shift in power
electronics that will boost the spread of smart and low-carbon, electrical energy
systems.
Since 2009, the Strategic Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings has
developed integrated, intelligent technologies for buildings, which ensure significant
energy savings and optimal use of renewable energy. In close collaboration with the
industry, the center delivers the necessary basis for long-term sustainable
development in construction. Supplementing the knowledge and knowhow from
building research by insights from material technology, information technology and
sensor technology, the center develops new intelligent building components and
building systems. These systems and components are able to adapt their function and
characteristics in proportion to the current need, to the users’ behaviour, and to the
renewable energy production, and in that way to eliminate both the need of fossil fuel
and fulfil the users’ demands on the function and the indoor environment of the
building.
8.2.6.8 University of Greenland
Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland is managed by a Board of Governors and a
Rector under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Church in the
Government of Greenland and is established under Act of Greenlandic Parliament
no. 19 of 19 of November 2007 on Ilisimatusarfik.
The Institute of Social Science, Economics & Journalism and the Institute of Culture,
Language & History at Ilimmarfik Campus, Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland,
covers social sciences and humanities. Ilisimatusarfik is involved in a series of
activities which include focus on climate change, including specific courses with a
focus on climate change offered at BA and MA levels.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
351
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0352.png
The Climate and Society programme
The Climate and Society programme links Ilisimatusarfik/University of Greenland
and the Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC) and focuses on issues of
pressing contemporary concern for society and environment in Greenland. The
research and teaching of The Climate and Society programme is at the intersection of
social science, climate science and public policy. An important aspect of the work is
concern with understanding climate change within the context of other changes and
societal and economic transformations in Greenland, including resource development
and extractive industries. Rapid social, economic and demographic change, resource
management and resource development, anti-hunting campaigns, trade barriers and
conservation policies all have significant implications for human security and
sustainable livelihoods in the Arctic. In many cases, climate change magnifies
existing societal, political, economic, legal, institutional and environmental
challenges that people experience and negotiate in their everyday lives.
The research projects nurture new knowledge about human-environment relations,
economic activities; environment and climate change in Greenland in both historical
and contemporary perspective, and contribute to social scientific approaches to
climate change more generally.
The Climate and Society programme is a foundation for formal educational links
between GCRC and Ilisimatusarfik. It contributes to teaching of undergraduate
students and supervision of graduate students at Ilisimatusarfik at both Master’s and
PhD level.
The Climate and Society programme employs a professor, researchers and PhD
students. The current main projects under the Climate and Society programme are:
•
•
•
•
Inuit Pinngortitarlu—Nuuk Fjord Monitoring and Mapping Project;
Climate Change and Extractive Industries;
Kalaalimernit: Greenlandic Foods, Cultural Identity and Climate Change;
A Millennium of Changing Environment in the Kangersuneq and the Kapisillit Fjord System,
West Greenland;
•
Greenlandic Communities, Ice and Living Resources; and
•
Climate Change, Policy and Governance.
Major Projects
Researchers at Ilisimatusarfik are involved in the following major projects:
• Marpart (Maritime Preparedness and International Partnership in the High North) is an
international research project including nine universities and research institutions in Iceland,
Norway and Russia. The main purpose of the project is to assess the risk of the increased maritime
activity in the Arctic and the challenges that this increase may represent for the emergency
prevention, preparedness and response institutions. The starting point of the project is the
increased maritime activity in Arctic waters and the vulnerability related to human safety,
environment and vessels or other physical installations at sea. The activities in focus are
intraregional and interregional transportation, exploration and exploitation of oil and gas and
mineral resources, fisheries and cruise tourism. The challenges in the Arctic for maritime
operations are limited infrastructure, low temperatures with ice and icing and a vulnerable nature.
• Qimmeq Greenland’s Sled Dog is a Greenland Perspective project under the aegis of the
University of Greenland, the Natural History Museum of Denmark and the University of
Copenhagen. Today, Greenland holds the Arctic’s largest remaining sled dog population and a
globally unique traditional dog sled culture. But both the sled dog and the culture that goes with it
are threatened by extinction. Even though sled dogs are iconic and dog sled culture plays an
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
352
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0353.png
essential role in Greenland and despite the subject holding great scientific interest only limited
systematic work has previously been done on these matters.
• ARCTICCHALLENGE is an international project focusing on Arctic petroleum development as
a challenge to societies: A comparative look at Norwegian, Greenlandic and US case sites.
ARCTICCHALLENGE investigates the increased need for energy as a major challenge to society,
and therefore to politics, in our time, and the effects on local lives in communities in the Arctic.
The project will significantly increase the understanding of the complexities embedded in securing
a viable future at the local level in the Arctic, by focusing on local, culturally based perceptions of
petroleum development and climate change in shaping such security
• SLiCA (Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic) is an international joint effort of and a
partnership between researchers and indigenous peoples to measure and understand living
conditions in the Arctic including the effects of climate change.
Results on climate issues gathered through the ongoing research and monitoring
efforts are also communicated in local and international fora.
8.2.6.9 University of the Faroe Islands (Fróðskaparsetur Føroya)
The University of the Faroe Islands (www.setur.fo) does not run systematic
observations, except for some project specific short-term measurement campaigns.
Climate and climate change is touched upon in educational programs at the
University. Renewable energy sources, as e.g. wind energy is part of activities in
research and education at the University. Both existing and new weather
measurements are, therefore, of high interest and are being used but not produced at
the University.
The University cooperated with other Faroese institutions in the 1980’s and 1990’s
about meteorological measurements in the central part of the Faroe Islands. At the
same time there was a small project looking into time-series from long-term weather
measurements (yearbooks from 1873 and onwards) made in the Faroe Islands by the
Danish Meteorological Institute. Limited measurement projects have been conducted
in relation to renewable energy, and environmental investigations. Apart from the
project described below, no other climate relevant projects are running now.
Project: Climate Change Management and Adaptation Project
The University of the Faroe Islands is participating on a project on climate change
adaptation in regions in the Nordic countries as well as with regions in the United
Kingdom and Ireland. The aim of the programme is to tackle Climate Change on
local and regional levels through increasing public awareness and by using models of
best practice to develop Climate Adaptation Plans for local authorities. The project
will also develop a preparedness scale matrix for local authorities.
This will be done by analysing and evaluating existing climate change data and
issues. The Climate Adaptation Plans developed within the project will identify the
risks/vulnerabilities posed by climate change in the short, medium and long terms
and will serve as a valuable input as to developing a community resilience to a
changing climate.
The project will build solutions to maintain the balance between competing
environmental, economic and social interests, and explore models for monetary
valuation of climate change adaptation, audit of the economic value in developing
the plans and the potential economic costs of not acting, i.e. pay now for preventative
measures or pay later following the impacts of climate change.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
353
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0354.png
Other participants are the power company SEV (www.sev.fo) and Tórshavn
municipality (www.torshavn.fo), the biggest municipality with a population of
roughly 21,000, which equates to about 42% of the total population of the Faroe
Islands. The municipality has a strong focus on the environment.
The project will look into the following topics:
•
Landslides: The risk of increased landslides due to increased precipitation. There are already
indications on vulnerabilities due to land use that is related to sheep density in particular.
•
Erosion: Increased erosion (of both rock and soil) may result from increased precipitation, as it
leads to more extensive and powerful run-offs, lake streams and waterfalls, increased winds
leading to rougher seas, which will have an increased damaging effect on land and, particularly,
coastal areas.
•
Change in fishery: The fishery may change due to a shift in sea temperature and/or changed ocean
currents. In recent years, the most economically important fish stocks have changed from being
dominated by demersal fish species to pelagic fish species.
•
Downpour: A rise in the amount of precipitation may induce increased pressure on the existing
sewerages, which will become a great challenge for the municipalities.
•
Storms: More extreme weather will entail new or different challenges to, for example,
construction. However, most constructions in the Faroe Islands are strong enough to withstand
extreme weather.
•
New terrestrial plants and animals: Occurrence of new species are recorded in the Faroe Islands at
regular intervals, but there are no publications available on these new findings yet.
•
New plant- and animal diseases: (temperature and humidity)
•
Coastal management: Measures to protect buildings, roads and harbours from rising sea levels in
conjunction with extreme weather.
8.3
8.3.1
S
YSTEMATIC CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS
Atmospheric climate observations, including measurements of the
composition of the atmosphere
DMI carries out continuous monitoring of key weather and climate parameters. In the
climate monitoring programme, classic methods of measurement are used and new,
satellite-based observation methods are being developed.
DMI operates around 350 automatic measuring stations in the Danish Realm
(Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands) with a broad measuring programme
ranging from automatic sea level or precipitation stations that measure only one
parameter, to stations with a full measuring programme, including automatic cloud
height detectors and weather type detectors.
Besides being of use for national programmes, the observations concern Denmark's
international contribution in the form of observation components from Danish
territory to the worldwide meteorological observation network WWW - World
Weather Watch. Other international programmes for mapping weather and climate
include the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System), coordinated by the World
Meteorological Organisation (WMO). For further details – see Annex H.
The meteorological observations are stored in DMI's database, and observations from
several Danish stations are available in electronic form from 1872, water level
measurements from 1890, and measurements of the surface temperature of the sea
from 1931.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
354
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0355.png
The meteorological observation systems that are of most interest in a climate context
are:
•
•
•
•
•
The surface observation system
The radio sounding network
The weather radar network
Satellite data
The ice observation service
Each of these systems is described in the following, together with DMI's
stratospheric observations and oceanographic observations.
Surface observation network
For historical and practical reasons, the surface observation network consists of
many different types of stations. Apart from five airbases and airports where there
are statutory requirements for manual observations, the network is 100% automated.
Table 8.2 provides an overview of the network. DMI is receiving a growing number
of observations from cooperation partners in all parts of the Realm, so these are
included in Table 8.2.
T
ABLE
8.2 T
HE NETWORK OF SURFACE OBSERVATION STATIONS
1 J
ANUARY
2013
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute
DMI
Type
Weather stations
Automatic precipitation intensity stations
Automatic acc. precipitation stations
Manual acc. precipitation stations
Surface radiation stations
Automatic sea level stations
Denmark
Greenland
Faroe
Islands
Cooperation partners
Denmark
Greenland
Faroe
Islands
43
106
28
33
24
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
27
158
18
3
aprox 60
In addition, Denmark is a partner in the EGOS/SURFMAR cooperation on collection
of weather observations from ships and drifting weather buoys in the North Atlantic,
since DMI has strategically well placed satellite reception facilities in Kangerlussuaq
(Greenland) and in Copenhagen. Observations from Denmark, Greenland and the
Faroe Islands are also included, and are coordinated with EUCOS (European
Coordinated Observation System), which is organised by EUMETNET (European
Meteorological Network). As part of the SURFMAR programme, DMI has an
observation agreement with four ships, which carry out systematic observations
(Automated Voluntary Observing Ships) in the waters around Greenland and
between Greenland and Denmark.
The radio sounding network
In radio sounding, a small, fully automatic weather station is sent up by balloon. The
balloon can reach a height of about 35 kilometres, and all the way up it sends
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
355
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
observations of temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind velocity via radio to a
receiving station. Radio soundings provide measurement of the atmosphere's vertical
profile for use in analyses of the condition of the atmosphere. They also enable
measurement of ozone and radioactivity.
DMI operates radio sounding stations in Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands and in
Danmarkshavn, Illoqqortoormiut, Tasiilaq, Narsarsuaq, and Aasiaat in Greenland.
Soundings are also received from three so-called ASAP (Automated Shipboard
Aerological Programme) containers, which are “portable” radio sounding stations
designed for use on ships. DMI has had an agreement for many years with a
Greenland shipping company on ship-borne radio soundings in the North Sea and the
North Atlantic. The radio sounding stations and the ASAP units take two daily
soundings, although the ASAP units do not take a sounding if they are near a land
radio sounding station, such as the one in Tórshavn.
Weather radar network
With five radars in Sindal, Virring and on Stevns, Rømø and Bornholm, Denmark's
network of weather radars provides 100% coverage, which enables comparison with
ground-truth data from a network of land-based precipitation stations.
The weather radar network has a high spatial resolution and is therefore able to
provide precipitation-climatological information at a very high degree of detail
nationally, regionally, and locally. By calibrating radar data against surface-based
point-precipitation measurements, the latest research results show that good absolute
accuracy can be achieved. The present radar network has a data frequency of six data
sets per hour and the spatial resolution is 2x2 km
2
.
Satellite data
Denmark contributes to space-based observations through membership of the
European Space Agency ESA and the European meteorological satellite organisation
EUMETSAT, and DMI has facilities for receiving satellite data in Denmark and
Greenland.
In cooperation with EUMETSAT, DMI is managing the so-called satellite
Application Facility (SAF) for use of GPS data for weather and climate monitoring
(ROM-SAF) and is also participating in SAF for oceanography and sea-ice (O&SI
SAF) and the SAF for ozone and atmospheric chemistry monitoring (O3M SAF).
Ice observation service
DMI is responsible for systematic monitoring of the ice conditions in the waters
around Greenland. Observations of the ice conditions have been collected for about
140 years, and there is a very large quantity of data in graphic form such as monthly
surveys, ice maps, etc. Since 1959 the waters south of Kap Farvel, in particular, have
been intensively monitored with satellites and aircraft for provision of ice
information to shipping. Ice maps are prepared and distributed frequently with
detailed information on relevant ice conditions. All new ice maps are in vector and
graphic form. Since 1999 weekly maps have been prepared showing the ice
conditions all the way round Greenland. All offshore maps are based on satellite data
DMI is carrying out research in sea ice modelling, satellite-based iceberg detection
and in mapping the extent of sea-ice through the past centuries.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
356
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0357.png
Measurements of pollen and spores
In Denmark the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association (Astma-Allergi Danmark)
is responsible for the pollen project and operate two routine stations measuring
allergenic pollen and spores in Copenhagen, Zealand, at the DMI (55
o
43´N,
12
o
34´E) and in Viborg, Jutland, at Viborg-Kjellerup Hospital (56
o
27´N, 9
o
24´E).
The measurements started in Copenhagen in 1977 and are performed utilising
Burkard traps placed 15 and 21 meters above ground level, respectively. The
distance between the two stations is about 220 km. In different periods, campaign
measurements have been performed at different stations in Denmark..
8.3.2
Stratospheric observations
Measurements of the ozone layer and UV radiation are made at Copenhagen and
Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord), using Brewer ozone spectrometers. In
Kangerlussuaq is also located a SAOZ spectrometer and an Aeronet Sun Photometer.
In order to monitor the ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere in the winter and
spring months, and with a view to establishing an ozone profile climatology, since
1989 DMI has been launching ozone probes from a number of stations in Greenland.
Since January 1993 ozone probes have been launched on a weekly basis from
Ittoqqortoormiit (Scoresbysund) on the east coast of Greenland. Ittoqqortormiit is as
of now the only DMI ozone sonde launching station in Greenland. In
Ittoqqortoormiit is also a SAOZ spectrometer, an Aeronet Sun Photometer and a UV
broadband instrument installed.
The observatories operated by DMI in Greenland in Kangerlussuaq and
Ittoqqortoormiit, are Arctic stations in the Network for Detection of Atmospheric
Composition Change (NDACC). This is a worldwide network of measuring stations
equipped with standardised instrumentation of verified high quality for monitoring
the condition of the stratosphere and the processes that affect the ozone layer.
NDACC is supported by the International Ozone Commission (IOC), UN
Environment and WMO, and DMI takes part in the NDACC steering committee
(http://www.ndacc.org). Besides, the radiosounding station in Narsarsuaq is also
hosting an Aeronet Sun Photometer.
The DMI measurements are reported to the NDACC database ) and the database of
the World Ozone and UV-radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) under the WMO
programme Global Atmosphere Watch and are used to validate satellite data as well
as to compare with results from climate models.
8.3.3
Oceanographic climate observations
DMI develop and uses satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature and height,
as well as ice concentration, drift, thickness and surface temperature for climate
observations.
DMI cooperates with the Danish Coastal Authority and local authorities to monitor
the sea level at a number of Danish localities.
DMI operates operational current-monitoring stations in the Danish Straits.
DMI integrates in-situ observations, satellite observations and ocean and sea ice
models to simulate the present oceanic climate around the Denmark, Greenland and
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
357
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
the Faroe Islands. The models assimilate observations and/or are validated using
observations.
DMI has for several spring seasons operated a flexible observational platform of
ocean, ice and atmospheric conditions on the sea ice off Qaanaaq, Greenland.
In addition, DMI operates several research driven monitoring programs.
8.3.4
Terrestrial observations related to climate changes
Monitoring of snow cover, sea ice and surface radiation is reported in sections 8.3.1
and 8.3.2 and observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet in section 8.3.5. Denmark
does not carry out further terrestrial observations that can be related to climate
change, but Denmark's climate-related research (cf. 8.2) includes monitoring and
studying the effect of terrestrial conditions – e.g. the continuous monitoring of
forests structure and function performed by the University of Copenhagen for the
Ministry of Environment.
As mentioned in Section 8.2.4.10, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
(GINR), Danish Centre for Energy and Environment (DCE), and Asiaq, Greenland
Survey are in charge of monitoring the effect of climate change on nature and the
environment in Greenland on the basis of the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring
(GEM). The GEM is also further described in Section 8.2.4.10.
8.3.5
Observations of the Greenland Ice Sheet
GEUS has since 2007 operated the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice
Sheet Margin (PROMICE), funded by the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and
Building through the DANCEA programme. Partners are the Greenland Survey
(ASIAQ) and the Danish National Space Centre at the Technical University of
Denmark. The objective is to monitor the mass loss of the Greenland Ice sheet.
The monitoring programme includes:
1. An extensive network of eight automatic weather stations (AWSs) in the ice
sheet surface in proximity of the ice sheet margin (see figure 8.1). The
stations measure the climate parameters and the surface melt.
2. Repeated airborne surveys of the entire ice margin to obtain surface elevation
and ice thickness (2007 and 2011).
3. An ongoing effort to determine ice sheet surface velocity from satellite radar
data and in situ GPS.
4. Modelling of the surface melt and dynamic mass loss of the Greenland ice
sheet.
5.
Regular mapping of area and elevation to determine mass loss of individual
glaciers and ice caps surrounding the ice sheet.
6. Maintenance of an open-access database (www.promice.org).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
358
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0359.png
F
IGURE
8.1 L
OCATION AND IDENTIFICATION CODES OF
PROMICE
AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS
.
D
OTTED LINES ARE ELEVATION CONTOURS IN M ABOVE SEA LEVEL
.
Source: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
GEUS also operates the GlacioBasis monitoring programme of the A.P. Olsen ice
cap within the GEM (Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring) framework, which is a
comprehensive environmental long-term monitoring programme at Zackenberg in
Northeast Greenland. The programme is funded by the Danish Ministry of the
Climate, Energy and Building through the DANCEA programme.
Other programmes related to the PROMICE monitoring are:
•
Participation in the worldwide effort to monitor land ice masses, Global Land
Ice Measurements from Space – GLIMS. Within this framework, GEUS acts
as the GLIMS Regional Centre for Greenland (RC1) and formally
coordinates the GLIMS activities in Greenland through contact with regional
stewards working in different parts of Greenland. GEUS actively works to
submit data to the GLIMS database within PROMICE.
Involvement in the European Space Agency (ESA) projects GlobGlacier
(global ice extent), ESA Climate Change Initiative Ice Sheets (ice velocities
and surface elevation changes) and CryoClim (surface types), The Nordic
Centre of Excellence - Stability and Variations of Arctic Land Ice (SVALI)
and the Greenland Climate Research Centre project Impact of Glaciers near
the Coast (IMGLACO).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
359
•
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0360.png
8.3.6
Systematic observations in Faroe Islands
A number of systematic observations are made in the Faroe Islands in relation to
climate, mostly on hydrography (responsibility: FAMRI, see Chapter 8.2.4.10) and
on weather stations (responsibility: LV) cf. Table 8.1.
T
ABLE
8.1 O
VERVIEW OF CLIMATE OBSERVATION SYSTEMS IN THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
.
Source: FAMRI, LV and VØRN
Observations, type
Hydrography
•
Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD)
measurements are obtained along six standard sections
extending out from the Faroe Shelf, typically three
times a year.
•
Current measurements (speed, direction) in the Faroe
Current (Atlantic Water inflow) and the Faroe Bank
Channel (Nordic Seas overflow).
•
Annual biological oceanography cruise in late April on
the Faroe Shelf. Main observations: chlorophyll a,
zooplankton and CTD.
•
Annual 0-group survey in late June on the Faroe Shelf.
Main observations: commercially important juveniles,
zooplankton and CTD, chlorophyll a, nutrients.
•
Coastal station Oyrargjógv: Temperature.
•
Coastal station Skopun: Temperature, salinity,
chlorophyll a, nutrients.
Hydrography
•
Automatic sea level and temperature measuring
stations.
•
Wave measuring buoys (wave-height, wave periode,
wave direction and sea temperature).
Atmospheric
•
Automatic weather-stations measuring:
o
Wind direction, wind speed, air-temperature, pressure,
humidity and rain intensity.
Atmospheric
•
Weather balloon launches
•
Automatic weather stations measuring: Wind
direction, wind speed, air-temperature, pressure,
humidity, rain intensity and sun hours.
Responsibility
FAMRI
LV
LV
VØRN
(DMI until 1/4 -2009)
The Road Authority Faroe Islands (LV or LANDSVERK, www.lv.fo) carries out
continuous monitoring of key weather and climate parameters. Classic methods of
measurement are used.
Landsverk operates 27 automatic weather-measuring stations. Measurements for
most of the stations go back to 2006, but for some back to 1998. The weather stations
measure wind direction and wind speed (10 min mean wind three sec. Gust), air
temperature, pressure, humidity and rain intensity. Many of the stations also measure
road temperature, water on road, ice on road and salt on the road. The raw data is
used for many purposes. Among others: Building projects, time estimation, evidence
in damage, accident incidents, climate investigations, air traffic investigations.
Landsverk operates six automatic sea level and temperature measuring stations and
four automatic wave-measuring buoys. The wave-measuring buoys measure among
other things: Wave height, wave period, wave direction and sea temperature.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
360
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0361.png
Apart from conducting inspection on fishing vessels, registrations on catch and other
tasks, the Fisheries Inspection (VØRN, www.vorn.fo) has since 2009 conducted a
number of systematic climate observations, formerly done by DMI (Danish
Meteorological Institute). VØRN launches weather balloons and is responsible for a
number of weather stations.
8.3.7
Development assistance for establishment and maintenance of
observation and monitoring systems
From 1997 to 2004 DMI participated in a development project together with the
meteorological institute of Ghana (Meteorological Services Department - MSD). The
purpose of the project included re-establishing a network of meteorological stations
in the country, thereby ensuring collection of data. At the same time, it was to
improve communication and use of the collected data. The project was completed in
2004. At the end of the project, MSD had an efficient network of around 300
observation stations registering the usual meteorological parameters.
DMI also coordinated the project ‘Use of climatic seasonal forecasts to improve
cultivation strategies for crops in West Africa’. The purpose of this project was to
examine the possibilities for adapting cultivation practice for a selected agricultural
crop (peanuts) in Ghana, using the best available seasonal forecasts for the climate.
The project was funded by the Council for Developing Country Research (RUF).
In 2004 DMI and AGRHYMET in Niger prepared a proposal for a project on the use
of satellite data and preparation of seasonal forecasts. However, contrary to
expectations, the necessary project funds will probably not be available.
From 2000 to 2005, in cooperation the Latvian Hydrometeorological Agency DMI
developed an operational system for monitoring degree-days in Latvia. The project
was supported by the Danish Energy Agency.
From 2009 to 2013 twinning activities between Danish Meteorological Institute
(DMI) and Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD) were carried out. At the
initiative and support of the Royal Danish Embassy in Zambia, DMI helped ZMD to
address the challenges at the ZMD in climate monitoring/modelling as well as in the
dissemination of weather/climate products.
In the period 2013 to 2014 DMI provided meteorological consultancy services for
the national water sector reform studies for Gambia. The project was supported by
the African Development Bank/African Water Facility.
From 2012 to 2014 DMI participated in a climate-adaption project in West Africa to
optimize the observation network, strengthen the capabilities for data management
and analysis, improve processing and analysis of satellite data, improve hydro-
meteorological forecasts, develop climate scenarios and update communication
strategies. The project was supported by the Danish Development Assistance
Programme (Danida).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
361
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
362
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0363.png
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
9 Education, training and public awareness
Denmark has a long tradition for involving the public in the environment field. This
tradition was followed up by an international agreement - the Aarhus Convention
from 1998. On climate change, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and political
reactions in terms of policies and measures there is an ongoing public debate in the
media and elsewhere. A considerable amount of information on climate change and
Danish policies is provided on the websites of the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and
Climate (www.efkm.dk), the Danish Energy Agency (www.ens.dk), the Danish
Meteorological Institute (www.dmi.dk), the Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland (www.geus.dk) and on the websites of other relevant ministries and the
institutions such as the Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing (www.trm.dk),
the Ministry of Environment and Food (www.mfvm.dk), the Ministry of Taxation
(www.skm.dk) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (www.um.dk).
In 2008 and 2009, numerous new initiatives on education, training and public
awareness regarding climate change issues were taken with a view to support
Denmark’s role as host for the 15
th
Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 7-18
December 2009 in Copenhagen. Although some of these initiatives were project-
based and limited in time, several of the initiatives continue now as part of the
ordinary curricula in elementary schools, secondary school, high schools and at
universities.
9.1
E
DUCATION AND POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION PROGRAMMES
The education system in Denmark has a long-lasting tradition and practice in
preparing and empowering students to live, learn, work and participate in a society
with freedom and democracy. The overall management and democratic learning
culture of schools combined with the framework curricula and learning objectives of
all subjects provide the basis for pupils and students to develop necessary knowledge
and skills to contribute to sustainable development, peace, human rights and global
citizenship, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal for quality education for
all, SDG 4.
Below further information in relation to education on climate change is provided.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
364
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
9.1.1
Primary, lower and upper secondary education
Primary and lower secondary education
Information on climate change and sustainable development in general for teachers
involved in primary and lower secondary education is available on a website under
the Ministry of Education (www.emu.dk).
Among the most recent dedicated products targeted at elementary school is
“Production with sustainable exploitation of the natural environment”
(http://www.emu.dk/modul/f%C3%A6llesfagligt-fokusomr%C3%A5de-produktion-
med-b%C3%A6redygtig-udnyttelse-af-naturgrundlaget) i.e. geography,
(http://www.emu.dk/omraade/gsk-l%C3%A6rer/ffm/geografi).
Other relevant websites targeted at primary and lower secondary school are “The Ice
School” (http://isskolen.dk/wp/?page_id=4758), “The Polar Portal”
(http://polarportal.dk/forsiden/) and “DR School – Geography, Climate Changes”
(http://www.dr.dk/skole/geografi/klimaaendringer). “The Ice School” offers
complete e-learning materials on the Greenland ice sheet for 6th to 10th grade. “The
Polar Portal” focuses on Arctic climate change and its regional and global
importance. The Danish Broadcasting Corporation’s website “DR School –
Geography, Climate Changes” provides teaching materials on climate change in
pictures, sound and videos.
Furthermore Denmark has a dedicated network of schools participating in
UNESCO's Associated Schools Project Network. Following the adoption of the
SDGs in 2015 a number of these schools have embarked on a new flagship project,
initiated by UNESCO: "A Whole School Approach to Climate Change and
Sustainable Development." This project involves both primary, lower secondary and
upper secondary schools, teachers and pupils – and their communities.
Upper secondary education
Sustainable development has been a part of Danish upper secondary education for a
number of years. The reform of upper secondary education, which was launched in
august 2017, has a strengthened focus on sustainable development.
The purpose of the education is stated in §1 of the law for upper secondary
education. In this paragraph it is stated that “Students
should therefore learn to relate
reflectively and responsibly to their surroundings: fellow human beings, nature and
society as well as their development”.
Aspects of sustainable development appear in the syllabus of several subjects e.g.
biology, physics, chemistry, physical geography, design and architecture, social
science, technical science and it can be included in multi-subject coursework. The
Global Goals for Sustainable Development (UN 2015) is specifically mentioned in
the syllabus for physical geography and social science.
Information on climate change and sustainable development in general for teachers
involved in upper secondary education is also available on the website,
www.emu.dk, under the Ministry of Education. Among the most recent dedicated
products on the EMU targeted at upper secondary school is “Climate and Living
Conditions” (http://www.emu.dk/modul/klima-og-livsvilk%C3%A5r), i.e. physical
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
365
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0366.png
geography (http://www.emu.dk/omraade/stx/fag/naturgeografi). “Climate and Living
Conditions” offers several articles and teaching materials for inspiration about
climate around the world.
9.1.2
University of Copenhagen (KU)
Education in climate is an integral part of many educational programmes at the
University of Copenhagen.
In September 2013, an interdisciplinary two-year MSc programme, ‘Climate Change,
Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation’ (CCIMA) was started, covering both natural,
environmental and social science aspects of climate change
(http://studies.ku.dk/masters/climate-change/). The programme includes 16 courses,
offered by departments from the Faculties of Science, Social Science and Health, and
covering topics from geophysics to political science.
All major climate change research groups at KU contribute to teaching, giving the
programme a strong research base. Collaboration with other universities, such as
DTU, and research organisations, such as DMI, has been established to ensure the
strongest possible research basis of the programme. Students may either follow the
programme, leading to a ‘MSc in Climate Change’, or select individual courses as
part of other MSc programmes. Since the first year the programme has attracted
hundreds of students including many from various European and overseas.
At the Faculty of Law, the MA courses ‘Climate Change and the Law’ and
International Energy Law and Sustainability are offered to MA students.
Other educational programmes with focus on climate are:
•
EnvEuro, a two-year Master in Environmental Science, offered by the
University of Copenhagen and three other leading European universities
within the Euroleague for Life Sciences network. The MSc is focused on soil,
water and biodiversity and features an introduction to environmental science,
six different specialisations, including a specialisation in climate change, and
finally a Master’s thesis in environmental science (http://www.enveuro.eu/).
University of Copenhagen is hosting the master education in Water and
Environment affiliated to the Sino-Danish University Center in Beijing. The
Master’s programme in water and environment focuses on the growing need
for innovative and sustainable solutions and better water management
systems. Climate and global changes are integrated part of the teaching, in
particular 2nd semester the students acquire the necessary tools to deal with
data analysis and processing related to water and environment research at
different scales in the context of global change.
The Geophysics specialization of the MSc in Physics programme is offered
by the Faculty of Science at University of Copenhagen. The specialization is
focused on the Earth and its climate system. 8-10 courses cover the physical
description of the climate system, and the one-year research-based thesis can
be done in collaboration with research organizations such as DMI or the
Geological Survey (GEUS). The number of students graduating is typically
>10 per year.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
366
•
•
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0367.png
•
E-learning course in Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation
offered by the University of Copenhagen in close cooperation with the
Danish Meteorological Institute, Technical University of Denmark,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna and Australian
National University. Focus of the course is climate change impacts and the
human response to climate change. The course has been developed by a team
of teachers who are international experts within their respective disciplines,
including four lead- or coordinating lead-authors on Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. Through distance learning the course can
be followed from anywhere in the world and it is open for MSc students and
continuing education students with a relevant BSc background in natural
science, social science and economics (www.climate-change.dk).
Global Environmental Governance (GEG) is a cross-faculty specialization,
aiming to equip students with interdisciplinary skills which will assist them in
dealing with global environmental governance in an international and/or
national context. Focus is on the global and international levels of
governance, but with a view to how these levels interact with the regional and
local levels.
Climate Solutions is an interdisciplinary course offered by the University of
Copenhagen in collaboration with the Technical University of Denmark. It is
open for MSc students and continuing education students with a relevant BSc
background in natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, law, economics
and engineering. Students are working together in interdisciplinary teams as
consultants for private companies and public institutions to perform
accounting of their greenhouse gas emissions and create concrete plans for
implementing the most effective and cost-effective solutions for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions (www.climate-solutions.dk).
Summer schools are annually offered by the University of Copenhagen
within the area of climate change, often in collaboration with other
universities within IARU (http://studies.ku.dk/summer/courses/), and the
University of Copenhagen is also contributing to the Climate KIC summer
school The Journey (www.journey.climate-kic.org).
Large and smaller research projects on climate change related topics are
continuously initiated and offers sommer schools or other educationally
related activities as an element of the research plan.
Climate change is considered as an element in sustainability courses offered
by the faculty of Science.
Furthermore, a number of other individual courses on climate change is
available for continuing education students as single subject courses via open
education (www.kurser.ku.dk) and may also be taken in combination as a part
of a 60 ECTS Flexible Master in Climate Change and Environmental
Management (www.flexible-master.dk).
•
•
•
•
•
•
The universities disseminate widely the results of research, with the portals
(http://climate.ku.dk/ and http://climate.ku.dk/research/ ) as the main entry points.
Here, 12 key areas of climate research are listed, including areas of study and contact
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
367
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
persons. At the faculty/institute level, a wealth of climate activities within research
and education are disseminated, e.g. the Niels Bohr Institute's activities at the website
http://www.fys.ku.dk/hco/presse/Formidling2002.htm.
9.1.3
Aarhus University (AU)
There are climate related education programmes at all the faculties. For example
there are courses related to the understanding of the climate system and mechanisms
of climate change, agricultural production and the impact of this on the climate,
courses on tropical ecosystems, management and development, global food
production and climate change, global management and manufacturing, and
environmental economics and climate change.
AU Department of Law offers a number of courses in climate law or climate
mitigation/adaptation-related issues on both bachelor’s and master’s level. On a
bachelor’s level a 45-hour course in “Climate-, energy and environmental law” is
mandatory for business law students, while a 30-hour elective course in “Renewable
energy law” is running every fall. Focusing on exchange students, but also open for
Danish students, the Department of Law offers a 38-hours intensive bachelor’s
course in “Climate law – international and EU law in context” as part of the AU
Winter School Programme and a 40-hours course master course in “Climate law”,
which forms part of the AU Summer School Programme. Moreover, climate law
forms an integral part of the “Environmental Law” elective course on the master
level. The Department is also taking part in the Peoples University with lectures on
the Paris Agreement.
The Danish School of Education at AU has conducted research on the role of
education in relation to climate change and sustainable development. DanishIn
collaboration with Environmental and Sustainability Learning Centre at Rhodes
University in South Africa, they have recently explored how learning can foster
change agents and collective agency for climate resilient development.
Climate change issues are highly integrated in the MSc programme on
Agroenvironmental Management at Faculty of Sciences and Technology, which
contains a course on Carbon Cycling and Climate Change. Climate change is also
highly integrated in the Graduate School of Science and Technology and the
Agroecology, Biosciences and Environmental Sciences ph.d. programmes at AU.
The Faculty of Business and Social Sciences (BSS) at Aarhus University has set
strategic focus on “sustainable growth through innovation” in research, education,
communication and cooperation with the business community. More than 50
researchers are working with issues such as regulatory challenges, climate
economics, strategies and business models, user behaviour, sustainable supply chain
and logistics, responsible investment, CSR etc.
A BScB in Sustainable Business and a BScB in environmental law have been
developed.
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies offers a MA degree in sustainable
heritage management (SHM). The programme provides the students with the
knowledge and competencies needed to meet the multiple challenges of
contemporary heritage policy, management and research, and taking responsibility
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
368
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
for the links between humans, our environment, and the past. Educational
programmes in Anthropology also contain elements of environmental studies related
to land-use, governance, and political ecology, especially with regards to indigenous
peoples.
The AU School of Engineering offers an international graduate programme in Urban
Water. The semesters aim at combining traditional engineering skills with
environmental process know-how and methods for analysis and engineering of
suitable solutions for waste- and stormwater-water management, treatment and
discharge, and ground water withdrawal, treatment and distribution. An
understanding of the climate and environmental impacts is combined with
engineering disciplines in learning how real-life problems of the urban society can be
analysed, and how suitable technical solutions can be designed, dimensioned and
implemented. The programme is highly relevant in developing practical solutions for
water related climate change adaptation.
Aarhus University in collaboration with the Sino-Danish Centre, other Danish
universities and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing offers
a Master programme in Water and Environment for Danish and Chinese students in
Beijing, China. The programme is focused on finding solutions to the challenge that
worldwide freshwater resources are under pressure due to overuse, pollution and
climate change.
In addition, Aarhus University carries out a considerable amount of public outreach,
including numerous lectures at high schools and primary schools and for the general
public. Courses on climate have been organised for school teachers and journalists,
and AU has also presented number of papers for the general public, which may be
used as teaching material.
9.1.4
Aalborg University (AAU)
Climate change is an integral part of a very large number of educational programs at
AAU, reaching from social science through health aspects to technical programs with
focus on applications to reduce climate change. Thus, students at AAU generally
have in-depth knowledge within a specific (e.g. technical) topic combined with
generic knowledge on the wider (e.g. societal) implications. In order to be able to
solve the challenges of tomorrow the students need to have knowledge about many
aspects of the challenge. This is a key point in all of our educational programs. This
is parallel to the future scenarios for competence building required for the transition
to a low-carbon, renewable energy system developed by EUA-EPUE (European
platform of universities in energy research and education).
The PBL-based pedagogical model of Aalborg University has become both
nationally and internationally recognised by universities, researchers and students as
an advanced and efficient learning model. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a
student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the
experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. Thus,
UNESCO has placed its only Danish Chair in PBL at Aalborg University.
A comprehensive university with both research and education in social science and
humanities, health science and medicine, technology and engineering, Aalborg
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
369
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
University has more than 25 educational programs covering most aspects of the
measures to mitigate climate change as well as the implications of climate change.
Addressing the challenges caused by climate change (e.g. climate adaptation issues
or migration), several educational programs offer competences within e.g. societal
planning, water & environmental engineering or ICT. A multitude of educational
programs also operate within the framework of green energy (low carbon emission
energy production, distribution and consumption etc.). Aalborg University offers a
variety of specialized energy master degrees, ranging from e.g. sustainable energy
planning through thermal energy and process engineering, to mechatronic control
engineering. Furthermore, competences achieved through master degrees in more
generic engineering disciplines such as structural engineering or bio-technology are
very often applied to energy- or climate-related challenges.
Drawing from international experiences and contributing to the development of
education and research at a European level, Aalborg University plays an active role
in CESAER (the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering
Education and Research) – a non-profit international association of leading European
universities of science and technology and engineering schools/faculties at
comprehensive universities and university colleges.
9.1.5
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
Engineers graduating from DTU are expected to be able to translate technological
needs or demands into a set of sub-problems, and to design, calculate and construct
complex solutions. Engineers from DTU are expected to contribute to the
development of technological solutions that respond to the global challenges, and
therefore, students at DTU are trained in conceiving, designing, implementing and
operating sustainable solutions throughout their education. The vital role of
sustainability is formally expressed in DTU’s Strategy:
“DTU’s
study programmes will be designed to ensure that sustainability is an
integrated part of all courses. Similarly, all students will complete programme
components intended to boost skills in innovation and entrepreneurship”.
Thus, climate change challenge and climate change technologies are addressed as an
integrated part of all BSc and MSc programmes and a broad range of PhD
programmes at DTU,. A common academic goal (learning outcome) for all graduates
of an MSc programme is to process knowledge about sustainability, innovation and
entrepreneurship. In addition, DTU offers specific MSc programmes within wind
energy, sustainable energy and environmental engineering.
Since 2015 DTU host the Nordic centre of the Climate KIC (European Institute of
Innovation and Technology). The Climate KIC is Europe’s largest public-private
innovation partnership focused on climate change, consisting of dynamic companies,
the best academic institutions and public sector. Within the framework of Climat
KIC, DTU offers 8 Climate KIC master programmes
In an effort to ensure continuous developments and improvements in the area of
sustainability a number of other extra curricular activities and initiatives are
established at DTU Campus to the benefit of students, including:
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
370
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0371.png
•
Roadrunners
– Students build energy effective vehicles and propulsion systems
and compete on a yearly basis in Shell Eco Marathon
(http://www.ecocar.mek.dtu.dk/)
Solar decathlon
– Students
create an innovative plus-energy house project and
participate in an international competition Solar Decathlon Europe
(http://www.byg.dtu.dk/Innovation_og_myndighedsbetjening/Danish_Building_
Academy/Solar-Decathlon)
Bryghus
(Brew house) - Students co-operate on developing and optimising a
sustainable beer brewery. (http://www.bryghus.dtu.dk/)
•
•
Since 2010, DTU has once a year organized GRØN DYST (Green Challenge); a
student conference where students present their green projects developed as an
integrated part of the educational activities.
Green Challenge is an educational initiative at DTU. The aim is to ensure that future
engineers integrate aspects of sustainability, climate technology, and the environment
in their work.
Every year more than 300 students from DTU and its international partner
universities compete on a display of climate friendly technologies.
In addition to the students’ actual green projects Green Challenge gives the students
additional practical experience in areas such as communications and networking.
This happens in relation to areas such as participation in conferences, preparation of
abstracts, project presentations to people who do not necessarily have an engineering
background and face to face meeting with other students and people from judge
panels. Moreover, many projects contain elements of innovation.
DTU is the co-founder of a number of strategic international university alliances
where the partners collaborate on projects within research, innovation, and
education: all characterised by a strong focus on green technology and sustainable
energy.
Nordic Five Tech
The Nordic Five Tech university alliance brings together the five leading technical
universities in the Nordic countries; Aalto University, Chalmers University of
Technology, , KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology and DTU, with very strong competences within
sustainable energy and environmental engineering
(www.nordicfivetech.org).
The
alliance has developed special programmes and services for its more than 80,000
engineering students; among these five joint master programmes that are supported
by the Nordic Council of Ministers, Programmes of particular relevance to climate
change are:
•
•
Nordic Master in Innovative Sustainable Energy Engineering
Nordic Master in Environmental Engineering
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
371
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
EuroTech Universities
The EuroTech Universities
(www.eurotech-universities.eu)
is a strategic partnership
of leading universities of science and technology committed to excellence in research
and jointly developing solutions to the grand challenges of society. The members are:
Technical University of Denmark (DTU), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) and Technical University of
Munich (TUM).
In 2012, the alliance launched the Green Tech initiative which resulted in three joint
research projects within Energy Efficient Buildings and Communities, Interface
Science Photovoltaics and Wind. The initiative ran from 2012-2016. The
cornerstones in the projects were co-supervision of co-financed PhDs and Postdocs,
supervision of MSc projects, summer and winter schools, presentations at
international conferences and joint publications.
Within EuroTech, DTU offers a number of 1:1 MSc programmes, where students
study one year at DTU and one year at the partner university. Of these, two are of
particular relevance to climate change: the DTU-TUM and the DTU-EPFL 1:1 MSc
programmes in Environmental Engineering.
KAIST (Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
DTU and KAIST have collaborated since 2008. The alliance has links to the Green
Growth Alliance between the governments of Denmark and Korea and is based on a
strong synergy in research, education and innovation as well as a shared focus on
green growth and the development of sustainable solutions to grand societal
challenges.
One of the cornerstones of the DTU-KAIST alliance is the 11 Dual Degree Master’s
Programmes where students obtain a double degree by studying one year at DTU and
one year at KAIST. One of the programmes is of particular interest to climate
change: The Offshore Wind Energy Dual Degree Programme.
In 2011, DTU and KAIST established a joint virtual “Green Technology Research
Center”. This initiative features six different research themes that are implemented
through joint workshops, PhD projects, participation in expositions and faculty
exchange:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Battery research and development
Biorefinery
Biosustainablity
Fuel cells
Integrated water technology
Offshore wind turbine systems
EERA, European Energy Research Alliance
In this framework, fifteen leading European Research Institutes have taken up the
challenge to found a European Energy Research Alliance (EERA). The key objective
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
372
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
of the EERA is to accelerate the development of new energy technologies by
conceiving and implementing Joint Research Programmes in support of the SET-
Plan pool and integrate activities and resources, combining national and Community
sources of funding and maximising complementarities and synergies
SEEIT, Sustainable Energy Education, Innovation and Technology
SEEIT is a European strategic partnership for sustainable energy education,
innovation and technology, driven by the need and potential of a sustainable, low-
carbon economy and inspired by the SET Plan in the formulation of its objectives
and goals (Strategic Energy Technology Plan).
The members of the partnership are Aalto University, Copenhagen Business School,
DTU, TU Delft, NTNU, ISE Fraunhofer, TU München, ALU Freiburg, SINTEF,
Politecnico di Torino and ENEA.
The mission of the partnership is to develop new and integrated approaches to
Innovation and Education in sustainable energy.
The partnership organises research workshops within areas of sustainable energy
such as wind energy, photovoltaics and solar energy, and since 2012 the partnership
has offered an Erasmus Mundus Wind Energy Masters, co-ordinated by TU Delft in
collaboration with Oldenburg, NTNU, and DTU.
SEEIT also collaborates on e-learning (”Virtual Campus Hub” - FP7 Infrastructures)
and contributes to EC level Expert Groups to develop the European Energy
Education and Training initiative (SET Plan initiative).
ECRA, European Climate Research Alliance
DTU is co-founder, national contact point and a member of the Executive Committee
of the European Climate Research Alliance (ECRA) which brings together leading
research institutions in Europe with the aim to strengthen, expand and optimise EU
climate research capabilities through the sharing of world-class national facilities in
Europe and the collaborative realisation of pan-EU programmes. A main premise of
ECRA is that national and European Climate change research programmes have to
be streamlined and coordinated, in order to ensure optimum use of human resources,
modelling capacities, field activities, and infrastructures, maximising the impact of
scientific results and reinforcing the European Research Area for climate change
science. DTU also chairs the ECRA collaborative programme on “high impact events
and climate change”.
DTU has developed a number of e-learning courses in recent years bringing the
advantages of this platform to truly global distribution of participants. Two are
highlighted. The Wind Energy Coursera course
(https://www.coursera.org/learn/wind-energy) made by DTU now boasts 19508
active learners, and 1993 course completers, and has been rated 4.6 out of 5 from 783
ratings. The Wind Energy Master programme (http://www.wem.dtu.dk/), accredited
by the Danish Accreditation Institution (http://en.akkr.dk), is aimed at engineering
professionals looking at expanding their academic profile and transferring to a
profession in renewables.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
373
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
9.1.6
Roskilde University
Bachelor studies in natural and social sciences, humanities and technologies at
Roskilde University contain climate-related components. Climate science, climate
policy modules, energy production and the social dynamics behind such issues are
included in the master studies in technological and socioeconomic planning
(Teksam), Geography and in the university's new two-year multi-disciplinary,
international master's programme in Environmental Risk. Optional courses in the
fields of environment and energy with climate-related contents are available to
students of these subjects.
Climate-change impacts are also important in relation to the natural science PhD
programme, which focuses on how natural stresses (e.g., drought, temperature
extremes, diseases) and stress deriving from human activities (e.g., toxic chemicals,
habitat destruction) impacting ecological systems.
9.1.7
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)
DMI presents general information material on www.dmi.dk, offering both current
news, basic knowledge on climate and climate-change issues and in-depth topic
themes which are widely used in Danish schools.
DMI assists schoolbook publishers with fact-check proofreading, graphics and other
consultancy.
DMI also welcomes students from the 9th and 10th grades at state schools in
Denmark to participate in a short-term work experience. The programme has a
duration of one week and takes place three times a year. Among other things the
students learn about climate by using an interactive climate model which is a
simplefied version of real climate models.
DMI participates in the education, supervision and training of PhD students, master
studenst and bachelor students in collaboration with Danish universities in areas of
climate change and related issues.
9.1.8
Ministry of Education
During the UN Decade on Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) the
Ministry of Education took a series of initiatives for primary and lower secondary
education, youth education programmes and tertiary education in order to put climate
on the agenda. With a series of initiatives for primary and lower secondary
education, youth education programmes and relevant tertiary education from 2008 to
2010, the Danish Ministry of Education undertook a special effort to encourage
pupils/students, teachers and schools to put climate change on the agenda.
The initiatives were based on five key perspectives, which have been dealt with
differently depending on educational programmes, the proficiency of students and
teaching context:
•
•
Knowledge perspective - what do we know about Earth's climate and factors
that affect it?
Action and behavioural perspective - what can be done to limit global
warming?
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
374
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0375.png
•
Technology and community perspective - which technologies / production
forms in existence could help limit the greenhouse effect? What are the
socio-economic conditions for the spread of these technologies / production
forms?
Future Perspective – future sustainable technologies, practices and
dissemination
Socio-economic perspective - issues connected to climate change, including
a) How will climate change and efforts to improve the climate influence
economic growth?
b) Security aspects of climate and energy policy
•
•
On the EMU - Denmark's educational website portal – information and links aimed
at primary and secondary school, vocational training and education and the general
upper secondary programmes are provided (see http://www.emu.dk/ ).
A number of websites, developed during the DESD, are still relevant but no longer
updated. They provide references, links, articles, literature suggestions, teaching
examples as well as examples of how it is possible to create different types of
sustainable development. This goes for UBU-Portalen www.ubuportalen.dk.
9.2
9.2.1
C
LIMATE INFORMATION
Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
The websites of the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate (www.efkm.dk) and of
the Danish Energy Agency (www.ens.dk) are updated regularly with the latest
relevant information within the climate area, either directly in the form of press
releases, documents, reports, etc. or through links to relevant professionals.
In accordance with the political Energy Agreement from March 2012, a special effort
to develop strategic energy planning and CO
2
calculation tools for Danish
municipalities has been initiated by the Danish Energy Agency. The purpose of
municipal strategic energy planning (SEP) is to promote a shift towards a more
flexible energy system to realize the potential for energy savings and conversion to
renewable energy in the most efficient way for society. It is up to the local authorities
whether they will develop strategic energy plans. On the basis of previous work and
new analyses carried out in 2012 and 2013, the toolbox made available for the
municipalities now contains:
-
-
Guidelines regarding mapping methods and data collections, and
Guidelines regarding system change analyses and scenario analyses.
Furthermore, financial support from a dedicated pool, totalling DKK 19 million for
the period 2013 to 2015, was made available for municipalities to apply for in order
to promote partnerships for strategic energy planning.
9.2.2
Aarhus University (AU)
DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University prepares
regular reports about environmental issues, including climate change. They are
published at dce.au.dk.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
375
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0376.png
In May 2015 AU hosted the 2nd European Climate Change Adaptation Conference
(ECCA) in Copenhagen.
In 2015, DCE published a book – no. 3 in the series “The Environment Library” - on
“Climate Change Adaptation – Why and How?”(in Danish) for use in the education
sector and for the public in general. This book describes in a non-technical language
what sectors could be affected by a changing climate, and what the options are for
both hard and soft adaptation measures.
In 2016, Aarhus University published the” BASE adaptation inspiration book”,
describing 23 European cases of climate change adaptation for inspiration. The book
was published under the AU lead EUFP7 ‘BASE-project’.
AU also publishes several journals for public outreach. These journals include
articles on various subjects within natural science, but climate-related subjects have a
dominant role and several volumes of the journals have been dedicated to climate. In
addition researchers from AU publish findings of interest to the general public in
various public outreach journals as well as on the internet (e.g. www.videnskab.dk).
DCA – the Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture at AU has prepared several
reports on 1) greenhouse-gas emissions from agriculture and how these emissions
can be reduced, and 2) impacts of climate change on Danish and European
agriculture.
9.2.3
University of Copenhagen
Dissemination on climate from researchers at the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) is
available on the homepage
http://www.isarkiv.dk/,
established with support from the
Ministry of Research and Education. In addition, KU hosts 50 high school classes
every year for climate lessons and view of the Greenland ice cores. On the NBI home
page under http://www.nbi.ku.dk/sciencexplorer/, movies on climate an ice core
drilling are available and have been accessed by more than 1 million people.
Researchers from NBI have been lead authors on AMAP’s assessment of the Snow,
Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA, http://www.amap.no/swipa) and
researchers at the faculty of Science have been contributing-, lead- or coordinating-
lead-authors on the IPCC 5th assessment report cycle (AR5) for its working groups
one and two.
9.2.4
Technical University of Denmark
The research by the Technical University of Denmark on current and future extreme
precipitation and methods for analysis of adaptation measures has been
communicated extensively both nationally and internationally and been adopted for
use in urban water infrastructure management in a range of countries since 2008. The
principal means of national communication is via a portal maintained by the Danish
Society of Engineers (ida.dk/svk).
DTU has developed and executed continuous learning courses to ensure rapid uptake
of the developed frameworks and paradigms and university researchers are often
invited for interviews on national media.
DTU is involved in the development and application of training courses with
Climate-KIC on cost benefit analysis and climate change adaptation. Similar training
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
376
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0377.png
and ongoing learning are integrated elements in ongoing research projects on climate
change damages in partnerships with local governments and the private sector.
The UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) manages a number of information platforms
covering e.g. CDM projects and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs) worldwide, tracking mitigation actions by non-state actors on the Climate
Initiatives Platform etc.
9.2.5
DMI
DMI disseminates knowledge on climate issues to the general public from an
extensive website at
www.dmi.dk,
offering both current news, basic knowledge on
climate and climate-change issues and in-depth topic themes. DMI also
communicates through, series of reports and popular articles in newspapers and trade
journals.
Members of DMI staff give lectures to high-school and university students, teachers,
researchers and others. For instance, since 1998 staff members have been taking part
in annual national events such as the two annual Science Festivals,
Forskningens
Døgn
og
Naturvidenskabsfestival,
giving lectures around Denmark. 150,000 students
take part in the events and activities of
Naturvidenskabsfestival
each year, and
75,000 guests from a broad audience visit the science festival of
Forskningens Døgn.
In 2016, 39% of primary schools and 63% of high-schools participated in
Naturvidenskabsfestival.
On the annual Culture Night in Copenhagen, DMI participates with outreach
activities for the general public on climate change and related issues. Finally,
employees at DMI often take part in radio and TV interviews, and in interviews for
the printed press.
DMI in collaboration with GEUS and DTU display the results of their monitoring of
the Greenland Ice Sheet and the sea ice in the Arctic on the webportal polarportal.dk.
The main purpose of the site is to make updated information from this monitoring
available to the general public, both nationally and internationally. In addition, the
site will provide access to scientifically based information resources.
9.2.6
GEUS
GEUS participates in a number of international research projects, foras and network
groups and contributes to the supervision of Master and Ph.D students. In 2016
GEUS launched an open Geothermal Energy portal
64
providing essential data
regarding the geothermal potential in Denmark.
The PROMICE monitoring is part of the AMAP, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment
Programme. In collaboration with DMI and DTU Space, a new Arctic monitoring
web-site “Polar Portal” was launched in June 2013
65
. On this web-site the Danish
Arctic research institutions present updated knowledge on the condition of two major
components of the Arctic: The Greenland ice sheet and the sea ice. GEUS is
furthermore involved in work at the following groups or organisations:
64
65
http://dybgeotermi.geus.dk/geotherm/
http://polarportal.dk/en/home/
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
377
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
International Arctic Science Committee-Working Group on Arctic Glaciers
(IASC),
World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS),
GlobGlacier user group (ESA),
Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS),
Colorado University/CIRES station network,
GC-Net and
WMO.
In relation to CO
2
storage GEUS participate the following networks:
•
CGS Europe,
•
CO2GeoNet Association,
•
EERA (European Energy Research Alliance) and
•
ENeRG (European Network for Research in Geo-Energy).
9.2.7 University of Greenland
Ilimmarfik Institute at Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, covers social
sciences and humanities. The Ilimmarfik Institute is involved in a series of activities
which include focus on climate change and specific courses with focus on climate
change are offered at BA and MA levels.
The Climate and Society programme
The Climate and Society programme connects Ilisimatusarfik, University of
Greenland, and the Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC) and focuses on
issues of pressing current concern for society and the environment in Greenland. The
Climate and Society programme carries out research and contributes to teaching at
the intersection of social science, climate science and public policy.
The Climate and Society programme complements research in the natural sciences at
GCRC and the work aims to improve understanding of the interconnections between
climate change, the use of natural resources, non-renewable resource development,
and social-ecological systems in Greenland.
Education and communication are central activities. The Climate and Society
programme is a foundation for formal educational links between GCRC and
Ilisimatusarfik and the Climate and Society programme is contributing to teaching of
undergraduate students and supervision of graduate students at Ilisimatusarfik at
both Master’s and PhD level.
The Climate and Society programme employs a professor, researchers and PhD
students, and the five current main projects under the Climate and Society
programme are:
•
•
•
•
•
Inuit Pinngortitarlu—Nuuk Fjord Monitoring and Mapping Project.
Climate Change and Extractive Industries.
Kalaalimernit: Greenlandic Foods, Cultural Identity and Climate Change.
Greenlandic Communities and Living Resources.
Climate Change, Policy and Governance.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
378
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Major Projects
Researchers at the institute are involved in the following major projects:
•
•
HACHTAGG (Handling Arctic climate CHange - Towards A Greener Growth)
is a new international project on climate change and green growth.
SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice, Permafrost in the Arctic) is an international and
multidisciplinary Danish lead project within the frame of Arctic Council’s
AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme).
SLiCA (Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic) was an international project
which looked into the living conditions for Inuit and Sami including the effects
of climate chang
e.
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR)
•
9.2.8
GINR advises the Government of Greenland and other authorities on sustainable
exploitation of living resources and safeguarding the environment and biodiversity.
GINR is managed by a Board of Governors and a Director under the Ministry of
Infrastructure, Climate and the Environment in the Government of Greenland and
according to Act of Greenlandic Parliament no. 6 of 8 of June 1994 on the Greenland
Institute of Natural Resources GINR is obliged to:
•
•
•
provide the scientific basis for an assessment of sustainable use of the living
resources in and around Greenland as well as a scientific basis for protecting the
environment and securing biological diversity
advise the Greenland Government on the work of the Institute
publish results of its research.
Results on climate issues gathered through the ongoing research and monitoring
efforts are also communicated in local and international forums.
GINR are actively participating in expert networks of the Circumpolar Biodiversity
Monitoring Program (CBMP), which has been endorsed by the Arctic Council and
the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
GINR also manages the marine monitoring efforts and takes part in the
terrestrial/limnic monitoring efforts of the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM).
GEM is active in national and international climate forums, representing a key
Danish-Greenland collaboration on Arctic climate change.
9.3
9.3.1
D
ANISH PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ACTIVITIES
DMI
DMI contributes to international climate assessments, notably the IPCC Assessment
Reports and assessments by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of
the Arctic Council, such as the Adaptation Actions for a Changing Climate science
report for the Baffin Bay/Davis Strait.
DMI is engaged in communicating the IPCC’s reports to the public through
dissemination on the DMI website, and DMI has translated the Summary for
Policymakers of the IPCC WGI AR5 report into Danish. .
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
379
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
9.3.2
Aarhus University (AU)
Aarhus University participates at expert level as authors in the IPCC and other
climate assesments (e.g. the SWIPA report) .
DCA – Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture has contributed with a lead author to
recent IPCC assessment reports.
Researchers at AU are actively involved with leading roles in European and
international research on quantification of greenhouse gas emissions, quantification
of mitigation measures, impacts research as well as evaluating measures and
strategies for adaptation to climate change. The results feed into the IPCC emissions
inventory guidelines and the IPCC assessment reports.
AU also takes part in numerous international networks and research projects on
understanding the climate system, causes for climate change, consequences for the
ice sheet and ocean circulation as well as impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.
AU participates as national experts in Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) Climate.
AU is represented in the Scientific Advisory Board and in the Governing Board of
Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture Food Security and Climate Change
(FACCEJPI).Initiatvie (JPI) Climate.
DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy is a member of ‘Partnership for
European Environmental Research – PEER’. Through PEER, AU has initiated and
participated in several international activities coordinating, developing and
dissemination climate change related research.
Researchers under the umbrella of DCA is participating in 1) the UN Task Force on
Emissions, Inventories and Projections (TFEIP) Agriculture and Nature Expert
Panel, 2) the UN Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen, 3) the annual forum of the Global
Alliance on Climate Smart Agriculture, and its working groups on Knowledge
Action Group, Enabling Environment Action Group and Investment Action Group,
and 4) working groups under the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural
Greenhouse Gases.
AU is a member of the European Topic Centre on Climate Change impacts,
vulnerability and Adaptation (ETC/CCA) under European Environmental Agency
focus on Climate-ADAPT.
9.3.3
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
DTU has participated extensively in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), as CLA and LA for more than 20 years. DTU contributed to
the AR5 working group 3 and is further engaged in scoping and review activities for
the IPCC special reports, and has been part of the scoping process for the upcoming
AR6. It is expected that DTU experts will be involved in the AR6 starting in 2018.
UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) manages the annual science-based assessments of the
Emissions Gap and the Adaptation Gap undertaken by the UN Environment. In 2017
this work involves more than 44 scientific groups in over 20 countries, and includes
contributions by UDP staff. The Emissions Gap Report gives an annual, authoritative
assessment of the gap between the aggregate effect of national mitigation pledges
and the global ambition needed to limit temperature increase to well below 2 degrees
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
380
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
or 1.5 degrees Celsius: the emissions gap. The Adaptation Gap Report assesses
differences between actual levels of adaptation action in key areas and the levels
required to achieve certain goals. Following the adoption of a global goal on
adaptation in the Paris Agreement, the Adaptation Gap Report focuses on ways
forward to make the global goal operational and track progress towards it. The
annual gap reports are a crucial reminder about the ambition necessary to mitigate
catastrophic levels of climate change and to adapt to projected risks and impacts. The
media, NGOs, negotiators and national policy makers alike use the assessments to
push for higher levels of ambition both in reducing emissions and in funding
adaptation measures.
DTU has a long track record of participation in international research projects with
support primarily from the European Commission's framework research
programmes. Under the current Horizon 2020 framework programme, DTU
participates in a number of projects related to climate change mitigation and
adaptation as well as climate service development, e.g. aiming at supporting
European and global development towards a low-carbon and climate resilient
society.
9.3.4
University of Copenhagen
The University of Copenhagen is involved in a number of projects in relation to
climate change in the tropical regions, focusing on research and outreach.
KU researchers have also played an important role in the work of the IPCC. This
includes work under the Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN)
in the Faculty of Science as coordinating lead author for the IPCC 5th assessment for
the chapter in WG2 on food security and food production systems. Emeritus
professor John R Porter has recently been selected by the IPCC as the sole Danish
researcher for the forthcoming IPCC Special Report on climate change and land use.
PLEN also works with impact models of agricultural crops including extreme events,
methods to estimate GHG emissions and combined food and energy producing
systems in agriculture. Soil-water-plant-atmosphere process understanding covering
microclimate, energy and gas exchange between canopy and atmosphere is applied in
the development of models (The DAISY model). PLEN has also play an active role
in the Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) in Food Security, Agriculture and Climate
(FACCE) of the EU which focus is to examine the food systems and food security of
large capital cities and PLEN has close collaboration with the UN research facility;
CCAFS.
Researchers from the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) chair the climate section of the
European Geophysic Union and are members of the climate board CLiC (Climate
and Cryosphere; http://www.climate-cryosphere.org/). A number of research projects
at NBI are contributing to a better understanding of cryospheric processes of
importance for a changing climate. As an example, the European Reseach Council
(ERC) synergy grant funded project ice2ice focus on the role of sea ice as an
important mediator of climate changein the Arctic driven by the ocean. One
researcher from NBI currently serves as a member of the Joint Scientific Committee
(JSC) for WMO’s World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
381
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0382.png
9.3.5
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources (GINR)
GINR is part of numerous international networks and research projects in the Arctic
on the effects of climate and climate change on both terrestrial and marine
ecosystems.
The GINR research spans from oceanography and biogeochemistry to macroecology,
and also includes the aspect of social impacts. Through cross-disciplinary and cross-
institutional efforts, GINR aims to improve the understanding of the links between
climatic and ecological processes in the Arctic, and the impact of climate change on
the human population in Greenland, who rely very much on the natural resources.
9.4
P
UBLIC CAMPAIGNS
A number of initiatives are being carried out to promote environmentally sound
behaviour in companies and households, particularly for climate reasons, and with
respect to energy use. Labelling schemes, printed matter, information lines, media
spots and similar are used to increase public knowledge of possibilities for action and
knowledge about less environmentally harmful technologies.
In October 2015, a campaign “New Energy” on the green transition by 2050 was
launched by the Danish Energy Agency (http://nyenergi.nu/#anc-derfor-er-du-en-del-
af-nyenergi).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
382
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0383.png
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
383
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex A
Greenhouse gas inventory and National
Registry information
This annex contains the following information:
Annex A1:
Greenhouse gas inventories 1990-2015.
Greenhouse gas inventory information in the form of Common
Reporting Format (CRF) summary tables from the May 2017 inventory
submission under the UNFCCC and the KP.
Annex A2:
Danish National Allocation tables for installations and aviation in
accordance with phase 3 of the EU ETS (2013-2020).
Annex A3:
Information on Denmark’s KP Registry.
a. Information on the registry administrator
b. Cooperation with other countries concerning operation of the registry
c. Database structure and capacity
d. Standards for data exchange
e. Procedures for administration and operation of the KP registry
f. Safety standards
g. Information available to the public
h. Internet address for the registry
i. Protection, maintenance and recreation of data
j. Test procedures
Annex A4:
Publicly available registry information - 2017 KP Reports.
1. Public Information on Account Information
2. Public Information on Legal Entities
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
384
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0385.png
Annex A1
Greenhouse gas inventories 1990-2015
This Annex contains nine tables summarising the results of the latest greenhouse
gas inventories for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands 1990-2015. The
tables are based on the annual report under the Climate Convention and the Kyoto
Protocol from May 2017 (Nielsen et al., 2017, including the CRF).
T
ABLE
A1.1 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
1): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO
2
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.2 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
2): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF METHANE
(CH
4
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-
2015
T
ABLE
A1.3 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
3): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE
(N
2
O)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.4 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
4): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GASES
(HCF
S
, PFC
S
, SF
6
AND NF
3
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.5 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5): D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE
GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.6 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5): G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE
GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.7 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5): F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF
GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.8 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5): D
ENMARK
’
S AND
G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND
REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
T
ABLE
A1.9 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5): D
ENMARK
’
S
, G
REENLAND
’
S AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL
EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
Note references in the tables:
(1) The column "Base year" is filled with estimates for the base year under the Climate Convention which is 1990. This
base year is used to calculate the percentage change in the final column of this table. Denmark’s and Greenland’s base
year under the Kyoto Protocol was fixed in 2007 on the basis of the annual inventories reported in 2006 (see Chapter
3.5) and deviates from the base year under the Convention.
(2) Net emissions/removals as reported in table Summary 1.A. For the purposes of reporting, the signs for removals are
always negative (-) and for emissions positive (+).
(3) In accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines, for Parties that decide to report indirect CO2 the national totals
shall be provided with and without indirect CO2.
(4) In accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines, HFC and PFC emissions should be reported for each relevant
chemical. However, if it is not possible to report values for each chemical (i.e. mixtures, confidential data, lack of
disaggregation), this row could be used for reporting aggregate figures for HFCs and PFCs, respectively. Note that the
unit used for this row is kt of CO2 equivalent and that appropriate notation keys should be entered in the cells for the
individual chemicals.
(5) Includes net CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O from LULUCF.
The notation keys are as follows:
“NO”
: Not Occurring,
“NE”
: Not Estimated,
“NA”
: Not Applicable,
“IE”
: Included Elsewhere
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
385
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0386.png
T
ABLE
A1.1 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
2.1): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO
2
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
(kt)
62624.99
62047.18
35667.08
5729.59
11778.39
8558.04
314.08
577.81
NO
577.81
NO
1646.42
1418.76
0.85
33.67
193.05
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
(2)
4. Land use, land-use change and fore stry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunke rs
Aviation
Navigation
Multilate ral operations
CO
2
e missions from biomass
CO
2
capture d
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal site s
Indire ct N
2
O
(3)
Indire ct CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent e missions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indire ct CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent e missions, including indire ct CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
51676.89
51336.19
26149.78
5394.16
10576.36
9048.95
166.94
340.70
NO
340.70
NO
1277.96
1081.50
0.85
30.47
165.08
51676.89
51336.19
26149.78
5394.16
10576.36
9048.95
166.94
340.70
NO
340.70
NO
1277.96
1081.50
0.85
30.47
165.08
62209.89
61560.43
35019.97
5925.63
10992.06
9284.85
337.92
649.46
NO
649.46
NO
1470.11
1258.38
0.85
30.47
180.34
56377.99
55701.25
30092.91
5781.37
11193.14
8438.34
195.50
676.73
NO
676.73
NO
1601.35
1380.57
0.85
30.47
189.37
58665.13
58083.19
31668.06
5638.78
11300.47
9180.43
295.44
581.94
NO
581.94
NO
1608.32
1398.48
0.85
36.15
172.76
59415.95
58962.50
32160.16
5838.64
11917.86
8728.02
317.81
453.46
NO
453.46
NO
1641.99
1418.15
0.85
38.75
184.10
72668.23
72170.63
44468.04
5981.36
12174.15
9301.28
245.80
497.60
NO
497.60
NO
1756.83
1525.50
0.78
35.38
195.06
63137.60
62440.25
35337.67
6021.82
12347.07
8488.88
244.80
697.34
NO
697.34
NO
1815.59
1598.77
0.86
35.16
180.71
59073.68
58551.00
31681.53
6039.23
12301.93
8246.20
282.11
522.68
NO
522.68
NO
1862.16
1632.39
0.72
42.50
186.39
56500.91
55394.76
28590.83
6127.00
12323.08
8089.20
264.65
1106.15
NO
1106.15
NO
1843.59
1608.72
0.84
43.19
190.54
0.06
NA
618.57
0.06
NA
618.57
0.07
NA
511.63
0.08
NA
403.46
0.07
NA
349.96
0.08
NA
412.20
0.13
NA
537.07
0.12
NA
417.78
0.09
NA
483.22
0.15
NA
263.92
0.29
NA
273.77
565.49
14.67
38.41
NO
4855.82
-584.74
4411.61
917.93
100.59
12.82
NO
-2.38
17.54
NO,NA
NO
17.54
NO
4743.08
1730.74
3012.34
NE
4571.65
NO
NE
1216.97
53590.96
58446.78
54807.93
59663.75
565.49
14.67
38.41
NO
4855.82
-584.74
4411.61
917.93
100.59
12.82
NO
-2.38
17.54
NO,NA
NO
17.54
NO
4743.08
1730.74
3012.34
NE
4571.65
NO
NE
1216.97
53590.96
58446.78
54807.93
59663.75
462.54
11.73
37.36
NO
4214.61
-586.32
3659.02
912.74
92.25
13.93
NO
123.00
17.94
NO,NA
NO
17.94
NO
4272.97
1591.28
2681.69
NE
4962.05
NO
NE
1259.31
64209.57
68424.18
65468.88
69683.49
357.39
12.61
33.46
NO
4946.17
-588.01
4577.26
901.33
91.84
15.04
NO
-51.28
18.99
NO,NA
NO
18.99
NO
4451.61
1646.69
2804.92
NE
5208.30
NO
NE
1228.41
58401.78
63347.96
59630.19
64576.37
306.79
13.49
29.68
NO
4199.90
-589.81
4058.98
900.67
79.34
16.15
NO
-265.43
17.66
NO,NA
NO
17.66
NO
5846.96
1620.85
4226.11
NE
5430.16
NO
NE
1205.60
60641.06
64840.96
61846.66
66046.55
367.07
18.19
26.95
NO
3903.48
-591.72
3670.36
884.57
75.60
17.27
NO
-152.60
17.75
NO,NA
NO
17.75
NO
6539.40
1779.77
4759.63
NE
5376.38
NO
NE
1161.78
64701.36
68604.84
65863.14
69766.62
495.98
15.18
25.92
NO
4135.93
-593.73
3912.34
843.56
71.43
18.38
NO
-116.05
19.60
NO,NA
NO
19.60
NO
6810.31
1822.91
4987.40
NE
5638.60
NO
NE
1137.55
61614.61
65750.54
62752.16
66888.10
393.03
8.65
16.10
NO
3340.65
-595.85
3089.84
876.04
85.82
19.49
NO
-134.69
19.86
NO,NA
NO
19.86
NO
6657.87
1916.56
4741.31
NE
6020.62
NO
NE
1123.95
74862.71
78203.36
75986.65
79327.31
469.58
4.03
9.60
NO
3827.89
-598.07
3443.23
881.47
107.08
20.61
NO
-26.42
18.85
NO,NA
NO
18.85
NO
6309.56
1968.70
4340.87
NE
6232.59
NO
NE
1048.27
65455.25
69283.14
66503.52
70331.41
252.24
4.25
7.44
NO
4007.60
-600.40
3540.75
852.22
87.50
21.72
NO
105.81
17.65
NO,NA
NO
17.65
NO
6480.36
2129.55
4350.81
NE
6183.26
NO
NE
1004.12
61217.42
65225.02
62221.54
66229.14
264.99
2.93
5.84
NO
4067.56
-602.84
3510.64
822.00
70.20
22.83
NO
244.73
18.52
NO,NA
NO
18.52
NO
6319.39
2255.68
4063.71
NE
6514.84
NO
NE
937.75
58636.78
62704.34
59574.54
63642.09
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
386
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0387.png
T
ABLE
A1.1 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
2.2): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO
2
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
kt
53073.20
52321.41
25936.56
5763.01
12986.90
7292.26
342.68
751.79
NO
751.79
NO
1849.10
1656.99
1.19
0.15
190.40
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
(2)
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Othe r
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
Inte rnational bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
(3)
Indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use , land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
52148.98
51426.08
25566.14
5921.77
12123.72
7617.47
196.97
722.90
NO
722.90
NO
1860.36
1628.90
0.88
40.88
189.48
53795.44
53025.08
26855.30
6026.58
12116.45
7839.12
187.62
770.36
NO
770.36
NO
1849.23
1626.41
0.96
47.20
174.50
53419.32
52745.63
27075.38
5734.47
12212.55
7539.44
183.79
673.69
NO
673.69
NO
1867.95
1667.32
0.99
0.13
199.30
58648.05
57978.64
31819.10
5701.54
12664.89
7601.73
191.37
669.41
NO
669.41
NO
1729.21
1539.41
0.84
0.06
188.64
49487.04
48939.43
22734.90
5458.24
13101.97
7270.64
373.67
547.61
NO
547.61
NO
1794.67
1563.27
1.12
16.36
213.76
57401.38
56870.52
30649.94
5582.09
13468.41
6941.61
228.47
530.86
NO
530.86
NO
1811.43
1615.40
1.09
0.15
194.60
52618.64
52075.42
26023.03
5299.42
14077.69
6399.18
276.10
543.23
NO
543.23
NO
1811.97
1613.95
1.15
0.18
196.50
49438.56
49051.48
23909.55
4802.46
13774.70
6356.62
208.15
387.08
NO
387.08
NO
1512.95
1331.87
1.43
0.17
179.29
47545.88
47284.48
23860.41
3991.55
13053.18
6119.43
259.92
261.40
NO
261.40
NO
1060.80
886.03
1.07
0.21
173.26
0.21
NA
268.35
0.17
NA
206.74
0.20
NA
236.58
0.26
NA
228.65
0.37
NA
159.70
0.16
NA
221.79
0.18
NA
196.01
0.19
NA
194.01
0.19
NA
231.24
0.23
NA
186.81
260.59
2.35
5.41
NO
4145.51
-605.39
3824.88
807.31
68.96
23.94
NO
25.81
18.40
NO,NA
NO
18.40
NO
6344.25
2312.31
4031.94
NE
6836.69
NO
NE
874.34
54296.09
58441.60
55170.43
59315.94
200.76
1.69
4.29
NO
4901.07
595.67
3254.09
796.43
77.29
25.03
NO
152.56
18.30
NO,NA
NO
18.30
NO
5675.94
2360.12
3315.82
NE
7554.24
NO
NE
849.34
55869.71
60770.78
56719.05
61620.12
233.32
0.73
2.53
NO
5999.80
556.86
4363.51
791.56
87.50
26.11
NO
174.27
17.95
NO,NA
NO
17.95
NO
4730.53
2031.55
2698.98
NE
8039.03
NO
NE
811.15
55541.80
61541.60
56352.94
62352.75
226.28
0.81
1.56
NO
5611.49
517.94
4088.90
786.91
82.92
27.19
NO
107.63
19.34
NO,NA
NO
19.34
NO
4974.45
2113.41
2861.04
NE
9138.75
NO
NE
795.56
60625.25
66236.73
61420.81
67032.29
157.64
0.59
1.47
NO
5268.55
478.91
3760.70
784.26
89.38
28.27
NO
127.04
17.60
NO,NA
NO
17.60
NO
4708.17
2403.38
2304.79
NE
9875.62
NO
NE
764.35
55099.60
60368.15
55863.95
61132.51
219.68
0.44
1.67
NO
5169.46
512.31
3540.05
866.55
107.79
44.79
NO
97.96
18.13
NO,NA
NO
18.13
NO
4893.06
2534.45
2358.61
NE
10642.33
NO
NE
735.06
51521.63
56691.09
52256.69
57426.15
193.72
0.95
1.34
NO
5555.72
471.24
3972.04
889.95
110.46
46.98
NO
65.05
18.70
NO,NA
NO
18.70
NO
5701.33
2554.94
3146.39
NE
11026.96
NO
NE
697.46
59427.52
64983.24
60124.98
65680.70
191.96
0.81
1.24
NO
2826.92
-2639.04
4420.94
865.44
91.17
49.27
NO
39.15
19.29
NO,NA
NO
19.29
NO
5924.84
2625.43
3299.41
NE
12061.87
NO
NE
656.34
54643.91
57470.84
55300.26
58127.18
228.92
0.22
2.10
NO
-2009.68
-6563.88
3628.69
876.63
72.08
51.76
NO
-74.96
21.42
NO,NA
NO
21.42
NO
5448.54
2631.80
2816.74
NE
12292.81
NO
NE
627.73
51204.17
49194.49
51831.90
49822.23
181.40
1.83
3.58
NO
2154.23
-1559.45
2758.94
855.63
86.10
54.03
NO
-41.04
21.02
NO,NA
NO
21.02
NO
3793.70
2299.73
1493.97
NE
12578.35
NO
NE
570.80
48814.51
50968.74
49385.30
51539.53
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
387
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0388.png
T
ABLE
A1.1 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
2.3): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO
2
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2010
2011
2012
kt
38263.62
38046.48
16526.29
3969.43
12012.43
5323.93
214.41
217.14
NO
217.14
NO
1176.51
994.22
1.35
0.13
180.66
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
40181.84
39938.06
18780.81
3866.05
11813.43
5238.72
239.06
243.78
NO
243.78
NO
1188.22
995.55
1.38
0.16
190.96
35980.44
35730.17
15300.29
3901.62
11989.20
4308.86
230.20
250.27
NO
250.27
NO
1207.45
1021.15
1.48
0.18
184.50
33721.86
33474.78
12667.98
3830.36
12191.73
4588.21
196.50
247.09
NO
247.09
NO
1225.94
1051.79
1.56
0.18
172.17
-34.74
-34.79
-51.56
-28.99
15.27
-49.30
17.71
-27.48
0.00
-27.48
0.00
-4.07
-2.75
82.82
-99.43
4.29
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
(2)
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
(3)
Indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land us e, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
47988.26
47635.45
23692.59
4350.12
12992.37
6393.93
206.45
352.81
NO
352.81
NO
1007.73
803.84
1.12
0.18
202.36
42805.58
42553.77
19726.41
4271.12
12643.84
5620.40
292.00
251.81
NO
251.81
NO
1180.67
992.67
1.15
0.24
186.41
0.23
NA
156.19
0.20
NA
165.05
0.15
NA
192.04
0.18
NA
246.46
0.16
NA
240.24
0.25
NA
177.45
352.72
0.00
-71.31
152.80
0.88
2.51
NO
-875.83
-3790.98
2007.96
844.60
78.13
56.39
NO
-71.93
18.30
NO,NA
NO
18.30
NO
4471.71
2400.84
2070.87
NE
14898.11
NO
NE
556.30
49170.48
48294.65
49726.78
48850.95
161.60
0.59
2.86
NO
-2501.63
-5830.66
2419.22
861.99
85.26
58.84
NO
-96.28
18.34
NO,NA
NO
18.34
NO
4575.38
2471.79
2103.59
NE
14538.55
NO
NE
504.50
44169.64
41668.02
44674.14
42172.52
188.44
1.32
2.28
NO
-337.96
-4102.98
2545.10
1129.14
65.59
92.54
NO
-67.34
16.29
NO,NA
NO
16.29
NO
4006.21
2493.47
1512.74
NE
14900.30
NO
NE
474.99
39648.46
39310.50
40123.44
39785.49
243.88
0.66
1.93
NO
989.18
-2476.38
2270.24
1157.65
38.51
86.08
NO
-86.92
15.97
NO,NA
NO
15.97
NO
4356.49
2470.74
1885.75
NE
15006.21
NO
NE
450.97
41632.49
42621.67
42083.46
43072.64
237.72
0.51
2.01
NO
56.95
-4023.09
3002.59
1129.08
46.53
48.28
NO
-146.45
21.27
NO,NA
NO
21.27
NO
4927.34
2680.72
2246.63
NE
14873.80
NO
NE
421.27
37449.41
37506.36
37870.68
37927.63
165.56
1.39
10.49
NO
4058.82
175.79
2597.47
1349.52
40.70
66.81
NO
-171.46
21.27
NO,NA
NO
21.27
NO
4937.77
2625.91
2311.85
NE
15690.68
NO
NE
412.49
35146.53
39205.35
35559.02
39617.84
-70.72
-90.50
-72.68
0.00
-16.41
-130.06
-41.12
47.02
-59.54
421.35
0.00
7096.73
21.30
0.00
0.00
21.30
0.00
4.10
51.72
-23.25
0.00
243.22
0.00
0.00
-66.11
-34.42
-32.92
-35.12
-33.60
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
388
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0389.png
T
ABLE
A1.2 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
3.1): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF METHANE
(CH
4
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
(kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
14.58
9.67
0.63
0.33
2.27
6.35
0.08
4.90
NO
4.90
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.01
14.58
9.67
0.63
0.33
2.27
6.35
0.08
4.90
NO
4.90
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.01
17.38
10.69
0.97
0.35
2.37
6.90
0.10
6.69
NO
6.69
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
18.10
11.28
1.37
0.33
2.39
7.10
0.09
6.82
NO
6.82
0.11
NO,NA
NO
0.01
20.11
13.38
2.99
0.34
2.37
7.58
0.09
6.73
NO
6.73
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
23.38
16.47
6.08
0.34
2.36
7.59
0.10
6.92
NO
6.92
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
29.19
22.27
11.42
0.40
2.28
8.06
0.10
6.92
NO
6.92
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.02
33.76
26.43
14.59
0.77
2.21
8.76
0.10
7.33
NO
7.33
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
34.87
26.02
13.91
0.77
2.14
9.09
0.10
8.85
NO
8.85
0.14
NO,NA
NO
0.02
35.67
27.31
15.30
0.87
2.07
8.97
0.10
8.36
NO
8.36
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
38.02
27.00
15.40
0.86
1.96
8.69
0.10
11.01
NO
11.01
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
0.09
NA
223.41
161.58
61.74
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.09
NA
223.41
161.58
61.74
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.08
NA
227.97
162.81
65.07
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.10
NA
230.99
160.75
70.16
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.08
NA
237.22
162.97
74.16
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.07
NA
232.66
159.12
73.45
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.09
NA
233.22
158.70
74.42
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.10
NA
234.38
158.62
75.66
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.12
NA
231.95
153.16
78.67
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.10
NA
236.22
153.30
82.78
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.11
NA
229.10
147.39
81.57
NO
NE
NO
0.13
NO
0.76
0.19
NO
0.54
0.03
NO
NO
NO
0.76
0.19
NO
0.54
0.03
NO
NO
NO
0.80
0.21
NO
0.53
0.05
NO
NO
NO
0.87
0.27
NO
0.53
0.08
NO
NO
NO
0.94
0.32
NO
0.52
0.10
NO
NO
NO
1.00
0.37
NO
0.51
0.12
NO
NO
NO
1.07
0.42
NO
0.51
0.14
NO
NO
NO
1.14
0.47
NO
0.50
0.17
NO
NO
NO
1.21
0.52
NO
0.49
0.19
NO
NO
NO
1.28
0.58
NO
0.49
0.21
NO
NO
NO
1.34
0.63
NO
0.48
0.23
NO
NO
66.89
61.45
1.53
0.00
3.83
0.08
NO
304.97
305.73
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.89
61.45
1.53
0.00
3.83
0.08
NO
304.97
305.73
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
67.12
61.45
1.75
0.00
3.84
0.08
NO
312.56
313.36
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.49
60.67
1.89
0.00
3.84
0.08
NO
315.70
316.56
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.06
60.00
2.14
0.00
3.85
0.08
NO
323.49
324.43
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
62.97
56.73
2.27
0.00
3.89
0.08
NO
319.09
320.10
0.12
0.01
0.10
NE
59.54
53.25
2.27
0.00
3.94
0.09
NO
322.06
323.13
0.12
0.01
0.11
NE
58.34
51.59
2.69
0.00
3.98
0.09
NO
326.60
327.74
0.12
0.01
0.10
NE
55.25
48.02
3.10
0.00
4.04
0.08
NO
322.20
323.40
0.11
0.01
0.10
NE
52.42
45.01
3.30
0.00
4.03
0.08
NO
324.43
325.70
0.11
0.01
0.10
NE
53.41
45.53
3.71
0.00
4.08
0.08
NO
320.65
321.99
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
389
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0390.png
T
ABLE
A1.2 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
3.2): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF METHANE
(CH
4
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
kt
36.35
26.08
14.08
1.01
1.44
9.46
0.08
10.27
NO
10.27
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
36.27
26.40
14.69
1.07
1.83
8.71
0.09
9.87
NO
9.87
0.14
NO,NA
NO
0.02
37.39
27.21
15.57
1.13
1.72
8.70
0.09
10.18
NO
10.18
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
36.35
26.67
15.14
1.03
1.62
8.79
0.09
9.68
NO
9.68
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
35.73
26.27
14.40
1.00
1.54
9.24
0.08
9.46
NO
9.46
0.18
NO,NA
NO
0.02
34.06
24.45
12.44
0.89
1.33
9.71
0.07
9.61
NO
9.61
0.15
NO,NA
NO
0.02
32.35
23.06
11.53
0.74
1.22
9.51
0.06
9.29
NO
9.29
0.18
NO,NA
NO
0.02
30.24
21.50
9.60
0.52
1.12
10.20
0.05
8.74
NO
8.74
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.03
29.01
21.13
10.12
0.57
0.95
9.45
0.04
7.88
NO
7.88
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
25.56
19.09
8.84
0.52
0.81
8.89
0.03
6.47
NO
6.47
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
0.12
NA
228.75
145.23
83.40
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.10
NA
235.48
148.13
87.22
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.14
NA
236.13
145.83
90.19
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.16
NA
235.73
144.16
91.43
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.14
NA
233.53
139.84
93.54
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.13
NA
227.30
139.33
87.82
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.16
NA
222.97
139.37
83.45
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.11
NA
225.93
142.59
83.21
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.10
NA
223.45
143.86
79.47
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.10
NA
222.20
143.83
78.23
NO
NE
NO
0.14
NO
1.41
0.68
NO
0.48
0.25
NO
NO
NO
1.48
0.73
NO
0.47
0.28
NO
NO
NO
1.55
0.78
NO
0.46
0.30
NO
NO
NO
1.61
0.83
NO
0.46
0.32
NO
NO
NO
1.71
0.91
NO
0.45
0.34
NO
NO
NO
1.75
0.94
NO
0.44
0.37
NO
NO
NO
1.82
0.99
NO
0.44
0.39
NO
NO
NO
1.89
1.04
NO
0.43
0.42
NO
NO
NO
1.96
1.09
NO
0.43
0.44
NO
NO
NO
2.03
1.14
NO
0.42
0.47
NO
NO
51.13
42.91
4.03
0.00
4.12
0.08
NO
316.29
317.70
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
52.84
44.68
3.95
0.00
4.13
0.08
NO
325.84
327.31
0.09
0.01
0.08
NE
50.31
41.68
4.42
0.00
4.14
0.08
NO
322.95
324.49
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
51.55
42.54
4.77
0.00
4.15
0.09
NO
323.19
324.80
0.07
0.01
0.07
NE
46.16
37.46
4.47
0.00
4.15
0.08
NO
316.19
317.90
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
45.35
36.37
4.72
0.00
4.19
0.08
NO
306.85
308.60
0.06
0.01
0.06
NE
47.53
38.14
5.12
0.00
4.18
0.08
NO
303.03
304.85
0.08
0.01
0.08
NE
46.10
36.29
5.52
0.00
4.20
0.09
NO
302.41
304.30
0.09
0.01
0.08
NE
44.60
35.09
5.22
0.00
4.19
0.09
NO
297.17
299.14
0.08
0.01
0.07
NE
43.51
33.50
5.69
0.00
4.23
0.09
NO
291.39
293.42
0.04
0.01
0.04
NE
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
390
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0391.png
T
ABLE
A1.2 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
3.3): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF METHANE
(CH
4
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2010
2011
2012
kt
19.03
14.40
6.39
0.39
0.57
7.04
0.02
4.63
NO
4.63
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.02
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
17.44
13.14
5.62
0.34
0.51
6.65
0.01
4.30
NO
4.30
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.02
14.99
10.69
4.02
0.40
0.47
5.79
0.01
4.29
NO
4.29
0.11
NO,NA
NO
0.02
14.60
10.54
3.41
0.52
0.44
6.16
0.01
4.06
NO
4.06
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
0.17
9.02
441.92
56.23
-80.74
-3.02
-87.86
-17.28
0.00
-17.28
59.60
0.00
0.00
58.93
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use , land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
27.66
21.36
11.01
0.59
0.73
9.00
0.03
6.31
NO
6.31
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.02
23.46
18.19
9.22
0.54
0.65
7.76
0.02
5.27
NO
5.27
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.02
0.08
NA
225.30
145.23
79.97
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.07
NA
223.17
143.70
79.37
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.11
NA
223.53
146.97
76.44
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.12
NA
222.25
147.87
74.25
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.09
NA
223.62
148.43
75.06
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.14
NA
220.97
146.69
74.16
NO
NE
NO
0.12
59.70
0.00
-1.09
-9.22
20.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
37.71
NO
2.06
1.15
NO
0.42
0.49
NO
NO
NO
2.14
1.15
0.06
0.41
0.52
NO
NO
NO
2.32
1.15
0.15
0.47
0.55
NO
NO
NO
2.38
1.15
0.17
0.49
0.56
NO
NO
NO
2.30
1.15
0.07
0.50
0.58
NO
NO
NO
2.41
1.17
0.19
0.48
0.58
NO
NO
0.00
218.56
524.31
100.00
-10.96
1708.49
0.00
0.00
40.83
30.88
5.61
0.00
4.26
0.08
NO
293.89
295.95
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
40.69
30.92
5.41
0.00
4.28
0.08
NO
287.41
289.55
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
39.61
29.70
5.53
0.00
4.31
0.07
NO
282.30
284.61
0.04
0.01
0.04
NE
38.20
28.09
5.70
0.00
4.34
0.07
NO
278.02
280.40
0.05
0.01
0.05
NE
39.16
27.65
7.03
0.00
4.38
0.10
NO
277.87
280.17
0.06
0.01
0.06
NE
38.21
26.22
7.52
0.00
4.37
0.10
NO
273.94
276.35
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
-42.87
-57.34
391.11
39.62
14.22
27.14
0.00
-10.18
-9.61
-8.31
0.26
-9.34
0.00
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
391
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0392.png
T
ABLE
A1.3 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
4.1): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE
(N
2
O)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
(kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1.21
1.03
0.29
0.19
0.34
0.21
0.00
0.18
NO
0.18
3.42
3.36
NO
0.00
1.21
1.03
0.29
0.19
0.34
0.21
0.00
0.18
NO
0.18
3.42
3.36
NO
0.00
1.52
1.16
0.37
0.21
0.35
0.22
0.01
0.36
NO
0.36
3.14
3.08
NO
0.00
1.50
1.13
0.34
0.21
0.36
0.21
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.78
2.72
NO
0.00
1.47
1.15
0.36
0.19
0.37
0.22
0.01
0.32
NO
0.32
2.63
2.56
NO
0.00
1.51
1.19
0.39
0.19
0.39
0.22
0.01
0.31
NO
0.31
2.66
2.60
NO
0.00
1.49
1.25
0.38
0.24
0.40
0.22
0.01
0.24
NO
0.24
2.98
2.92
NO
0.00
1.65
1.38
0.51
0.24
0.40
0.23
0.01
0.27
NO
0.27
2.76
2.69
NO
0.00
1.70
1.31
0.44
0.24
0.41
0.22
0.01
0.39
NO
0.39
2.80
2.74
NO
0.00
1.56
1.28
0.42
0.25
0.40
0.21
0.01
0.28
NO
0.28
2.67
2.60
NO
0.00
1.88
1.26
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.21
0.01
0.62
NO
0.62
3.14
3.07
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
21.57
3.28
18.28
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
21.57
3.28
18.28
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
20.96
3.31
17.65
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
20.48
3.41
17.07
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
19.97
3.39
16.58
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
19.62
3.26
16.36
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
19.17
3.14
16.02
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
18.06
3.14
14.92
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
18.08
3.18
14.90
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
18.50
3.29
15.21
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.83
3.20
14.63
NO
0.00
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.25
0.04
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
26.45
26.54
0.13
0.06
0.08
NE
0.25
0.04
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
26.45
26.54
0.13
0.06
0.08
NE
0.25
0.05
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
25.87
25.96
0.12
0.05
0.07
NE
0.23
0.05
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
24.99
25.08
0.13
0.05
0.07
NE
0.27
0.05
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
24.34
24.43
0.16
0.05
0.11
NE
0.29
0.06
0.00
0.23
NA
NO
24.08
24.17
0.18
0.06
0.12
NE
0.30
0.07
0.00
0.23
NA
NO
23.94
24.03
0.19
0.06
0.13
NE
0.28
0.08
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.75
22.84
0.18
0.06
0.12
NE
0.29
0.09
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.87
22.96
0.18
0.07
0.11
NE
0.39
0.19
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
23.12
23.21
0.18
0.07
0.11
NE
0.54
0.35
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
23.39
23.48
0.18
0.08
0.10
NE
26.57
26.57
26.57
25.39
24.11
23.48
22.75
21.89
21.47
21.38
20.32
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
392
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0393.png
T
ABLE
A1.3 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
4.2): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE
(N
2
O)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
kt
1.62
1.22
0.38
0.24
0.39
0.21
0.01
0.40
NO
0.40
3.31
3.24
NO
0.00
1.67
1.24
0.40
0.24
0.38
0.23
0.01
0.43
NO
0.43
2.92
2.86
NO
0.00
1.60
1.24
0.40
0.22
0.38
0.23
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.57
2.50
NO
0.00
1.65
1.28
0.44
0.21
0.38
0.24
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.96
2.89
NO
0.00
1.65
1.23
0.39
0.22
0.37
0.24
0.01
0.42
NO
0.42
1.79
1.71
NO
0.00
1.49
1.20
0.35
0.21
0.36
0.26
0.01
0.30
NO
0.30
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.57
1.28
0.42
0.23
0.35
0.27
0.01
0.29
NO
0.29
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.56
1.26
0.36
0.23
0.37
0.29
0.01
0.29
NO
0.29
0.08
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.45
1.24
0.35
0.22
0.38
0.29
0.01
0.21
NO
0.21
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.33
1.20
0.36
0.17
0.37
0.29
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.08
NO,NA
NO
0.00
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0.07
NA
17.59
3.19
14.40
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.22
3.30
13.92
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.33
3.38
13.94
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
16.52
3.34
13.18
NO
0.00
0.08
NA
16.73
3.45
13.27
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
16.39
3.25
13.13
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.96
3.02
12.93
NO
0.00
0.08
NA
16.47
3.01
13.46
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
16.36
2.83
13.53
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.65
2.67
12.98
NO
0.00
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
0.73
0.51
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
23.24
23.33
0.18
0.08
0.10
NE
0.70
0.50
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.52
22.61
0.16
0.08
0.08
NE
1.01
0.77
0.00
0.24
NA
NO
22.51
22.60
0.14
0.07
0.07
NE
0.94
0.75
0.00
0.19
NA
NO
22.08
22.17
0.14
0.07
0.07
NE
0.38
0.20
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
20.55
20.64
0.14
0.08
0.06
NE
0.41
0.20
0.00
0.22
NA
NO
18.36
18.45
0.14
0.09
0.06
NE
0.42
0.24
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
18.01
18.10
0.16
0.09
0.08
NE
0.51
0.29
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
18.61
18.70
0.17
0.09
0.08
NE
0.56
0.29
0.00
0.27
NA
NO
18.43
18.52
0.16
0.09
0.07
NE
0.51
0.33
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
17.57
17.66
0.12
0.08
0.04
NE
19.69
19.28
18.48
18.06
18.32
18.24
17.37
17.85
18.60
17.56
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
393
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0394.png
T
ABLE
A1.3 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
4.3): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE
(N
2
O)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
2010
2011
2012
kt
1.45
1.26
0.38
0.19
0.38
0.30
0.01
0.19
NO
0.19
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.32
1.20
0.33
0.18
0.40
0.27
0.01
0.12
NO
0.12
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.26
1.15
0.31
0.16
0.41
0.27
0.01
0.11
NO
0.11
0.05
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.31
1.17
0.33
0.15
0.41
0.27
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.27
1.14
0.29
0.15
0.43
0.25
0.01
0.13
NO
0.13
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.31
1.16
0.28
0.15
0.45
0.29
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
7.86
12.59
-4.14
-24.18
33.02
35.55
45.37
-19.62
0.00
-19.62
-98.05
0.00
234.56
0.06
NA
15.23
2.66
12.56
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.38
2.61
12.77
NO
0.00
0.05
NA
15.08
2.55
12.53
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
15.02
2.52
12.49
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
15.33
2.50
12.83
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.43
2.46
12.97
NO
0.00
9.76
0.00
-28.48
-25.18
-29.07
0.00
37.71
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
NO
0.00
24.41
-11.43
8727.24
10901.52
-49.87
3794.46
0.00
0.51
0.31
0.00
0.19
NA
NO
17.24
17.33
0.13
0.08
0.05
NE
0.51
0.30
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
17.29
17.38
0.14
0.08
0.05
NE
0.49
0.30
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
16.89
16.98
0.12
0.08
0.04
NE
0.51
0.31
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
16.90
17.00
0.13
0.08
0.05
NE
0.59
0.38
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
17.25
17.35
0.15
0.09
0.06
NE
0.59
0.38
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
17.39
17.50
0.15
0.09
0.06
NE
139.03
836.61
39.62
2.01
0.00
0.00
-34.26
-34.05
10.47
54.82
-23.06
0.00
17.08
17.27
16.82
17.13
16.84
17.51
-34.08
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
394
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0395.png
T
ABLE
A1.4 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5.1): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GASES
(HFC
S
, PFC
S
, SF
6
AND NF
3
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Base ye ar
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
(kt)
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivale nt)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Unspecifie d mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of SF
6
- (kt CO
2
e quivale nt)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NF
3
(4)
(4)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
60.58
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
3.69
3.69
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
85.05
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
102.29
102.29
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.03
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
96.51
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
146.40
146.34
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.10
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
116.44
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
242.09
241.46
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.15
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.44
0.63
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
102.40
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
381.96
379.86
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
0.21
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
0.03
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
3.50
2.09
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
58.15
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
381.55
376.35
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
0.18
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
0.02
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
7.20
5.20
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
69.70
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
486.93
475.46
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.02
NO,NA
0.22
NO,NA
0.02
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
9.79
11.47
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
56.69
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
597.73
581.99
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.03
NO,NA
0.23
NO,NA
0.03
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
12.38
15.74
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
61.92
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
e quivale nt)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
395
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0396.png
T
ABLE
A1.4 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5.2): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GASES
(HFC
S
, PFC
S AND
SF
6
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
kt
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
e quivale nt)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Unspecifie d mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of SF
6
- (kt CO
2
e quivalent)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivale nt)
NF
3
(4)
(4)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
726.10
703.54
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.26
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.02
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
17.04
22.57
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
56.07
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
763.57
735.66
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.27
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
20.10
27.91
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
28.12
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
808.04
780.03
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.29
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
21.21
28.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
23.44
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
836.64
812.05
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.28
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
20.83
24.59
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
29.52
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
895.82
875.28
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.29
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
21.50
20.53
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
30.76
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
951.41
932.64
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.29
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
22.32
18.77
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
19.90
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
978.95
957.80
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.29
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
23.06
21.15
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
33.49
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
1010.54
989.36
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.30
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
24.17
21.19
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
28.11
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
1011.37
992.93
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.29
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
28.98
18.44
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
29.31
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
971.18
951.20
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.26
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
31.18
19.98
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
34.17
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
e quivale nt)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
396
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0397.png
T
ABLE
A1.4 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
5.3): D
ENMARK
'
S EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSE GASES
(HFC
S
, PFC
S AND
SF
6
)
IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of SF
6
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NF
3
(4)
(4)
2010
2011
2012
kt
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
latest reported year
%
969.09
950.42
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
0.27
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
30.87
18.66
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
35.76
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
902.15
886.47
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.26
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
32.09
15.68
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
69.39
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
813.21
801.04
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.06
NO,NA
0.23
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
34.47
12.18
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
112.00
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
791.79
780.95
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.23
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
36.33
10.84
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
130.58
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
710.34
701.67
0.00
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.18
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
40.07
8.66
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
132.37
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
638.88
633.93
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
0.16
NO,NA
0.04
NO,NA
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
45.28
4.95
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
103.08
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
100.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
143.07
143.07
0.00
0.00
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
397
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0398.png
T
ABLE
A1.5 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.1): D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indire ct)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
Base ye ar
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
e quivale nt (kt)
53590.96
58446.78
7624.36
7643.30
7881.70
7909.06
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
69139.43
74041.55
70356.39
75258.52
53590.96
58446.78
7624.36
7643.30
7881.70
7909.06
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
69139.43
74041.55
70356.39
75258.52
64209.57
68424.18
7813.92
7833.92
7708.97
7735.96
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
60.58
NO,NA
79793.03
84054.64
81052.34
85313.95
58401.78
63347.96
7892.39
7914.09
7447.77
7474.81
3.69
NO,NA
NO,NA
85.05
NO,NA
73830.68
78825.60
75059.09
80054.01
60641.06
64840.96
8087.28
8110.68
7252.30
7279.37
102.29
NO,NA
NO,NA
96.51
NO,NA
76179.43
80429.81
77385.03
81635.40
64701.36
68604.84
7977.37
8002.47
7176.87
7203.96
146.34
0.07
NO,NA
116.44
NO,NA
80118.44
84074.12
81280.22
85235.90
61614.61
65750.54
8051.45
8078.25
7133.96
7161.06
241.46
0.63
NO,NA
102.40
NO,NA
77144.51
81334.34
78282.07
82471.90
74862.71
78203.36
8165.05
8193.54
6779.76
6806.85
379.86
2.09
NO,NA
58.15
NO,NA
90247.63
93643.86
91371.58
94767.81
65455.25
69283.14
8054.88
8085.07
6814.26
6841.32
376.35
5.20
NO,NA
69.70
NO,NA
80775.63
84660.78
81823.90
85709.04
61217.42
65225.02
8110.65
8142.55
6889.85
6916.89
475.46
11.47
NO,NA
56.69
NO,NA
76761.54
80828.08
77765.66
81832.20
58636.78
62704.34
8016.16
8049.72
6970.03
6997.00
581.99
15.74
NO,NA
61.92
NO,NA
74282.63
78410.71
75220.38
79348.46
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
(5)
Base ye ar
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
52401.88
2343.35
12630.82
4902.13
1763.38
NO
74041.55
52401.88
2343.35
12630.82
4902.13
1763.38
NO
74041.55
63096.71
2469.51
12456.81
4261.61
1770.00
NO
84054.64
57276.24
2522.49
12281.49
4994.92
1750.46
NO
78825.60
CO
2
e quivale nt (kt)
59606.76
63658.95
2592.39
2705.55
12231.57
12074.76
4250.37
1748.72
NO
80429.81
3955.68
1679.19
NO
84074.12
60589.00
2878.22
12079.22
4189.83
1598.06
NO
81334.34
74004.42
3021.57
11659.68
3396.23
1561.96
NO
93643.86
64516.08
3104.95
11669.39
3885.14
1485.21
NO
84660.78
60430.50
3203.79
11682.38
4066.54
1444.88
NO
80828.08
58010.49
3441.67
11314.37
4128.09
1516.10
NO
78410.71
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
398
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0399.png
T
ABLE
A1.5 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.2): D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
54296.09
58441.60
7907.27
7942.52
6926.32
6953.22
703.54
22.57
NO,NA
56.07
NO,NA
69911.85
74119.51
70786.20
74993.85
55869.71
60770.78
8145.92
8182.86
6709.55
6736.36
735.66
27.91
NO,NA
28.12
NO,NA
71516.87
76481.69
72366.21
77331.03
55541.80
61541.60
8073.65
8112.27
6707.40
6734.12
780.03
28.01
NO,NA
23.44
NO,NA
71154.33
77219.48
71965.47
78030.63
60625.25
66236.73
8079.66
8119.97
6579.93
6606.53
812.05
24.59
NO,NA
29.52
NO,NA
76150.99
81829.39
76946.55
82624.95
55099.60
60368.15
7904.84
7947.49
6124.05
6150.97
875.28
20.53
NO,NA
30.76
NO,NA
70055.06
75393.19
70819.42
76157.54
51521.63
56691.09
7671.33
7715.09
5471.71
5498.59
932.64
18.77
NO,NA
19.90
NO,NA
65635.97
70876.07
66371.03
71611.13
59427.52
64983.24
7575.70
7621.24
5367.80
5394.61
957.80
21.15
NO,NA
33.49
NO,NA
73383.45
79011.52
74080.91
79708.98
54643.91
57470.84
7560.17
7607.45
5544.63
5571.35
989.36
21.19
NO,NA
28.11
NO,NA
68787.36
71688.29
69443.71
72344.63
51204.17
49194.49
7429.35
7478.40
5492.58
5519.22
992.93
18.44
NO,NA
29.31
NO,NA
65166.79
63232.79
65794.52
63860.52
48814.51
50968.74
7284.82
7335.62
5235.91
5262.44
951.20
19.98
NO,NA
34.17
NO,NA
62340.57
64572.13
62911.37
65142.92
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
53539.64
3631.06
11227.90
4207.65
1513.26
NO
74119.51
55228.97
3514.96
11224.88
4964.82
1548.06
NO
76481.69
54806.24
3467.91
11302.85
6065.15
1577.32
NO
77219.48
60034.02
3481.53
11046.16
5678.39
1589.29
NO
81829.39
54473.55
3312.43
10983.24
5338.12
1285.85
NO
75393.19
50783.51
2788.97
10787.98
5240.11
1275.50
NO
70876.07
58678.32
2848.10
10525.38
5628.08
1331.65
NO
79011.52
53838.07
2876.60
10750.22
2900.93
1322.47
NO
71688.29
50596.63
2574.66
10693.69
-1934.00
1301.81
NO
63232.79
48581.68
2091.62
10406.89
2231.56
1260.37
NO
64572.13
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
399
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0400.png
T
ABLE
A1.5 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.3): D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
latest reported year
(%)
37449.41
37506.36
6946.81
7004.33
5140.79
5170.24
701.67
8.66
NO,NA
132.37
NO,NA
50379.72
50523.64
50800.99
50944.91
35146.53
39205.35
6848.51
6908.85
5181.66
5215.70
633.93
4.95
NO,NA
103.08
NO,NA
47918.65
52071.86
48331.14
52484.35
-34.42
-32.92
-10.18
-9.61
-34.26
-34.05
100.00
100.00
0.00
143.07
0.00
-30.69
-29.67
-31.31
-30.26
CO2 equivalent (kt)
49170.48
48294.65
7347.34
7398.80
5138.50
5165.52
950.42
18.66
NO,NA
35.76
NO,NA
62661.17
61863.82
63217.47
62420.12
44169.64
41668.02
7185.26
7238.69
5151.14
5178.65
886.47
15.68
NO,NA
69.39
NO,NA
57477.57
55056.89
57982.07
55561.39
39648.46
39310.50
7057.42
7115.34
5031.94
5059.88
801.04
12.18
NO,NA
112.00
NO,NA
52663.03
52410.93
53138.01
52885.92
41632.49
42621.67
6950.55
7009.95
5036.46
5064.91
780.95
10.84
NO,NA
130.58
NO,NA
54541.88
55618.90
54992.85
56069.86
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
latest reported year
(%)
-34.21
-15.01
-18.46
-15.28
-34.64
0.00
-29.67
CO2 equivalent (kt)
49110.74
2034.33
10326.04
-797.35
1190.06
NO
61863.82
43786.84
2175.49
10328.39
-2420.68
1186.86
NO
55056.89
39115.73
2121.15
10274.30
-252.09
1151.85
NO
52410.93
41008.25
2132.43
10277.98
1077.02
1123.22
NO
55618.90
36734.03
2071.28
10399.55
143.92
1174.85
NO
50523.64
34475.82
1991.68
10298.62
4153.21
1152.53
NO
52071.86
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
400
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0401.png
T
ABLE
A1.6 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.1): G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
624.48
624.68
16.06
16.06
11.94
11.94
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
652.48
652.69
NA
NA
624.48
624.68
16.06
16.06
11.94
11.94
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
652.48
652.69
NA
NA
609.73
610.00
16.19
16.19
11.92
11.92
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
637.84
638.11
NA
NA
595.63
595.93
15.45
15.45
11.71
11.71
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
622.79
623.09
NA
NA
545.69
546.02
14.59
14.59
11.40
11.40
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
571.68
572.01
NA
NA
495.73
496.08
15.16
15.16
11.37
11.37
0.02
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
522.27
522.63
NA
NA
534.15
534.53
15.86
15.86
11.64
11.64
0.03
NO
NO
0.03
NO
561.71
562.10
NA
NA
596.79
597.20
16.22
16.22
12.44
12.44
0.09
NO
NO
0.00
NO
625.54
625.96
NA
NA
617.62
618.06
17.01
17.01
12.27
12.27
0.45
NO
NO
0.00
NO
647.37
647.81
NA
NA
596.89
597.36
16.49
16.49
12.72
12.72
0.83
NO
NO
0.00
NO
626.94
627.40
NA
NA
594.53
595.02
15.66
15.66
12.81
12.81
1.50
NO
NO
0.00
NO
624.50
624.99
NA
NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
625.20
0.31
9.51
0.21
17.47
652.69
625.20
0.31
9.51
0.21
17.47
652.69
610.35
0.30
9.59
0.27
17.59
638.11
596.17
0.30
8.63
0.30
17.69
623.09
545.95
0.31
7.61
0.33
17.81
572.01
495.67
0.33
8.29
0.36
17.98
522.63
534.28
0.38
8.90
0.38
18.16
562.10
597.08
0.33
9.73
0.41
18.40
625.96
617.81
0.77
10.18
0.44
18.61
647.81
596.54
1.18
10.27
0.47
18.95
627.40
594.31
1.89
9.62
0.50
18.67
624.99
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
401
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0402.png
T
ABLE
A1.6 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.2): G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
667.50
668.02
15.32
15.32
12.67
12.67
2.19
NO
NO
0.00
NO
697.68
698.20
NA
NA
618.07
618.68
15.34
15.34
12.57
12.57
3.47
NO
NO
0.00
NO
649.46
650.07
NA
NA
579.80
579.88
14.91
14.91
12.31
12.31
4.57
NO
NO
0.00
NO
611.60
611.67
NA
NA
649.84
650.56
15.03
15.03
12.58
12.58
5.57
NO
NO
0.00
NO
683.03
683.74
NA
NA
639.92
640.76
15.32
15.32
12.78
12.78
6.35
NO
NO
0.00
NO
674.38
675.21
NA
NA
644.11
644.74
15.56
15.56
12.92
12.92
6.41
NO
NO
0.00
NO
679.00
679.63
NA
NA
662.24
662.86
15.38
15.38
13.15
13.15
6.45
NO
NO
0.00
NO
697.22
697.84
NA
NA
653.19
654.13
15.42
15.42
12.82
12.82
7.00
NO
NO
0.00
NO
688.43
689.38
NA
NA
677.77
678.62
15.26
15.26
14.32
14.32
7.50
NO
NO
0.00
NO
714.85
715.70
NA
NA
592.96
593.11
14.93
14.93
11.83
11.83
7.55
NO
NO
0.00
NO
627.27
627.42
NA
NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
667.97
2.50
9.13
0.52
18.07
698.20
618.23
3.76
9.32
0.60
18.15
650.07
579.80
4.89
8.90
0.08
18.00
611.67
650.20
6.05
9.03
0.71
17.75
683.74
640.54
6.78
9.53
0.83
17.53
675.21
644.65
6.90
9.93
0.63
17.52
679.63
663.14
6.80
9.73
0.61
17.55
697.84
653.92
7.36
9.59
0.95
17.56
689.38
678.70
7.86
10.47
0.85
17.81
715.70
593.34
8.00
9.45
0.15
16.47
627.42
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
402
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0403.png
T
ABLE
A1.6 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.3): G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base
to late st re ported
year
(%)
-16.11
-15.97
-13.50
-13.50
-20.60
-20.60
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
-14.57
-14.44
0.00
0.00
CO2 e quivalent (kt)
678.87
680.28
15.16
15.16
11.73
11.73
7.77
NO
NO
0.00
NO
713.53
714.95
NA
NA
725.34
726.54
15.05
15.05
12.21
12.21
8.18
NO
NO
0.00
NO
760.78
761.99
NA
NA
578.50
579.82
14.85
14.85
11.25
11.25
8.37
NO
NO
0.00
NO
612.97
614.29
NA
NA
561.29
562.40
14.79
14.79
10.02
10.02
8.99
NO
NO
0.00
NO
595.09
596.21
NA
NA
520.79
521.93
14.30
14.30
9.83
9.83
8.53
NO
NO
0.00
NO
553.45
554.59
NA
NA
523.86
524.90
13.89
13.89
9.48
9.48
10.18
NO
NO
0.00
NO
557.41
558.46
NA
NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
(5)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
679.61
8.11
9.60
1.42
16.22
714.95
726.28
8.52
9.66
1.21
16.32
761.99
CO2 e quivalent (kt)
578.86
561.62
8.75
9.31
9.48
9.41
1.32
15.88
614.29
1.12
14.75
596.21
520.87
8.86
9.15
1.13
14.57
554.59
Change from base
to late st re ported
year
(%)
523.96
-16.19
10.49
3329.22
8.55
-10.17
1.04
14.41
558.46
406.18
-17.49
-14.44
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
403
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0404.png
T
ABLE
A1.7 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.1): F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
667.99
667.99
22.50
22.50
10.37
10.37
NO
667.99
667.99
22.50
22.50
10.37
10.37
NO
648.76
648.76
21.50
21.50
10.00
10.00
NO
638.31
638.31
21.72
21.72
9.93
9.93
NO
528.71
528.71
21.82
21.82
9.35
9.35
NO
533.73
533.73
23.07
23.07
9.63
9.63
0.00
539.67
539.67
23.18
23.18
9.62
9.62
0.00
559.91
559.91
23.03
23.03
9.69
9.69
0.03
555.53
555.53
23.04
23.04
9.68
9.68
0.74
599.15
599.15
22.84
22.84
9.97
9.97
1.41
628.42
628.42
22.89
22.89
10.01
10.01
3.76
NA,NO
700.86
700.86
NA
NA
NA,NO
700.86
700.86
NA
NA
NA,NO
680.25
680.25
NA
NA
0.11
670.07
670.07
NA
NA
0.12
560.00
560.00
NA
NA
0.14
566.57
566.57
NA
NA
0.15
572.60
572.60
NA
NA
0.16
592.82
592.82
NA
NA
0.17
589.16
589.16
NA
NA
0.18
633.54
633.54
NA
NA
0.09
665.17
665.17
NA
NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
673.28
NO,NE,NA
27.58
NO,NE,IE
700.86
673.28
NO,NE,NA
27.58
NO,NE,IE
700.86
653.84
NO,NE,NA
26.41
NO,NE,IE
680.25
643.27
0.11
26.68
NO,NE,IE
670.07
533.01
0.12
26.87
NO,NE,IE
560.00
538.08
0.14
28.36
NO,NE,IE
566.57
544.09
0.15
28.36
NO,NE,IE
572.60
564.49
0.19
28.14
NO,NE,IE
592.82
560.13
0.91
28.12
NO,NE,IE
589.16
604.13
1.58
27.82
NO,NE,IE
633.54
633.42
3.85
27.90
NO,NE,IE
665.17
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
404
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0405.png
T
ABLE
A1.7 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.2): F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
665.02
665.02
23.06
23.06
10.21
10.21
5.01
820.31
820.31
22.46
22.46
11.30
11.30
8.08
768.75
768.75
22.46
22.46
10.99
10.99
10.15
773.61
773.61
22.43
22.43
11.21
11.21
11.92
774.53
774.53
22.25
22.25
11.18
11.18
13.30
774.76
774.76
21.80
21.80
11.08
11.08
13.03
768.29
768.29
21.52
21.52
11.04
11.04
13.54
797.42
797.42
21.58
21.58
11.12
11.12
14.00
732.40
732.40
21.23
21.23
10.51
10.51
14.31
764.63
764.63
21.44
21.44
10.75
10.75
13.34
0.08
703.38
703.38
NA
NA
0.08
862.22
862.22
NA
NA
0.09
812.44
812.44
NA
NA
0.08
819.25
819.25
NA
NA
0.18
821.43
821.43
NA
NA
0.15
820.83
820.83
NA
NA
0.13
814.52
814.52
NA
NA
0.13
844.25
844.25
NA
NA
0.15
778.61
778.61
NA
NA
0.20
810.36
810.36
NA
NA
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
670.16
5.08
28.14
NO,NE,IE
703.38
825.68
8.15
28.39
NO,NE,IE
862.22
773.76
10.24
28.44
NO,NE,IE
812.44
778.84
11.99
28.42
NO,NE,IE
819.25
779.72
13.48
28.23
NO,NE,IE
821.43
779.94
13.18
27.71
NO,NE,IE
820.83
773.46
13.68
27.38
NO,NE,IE
814.52
802.65
14.13
27.47
NO,NE,IE
844.25
737.02
14.46
27.13
NO,NE,IE
778.61
769.46
13.54
27.36
NO,NE,IE
810.36
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
405
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0406.png
T
ABLE
A1.7 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.3): F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base
to latest reported
year
(%)
16.63
16.63
-4.04
-4.04
8.97
8.97
100.00
CO2 equivalent (kt)
839.53
839.53
21.33
21.33
11.16
11.16
13.90
722.61
722.61
21.24
21.24
10.44
10.44
13.97
808.17
808.17
21.53
21.53
11.03
11.03
16.95
778.06
778.06
21.48
21.48
11.00
11.00
20.95
808.64
808.64
21.43
21.43
11.43
11.43
25.56
779.07
779.07
21.59
21.59
11.30
11.30
32.76
0.16
886.09
886.09
NA
NA
0.15
768.41
768.41
NA
NA
0.18
857.86
857.86
NA
NA
0.20
831.69
831.69
NA
NA
0.59
867.65
867.65
NA
NA
0.25
844.96
844.96
NA
NA
100.00
20.56
20.56
0.00
0.00
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO2 equivalent (kt)
844.83
14.07
27.20
NO,NE,IE
886.09
727.11
14.12
27.18
NO,NE,IE
768.41
813.29
17.13
27.44
NO,NE,IE
857.86
783.10
21.15
27.44
NO,NE,IE
831.69
814.14
26.15
27.36
NO,NE,IE
867.65
Change from base
to latest reported
year
(%)
784.42
16.51
33.00
100.00
27.54
-0.14
0.00
20.56
NO,NE,IE
844.96
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
406
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0407.png
T
ABLE
A1.8 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.1): D
ENMARK
’
S AND
G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
54215.44
59071.47
7640.41
7659.36
7893.64
7921.01
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
69791.91
74694.24
71008.87
75911.21
54215.44
59071.47
7640.41
7659.36
7893.64
7921.01
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
69791.91
74694.24
71008.87
75911.21
64819.29
69034.18
7830.11
7850.10
7720.89
7747.88
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
60.58
NO,NA
80430.87
84692.75
81690.18
85952.06
58997.41
63943.89
7907.84
7929.54
7459.48
7486.52
3.69
NO,NA
NO,NA
85.05
NO,NA
74453.47
79448.69
75681.88
80677.10
61186.75
65386.98
8101.87
8125.27
7263.69
7290.77
102.29
NO,NA
NO,NA
96.51
NO,NA
76751.11
81001.81
77956.71
82207.41
65197.09
69100.92
7992.53
8017.63
7188.24
7215.33
146.36
0.07
NO,NA
116.44
NO,NA
80640.72
84596.75
81802.50
85758.53
62148.76
66285.07
8067.32
8094.12
7145.60
7172.70
241.48
0.63
NO,NA
102.43
NO,NA
77706.23
81896.44
78843.78
83033.99
75459.50
78800.57
8181.28
8209.77
6792.20
6819.28
379.95
2.09
NO,NA
58.16
NO,NA
90873.18
94269.82
91997.12
95393.77
66072.87
69901.20
8071.90
8102.08
6826.53
6853.59
376.81
5.20
NO,NA
69.70
NO,NA
81423.00
85308.58
82471.27
86356.85
61814.31
65822.38
8127.14
8159.04
6902.57
6929.61
476.29
11.47
NO,NA
56.69
NO,NA
77388.48
81455.48
78392.60
82459.60
59231.31
63299.37
8031.82
8065.38
6982.84
7009.80
583.49
15.74
NO,NA
61.92
NO,NA
74907.12
79035.70
75844.87
79973.45
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
53027.08
2343.66
12640.33
4902.33
1780.84
NO
74694.24
53027.08
2343.66
12640.33
4902.33
1780.84
NO
74694.24
63707.06
2469.81
12466.41
4261.88
1787.59
NO
84692.75
57872.41
2522.79
12290.12
4995.22
1768.15
NO
79448.69
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
60152.70
64154.62
2592.70
2705.88
12239.17
12083.05
4250.70
1766.53
NO
81001.81
3956.03
1697.17
NO
84596.75
61123.28
2878.61
12088.12
4190.21
1616.22
NO
81896.44
74601.50
3021.90
11669.41
3396.64
1580.36
NO
94269.82
65133.89
3105.72
11679.57
3885.58
1503.82
NO
85308.58
61027.04
3204.97
11692.64
4067.00
1463.83
NO
81455.48
58604.80
3443.56
11323.99
4128.58
1534.77
NO
79035.70
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
407
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0408.png
T
ABLE
A1.8 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.2): D
ENMARK
’
S AND
G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
54963.58
59109.62
7922.59
7957.84
6938.99
6965.89
705.73
22.57
NO,NA
56.07
NO,NA
70609.53
74817.71
71483.88
75692.05
56487.78
61389.45
8161.26
8198.20
6722.12
6748.93
739.13
27.91
NO,NA
28.12
NO,NA
72166.33
77131.76
73015.67
77981.10
56121.60
62121.48
8088.56
8127.19
6719.71
6746.43
784.60
28.01
NO,NA
23.44
NO,NA
71765.92
77831.15
72577.07
78642.30
61275.09
66887.29
8094.70
8135.00
6592.51
6619.12
817.61
24.59
NO,NA
29.52
NO,NA
76834.02
82513.13
77629.58
83308.69
55739.52
61008.91
7920.16
7962.81
6136.83
6163.75
881.63
20.53
NO,NA
30.76
NO,NA
70729.44
76068.39
71493.79
76832.75
52165.74
57335.83
7686.89
7730.65
5484.63
5511.51
939.05
18.77
NO,NA
19.90
NO,NA
66314.96
71555.70
67050.02
72290.76
60089.76
65646.10
7591.08
7636.62
5380.94
5407.76
964.24
21.15
NO,NA
33.49
NO,NA
74080.67
79709.36
74778.13
80406.82
55297.10
58124.97
7575.59
7622.87
5557.45
5584.17
996.36
21.19
NO,NA
28.11
NO,NA
69475.79
72377.66
70132.14
73034.01
51881.94
49873.11
7444.62
7493.66
5506.90
5533.53
1000.43
18.44
NO,NA
29.31
NO,NA
65881.64
63948.49
66509.37
64576.22
49407.47
51561.84
7299.74
7350.54
5247.74
5274.27
958.74
19.98
NO,NA
34.17
NO,NA
62967.84
65199.55
63538.64
65770.34
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
(5)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
54207.61
3633.55
11237.03
4208.18
1531.33
NO
74817.71
55847.20
3518.72
11234.20
4965.43
1566.21
NO
77131.76
55386.04
3472.81
11311.76
6065.23
1595.32
NO
77831.15
60684.22
3487.57
11055.20
5679.11
1607.03
NO
82513.13
55114.08
3319.20
10992.76
5338.96
1303.39
NO
76068.39
51428.16
2795.87
10797.92
5240.74
1293.02
NO
71555.70
59341.45
2854.90
10535.12
5628.69
1349.20
NO
79709.36
54491.99
2883.96
10759.81
2901.87
1340.03
NO
72377.66
51275.33
2582.52
10704.16
-1933.15
1319.62
NO
63948.49
49175.02
2099.62
10416.35
2231.71
1276.85
NO
65199.55
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
408
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0409.png
T
ABLE
A1.8 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.3): D
ENMARK
’
S AND
G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indire ct)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
late st re ported year
(%)
37970.20
38028.29
6961.11
7018.63
5150.62
5180.07
710.20
8.66
NO,NA
132.37
NO,NA
50933.17
51078.22
51354.44
51499.49
35670.39
39730.26
6862.40
6922.74
5191.14
5225.19
644.10
4.95
NO,NA
103.08
NO,NA
48476.07
52630.32
48888.55
53042.80
-34.21
-32.74
-10.18
-9.62
-34.24
-34.03
100.00
100.00
0.00
143.08
0.00
-30.54
-29.54
-31.15
-30.13
CO2 e quivalent (kt)
49849.35
48974.93
7362.50
7413.96
5150.24
5177.26
958.19
18.66
NO,NA
35.76
NO,NA
63374.70
62578.77
63931.00
63135.06
44894.98
42394.56
7200.31
7253.74
5163.35
5190.86
894.65
15.68
NO,NA
69.39
NO,NA
58238.35
55818.88
58742.86
56323.38
40226.96
39890.32
7072.27
7130.19
5043.19
5071.13
809.41
12.18
NO,NA
112.00
NO,NA
53276.00
53025.22
53750.99
53500.21
42193.78
43184.07
6965.34
7024.73
5046.49
5074.93
789.95
10.84
NO,NA
130.59
NO,NA
55136.97
56215.11
55587.94
56666.08
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
(5)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
late st re ported year
(%)
-34.00
-14.57
-18.46
-15.26
-34.47
0.00
-29.54
49790.35
2042.44
10335.63
-795.93
1206.28
NO
62578.77
44513.11
2184.01
10338.05
-2419.48
1203.18
NO
55818.88
CO2 e quivalent (kt)
39694.60
41569.87
2129.89
2141.74
10283.78
10287.39
-250.78
1167.73
NO
53025.22
1078.14
1137.97
NO
56215.11
37254.91
2080.15
10408.70
145.06
1189.42
NO
51078.22
34999.78
2002.18
10307.17
4154.25
1166.94
NO
52630.32
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
409
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0410.png
T
ABLE
A1.9 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.1): D
ENMARK
’
S
, G
REENLAND
’
S AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indire ct)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
54883.43
59739.46
7662.91
7681.85
7904.01
7931.38
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
70492.77
75395.10
71709.73
76612.07
54883.43
59739.46
7662.91
7681.85
7904.01
7931.38
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
NO,NA
70492.77
75395.10
71709.73
76612.07
65468.05
69682.94
7851.61
7871.60
7730.89
7757.88
NO,NE,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
60.58
NO,NA
81111.12
85373.00
82370.43
86632.31
59635.72
64582.19
7929.56
7951.26
7469.40
7496.45
3.69
NO,NA
NO,NA
85.16
NO,NA
75123.54
80118.76
76351.95
81347.17
61715.46
65915.69
8123.69
8147.09
7273.04
7300.12
102.29
NO,NA
NO,NA
96.64
NO,NA
77311.11
81561.82
78516.71
82767.41
65730.82
69634.65
8015.60
8040.71
7197.86
7224.96
146.36
0.07
NO,NA
116.58
NO,NA
81207.29
85163.32
82369.06
86325.10
62688.42
66824.74
8090.49
8117.29
7155.22
7182.32
241.48
0.63
NO,NA
102.58
NO,NA
78278.83
82469.05
79416.38
83606.60
76019.41
79360.48
8204.30
8232.79
6801.89
6828.98
379.98
2.09
NO,NA
58.31
NO,NA
91466.00
94862.64
92589.94
95986.59
66628.40
70456.74
8094.94
8125.13
6836.21
6863.27
377.54
5.20
NO,NA
69.87
NO,NA
82012.16
85897.74
83060.43
86946.01
62413.46
66421.53
8149.98
8181.88
6912.54
6939.57
477.70
11.47
NO,NA
56.87
NO,NA
78022.02
82089.02
79026.14
83093.14
59859.74
63927.79
8054.71
8088.27
6992.85
7019.81
587.25
15.74
NO,NA
62.01
NO,NA
75572.29
79700.87
76510.04
80638.62
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
Base year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
53700.36
2343.66
12667.91
4902.33
1780.84
NO
75395.10
53700.36
2343.66
12667.91
4902.33
1780.84
NO
75395.10
64360.91
2469.81
12492.82
4261.88
1787.59
NO
85373.00
58515.68
2522.90
12316.80
4995.22
1768.15
NO
80118.76
60685.71
2592.83
12266.05
4250.70
1766.53
NO
81561.82
64692.69
2706.01
12111.41
3956.03
1697.17
NO
85163.32
61667.37
2878.75
12116.49
4190.21
1616.22
NO
82469.05
75166.00
3022.09
11697.55
3396.64
1580.36
NO
94862.64
65694.03
3106.63
11707.69
3885.58
1503.82
NO
85897.74
61631.17
3206.55
11720.47
4067.00
1463.83
NO
82089.02
59238.22
3447.41
11351.89
4128.58
1534.77
NO
79700.87
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
410
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0411.png
T
ABLE
A1.9 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.2): D
ENMARK
’
S
, G
REENLAND
’
S AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
55628.61
59774.64
7945.65
7980.90
6949.20
6976.10
710.73
22.57
NO,NA
56.15
NO,NA
71312.91
75521.09
72187.25
76395.43
57308.09
62209.77
8183.72
8220.66
6733.42
6760.23
747.21
27.91
NO,NA
28.20
NO,NA
73028.55
77993.97
73877.89
78843.32
56890.35
62890.23
8111.02
8149.64
6730.71
6757.43
794.75
28.01
NO,NA
23.53
NO,NA
72578.36
78643.59
73389.51
79454.74
62048.70
67660.90
8117.13
8157.43
6603.72
6630.33
829.53
24.59
NO,NA
29.59
NO,NA
77653.27
83332.37
78448.82
84127.93
56514.05
61783.44
7942.41
7985.06
6148.01
6174.92
894.93
20.53
NO,NA
30.94
NO,NA
71550.87
76889.83
72315.23
77654.18
52940.50
58110.59
7708.69
7752.46
5495.71
5522.59
952.08
18.77
NO,NA
20.05
NO,NA
67135.79
72376.53
67870.85
73111.59
60858.05
66414.39
7612.60
7658.14
5391.98
5418.79
977.79
21.15
NO,NA
33.62
NO,NA
74895.19
80523.88
75592.65
81221.34
56094.52
58922.39
7597.17
7644.45
5568.57
5595.29
1010.36
21.19
NO,NA
28.24
NO,NA
70320.04
73221.91
70976.38
73878.25
52614.34
50605.52
7465.85
7514.89
5517.41
5544.04
1014.74
18.44
NO,NA
29.46
NO,NA
66660.25
64727.10
67287.98
65354.83
50172.10
52326.48
7321.18
7371.98
5258.49
5285.02
972.08
19.98
NO,NA
34.37
NO,NA
63778.20
66009.91
64349.00
66580.70
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CO2 equivalent (kt)
54877.78
3638.64
11265.17
4208.18
1531.33
NO
75521.09
56672.88
3526.87
11262.59
4965.43
1566.21
NO
77993.97
56159.80
3483.05
11340.20
6065.23
1595.32
NO
78643.59
61463.05
3499.56
11083.61
5679.11
1607.03
NO
83332.37
55893.81
3332.68
11021.00
5338.96
1303.39
NO
76889.83
52208.09
2809.05
10825.63
5240.74
1293.02
NO
72376.53
60114.92
2868.58
10562.50
5628.69
1349.20
NO
80523.88
55294.65
2898.08
10787.28
2901.87
1340.03
NO
73221.91
52012.35
2596.98
10731.30
-1933.15
1319.62
NO
64727.10
49944.48
2113.16
10443.71
2231.71
1276.85
NO
66009.91
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
411
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0412.png
T
ABLE
A1.9 (CRF T
ABLE
10
S
6.3): D
ENMARK
’
S
, G
REENLAND
’
S AND
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
TOTAL EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE PERIOD
1990-2015
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
latest re ported year
(%)
38778.84
38836.93
6982.55
7040.06
5162.05
5191.50
735.76
8.66
NO,NA
132.96
NO,NA
51800.82
51945.87
52222.09
52367.14
36449.46
40509.32
6883.99
6944.33
5202.44
5236.49
676.86
4.95
NO,NA
103.33
NO,NA
49321.03
53475.28
49733.51
53887.76
-33.59
-32.19
-10.16
-9.60
-34.18
-33.98
100.00
100.00
0.00
143.66
0.00
-30.03
-29.07
-30.65
-29.66
CO2 e quivale nt (kt)
50688.88
49814.47
7383.83
7435.29
5161.40
5188.42
972.10
18.66
NO,NA
35.93
NO,NA
64260.79
63464.86
64817.09
64021.15
45617.59
43117.17
7221.55
7274.98
5173.79
5201.30
908.62
15.68
NO,NA
69.54
NO,NA
59006.77
56587.29
59511.27
57091.79
41035.13
40698.49
7093.80
7151.72
5054.22
5082.16
826.35
12.18
NO,NA
112.18
NO,NA
54133.86
53883.08
54608.85
54358.07
42971.83
43962.13
6986.82
7046.22
5057.49
5085.93
810.89
10.84
NO,NA
130.79
NO,NA
55968.67
57046.80
56419.63
57497.77
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
5. Waste
6. Other
(5)
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from base to
latest re ported year
(%)
-33.36
-13.16
-18.42
-15.26
-34.47
0.00
-29.07
CO2 e quivale nt (kt)
50635.18
2056.51
10362.83
-795.93
1206.28
NO
63464.86
45240.22
2198.13
10365.23
-2419.48
1203.18
NO
56587.29
40507.89
2147.02
10311.22
-250.78
1167.73
NO
53883.08
42352.98
2162.89
10314.83
1078.14
1137.97
NO
57046.80
38069.05
2106.30
10436.06
145.06
1189.42
NO
51945.87
35784.20
2035.18
10334.70
4154.25
1166.94
NO
53475.28
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
412
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex A2
Danish National Allocation tables for
installations and aviation in
accordance with phase 3 of the EU
ETS (2013-2020)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
413
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0414.png
T
ABLE
A2.1: D
ANISH
N
ATIONAL
A
LLOCATION TABLE FOR THE PERIOD
2013-2020
FOR
I
NSTALLATIONS
AND AVIATION
Danish National Allocation table for the period 2013-2020 for Installations (NIM)
Please note: changes in the allocation regarding cessation, partial cessation, capacity changes and changes in carbon leakage status after first of January 2013 are not reflected in the table.
Information on the actual allocations is contained in the EU Transaction Log available from the website of the European Commission:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ets/
Preliminary allocation
Installation ID
Operator
Installation
(Union registry)
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
14
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
43
44
45
Brøndby Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
HOFOR Fjernvarme P/S
HOFOR Fjernvarme P/S
HOFOR Fjernvarme P/S
Brædstrup Totalenergianlæg A/S
Farum Fjernvarme AMBA
Farum Fjernvarme AMBA
Værløse Varmeværk AMBA
Silkeborg Varme A/S
Silkeborg Varme A/S
Andelsselskabet Oksbøl Varmeværk
Brørup Fjernvarme AMBA
Lem Varmeværk
Aalborg Kommune
Aalborg Kommune
Aalborg Kommune
Aalborg Kommune
Aalborg Kommune
Støvring Kraftvarmeværk AMBA
Bjerringbro Varmeværk AMBA
Nørre Aaby Kraftvarmeværk AMBA
Jetsmark Energiværk AMBA
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
TRE-FOR Varme A/S
Bjerringbro Varmeværk AMBA
Sønderborg Kraftvarmeværk I/S
Jægerspris Kraftvarme A.M.B.A
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DC Generation A/S
Helsingør Kraftvarmeværk A/S
Hillerød Kraftvarme ApS
Brøndby Strand Fjernvarmecentral
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
Viborg Kraftvarme A/S
HOFOR - Lygten Varmeværk
HOFOR - Østre varmecentral
HOFOR - Sundholm varmecentral
Brædstrup Totalenergianlæg A/S
Farum Fjernvarme
Farum Fjernvarme
Værløse Varmeværk
Silkeborg Varme A/S - Fjernvarmeværket Hostrupsgade
Silkeborg Varme A/S - Varmeværket Kejlstrupvej
Oksbøl Varmeværk
Brørup Fjernvarme
Lem Varmeværk
Lyngvej Central
Svendborgvej Central
Borgmester Jørgensensvej Central
Højvang Varmecentral
Gasværksvej Varmecentral
Støvring Kraftvarmeværk
Bjerringbro Kraftvarmeværk
Nørre-Aaby Kraftvarmeværk A.M.B.A.
Jetsmark Energiværk A.m.b.a.
Kolding Varmeværk Syd
Kolding Varmeværk Dampcentralen
Kolding Varmeværk Skovparken
Kolding Varmeværk Strandhuse
Fredericia Varmeværk, Erritsø
Vejle Varmeværk Nørremarkens Kedelcentral
Vejle Varmeværk Søndermarkens Kedelcentral
Bjerringbro Varmeværk
Sønderborg Kraftvarme I/S
Jægerspris Kraftvarme
Avedøreværket
DTU Kraftvarmeværk
Helsingør Kraftvarmeværk
Hillerød Kraftvarmeværk
696
2.546
3.792
51.242
2.773
2.366
2.736
7.386
1.450
3.640
1.703
5.658
1.588
5.988
5.370
8.156
206
1.117
51
17
2.879
11.587
8.997
3.559
7.382
1.153
455
259
304
98
552
564
10.051
44.974
6.793
648.326
24.430
34.062
60.042
623
2.279
3.393
45.857
2.483
2.118
2.448
6.609
1.298
3.257
1.525
5.064
1.421
5.359
4.806
7.299
185
1.000
45
16
2.576
10.369
8.051
3.186
6.606
1.032
408
233
272
88
495
504
8.995
40.247
6.079
538.566
21.862
30.482
53.732
552
2.018
3.006
40.624
2.199
1.876
2.169
5.855
1.150
2.885
1.350
4.485
1.258
4.747
4.257
6.466
164
885
40
14
2.282
9.186
7.133
2.821
5.852
914
361
206
241
77
439
447
7.967
35.654
5.385
466.851
19.368
27.003
47.601
483
1.766
2.630
35.558
1.924
1.641
1.898
5.125
1.006
2.525
1.181
3.925
1.101
4.155
3.727
5.659
143
774
35
12
1.997
8.040
6.243
2.470
5.122
800
316
180
212
68
383
391
6.971
31.207
4.713
408.622
16.952
23.635
41.664
416
1.521
2.266
30.649
1.658
1.414
1.635
4.418
866
2.175
1.018
3.381
949
3.582
3.212
4.878
124
668
30
11
1.720
6.931
5.381
2.129
4.415
689
272
155
182
59
330
336
6.005
26.900
4.063
352.222
14.612
20.373
35.913
351
1.284
1.913
25.901
1.399
1.194
1.380
3.733
732
1.836
860
2.855
801
3.027
2.714
4.122
104
564
26
9
1.453
5.857
4.548
1.799
3.731
582
230
131
154
50
279
284
5.071
22.733
3.434
297.650
12.348
17.216
30.349
289
1.056
1.572
21.305
1.150
981
1.134
3.071
601
1.508
706
2.346
658
2.490
2.233
3.391
86
463
21
8
1.194
4.817
3.741
1.480
3.069
478
189
108
126
40
229
233
4.167
18.699
2.825
244.842
10.157
14.162
24.965
2020
228
835
1.243
16.875
909
776
897
2.433
476
1.194
559
1.856
521
1.972
1.769
2.686
68
366
16
6
944
3.816
2.963
1.172
2.431
378
149
85
100
32
181
185
3.296
14.811
2.237
193.929
8.045
11.217
19.774
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
414
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0415.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
47
48
49
52
53
54
55
56
58
59
60
61
62
64
65
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
HOFOR Energiproduktion A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
Ringsted Kraftvarmeværk A/S
Vestegnens Kraftvarmeselskab I/S
Løgstør Fjernvarmeværk AMBA
Sakskøbing Fjernvarmeselskab
A.m.b.a.
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
E.ON Produktion Danmark A/S
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Smørum Kraftvarme AMBA
Svendborg Fjernvarme A.M.B.A
Svendborg Fjernvarme A.M.B.A
Silkeborg Varme A/S
Vattenfall A/S
VERDO Produktion A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
Ringkøbing Fjernvarmeværk AMBA
Skjern Fjernvarmecentral A.m.b.a.
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
Frederikshavn Varme
Vattenfall A/S
Hirtshals Fjernvarme AMBA
DONG Energy Thermal Power A/S
VERDO Produktion A/S
VERDO Produktion A/S
VERDO Produktion A/S
VERDO Produktion A/S
Måbjergværket A/S
HKV Horsens A/S
Gev Varme A/S
Gev Varme A/S
Østkraft Produktion A/S
Energigruppen Jylland Varme A/S
Energigruppen Jylland Varme A/S
Energigruppen Jylland Varme A/S
Vestforsyning Varme A/S
Vestforsyning Varme A/S
Vestforsyning Varme A/S
Kyndbyværket
Asnæsværket
Stigsnæsværket
Amagerværket
H.C. Ørsted Værket
Svanemølleværket
Ringsted Kraftvarmeværk
Køge Kraftvarmeværk
Løgstør Fjernvarmeværk
Sakskøbing Fjernvarme
Otterup Varmecentral
Frederikssund Kraftvarmeværk
DTU Kedelcentral
Smørum Kraftvarme
Svendborg Fjernvarme, Central Bagergade
Svendborg Fjernvarme, Vestre Central
Silkeborg Varme A/S - Kraftvarmeværket
Vattenfall A/S Fynsværket
Grenå Kraftvarmeværk
Studstrupværket
Skærbækværket
Herningværket
Ringkøbing Værket
Skjern Fjernvarmecentral afd. Øst
Enstedværket
Frederikshavn Kraftvarmeværk
Vattenfall A/S Nordjyllandsværket
Hirtshals Kraftvarmeværk
Esbjergværket
Verdo Produktion - Kulholmsvej
Verdo Produktion - Ydervangen
Verdo Produktion - Katholmvej
Verdo Produktion - Bronzevej
Måbjergværket A/S
HKV Horsens A/S - Horsens Kraftvarmeværk
KVV Grønningen/Central 2
KVV Tårnvej
Østkraft
EnergiGruppen Jylland, Holstebrovej
EnergiGruppen Jylland, Nord varmecentral
EnergiGruppen Jylland, Vest
Vestforsyning Varme A/S, Central H
Vestforsyning Varme A/S, Central Nord
Vestforsyning Varme A/S, Central Ellebæk
9.249
135.778
7.417
399.799
249.919
166.829
5.206
17.230
12.526
33
402
14.071
2.675
9.228
6.563
2.592
68.781
488.806
40.435
717.776
211.846
119.197
11.567
8.281
79.390
19.348
335.507
8.569
189.575
108.500
569
51
314
82.738
47.814
7.654
11.885
30.026
5.440
2.589
221
1.899
413
1.654
2014
8.276
123.151
6.637
332.123
223.654
149.295
4.659
15.419
11.210
30
359
12.592
2.395
8.258
5.874
2.321
61.552
411.007
37.556
588.831
181.413
106.669
10.352
7.411
65.431
17.314
277.319
7.668
156.770
97.097
509
46
281
74.042
42.788
6.850
10.636
24.974
4.869
2.317
197
1.699
370
1.479
2015
7.333
111.718
5.880
271.497
198.133
132.260
4.127
13.660
9.930
26
318
11.156
2.121
7.316
5.203
2.055
54.529
340.776
34.751
474.241
160.713
94.498
9.170
6.565
52.992
15.339
225.365
6.793
127.471
86.018
451
41
248
65.594
37.906
6.068
9.422
20.443
4.312
2.052
176
1.505
328
1.310
2016
6.418
101.448
5.147
217.737
173.421
115.764
3.613
11.956
8.691
23
279
9.764
1.856
6.403
4.552
1.799
47.727
295.608
32.027
373.598
140.668
82.712
8.027
5.747
42.027
13.426
179.479
5.946
101.583
75.289
395
36
218
57.412
33.179
5.311
8.247
16.422
3.773
1.796
154
1.316
287
1.147
2017
5.532
92.290
4.436
170.536
149.485
99.785
3.114
10.305
7.492
20
240
8.416
1.599
5.519
3.922
1.549
41.139
255.324
29.379
293.969
121.252
71.296
6.918
4.953
32.900
11.572
140.207
5.126
84.059
64.897
340
31
187
49.488
28.599
4.578
7.108
13.941
3.250
1.547
132
1.134
247
987
2018
4.675
84.197
3.749
133.551
126.325
84.326
2.631
8.709
6.331
16
203
7.112
1.350
4.665
3.312
1.308
34.766
216.345
26.808
248.423
102.466
60.249
5.847
4.185
27.803
9.780
118.484
4.331
71.035
54.842
287
26
158
41.821
24.168
3.869
6.008
11.780
2.745
1.306
112
958
209
834
2019
3.846
78.601
3.084
109.857
103.912
69.364
2.165
7.164
5.208
13
167
5.851
1.109
3.837
2.721
1.075
28.597
178.621
24.312
204.348
84.287
49.560
4.809
3.443
22.870
8.044
97.463
3.563
58.432
45.112
236
21
130
34.401
19.880
3.183
4.942
9.690
2.255
1.073
92
787
172
685
2020
3.046
73.799
2.442
87.014
82.305
54.941
1.714
5.674
4.125
11
132
4.634
877
3.039
2.152
850
22.651
142.249
21.896
161.857
66.760
39.255
3.810
2.727
18.115
6.372
77.196
2.822
46.282
35.732
187
16
103
27.248
15.746
2.520
3.914
7.675
1.784
849
73
622
135
542
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
415
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0416.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
Vestforsyning Varme A/S
Vestforsyning Varme A/S
FFV Varme A/S
Vojens Fjernvarme A.M.B.A.
Albertslund Kommunale Fjernvarme
Thisted Varmeforsyning AMBA
Vinderup Varmeværk A M B A
Videbæk Varme A/S C/O Videbæk
Energiforsyning AMBA
Videbæk Varme A/S C/O Videbæk
Energiforsyning AMBA
Tranbjerg Varmeværk A M B A
Skagen Varmeværk AMBA
Skagen Varmeværk AMBA
Hjallerup Fjernvarmeværk
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Fredericia Fjernvarme A.M.B.A.
Fredericia Fjernvarme A.M.B.A.
Sønderborg Fjernvarme AMBA
Sønderborg Fjernvarme AMBA
Varde Varmeforsyning A/S
Varde Varmeforsyning A/S
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme AMBA
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme AMBA
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme AMBA
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme AMBA
Tønder Fjernvarmeselskab AMBA
Lemvig Varmeværk AMBA
Billund Varmeværk A.M.B.A.
Ringkøbing Fjernvarmeværk AMBA
Vildbjerg Varmeværk A.m.b.a.
Brovst Fjernvarme Andelsselskab
Skanderborg-Hørning Fjernvarme
Esbjerg Varme A/S
Esbjerg Varme A/S
Vestforsyning Varme A/S, Central Vest
Vestforsyning Varme A/S, Central Øst
FFV Varme A/S
Vojens Fjernvarme Sdr. Ringvej
Albertslund Varmeværk
Thisted Varmeforsyning - Ringvej
Vinderup Varmeværk
Videbæk Varme A/S, Godthåbsvej
Videbæk Varme A/S, Kraftvarmeværk
Tranbjerg Varmeværk
Skagen Varmeværk
Skagen Kraftvarmeværk
Hjallerup Fjernvarmeselskab
Bellinge Varmecentral
Billedskærervej Varmecentral
Bolbro Varmecentral
Centrum Varmecentral
Dyrup Varmecentral
Dalum Varmecentral
Korup Varmecentral
Næsby Varmecentral
Pårup Varmecentral
Sanderum Varmecentral
Sydøst Varmecentral
Vollsmose Varmecentral
Fredericia Fjernvarme
Fredericia Fjernvarme
Sønderborg Fjernvarme, Sundquist
Sønderborg Fjernvarme, Rojum
Varmecentral Søndermarken
Varmecentral Toften
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme - Humlehaven Central
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme - Rådmandsløkken central
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme - Skovgård central
Aabenraa-Rødekro Fjernvarme - Rødekro central
Tønder Fjernvarmeselskab Amba
Lemvig Varmeværk
Billund Varmeværk II
Rindum Værket
Vildbjerg Varmeværk Amba
Brovst Fjernvarme
Skanderborg-Hørning Fjernvarme
Hedelund Varmeværk
Hjerting Varmeværk
1.823
2.878
9.479
7.738
1.712
305
6.319
918
7.642
104
3.826
6.838
6.945
202
1.837
756
2.615
444
506
606
488
803
494
545
1.129
531
769
203
3.218
536
1.503
352
244
172
395
1.386
15.884
10.263
10.851
7.845
6.204
2.212
866
109
2014
1.632
2.575
8.483
6.925
1.532
273
5.655
822
6.839
93
3.424
6.119
6.215
181
1.644
676
2.341
397
453
543
436
719
442
487
1.011
475
688
182
2.879
480
1.344
315
219
154
354
1.239
14.214
9.184
9.711
7.021
5.552
1.979
775
98
2015
1.446
2.281
7.515
6.135
1.357
241
5.009
728
6.059
82
3.032
5.421
5.506
160
1.457
599
2.073
352
401
480
387
637
391
431
895
421
610
161
2.550
425
1.191
278
194
136
313
1.098
12.593
8.137
8.603
6.220
4.919
1.753
687
86
2016
1.265
1.996
6.578
5.369
1.188
211
4.385
637
5.303
71
2.653
4.745
4.819
140
1.274
524
1.814
308
351
421
338
557
343
378
783
368
533
141
2.232
372
1.042
244
170
120
274
961
11.022
7.122
7.529
5.443
4.305
1.533
601
76
2017
1.090
1.720
5.670
4.629
1.022
182
3.779
548
4.571
61
2.286
4.090
4.154
121
1.098
451
1.563
265
302
362
292
480
295
325
675
317
460
121
1.922
321
897
210
146
103
236
828
9.500
6.139
6.490
4.692
3.710
1.321
518
66
2018
920
1.452
4.791
3.911
863
154
3.194
463
3.863
52
1.930
3.456
3.510
102
927
381
1.319
224
255
306
247
405
249
275
570
268
388
102
1.623
271
758
177
123
87
199
699
8.029
5.188
5.484
3.965
3.136
1.116
437
55
2019
756
1.193
3.942
3.218
710
127
2.628
380
3.178
43
1.586
2.843
2.887
84
762
313
1.084
184
210
252
202
333
205
226
468
220
319
84
1.333
222
623
146
101
72
164
574
6.604
4.268
4.512
3.262
2.579
917
359
45
2020
598
944
3.122
2.549
561
100
2.081
301
2.517
34
1.255
2.252
2.287
66
603
248
857
146
166
199
160
264
162
179
370
174
252
67
1.055
176
493
115
80
56
129
454
5.231
3.380
3.573
2.584
2.044
725
284
36
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
416
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0417.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
144
145
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
183
184
186
187
188
190
191
193
194
195
197
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
Esbjerg Varme A/S
Esbjerg Varme A/S
Hedensted Fjernvarme
Dagnæs-Bækkelund Varmeværk
Roskilde Varme A/S
Roskilde Varme A/S
Gråsten Varme A/S
Grenå Fjernvarme A M B A
Grenå Fjernvarme A M B A
Andelsselskabet Mølholm Varmeværk
Greve Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Jyderup Varme A/S
Hillerød Varme A/S
Hillerød Varme A/S
Hillerød Varme A/S
Hillerød Varme A/S
Ikast Værkerne Varme A/S
Nykøbing Sj Varmeværk
Kerteminde Forsyning - Varme A/S
Brønderslev varme A/S
Svendborg Fjernvarme A.M.B.A
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune,
Teknik & Miljø
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune,
Teknik & Miljø
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune,
Teknik & Miljø
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune,
Teknik & Miljø
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune,
Teknik & Miljø
Vamdrup Fjernvarme I M B A
Ribe Fjernvarme AMBA
Ribe Fjernvarme AMBA
Nykøbing M Fjernvarmeværk A M B A
Haderslev Fjernvarme AMBA
Haderslev Fjernvarme AMBA
Brande Fjernvarme A.m.b.a
Sindal Varmeforsyning AMBA
Kjellerup Fjernvarme Amba
Bramming Fjernvarme AMBA
Toftlund Fjernvarme A.M.B.A
Sæby Varmeværk AMBA
Forsyning Helsingør Varme A/S
Forsyning Helsingør Varme A/S
Hjørring Varmeforsyning AMBA
Hjørring Varmeforsyning AMBA
Vrå Varmeværk AMBA
Horsens Varmeværk A M B A
Gjesing Varmecentral
Sædding Varmeværk
Hedensted Fjernvarme
Dagnæs-Bækkelund Varmeværk
Roskilde Varme A/S, Hovedcentralen
Roskilde Varme A/S, Central Lillevang
Gråsten Varme A/S
Grenå Varmeværk
Grenå Varmeværk AMBA - Bredstrup Varmeværk
Mølholm Varmeværk
Hundige Fjernvarmeværk
Jyderup Varmeværk
Frederiksgade Varmecentral
Ullerød Varmecentral
Kgs. Vænge Varmecentral
Elmegaarden Varmecentral
Ikast El- og Varmeværk
Nykøbing S. Varmeværk
Kerteminde Fjernvarme
Brønderslev Varme A/S - Brønderslev Kraftvarme
Svendborg Fjernvarme, Nordre Central
AffaldVarme Århus, Århusværket
AffaldVarme Århus, Risskov Varmecentral
AffaldVarme Aarhus, Jens Juuls Vej, Kedelanlæg 793
AffaldVarme Århus, Viby Varmecentral
AffaldVarme Århus, Gellerup
Vamdrup Fjernvarme
Ribe Fjernvarmecentral
Ribe Kraftvarmeværk
Nykøbing Mors Fjernvarmeværk
Haderslev Fjernvarme
Haderslev Fjernvarme
Brande Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Sindal Varmeforsyning
Kjellerup Fjernvarme
Bramming Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Toftlund Fjernvarmecentral
Sæby Varmeværk
Central Vest
Central Mads Holmsvej
Hjørring Varmeforsyning
Hjørring Varmeforsyning
Vrå Varmeværk
Horsens Varmeværk, Hovedcentral
1.416
1.775
7.849
266
4.395
1.645
6.182
150
220
370
280
5.822
5.285
1.548
1.580
3.536
3.637
8.729
140
22.932
7.525
769
255
3.079
307
1.390
4.962
1.119
11.011
9.142
4.968
4.952
7.119
6.426
9.051
13.521
5.253
15.359
7.480
3.799
21.829
5.378
5.329
4.377
2014
1.267
1.589
7.024
237
3.933
1.472
5.532
134
196
331
250
5.211
4.730
1.385
1.414
3.164
3.255
7.812
126
20.522
6.734
688
229
2.755
275
1.243
4.441
1.001
9.854
8.181
4.446
4.432
6.371
5.751
8.100
12.100
4.701
13.745
6.694
3.400
19.535
4.813
4.769
3.918
2015
1.123
1.407
6.223
210
3.484
1.304
4.900
119
174
293
222
4.616
4.190
1.226
1.253
2.803
2.883
6.920
111
18.181
5.966
610
203
2.440
244
1.101
3.934
887
8.729
7.248
3.938
3.925
5.644
5.094
7.175
10.720
4.165
12.177
5.928
3.011
17.306
4.263
4.225
3.470
2016
982
1.232
5.446
184
3.048
1.140
4.290
104
152
256
194
4.040
3.666
1.073
1.096
2.452
2.523
6.057
97
15.913
5.221
533
178
2.135
213
964
3.443
776
7.641
6.344
3.445
3.436
4.940
4.459
6.277
9.382
3.645
10.658
5.187
2.634
15.147
3.730
3.697
3.035
2017
846
1.061
4.695
159
2.626
983
3.697
89
131
221
167
3.482
3.158
924
944
2.113
2.173
5.221
84
13.716
4.501
460
152
1.839
184
830
2.968
668
6.586
5.468
2.968
2.962
4.258
3.843
5.407
8.087
3.142
9.187
4.468
2.270
13.056
3.213
3.188
2.615
2018
715
896
3.967
134
2.217
830
3.124
76
111
186
141
2.943
2.666
781
797
1.784
1.835
4.412
70
11.591
3.804
388
129
1.553
155
701
2.508
564
5.566
4.621
2.506
2.503
3.598
3.248
4.566
6.834
2.655
7.763
3.773
1.917
11.034
2.713
2.693
2.209
2019
587
736
3.264
110
1.822
682
2.570
62
91
153
116
2.421
2.191
641
655
1.465
1.508
3.629
58
9.535
3.128
319
106
1.276
128
576
2.063
464
4.578
3.801
2.059
2.059
2.960
2.672
3.752
5.622
2.184
6.387
3.100
1.575
9.076
2.229
2.216
1.815
2020
464
582
2.585
87
1.441
539
2.036
49
72
121
92
1.917
1.733
508
519
1.160
1.193
2.874
46
7.553
2.478
252
84
1.010
101
456
1.634
367
3.626
3.010
1.629
1.631
2.345
2.116
2.968
4.452
1.730
5.058
2.453
1.246
7.189
1.763
1.755
1.435
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
417
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0418.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
198
200
201
202
205
206
207
208
209
211
212
213
215
216
217
218
219
221
222
223
224
225
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
240
241
242
243
244
247
248
249
250
251
252
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
Horsens Varmeværk A M B A
Kerteminde Forsyning - Varme A/S
Vejle Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
I/S Skive Fjernvarme
SK-Varme A/S
Vestegnens Kraftvarmeselskab I/S
Hvide Sande Fjernvarme A.M.B.A.
Næstved Varmeværk
Næstved Varmeværk
Vordingborg Fjernvarme A/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
I/S AffaldPlus
Lystrup Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Guldborgsund Varme A/S
Guldborgsund Varme A/S
Holme-Lundshøj Fjernvarme A.m.b.a
Gram Fjernvarme AMBA
Odder Varmeværk AMBA
Svogerslev Fjernvarmecentral A.m.b.a.
Høje Taastrup Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Avedøre Fjernvarme A.m.b.a
Frederikshavn Varme
Frederikshavn Varme
FD Hvidovre Amba
Bogense Forsyningsselskab A.m.b.a
Brøndby Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Brøndby Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Middelfart Fjernvarme a.m.b.a
Rønne Varme A/S
I/S Vestforbrænding
I/S Vestforbrænding
Fjernvarmecentralen Avedøre Holme
Colas A/S
Colas A/S
NLMK Dansteel A/S
DONG Naturgas A/S
Grundejerforeningen Smørmosen
E.ON Produktion Danmark A/S
NCC Roads A/S
Horsens Varmeværk, Central Øst
Langeskov Fjernvarme
Vejle Fjernvarme a.m.b.a., Central Langelinie
I/S Skive Fjernvarme
SK-Varme A/S - Sdr. Stationsvej
VEKS - Solrød Kedelcentral
Hvide Sande Fjernvarme
Næstved Varmeværk
Næstved Varmeværk
Bødkervænget Varmecentral
CTR, Nybrovej Centralen
CTR, Spidslastcentral Phistersvej
Frederiksberg Varmecentral
Høje Gladsaxe Varmecentral
Gladsaxe Spidslastanlæg
CTR, Utterslev Varmecentral
Næstved Kraftvarmeværk
Lystrup Fjernvarme Amba
Guldborgsund Varme Fjernvarmecentral Nord
Guldborgsund Varme Fjernvarmecentral Øst
Holme Lundshøj Fjernvarme amba
Gram Fjernvarme
Odder Varmeværk
Svogerslev Fjernvarmecentral
Høje Taastrup Fjernvarme - Gasværksvej-centralen
Avedøre Fjernvarme A.m.b.a
Varmecentral Niels Juelsvej
Varmecentral Ærøvej
Hvidovre varmecentral
Bogense Forsyningsselskab
Brøndbyøster Fjernvarmecentral
Brøndbyvester Fjernvarmecentral
Middelfart Fjernvarme, Hovedcentral
Rønne Varme A/S, reserve og spidslastcentral
I/S Vestforbrænding
Hedegårdens varmecentral (I/S Vestforbrænding)
Fjernvarmecentralen Avedøre Holme
Colas, Glostrup
Colas, Vinderup
NLMK DanSteel
DONG Naturgas - Nybro Gasbehandlingsanlæg
Grundejerforeningen Smørmosens Kraftvarmeværk
Glostrup Hospital
NCC Roads A/S, asfalt, Odense
33
206
1.623
12.478
1.139
798
8.273
114
474
919
1.089
1.521
13.257
2.411
1.826
614
40.108
102
375
2.199
62
5.075
251
248
64
293
10.829
5.986
58
7.061
626
930
1.193
70
203.756
535
1.828
1.534
991
70.758
11.986
13.838
2.784
1.681
2014
30
184
1.453
11.166
1.019
715
7.403
102
424
823
975
1.361
11.864
2.157
1.634
549
35.892
91
335
1.968
56
4.542
225
222
57
262
9.691
5.357
51
6.319
560
832
1.068
63
182.342
479
1.636
1.372
888
69.529
10.726
13.597
2.492
1.504
2015
26
163
1.287
9.892
903
633
6.559
90
376
729
863
1.205
10.509
1.911
1.447
487
31.798
81
297
1.743
49
4.024
199
197
51
233
8.584
4.745
45
5.598
496
737
946
55
161.536
424
1.449
1.215
786
68.285
9.503
13.356
2.207
1.333
2016
23
143
1.126
8.658
789
554
5.741
79
329
638
756
1.055
9.194
1.672
1.266
426
27.831
71
260
1.525
43
3.522
174
172
45
204
7.510
4.152
40
4.899
434
645
828
48
141.388
371
1.268
1.064
688
67.029
8.317
13.116
1.932
1.166
2017
20
123
970
7.464
681
477
4.948
68
283
549
651
909
7.920
1.440
1.091
367
23.989
60
224
1.314
37
3.036
150
148
39
175
6.470
3.576
34
4.223
374
555
713
42
121.873
320
1.093
917
592
65.759
7.169
12.875
1.665
1.004
2018
16
104
820
6.307
575
403
4.182
58
240
464
550
767
6.688
1.216
921
310
20.273
52
189
1.109
31
2.566
126
125
33
148
5.463
3.020
29
3.569
316
469
602
35
102.990
270
923
774
500
64.476
6.059
12.634
1.407
848
2019
13
85
673
5.188
472
331
3.440
47
197
381
451
630
5.495
999
757
254
16.676
42
156
912
25
2.110
104
103
27
121
4.489
2.481
24
2.936
259
386
495
29
84.718
221
758
635
411
63.178
4.983
12.393
1.157
697
2020
11
68
533
4.109
373
262
2.724
37
156
302
357
499
4.347
791
599
201
13.209
34
123
721
21
1.671
82
82
21
96
3.551
1.963
19
2.325
205
305
392
23
67.102
176
599
503
326
61.876
3.947
12.153
917
552
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
418
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0419.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
254
255
257
258
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
284
285
287
288
291
293
294
295
296
297
300
301
304
305
306
307
308
309
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
NCC Roads A/S
NCC Roads A/S
NCC Roads A/S
Nybro Tørreri Amba
A/S Knud Jepsen
Alfred Pedersen & Søn Bellinge ApS
Gartneriet Kronborg ApS
Gartneriet Masnedø A/S
Østervang Sjælland A/S
Akzo Nobel Salt A/S
Damolin A/S
Damolin A/S
Danish Crown A/S
Danish Crown A/S
Daka Denmark A/S
Daka Denmark A/S
Tulip Food Company A/S
Fiskernes Fiskeindustri AMBA
Hanstholms Fiskemelsfabrik A/S
Triplenine A/S
Triplenine A/S
AarhusKarlshamn Denmark A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S
Dangrønt Products A/S
Dangrønt Products A/S
Nordic Sugar A/S
Nordic Sugar A/S
CP Kelco ApS
Carlsberg Danmark A/S
Carlsberg Danmark A/S
Danish Malting Group A/S
Sophus Fuglsang. Export-Maltfabrik
A/S
Harboes bryggeri A/S
Novopan Træindustri A/S
Dalum Papir A/S
Skjern Papirfabrik A/S
Brødrene Hartmann A/S
A/S Dansk Shell
Statoil Refining Denmark A/S
Sun chemical a/s
Novozymes A/S
NCC Roads A/S, asfalt, Herlev
NCC Roads A/S, asfalt, Ejby
NCC Roads Trige
Nybro Tørreri
Knud Jepsen A/S
Alfred Pedersen og Søn
Kronborg Aps.
Masnedø Gartnerier A/S
Østervang Sjælland A/S
Akzo Nobel Salt A/S
Damolin Fur A/S
Damolin Mors A/S
Danish Crown Ringsted
Danish Crown Horsens
Daka Denmark A/S
Daka Bio-industries Randers
Tulip Food Company Vejle
Fiskernes Fiskeindustri
Hanstholms Fiskemelsfabrik A/S
TripleNine Fish Protein Thyborøn
Triplenine Fish Protein, Esbjerg
AarhusKarlshamn Denmark A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S. Afd AKAFA
Arla Foods Energy A/S. Afd. Danmark Protein A/S
Arla Foods Energy A/S, Arinco Afdeling
Arla Foods Energy A/S, Afd. HOCO
Dangrønt Ribe
Dangrønt Ringkøbing
Nordic Sugar, Nykøbing Sukkerfabrik
Nordic Sugar, Nakskov Sukkerfabrik
CP Kelco ApS
Carlsberg Danmark A/S - Vesterfælledvej
Carlsberg Danmark A/S - Vestre Ringvej
Danish Malting Group
Dragsbæk Maltfabrik
Harboes Bryggeri A/S
Novopan Træindustri A/S
Dalum Papir A/S
Skjern Papirfabrik A/S
Brødrene Hartmann A/S
Shell Raffinaderiet Fredericia
Statoil Raffinaderiet
Sun Chemical A/S
Novozymes A/S
2.083
2.273
1.878
6.663
5.936
9.230
3.255
7.982
9.323
58.308
5.409
24.401
7.825
12.570
21.650
26.924
5.069
47.937
15.028
31.275
28.619
60.483
30.430
26.938
35.318
27.710
5.940
6.158
66.754
77.052
71.913
10.790
18.518
16.255
16.776
4.255
46.127
79.789
15.999
42.682
402.124
481.607
11.655
11.599
2014
1.863
2.034
1.680
5.963
5.313
8.261
2.913
7.143
8.343
57.296
5.316
23.976
7.003
11.250
19.377
24.095
4.536
47.105
14.617
30.732
27.928
57.218
29.901
26.470
34.703
27.229
5.316
5.511
65.595
75.713
70.664
9.657
16.572
15.972
16.484
3.808
45.326
75.838
15.634
38.277
388.977
473.242
11.452
11.398
2015
1.651
1.802
1.488
5.282
4.705
7.318
2.581
6.328
7.392
56.271
5.220
23.548
6.203
9.963
17.162
21.343
4.018
46.262
14.207
30.182
27.239
54.016
29.371
25.997
34.089
26.742
4.709
4.881
64.422
74.360
69.400
8.554
14.678
15.690
16.192
3.373
44.516
71.957
15.268
33.990
375.959
464.779
11.248
11.194
2016
1.444
1.576
1.302
4.621
4.119
6.405
2.259
5.539
6.470
55.236
5.124
23.115
5.427
8.718
15.015
18.674
3.515
45.411
13.800
29.626
26.552
50.888
28.842
25.519
33.474
26.250
4.121
4.271
63.236
72.992
68.123
7.484
12.843
15.406
15.900
2.952
43.696
68.159
14.904
29.833
363.101
456.227
11.041
10.988
2017
1.244
1.358
1.123
3.981
3.551
5.521
1.947
4.774
5.577
54.189
5.027
22.677
4.674
7.510
12.936
16.087
3.029
44.551
13.396
29.065
25.866
47.830
28.312
25.035
32.860
25.753
3.549
3.679
62.039
71.607
66.832
6.447
11.064
15.124
15.608
2.543
42.869
64.440
14.539
25.805
350.393
447.583
10.831
10.780
2018
1.050
1.147
948
3.361
3.000
4.665
1.645
4.035
4.713
53.133
4.930
22.234
3.947
6.341
10.922
13.582
2.557
43.682
12.995
28.498
25.183
44.843
27.783
24.547
32.245
25.251
2.997
3.106
60.829
70.212
65.529
5.444
9.342
14.841
15.316
2.147
42.033
60.803
14.175
21.904
337.846
438.855
10.620
10.570
2019
863
942
778
2.762
2.469
3.838
1.353
3.318
3.876
52.063
4.829
21.787
3.244
5.210
8.975
11.161
2.101
42.802
12.596
27.925
24.499
41.925
27.253
24.053
31.631
24.742
2.462
2.552
59.604
68.797
64.210
4.473
7.676
14.558
15.025
1.764
41.186
57.244
13.811
18.129
325.435
430.019
10.406
10.357
2020
683
746
616
2.185
1.955
3.039
1.072
2.628
3.070
50.989
4.730
21.337
2.566
4.123
7.100
8.829
1.662
41.920
12.202
27.349
23.822
39.089
26.724
23.557
31.016
24.232
1.948
2.020
58.375
67.379
62.886
3.538
6.072
14.275
14.733
1.396
40.337
53.779
13.449
14.497
313.240
421.151
10.192
10.143
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
419
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0420.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
311
313
314
315
317
318
320
321
322
323
324
325
328
329
330
331
333
334
336
337
338
339
342
343
344
345
348
349
350
351
353
354
356
359
360
361
362
363
364
367
369
370
371
372
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
Cheminova A/S
Novo Nordisk a/s
Haldor Topsøe A/S
Roulunds Energy ApS
Ardagh Glass Holmegaard A/S
Saint-Gobain Isover A/S
A/S Carl Matzens Teglværker
A/S Gråsten Teglværk
Helligsø Teglværk A/S
Højslev Teglværk A/S
Monier A/S
Lundgaard Teglværk A/S
Petersen Tegl Egernsund A/S
Wienerberger A/S
Pipers Teglværker A/S
Pipers Teglværker A/S
Tychsens Teglværk A/S
Vedstaarup Teglværk A/S
Vesterled Teglværk A/S
Villemoes Teglværk A/S
Pipers Teglværker A/S
Wienerberger A/S
Aalborg Portland A/S
Faxe Kalkbrud A/S
Knauf Danogips A/S
Gyproc A/S
Munck Asfalt A/S
Munck Asfalt A/S
Munck Asfalt A/S
Rockwool A/S
Rockwool A/S
Saint-Gobain Weber A/S
Danfoss A/S
Fællinggaard Varmeforsyning ApS
DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS
Duferco Danish Steel A/S
Fjernvarme Fyn A/S
Arkil A/S
Lemminkäinen A/S
Region Hovedstaden
Region Hovedstaden
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
Cheminova A/S
Novo Nordisk A/S
Haldor Topsøe A/S
Roulunds Energy ApS
Ardagh Glass Holmegaard A/S
Saint Gobain Isover A/S
Carl Matzens Teglværk A/S
Gråsten Teglværk
Helligsø Teglværk A/S
Højslev Tegl A/S
Monier A/S
LUNDGÅRD TEGLVÆRK A/S
PETERSEN TEGL EGERNSUND A/S
Wienerberger A/S - Petersminde Teglværk
Pipers Teglværker A/S Gandrup Teglværk
PIPERS TEGLVÆRKER A/S Hammershøj Teglværk
Tychsen's Teglværk A/S
Vedstaarup Teglværk A/S
Vesterled Teglværk A/S
Villemoes Teglværk
Vindø Teglværk
Pedershvile Teglværk
Aalborg Portland A/S
Faxe Kalk, Ovnanlægget Stubberup
Knauf Danogips
Gyproc A/S
Munck Asfalt A/S, Aarup
Munck Asfalt A/S, Roskilde
Munck Asfalt A/S, Ans By
Rockwool A/S Doense
Rockwool A/S, Vamdrup
Saint-Gobain Weber, Hinge
Danfoss
Fællinggaard Varmeforsyning Aps
DuPont Nutrition Biosciences, Grindsted
Duferco Danish Steel
Sygehusets Varmecentral
Arkil asfalt
Lemminkäinen A/S Randers Asfaltfabrik
Gentofte Hospital
Hvidovre Hospital
Dan feltet omfattende anlæg på platformene Dan A, -B, -
C, -D, -E, -FA, -FB, -FC, -FD, -FE, -FF og -F
Gorm feltet omfattende anlæg på platformene Gorm A, -
B, -C, -D, -E og F
Harald feltet omfattende anlæg på platformene Harald A
og -B
54.403
3.954
28.126
4.195
51.491
10.270
3.892
6.621
5.240
4.007
4.217
6.772
6.009
6.479
14.610
16.283
5.146
13.271
11.021
2.480
5.727
6.148
2.094.007
54.021
20.029
12.326
1.242
1.424
1.525
49.096
51.634
55.087
19.020
7.306
26.485
10.651
1.009
1.407
831
1.232
2.124
446.919
322.053
6.188
2014
53.456
3.885
27.637
3.754
50.555
10.092
3.825
6.506
5.149
3.938
4.144
6.654
5.905
6.367
14.357
16.000
5.057
13.040
10.830
2.437
5.628
6.042
2.051.548
52.923
17.925
11.029
1.111
1.275
1.365
48.123
50.527
54.130
18.690
6.538
26.024
10.466
902
1.260
743
1.103
1.901
439.156
316.460
6.081
2015
52.510
3.816
27.143
3.325
49.610
9.911
3.756
6.389
5.057
3.868
4.070
6.535
5.799
6.253
14.100
15.714
4.966
12.807
10.636
2.394
5.527
5.934
2.008.872
51.820
15.876
9.770
984
1.129
1.208
47.143
49.418
53.162
18.355
5.792
25.559
10.279
800
1.116
658
977
1.683
431.302
310.800
5.972
2016
51.563
3.745
26.644
2.910
48.658
9.728
3.687
6.272
4.964
3.797
3.994
6.415
5.692
6.138
13.840
15.425
4.875
12.572
10.441
2.349
5.425
5.824
1.966.040
50.713
13.891
8.548
861
988
1.058
46.161
48.305
52.184
18.018
5.070
25.089
10.090
699
976
576
855
1.473
423.367
305.082
5.862
2017
50.616
3.674
26.139
2.507
47.697
9.545
3.618
6.153
4.869
3.725
3.919
6.293
5.584
6.022
13.578
15.133
4.783
12.333
10.243
2.305
5.322
5.714
1.923.034
49.602
11.968
7.363
741
852
912
45.173
47.193
51.195
17.677
4.370
24.614
9.898
603
840
496
736
1.269
415.345
299.301
5.751
2018
49.670
3.603
25.629
2.116
46.728
9.358
3.547
6.033
4.775
3.652
3.843
6.170
5.475
5.904
13.313
14.838
4.689
12.092
10.043
2.260
5.219
5.603
1.879.891
48.488
10.105
6.218
626
719
770
44.180
46.077
50.197
17.332
3.693
24.134
9.705
509
710
419
622
1.071
407.246
293.465
5.639
2019
48.724
3.530
25.113
1.739
45.749
9.170
3.476
5.912
4.678
3.578
3.766
6.046
5.365
5.785
13.045
14.539
4.595
11.849
9.841
2.215
5.114
5.490
1.836.497
47.366
8.302
5.109
515
591
632
43.182
44.958
49.186
16.983
3.038
23.648
9.510
418
583
344
511
880
399.046
287.556
5.525
2020
47.777
3.457
24.595
1.376
44.770
8.981
3.404
5.790
4.582
3.504
3.687
5.922
5.254
5.666
12.776
14.239
4.500
11.605
9.638
2.169
5.008
5.377
1.793.211
46.247
6.568
4.041
408
467
501
42.183
43.845
48.172
16.633
2.406
23.160
9.314
331
462
272
404
697
390.817
281.626
5.411
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
420
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0421.png
Instal-
lation ID
(Union
registry)
373
374
375
376
378
380
382
383
384
387
388
389
390
391
399
400
403
202197
202591
202613
202700
202826
202828
202911
202996
203364
203614
203845
203937
204108
204462
205514
205550
205619
Preliminary allocation
Operator
Installation
2013
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S
Dong Efterforskning & Produktion
Hess Denmark ApS
Helsinge Fjernvarme AMBA
Colas A/S
Effektmarked.DK A/S
Gartneriet Hjortebjerg I/S
Lemminkäinen A/S
Centralkommunernes
Transmissionsselskab I/S
Energi Fyn Produktion A/S
Aulum Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Aulum Fjernvarme A.m.b.a.
Energi Fyn Produktion A/S
Energi Fyn Produktion A/S
DK plant aps
Energi Fyn Produktion A/S
I/S Amager Ressourcecenter
I/S Reno Nord
Odense Kraftvarmeværk A/S
Kerteminde Forsyning - Varme A/S
I/S Refa
Haderslev Kraftvarmeværk A/S
I/S Aars Varmeværk
Svendborg Kraftvarme A/S
I/S Nordforbrænding
TAS, Trekantområdets Affaldsselskab
I/S
L 90 ( Leverandørforeningen af 1990)
I/S Reno Syd
KARA/NOVEREN I/S
Hammel Fjernvarmeselskab A.m.b.a.
I/S AffaldPlus
Affaldsselskabet Vendsyssel Vest I/S
AffaldVarme Århus, Århus Kommune
Tyra feltet omfattende anlæg på platformene Tyra Vest A,
-B, -C, -D og -E samt Tyra Øst A, -B, -C, -
Halfdan feltet omfattende anlæg på platformene Halfdan
HDA, -HDB, -HDC og -HBA
Siri feltet omfattende anlæg på Siri platformen
Syd Arne feltet omfattende anlæg på Syd Arne
platformen
Helsinge Fjernvarme
Colas Sundholmen, Nørresundby
Effektmarked DK A/S
Hjortebjerg Kraftvarme/Gartneriet Hjortebjerg I/S
Lemminkäinen A/S - Vandel Asfaltfabrik
CTR, KLC2 - Københavns Lufthavn
Energi Fyn Produktion - Kratholm
Aulum Fjernvarme A.m.b.a. (Rugbjergvej 3)
Aulum Fjernvarme A.m.b.a. (Kulvej 5)
Energi Fyn Produktion - Assens
Energi Fyn Produktion - Regulerkraftanlæg Esbjerg
DK plant aps
Energi Fyn Produktion - OUH_Nød og regulerkraftanlæg
Amagerforbrænding
I/S Reno Nord
Odense Kraftvarmeværk A/S
Lindø Kraftvarmeværk
Affaldsforbrændingsanlæg I/S REFA
Haderslev Kraftvarmeværk A/S
I/S Aars Varmeværk
Svendborg Kraftvarme A/S
I/S Nordforbrænding
Kolding Forbrændingsanlæg
L-90 Affaldskraftvarme Esbjerg
I/S Reno Syd
KARA/NOVEREN Forbrændingsanlæg
Hammel Fjernvarmeselskab
Slagelse forbrændingsanlæg
AVV-Forbrændingsanlæg
Affaldscenter Aarhus, Forbrændingsanlægget
526.593
102.177
80.804
36.203
8.591
1.388
22
2.173
1.459
2.577
82
62
5.938
120
11
4.334
28
151.298
68.774
99.790
5.322
33.542
17.254
17.978
17.814
44.953
58.849
78.310
22.079
70.988
13.379
14.953
26.474
94.153
2014
517.446
100.402
79.400
35.575
7.688
1.242
20
1.945
1.306
2.307
74
56
5.314
107
10
3.878
26
135.396
61.546
89.302
4.763
30.017
15.441
16.088
15.942
40.229
52.664
70.079
19.759
63.527
11.973
13.383
23.691
84.258
2015
508.192
98.607
77.980
34.938
6.811
1.100
17
1.723
1.156
2.042
66
49
4.707
96
9
3.436
22
119.947
54.524
79.113
4.219
26.592
13.679
14.252
14.123
35.638
46.655
62.084
17.504
56.279
10.605
11.854
20.988
74.644
2016
498.842
96.792
76.545
34.295
5.962
962
15
1.508
1.012
1.787
57
43
4.120
83
8
3.007
19
104.987
47.723
69.244
3.693
23.275
11.973
12.475
12.361
31.193
40.836
54.339
15.321
49.259
9.279
10.371
18.370
65.334
2017
489.391
94.958
75.095
33.646
5.139
828
13
1.300
872
1.539
49
37
3.551
72
7
2.592
17
90.495
41.136
59.687
3.183
20.063
10.320
10.753
10.655
26.888
35.199
46.839
13.206
42.460
7.994
8.935
15.834
56.315
2018
479.848
93.107
73.630
32.990
4.342
700
11
1.098
736
1.300
42
31
3.001
60
5
2.190
15
76.475
34.762
50.440
2.690
16.954
8.721
9.087
9.004
22.722
29.746
39.582
11.161
35.882
6.749
7.544
13.381
47.590
2019
470.186
91.232
72.148
32.325
3.572
575
9
904
605
1.068
34
25
2.469
50
4
1.802
12
62.907
28.596
41.490
2.213
13.946
7.174
7.475
7.407
18.690
24.469
32.560
9.180
29.515
5.546
6.199
11.007
39.147
2020
460.490
89.351
70.661
31.659
2.830
456
7
716
479
845
27
21
1.956
40
4
1.427
10
49.826
22.649
32.863
1.753
11.046
5.682
5.921
5.866
14.804
19.380
25.789
7.271
23.379
4.387
4.903
8.719
31.007
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
421
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0422.png
Danish National Allocation table for the period 2013-2020 for Aviation
Allocation of free CO
2
allowances for the years 2013 – 2016 and
the Danish Energy Agency´s preliminary allocation of free CO
2
allowances for the years 2017 - 2020.
In 2012, CO
2
emissions from aviation were covered by the EU ETS. The legislation adopted in 2008 was intended to apply to emissions from flights to and from, as well as within the European Economic Area
(EEA), which are the 28 EU Member States including Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
In 2014, the EU decided to revise aviation activities within the EU ETS. These changes are set out in Regulation 421/2014 applicable for the period 2013-2016. The changes limited the scope of the EU ETS
for intra-EEA flights to support the development of a global action by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
The European Commission has proposed continuing the current approach after 2016. This proposal is under consideration by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.
The table above shows the Danish Energy Agency's preliminary aviation allocations based on the current legislation; Regulation 421/2014 and requires that the European Commission's proposal to continue
the current allocation will be adopted.
It is also assumed that the conditions for allocation are present.
1
2
Special reserve new entrant
Special reserve fast grower
Aircraft
operator ID
Allocation
Aircraft operator (CRCO/ETS) ID
Aircraft operator name
2013
3456
22466
34774
142
38870
366
26272
32158
12230
35196
9918
4357
10500
21484
Air Alsie A/S
Air Greenland AS
ALIGAP A-S
Atlantic Airways P/F
Cimber A/S
Danish Air Transport A/S
Execujet Europe A/S
Jet Time A/S
Nordic Aviation Capital A/S
Primera Air Scandinavia
Star Air A/S
SUN-AIR of Scandinavia
The Duchossois Group, Inc..
Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia A/S
403
158
10
608
102.360
5.849
0
37.740
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
2014
403
158
10
608
102.360
5.849
0
37.740
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
2015
403
158
10
608
102.360
5.849
0
37.740
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
2016
403
158
0
608
102.360
5.849
0
37.740
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
2017
403
158
0
608
102.360
5.849
100
1
46.400
2
2018
403
158
0
608
102.360
5.849
100
1
46.400
2
2019
403
158
0
608
102.360
5.849
100
1
46.400
2
2020
403
158
0
608
102.360
5.849
100
1
46.400
2
202890
201992
203125
202452
201417
202893
203356
201630
201419
201580
201405
202817
202332
201626
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
9
44.049
97.821
6.004
0
176.545
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
422
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex A3
Information on Denmark’s KP Registry
Contents:
a. Information on the registry administrator
b. Cooperation with other countries concerning operation of the registry
c. Database structure and capacity
d. Standards for data exchange
e. Procedures for administration and operation of the KP registry
f. Safety standards
g. Information available to the public
h. Internet address for the registry
i. Protection, maintenance and recreation of data
j. Test procedures
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
423
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0424.png
a. Information on the registry administrator
Danish Business Authority
Dahlerups Pakhus
Langelinie Allé 17
DK-2100 København Ø
Telephone: +45 3529 1000
E-mail:
[email protected]
b. Cooperation with other countries concerning the operation of the registry
Denmark does not cooperate with other countries concerning the administration of
the Danish KP Registry. The Danish KP Registry has been operated in a consolidated
manner by the European Commission since June 2012. The administration of the
registry remains with the Danish Business Authority.
c. Database structure and capacity
The complete description was provided in the common readiness documentation and
specific readiness documentation for the national registry of EU and all consolidating
national registries and the changes is provided and assessed in the yearly
Supplementary Independent Assessment Report (SIAR).
As the database structure and capacity is treated as confidential, no further
descriptions are provided here. Relevant parties can request further information. This
will then be provided, to the extent possible, by the national administrators.
d. Standards for data exchange
When changes are made in the registry software of the Consolidated System of EU
Registries new conformance testing with the ITL takes place. The complete
description and test results of the consolidated registry was provided and assessed in
the yearly Supplementary Independent Assessment Report (SIAR).
The testing demonstrates capacity and conformance to the DES. The latest tests were
executed successfully on 18 January 2017.
e. Procedures for administration and operation of the KP registry
The procedures are described in Commission Regulation (EU) No 389/2013 of 2
May 2013 establishing a Union Registry pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No
406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Further procedures are
set in Executive Order No 95 of 29 January 2015 on the EU ETS Registry and the
Danish KP Registry. Denmark is in compliance with the procedures set in and
pursuant to the regulation and executive order.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
424
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0425.png
f. Safety standards
The security plan of the Consolidated System of EU Registries is updated regularly.
The complete description was provided in the common readiness documentation and
specific readiness documentation for the national registry of EU and all consolidating
national registries and the changes is provided and assessed in the yearly
Supplementary Independent Assessment Report (SIAR).
As security and safety standards are treated as confidential, no further descriptions
are provided here. Relevant parties can request further information. This will then be
provided, to the extent possible, by the national administrator.
g. Information available to the public
Pursuant to article 109 in Commission Regulation (EU) No 389/2013 of 2 May 2013
establishing a Union Registry pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No 406/2009/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council only the information specified in Annex
XIV of the regulation is available to the public.
Publicly available information from the registry can be found at
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ets/.
General information can be found at
https://danishbusinessauthority.dk/eu-ets-registry-and-danish-kyoto-registry.
h. Internet address for the registry
https://ets-registry.webgate.ec.europa.eu/euregistry/DK/index.xhtml
i. Protection, maintenance and recreation of data
The disaster recovery plan of the Consolidated System of EU Registries is updated
regularly. The complete description was provided in the common readiness
documentation and specific readiness documentation for the national registry of EU
and all consolidating national registries and the changes is provided and assessed in
the yearly Supplementary Independent Assessment Report (SIAR).
As the disaster recovery plan is treated as confidential, no further descriptions are
provided here. Relevant parties can request further information. This will then be
provided, to the extent possible, by the national administrators.
j. Test procedures
Regarding Consolidated System of EU Registries, the European Commission is
responsible for test procedures and all relevant functionality tests related to
operations and software/hardware updates. Furthermore, each member state has the
possibility to test new releases before they are put in production.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
425
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
As test procedures and results are treated as confidential, no further descriptions are
provided here. Relevant parties can request further information. This will then be
provided, to the extent possible, by the national administrators.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
426
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex A4
Publicly available registry information -
2017 KP Reports
Contents:
Table A4.1
Table A4.2
Public Information on Account Information.
Public Information on Legal Entities.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
427
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0428.png
T
ABLE
A4.1: 2017 KP R
EPORTS
- P
UBLIC
I
NFORMATION ON
A
CCOUNT
I
NFORMATION
*
Account Name
Frivillig annulleringskonto:DK1
Annullering CP1:DK502
Frivillig annullering CP2
national EU-retirement:DK4
Tilbagetrækning CP1:DK501
Net Source Canc
Nettokildeannulleringskonto
Annulleringskonto for manglende overholdelse
Annulleringskonto for overskydende udstedelse
Obligatorisk annulleringskonto
Erstatningskonto for tCER, som er ved at udløbe
Erstatningskonto for lCER, som er ved at udløbe
Erstatningskonto for lCER til tilbageførsel af oplagring
Erstatningskonto for lCER ved manglende indgivelse
af certificeringsrapport
Dan:DK67
Energi Danmark
Harish kvoter
Rockwool
AAU-depotkonto
CER/ERU returneringskonto
DK deposit
DK PHA-overskud
Grønland
NEFCO NeCF
NEFCO TGF
POST 2010 - Malay 3662+5150 UP3+4
POST 2012 Thai 1552 NBF
POST 2012 - Thai 1554 VCF
POST 2012 - Thai 1558 SPM
POST 2012 – Thai 4214 SIMA 1 - ENS' konto
Thai 4214 SIMA 1 - ENS' konto
Statens CDM pro
statens frivillige annullering
statens off-set
Thai 1558 SPM
til DK compliance
Verdensbanken
KP Account Type
Voluntary cancellation
Voluntary cancellation
Voluntary cancellation
Retirement account
Retirement account
NET SOURCE CANCELLATION ACCOUNT
NET SOURCE CANCELLATION ACCOUNT
NON COMPLIANCE CANCELLATION ACOUNT
EXCESS_ISSUANCE_CANCELLATION_ACCOUNT
MANDATORY CANCELLATION ACCOUNT
TCER REPLACEMENT ACCOUNT EXPIRY
LCER REPLACEMENT ACCOUNT EXPIRY
LCER REPLACEMENT ACCOUNT REVERSAL CARBON STORAGE
LCER REPLACEMENT ACCOUNT FAIL SUBMISSION CERT REP
Operator Holding
Person Holding
Person Holding
Person Holding
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
N ational Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
National Holding (Party)
CP
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Account Holder
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
MÆRSK OLIE OG GAS A/S
Energi Danmark A/S
ØRSTED Salg & Service A/S
Rockwool International A/S
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
Energistyrelsen
* Please note that information on account number and information related to account representatives is not included due to confidentiality
T
ABLE
A4.2: 2017 KP R
EPORTS
- P
UBLIC
I
NFORMATION ON
L
EGAL
E
NTITIES
Legal Entity
ØRSTED Salg & Service A/S
Energi Danmark A/S
Energistyrelsen
Erhvervsstyrelsen
MÆRSK OLIE OG GAS A/S
Rockwool International A/S
Address Line 1
Kraftværksvej 53
Hedeager 5
Amaliegade 44
Langelinie Allé 17
Esplanaden 50
Hovedgaden 584
Address Line 2
Skærbæk
Postal Code
7000
8200
1256
2100
1263
City
Fredericia
Aarhus N
København K
København Ø
København K
Hedehusene
Country
DK
DK
DK
DK
DK
DK
Fløng
2640
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
428
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex B
Policies and measures information
This annex contains the following information:
Annex B1:
Overview of Denmark’s portfolio of climate relevant policies and
measures.
Annex B2:
The 2005 Effort Analysis.
Annex B3:
The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Policies and Measures.
Annex B4:
The 2017 Analysis of CO
2
-reduction effects of renewable energy
measures and energy efficiency measures.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
429
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0430.png
Annex B1 Overview of Denmark’s portfolio of
climate relevant policies and measures
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
430
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0431.png
Annex B2 The 2005 Effort Analysis
Summary
Since 1990, a broad range of national policies and measures have been implemented in Denmark that
have impacted on emissions of greenhouse gases. Some initiatives have been implemented with CO
2
reduction as the primary aim, while other initiatives have been motivated by other aims.
The
Effort Analysis
66
reports on Denmark’s effort related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
undertaken on national level in the period 1990-2001, and the costs of this effort.
Under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU’s subsequent Burden Sharing Agreement, Denmark has
undertaken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 21% in 2008-2012, compared to 1990 levels
67
One of the additional requirements of the Kyoto Protocol is that the use of flexible mechanisms must
be supplemental to domestic action. The calculation of the total Danish effort is relevant in this
connection.
It is therefore relevant to consider the effects of Denmark’s efforts both in relation to the Kyoto
accounting, and in relation to the total effect - regardless of whether the emissions reductions have
been in Denmark or abroad.
In relation to the Kyoto accounting, which is based on the CO
2
impact associated with the specific
emissions in Denmark, it is expected that part of the effect of the energy sector initiatives will be
offset by increased electricity exports. This means that the CO
2
emissions linked to the exported
electricity component have a negative impact on Denmark’s Kyoto accounting, rather than on that of
the electricity importing country.
Choice of measures
The
Effort Analysis
report aimed to include the most important environment and energy policy
measures implemented in the period 1990-2001 that have had a significant effect on greenhouse gas
emissions.
Please note that many of the measures have not been planned and adopted with the aim of contributing
to the fulfilment of Denmark’s Kyoto obligation, but derive from the political objective from 1990 (in
the “Energy
2000
action plan) of reducing CO
2
emissions from Denmark’s energy consumption by
20% between 1988 and 2005. Thus the
Effort Analysis
does not evaluate the implemented initiatives
against their original objective, but rather in relation to reducing greenhouse gases, and how much the
implemented initiatives will contribute to the binding Kyoto objectives that exist today.
The chronological definition of the initiatives is not always straightforward. Some initiatives were
introduced prior to 1990, but the implementation (and associated reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions) has taken place after 1990. This is the case, for example, for the conversion to natural gas
and for Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment I. The calculations in the
Effort Analysis
only
include the CO
2
reductions that have taken place after 1990.
Denmark’s effort in the period 1990-2001
The
Effort Analysis
evaluates the effects of measures implemented in the period 1990-2001 in relation
to the actual emissions in 2001, and in relation to the expected average annual emissions in 2008-
2012, as laid down in the base projection used as a basis for the Danish climate strategy from
February 2003 (i.e. the previous ‘with measures’ projection, which only took into account the effects
of measures implemented or adopted before the Climate Strategy). Initiatives adopted after 2001 are
therefore not included in the results of the
Effort Analysis,
and hence these results cannot be used as a
total status report for the Danish efforts in relation to the Kyoto target.
The Effort Analysis is published in the report ”Danmarks udledning af CO
2
– indsatsen i perioden 1990-2001 og
omkostningerne herved (Denmark’s CO
2
Emissions – Efforts in the Period 1990-2001 and the costs involved) – Main and
Annex Report, Statement from the Danish EPA no. 2 and 3, 2005 (in Danish).
However, in 2002 the (Environment) Council and the Commission adopted a political declaration stating that the calculation
of the assigned amounts (measured in tonnes) in 2006 shall take into account Denmark's statement in connection with the
Burden Sharing Agreement in 1998, i.a. stating that Denmark's reductions shall be seen in relation to an adjusted 1990 level,
and that the adoption of additional common European measures is assumed.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
431
67
66
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0432.png
The
Effort Analysis
reports on and calculates the Danish initiatives by considering their total effect,
regardless of whether they have resulted in reductions in emissions in Denmark or abroad. However,
the analysed initiatives have also been assessed in relation to Denmark’s international obligations
under the Kyoto Protocol, based on the CO
2
impact associated with the specific emissions in
Denmark. Figure B2-1 illustrates how much greater Denmark’s CO
2
emissions would have been in
2001 and in 2008-12 if the initiatives analysed had not been implemented.
F
IGURE
B2.1: D
EVELOPMENTS IN TOTAL
CO
2
EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS
,
WITH AND WITHOUT THE
MEASURES UNDER ANALYSIS
(
PRODUCTION
-
BASED CALCULATION
)
100,00
90,00
80,00
70,00
Mill.
tonnes
60,00
CO2
eq.
Reference
development
Further emissions if the
initiatives analysed had
not been implemented
Kyoto-
Target
1
Part of the reduction
from the initiatives ass-
umed to be offset by
increased elec. exports
Emissions in the
reference
development (the
2003 “with measures”
projection)
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
-
1990/95
2001
2
2008-12
The reduction requirement in the figure has been calculated as Denmark’s legal obligation. i.e. the figure has not been
corrected for the particularly large electricity imports in the 1990 base year. However, in 2002 the (Environment) Council and
the Commission adopted a political declaration stating that the calculation of the assigned amounts (measured in tonnes) in
2006 shall take into account Denmark’s statement in connection with the Burden Sharing Agreement in 1998, e.g. stating that
Denmark’s reductions shall be seen in relation to an adjusted 1990 level. When this factor is taken into account, the reduction
requirement would be reduced by up to 5 million tonnes annually.
2
The reduction calculated in 2001 includes the full effects, i.e. it includes the CO
2
reductions that domestic actions have led to
in other countries.
1
As Figure B2.1 shows, the initiatives under consideration are estimated to give rise to CO
2
reductions
of approx. 20.6 million tonnes per year in the 2008-12 period. This expresses the total effect of
Denmark’s effort in the 1990-2001 period. It also shows (see below) that part of the effect of energy
sector initiatives is expected to be offset by increased electricity exports, such that in relation to the
Kyoto emission accounting, the initiatives under consideration are estimated to lead to CO
2
reductions
of approx. 15.6 million tonnes per year in the 2008-12 period.
A number of the initiatives implemented have been aimed at reducing CO
2
emissions from Danish
electricity consumption. However, Danish electricity production is integrated into the Northern
European electricity market, and the effect of initiatives in the electricity sector are – and are expected
to continue to be – partially offset by increased exports of fossil fuel electricity production from
Denmark. Estimation of the size of this effect is subject to extreme uncertainty. Based on a
rudimentary assumption that 50% of the effects of the electricity sector initiatives will be offset by
electricity exports, approx. 5.0 of the 20.6 million tonnes of CO
2
will be offset by increased electricity
exports. This estimate is subject to significant uncertainty and depends, for example, on the future
expansion of production capacity in the Scandinavian countries (cf. the background report, “Energy
policy initiatives in the 1990’s: Costs and CO
2
effects
68
)
The
Effort Analysis’
‘without measures’ calculation of CO
2
emissions per sector is shown in Table
B2.1.
Danish Energy Authority 2005, Published electronically in May 2005 on the Authority’s website
(http://www.ens.dk/graphics/Publikationer/Energipolitik/Energipolitiske_tiltag_i_1990erne/pdf/energipol_tiltag_CO2effekt.pdf
)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
432
68
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0433.png
T
ABLE
B2.1: O
VERVIEW OF TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND THE TOTAL REDUCTIONS DIVIDED
BY SECTOR
(
FOLLOWING THE SECTOR DIVISION OF THE
C
LIMATE
S
TRATEGY
)
IN MILLIONS OF TONNES OF
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS PER YEAR
Sector
1990/95
1
2001
2008-12
2
Base
Current
Reductions Emissions
Emission
Reductions Emissions
2
2
emissions
from
without
projection
from
without
measures measures
measures
measures
3)
Energy
42.7
43.2
13.5
56.8
53.1 11.0/16.0
64.1
Transport
10.7
12.6
1.3
13.9
14.6
1.7
16.3
Industry
0.3
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.4
1.1
Agriculture
14.4
11.7
1.6
13.3
10.8
1.9
12.7
Waste
1.3
1.2
0.2
1.4
0.9
0.5
1.4
3
4
Total
69.5
69.6
16.7
86.2
80.1 15.6 /20.6
95.6
1990/95 indicates the emissions in the base year. CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O emissions have 1990 as the base year, while the industrial
gases have 1995 as the base year. No corrections have been made for electricity imports/exports.
2
Source: Emissions figures (base, current in 2001 and projections for 2008-12: Danish Ministry of the Environment 2003)
3
These 16.7 million tonnes CO
2
per year include the full effects, i.e. they include the CO
2
reductions that domestic actions have
led to abroad.
4
For the energy sector measures the full reduction is specified. The Danish Energy Authority estimates that approx. 5.0 of these
20.6 million tonnes CO
2
annually will be offset by increased electricity exports based on the calculation assumptions of the
climate strategy.
1
The
Effort Analysis
estimates that Denmark’s “without measures CO
2
emissions in 2008-12 would
have been 95.7 million tonnes CO
2
annually. Denmark’s legal reduction obligation of 21% in relation
to 1990 levels corresponds to emissions in 2008-2012 being reduced to approx. 54.9 million tonnes
CO
2
annually
20
. Denmark would have therefore fallen short of this goal by 40.7 million tonnes CO
2
annually in 2008-2012 if the initiatives analysed had not been implemented.
In summary, the effect between 2008-2012 of the initiatives analysed would be 15.6 million tonnes
annually, after taking into account that 50% of the electricity sector initiatives are expected to be
offset by electricity exports.
As mentioned above, the total reduction effects, in Denmark and abroad, from the implemented
domestic initiatives can be estimated at 20.6 million tons annually. Therefore it can be concluded that
Denmark has already made significant progress domestically.
Extensive Danish electricity imports from Norway and Sweden in the 1990 base year led to unusually
low Danish emissions. If the effects of these imports are compensated for, it would allow Denmark to
reduce Danish emissions by approx. 5 million tonnes less than specified above.
In 2002, the (Environment) Council and the Commission adopted a political declaration stating that
the calculation of the permitted emission volumes (measured in tonnes) in 2006 shall take into account
Denmark’s statement in connection with the Burden Sharing Agreement in 1998, e.g. stating that
Denmark’s reductions shall be seen in relation to an adjusted 1990 level.
Costs of measures
The costs of the CO
2
reduction have also been estimated in the
Effort Analysis,
but only for selected
measures. The choice of these measures has largely been governed by which measures CO
2
costs had
previously been calculated for.
The estimate is based on a cost-benefit analysis of the total costs and benefits for each measure,
excluding the value of the reduction in CO
2
emissions.
An expression of the total socio-economic costs per tonne of reduced CO
2
emissions (also called the
initiative’s CO
2
shadow price) can be found by comparing the total net costs of the initiative against
the estimated resultant CO2 reduction. The total CO
2
reduction has been used, i.e. regardless of
whether this CO
2
reduction took place in Denmark or abroad (consumption-based calculation).
This corresponds to the method used in previous analyses carried out by the Danish Ministry of
Finance and others in 2001, by the Economic Council in 2002, and in cost estimations used in the
Government’s climate strategy from 2003.
Please note that the introduction of the EU’s CO
2
allowance scheme (EU-ETS) from 2005 changes the
framework conditions for large parts of the energy sector and energy-intensive industry, such that the
calculation method cannot be used to assess future measures within these areas where quotas have
been imposed. The introduction of the allowance scheme means that CO
2
emissions from the sectors
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
433
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
subject to allowances, including electricity production, will be unequivocally determined by the total
amount of allowances accounted in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. The calculations of the
shadow values for the areas subject to allowances, up until the 2008-12 period where the new Kyoto
regime will have entered into force, thus serve purely illustrative purposes.
The introduction of the open international electricity market since the late 1990s means it is no longer
certain that for example such as the expansion of renewable energy will reduce CO
2
emissions from
Danish electricity producers correspondingly, as it may be an advantage for producers to export
electricity rather than reduce production. Where this is the case, CO
2
emissions will be reduced in
other countries instead. This is a major issue in relation to calculating how great an effect the
measures will have in relation to the base projection.
Please note that the CO
2
allowance scheme will increase the European electricity price and thus
increase the profitability of electricity savings compared to the situation today.
Note that no attempt has been made in the
Effort Analysis
to incorporate any positive effects on
security of supply, technology development and commercial development, nor has it been possible to
include the value of all environmental impacts. This is due to the difficulty of quantifying and valuing
these effects, which in principle should be included.
The value of the reductions in SO
2
and NO
x
emissions resulting from the measures has been included,
but the valuation of these physical reductions is very uncertain. This report uses the same valuations
as the climate strategy. Since the calculations were carried out, the National Environmental Research
Institute, Denmark (NERI) has published new, higher valuations for the cost of the negative impacts
of SO
2
and NO
x
emissions. Using these new, updated assumptions from NERI – and with nothing else
changed – the calculations would have resulted in lower CO
2
shadow prices for several measures.
Table B2.2 shows that the shadow costs for the selected measures vary substantially, and for most of
the measures are higher than the indicator of DKK 120 per tonne CO
2
specified in the Government’s
climate strategy. In the energy sector, the “Grant for conversion of apartments for the aged to
cogenerated heat and power, “Grants for solar heating, heat pumps, and biomass and “Building
labelling measures are estimated to have been associated with the highest costs in relation to their CO
2
reduction, while the “Grant to cover CO
2
tax (agreement scheme) and “Expansion in decentralised
cogeneration of heating and power have been associated with the lowest costs.
Note that the calculations are generally subject to significant uncertainty and it has not been possible
to include all the socio-economic effects in the calculations. For example, the benefit of increased
comfort associated with the transition to CHP has not been included in the calculation of the net costs
for the “Grant for conversion of old dwellings to cogenerated heat and power initiative. Many of the
measures will also have a positive effect on the security of the energy supply, which has not been
valued.
Please refer to the annex report to the
Effort Analysis
and to “Energy
policy measures in the 1990s:
Costs and CO
2
effects
for further description of the conditions and assumptions underlying the
calculation of the shadow price for each measure.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
434
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0435.png
T
ABLE
B2.2: H
ISTORICAL
CO
2
SHADOW PRICES FOR SELECTED MEASURES
(
CONSUMPTION
-
BASED
CALCULATION
)
Sector
Measure
Average annual
CO
2
reduction
for 2008-2012
Mill. tonnes
CO
2
per year
3.4
0.9
2.1
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
1.5
1.2
0.4
Socio-economic
cost
1
per tonne
CO
2
DKK/tonne CO
2
(2002 prices)
275
250
100
325
275
0
1,925
2
850
1,500
3
1,300
325
775
5
200
6
Energy
Grants to private wind turbines
Electricity generation plant expansion using wind turbines
Expansion in decentralised cogeneration of heating and
power
Agreement on use of biomass for electricity production
Grants for energy savings in businesses
Grant to cover CO
2
tax (agreement scheme)
Grant for conversion of old dwellings to cogenerated heat
and power
Grant to promote connection to coal-fired CHP
Grants for solar heating, heat pumps, biomass
Building labelling
Changes to taxes on energy products
4
Increased taxes on fuel
4
Regulation of industrial gases
Tax measures
Industry
1
2
The shadow price has been calculated based on the total CO
2
reduction.
This measure has also lead to improved comfort for those who have changed to CHP. This is believed to have been part of the
political motive for the measure. However, no attempt has been made to value this gain.
3
Weighted average. This shadow price covers three initiative areas with very different shadow prices. Solar heating (DKK
5,700 /tonne CO
2
), Heat pumps (DKK 650/tonne CO
2
) and Biomass (DKK 600/tonne CO
2
).
4
The effect and the shadow price have been estimated for 2001 based on the nominal tax increase from 1990 to 2001.
Assuming there are no changes in demand, and constant real prices and taxes, it will also be possible to use this estimate for the
2008-12 period. Note that these assumptions are not fully compatible with the assumptions about changes to fuel prices
associated with the energy measures.
5
The CO
2
reduction has been calculated for all fuel consumption, i.e. fuel consumption for both passenger cars and trucks.
However the shadow price has only been calculated for fuel consumption in passenger cars, corresponding to the calculations
carried out in connection with the Government’s 2003 Climate Strategy.
6
Industrial gases are used for many purposes. The illustrated shadow price has been calculated, as an example, for the costs of
replacing HFC gases with more environmentally-friendly refrigerants in industrial refrigeration plant, the biggest consumption
group within the affected industrial gases.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses
Both the CO
2
reductions and shadow costs for the analysed measures are subject to significant
uncertainty due to the complexity and scope of the calculations alone. The following key issues in
relation to the uncertainty of the results should be highlighted:
It is not unequivocally clear how the demarcation of an initiative should be carried out. This
applies both to choosing which measures to include and, in certain cases, how to define each
initiative. Demarcation influences both the CO
2
reduction and shadow cost.
The CO
2
reductions have been calculated separately for each initiative. There may be certain
consequential effects from an initiative that are not included in the analysis of another
initiative. Caution should therefore be exercised when comparing the shadow costs of various
measures and across sectors.
•
•
In addition to the uncertainty associated with determining the expected reductions, there is also
significant uncertainty linked to determining the socio-economic prices for the various effects
included in such an analysis. With regard to the socio-economic energy prices, the same fuel price
assumptions have generally been used as were used in the Government’s 2003 Climate Strategy.
To give an indication of the significance of central assumptions, Table B2.3 contains a few examples
showing how much the shadow price varies in response to potential changes to the key background
parameters. For a more complete and systematic presentation of the sensitivity analyses for the
individual measures, please refer to “Energy
policy measures in the 1990s: Costs and CO
2
effects”.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
435
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0436.png
The CO
2
reduction has been calculated for all fuel consumption, i.e. fuel consumption for both passenger cars and trucks.
However the shadow price has only been calculated for fuel consumption in passenger cars, corresponding to the calculations
carried out in connection with the Government’s 2003 Climate Strategy. This factor also applies to the sensitivity analysis for
“Increases to fuel taxes.
T
ABLE
B2.3: S
ENSITIVITY ANALYSES FOR SELECTED MEASURES
–
EXAMPLES
Measure
Change in parameter
Result of base calculation
Shadow price
reduction in 2008-12
Grants to private
A discount rate of 3 %
3.4 million tonnes CO
2
/
wind turbines
instead of 6 % p.a.
year
DKK 275/tonne CO
2
Grants to private
Change in the electricity
3.4 million tonnes CO
2
/
wind turbines
price from 2005 of - DKK
year
0.02/kWh
DKK 275/tonne CO
2
Increases to fuel
Demand elasticity halved
1.2 million tonnes CO
2
/
1
from -0.6 to -0.3 (passenger
year
taxes
vehicles) and -0.2 to -0.1
(trucks)
DKK 775/tonne CO
2
1
Result of sensitivity analysis
-
DKK 175/tonne CO
2
(- DKK 100/tonne)
-
DKK 295/tonne
(+ DKK 20/tonne)
0.6 million tonnes/year
(-0.6 mill. tonnes/year)
DKK 575/tonne
(- DKK 200/tonne)
Effects
Estimate of reductions
So as to estimate the effect an initiative has had on greenhouse gas emissions, the change compared to
a reference scenario must be assessed. The reference scenario is based on the base projection of CO
2
emissions carried out in connection with the Danish climate strategy from February 2003. As a rule
this projection is assumed to reflect the effect of the initiatives analysed. As regards the individual
initiatives, how great the increase in emissions would have been if the initiative in question had not
been introduced has thus been estimated.
The initiatives have typically been assessed individually, i.e. in some cases the interaction effects
between some initiatives have not been taken fully into account. Reductions in energy consumption
due to tax increases, for example, can have effect the use of energy production from wind turbines and
vice versa. Furthermore please note that all initiatives in the energy area have been calculated based
on one and the same reference development (base projection from February 2003). The base
projection is characterised by all calculations being based on a world with existing regulation,
including e.g. existing taxes and duties. In principle calculations should also take into account the
order in which the different initiatives have been – or will be – introduced as each initiative may affect
the other initiatives both with regard to effect and costs. This has not been possible to do within the
scope of
the Effort Analysis.
The emission inventory method under the Kyoto Protocol uses the energy
production
or the actual
emission of CO
2
in Denmark, as opposed to in the Energy 2000 emission inventory, which is based on
CO
2
impacts caused by energy
consumption
in Denmark. This is a crucial difference as regards
initiatives that either affect the demand for electricity or the production of environmentally-friendly
electricity. Electricity production (and therefore CO
2
emissions) in Denmark is determined by the
price development in the electricity market and cannot be controlled directly through national
initiatives.
One of the additional requirements of the Kyoto Protocol is that the use of flexible mechanisms has to
be supplemental to domestic action. Therefore two estimates of Danish efforts are in principle relevant
– one estimate on achieved emission reductions in Denmark compared to the inventory calculations
under the Kyoto Protocol, and one estimate of
the total effect of the Danish efforts under the Kyoto
Protocol,
regardless of whether an initiative has led to reductions in emission in Denmark or abroad.
With the introduction of the open international electricity market in the late 1990s, it is not a given
fact that for example extension of renewable energy will reduce CO
2
emissions from
Danish
electricity producers correspondingly, as it may be an advantage for Danish electricity producers to
export electricity instead of limiting their production. To the extent that this is the case, CO
2
emissions
will decrease in other countries instead of in Denmark. This is a central issue of concern as regards
calculating how great the effect of initiatives will be when compared to the base projections.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
436
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0437.png
The Danish electricity production in the Northern European electricity market, and the effect of
initiatives for limiting the need for fossil electricity production is – and is expected to be – partially
countered by an increase in exports of fossil electricity production from Denmark. Estimation of the
size of this effect is subject to extreme uncertainty. A rudimentary assumption is that, 50% of the
effects of the electricity sector initiatives will be offset by electricity exports. This estimate is subject
to significant uncertainty and depends, for example, on the future expansion of production capacity in
the Scandinavian countries (cf. the background report, Energy policy initiatives in the 1990's: Costs
and CO
2
effects (Danish Energy Authority, 2005).
Emission reductions
The estimated reductions for measures for the year 2001 and the annual average in the period 2008-12
is presented in Table B2.4 below. Please note that CO
2
reductions in the period 2008-2012 are
expressed both from an energy consumption and energy production angle. The energy consumption
angle is based on the assumption that all CO
2
reductions will be allotted to Denmark, while reductions
based on the energy production angle alone concern changes in actual emissions from Danish areas.
T
ABLE
B2.4 O
VERVIEW OF REDUCTION CONTRIBUTIONS OF MEASURES IN
2001
AND EXPECTED
CONTRIBUTIONS AS ANNUAL AVERAGE REDUCTION IN THE PERIOD
2008-2012 (
MILLION TONNES
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
)
CO
2
Av. annual CO
2
reduc. for
reduc. 2008-2012 - Million tonnes CO
2
in 2001
Measure
Energy
Energy
Million consumption
production
tonnes
angle
angle
CO
2
Grants to private wind turbines
2.6
3.4
1.7
Electricity generation plant expansion using wind turbines
0.4
0.9
0.5
Expansion in decentralised cogeneration of heating and power
2.2
2.1
0.4
Agreement on use of biomass for electricity production
0.2
1.1
1.1
Grants for energy savings in businesses
1.1
0.9
0.9
Grant to cover CO
2
tax (agreement scheme)
0.3
0.6
0.6
Grant for conversion of old dwellings to cogenerated heat and
0.2
0.2
0.2
power
Grant to promote connection to coal-fired CHP
0.1
0.1
0.1
Grants for renewable energy
0.1
0.1
0.1
Building labelling
0.2
0.4
0.4
2
Changes to taxes on energy products
1.5
1.5
1.0
Further energy measures
4.6
4.6
4.0
Total energy
13.5
16.0
11.0
Taxes on and regulation of use of industrial gases
0.0
0.4
0.4
Total industry
0.0
0.4
0.4
2
Increased fuel taxes
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
Diverse measure to improve energy efficiency in Danish vehicles
0.2
0.6
0.6
Total transport
1.3
1.7
1.7
3
Action plans for agriculture
1.6
1.9
1.9
Total agriculture
1.6
1.9
1.9
Collection of methane from landfills
0.2
0.2
0.2
Ban on landfilling of waste suitable for incineration
0.0
0.3
0.3
Total waste
0.2
0.5
0.5
Total
16.7
20.6
15.6
In addition to the voluntary agreement with the automobile industry, measure include the green owner tax, information
campaigns, energy labelling etc.
2
Reductions as a consequence of the increased taxes on both energy products and fuel are estimated for 2001. Reductions for
2008-12 are based on the assumption that taxes and fuel prices actually remain unchanged and that demands do not change.
3
Includes the NPO action plan from 1990, Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment I from 1987, Action plan for sustainable
agriculture from 1991 and Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment II from 1998. See NERI, 2003 for a more detailed
description of the action plans and their effects.
1
Sector
Energy
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Waste
All
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
437
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0438.png
Table B2.4 includes a row with further energy measures.
Table B2.5 includes a number of initiatives without cost estimates that also significantly affect
Denmark’s CO
2
emissions. These measures have not been studied in more detail in connection with
the Effort Analysis
- either because their overall objective has not been to reduce CO
2
emissions or
because insufficient data were available for a proper assessment of the measure’s effects within the
budget framework. In another context how much these additional measures would contribute to CO
2
reductions in 2008-12 has been assessed. The effect 2008-12 is estimated on the basis of energy
statistics from 2001 combined with assumptions used in calculations for the Climate Strategy. The
results of this assessment can be seen in Table B2.5.
T
ABLE
B2.5 O
VERVIEW OF THE ESTIMATE OF
CO2
REDUCTIONS FROM FURTHER ENERGY MEASURES
Estimate of
Estimate of CO
2
CO
2
reductions in
reductions in 2008-12
2008-12
from energy policy of
Measure
1
1990s
Central CHP (coal-CHP) as replacement for individual oil-fired
heating
Conversion from central electricity production from coal to
natural gas
Establishment of other decentralised CHP that are not included
under the measure Expansion in decentralised cogeneration of
heating and power (including industrial CHP, biogas CHP and
waste CHP)
2
Separate district heating production from biomass
Utilisation of industrial surplus heat for district heating
Separate district heating production from waste
Natural gas supply for heating of individual buildings
Natural gas supply for industrial processes
Total
(million tonnes CO
2
)
1.8
1.4
2.7
0.7
0.3
0.4
1.2
1.1
9.6
(million tonnes CO
2
)
0
1.4
1.2
0.7
0.1
0
0.6
0.6
4.6
It has been assumed that these measures are primarily fully implemented and that 2001 reductions correspond to the reduction
stated for 2008-12.
2
This measure entails an increase in emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. In the estimate of CO
2
reductions for 2008-12,
an increase in methane corresponding to 0.3 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents has been included. The estimate of CO
2
reductions
in 2008-12 from the energy policy of the 1990s includes an increase in methane corresponding to 0.1 million tonnes CO
2
equivalents.
1
The measures analysed are assessed to have reduced approx. 16.7 million tonnes CO
2
in total in 2001.
Furthermore it is assessed that Denmark – seen from the so-called energy production angle – would
have emitted approx. 15.6 million tonnes CO
2
more on average per year in the period 2008-12, is the
measures analysed had not been implemented. Moreover the measures analysed will lead to further
reductions in 2008-12 of approx. 5.0 million tonnes CO
2
per year, however this will be countered by
the emissions from the increased electricity exports made possible by the measures implemented. The
total emission of CO
2
seen from the so-called energy consumption angle would thus have been
approx. 20.6 million tonnes greater without the measures.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
438
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0439.png
Annex B3 The 2013 Analysis of the Effect of
Selected Measures
In December 2013 the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building published a paper
in response to recommendations in a report published by the National Audit Office in
October 2012. This paper contains an evaluation of the effects of climate change
mitigation measures selected by the National Audit Office and is reproduced in
English in this Annex. Due to new knowledge and new decisions by the government
a paper with the pending estimate of the Green Growth Agreement in agriculture was
compiled by the Danish Energy Agency and sent to the National Audit Office in
2014. The National Audit Office included this in its final audit report
69
. The
additional estimate is included in Table B3.13 below. As shown in Table B3.14 it
was not possible to include an estimate of the related costs in the 2014 paper.
Evaluation of the effects of measures implemented to meet the Kyoto
commitment for 2008-12.
1 Introduction
In October 2012 the National Audit Office submitted a report on Denmark's reduction of CO
2
emissions. In this context, the National Audit Office highlighted the impact assessment of national
measures to fulfil Denmark's Kyoto commitment and included a note that the Ministry of Climate,
Energy and Building had not followed up the assessment of the CO
2
- reducing effect of national
reduction measures, including the reductions in individual actions had contributed. Against this
background, the National Audit Office found that:
"The Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building Department should calculate the Danish State's total
costs of meeting the Kyoto target, and within the limits of its capabilities the Ministry should
determine the impact of the national reduction measures. This allows the Ministry to ensure
parliament the best possible basis when strategies for future reductions in CO
2
emissions are to be
determined."
Specifically, the National Audit Office found that the Ministry should assess the impact of the nine
national reduction measures set out in Table B3.1 below, on an updated basis.
In his reply of 7 December 2012, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Building noted that the
Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building would initiate a comprehensive assessment of the effects of
these reduction measures and present the results during 2013. This paper presents the results.
The assessment of the nine measures focuses on both the effect of reductions in 2008-12 non-ETS
emissions and the effect on governmental costs. For tax measures, the impact assessment was carried
out by the Ministry of Taxation. With regard to the nitrogen effects of the Green Growth agreement,
the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries announced that an updated assessment is awaiting
new figures from DCA / DCE. When the nitrogen effect has been calculated, the climate impact of the
Green Growth initiative will be calculated, and an updated assessment will be forwarded.
Other initiatives are assessed by the DEA.
The assessment of individual national efforts is supplemented initially by an updated status of
Denmark's use of carbon credits from projects abroad in order to assess the overall state spending on
meeting the Kyoto target.
69
http://www.rigsrevisionen.dk/media/2020369/701-15.pdf
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
439
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0440.png
T
ABLE
B3.1: N
ATIONAL REDUCTION INITIATIVES
,
WHERE THERE IS AN UPDATED IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Originally expected non-
ETS GHG reduction.
Annual output in 2008-12
in million tonnes
CO
2
equivalents.
0.03
Unknown reduction
0.29
0.24
1 Heat pumps
Replacing oil burners with heat pumps. Awareness campaigns ,
labeling of efficient pumps , limited subsidies , etc.
2 Biogas
Subsidy for biogas plants when biogas is used with natural gas
3 Biofuels
Biofuels for blending into gasoline and diesel
4 Agriculture
A number of initiatives on energy, nature and the environment in
the Green Growth Agreement in 2009 , including the reduction of
nitrogen emissions to the aquatic environment and permanent
spraying, fertilizer and crop-free zones
5 Electric cars
Funds for pilot scheme for electric vehicles
6 Natural gas -fired power plants
Reduction of methane from gas engines through implementation
of a methane tax equal, in terms of CO
2
equivalents, to the CO
2
tax.
7 Energy and CO
2
taxes
Increase in energy and CO
2
taxes in the non-ETS sector
8 Energy savings and efficiency improvements
Increased demands for energy savings in buildings and electricity
companies
9 CO
2
tax on plastic and waste
Introduction of the same tax on plastic as tax on fossil fuels
Unknown reduction
0.01
0.58
0.13
Unknown reduction
Note: It should be noted that the initially expected effect of increased demands for energy savings in buildings and electricity
companies (item 8) was 0.13 million tonnes and not 0.3 million tonnes. Due to an unfortunate typing error the latter figure was
reported by the DEA to the National Audit Office and therefore included in the corresponding table in the National Audit Office
report.
2 Overview of JI/CDM carbon credit costs for closing the gap in achieving compliance with the
Kyoto Protocol.
The total numbers of expected credits constitute 15.8 million cf. Table B3.2 below. The number of
completed credits is 14.8 million. Outstanding expected delivery represents 1.0 million, which
essentially consists of CDM credits. CDM credits are, compared to JI-credits, subject to a time -
prolonging UN process before the issuance of the credits is possible, which must happen before 2015.
Compared to previous expectation, JI projects have generally provided a higher proportion of the total
estimated amount of credits, while CDM-projects have provided a declining rate compared to previous
expectations.
T
ABLE
B3.2: S
UMMARY OF CREDITS DELIVERED FOR
K
YOTO COMPLIANCE
,
COMPILED
O
CTOBER
2013.
The period
Delivered credits
Number of expected credits
Pending deliveries
2008-2012
Million
Million
Million
CDM credits
3.2
3.9
0.7
JI credits
10.4
10.4
0
Credits from funds
1.2
1.5
0.3
Total
14.8
15.8
1.0
There are no pending JI credits. The pending CDM credits will be delivered later in 2013 and 2014.
Fund Credits are subject to the same UN procedure as the CDM credits as the underlying projects are
CDM projects.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
440
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0441.png
Total costs and unit costs are shown in Table B3.3 for each type of credit. The costs have decreased
compared to previous years. The lower costs are due to withdrawal of financial risk coverage on the
individual project contracts and cancellation of contracts which under deliver. The cancellation is
realized gradually as projects are completed.
No additional significant decrease in the expected total unit costs is forecast, as the expected non-
cancellation has been included.
T
ABLE
B3.3: S
UMMARY OF THE EXPECTED COSTS FOR THE ENTIRE PERIOD
2008-12. C
OMPILED
O
CTOBER
2013.
Period
Direct credit
Administrative
Project
Total government
Expected costs
2008-2012
purchases
costs
Development
spending
DKK per
DKK million.
DKK million
DKK million
DKK million.
credit
CDM
327.7
22.9
23.1
373.7
96
credits
JI credits
598.5
61.0
61.4
720.9
70
Credits from
138.3
9.0
0
177.3
97
funds
Total
1,064.5
92.9
84.5
1,241.9
79
As shown in Table B3.3, total government spending to purchase credits to meet the Kyoto
commitment is expected to be DKK 1241.9 million in total over the period, equivalent to an average
annual cost over 5 years ( Kyoto period 2008-12) of approx. DKK 250 million.
The overall effect is expected to be 15.8 million tonnes of CO
2
, equivalent to an average annual
impact over 5 years (the Kyoto period 2008-12) of 3.16 million tonnes of CO
2
.
3. Assessment of national actions
Item 1 Heat pumps
The initiative is to promote the sales of heat pumps in order to reduce oil consumption and reduce CO
2
emissions. Specifically, in the Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008, DKK 30 million was allocated
over two years for public awareness campaigns, labelling of efficient pumps, limited subsidies etc.
targeting heat consumers outside the areas supplied by district heating.
There is not considered to be a loss of revenue associated with the operation. Via electricity taxes,
heat pumps provide virtually the same revenue as the oil-fired boilers they replace. Government
spending is limited to the allocated DKK 30 million.
The funds have been used within the following broad categories:
•
Promotions:
approx. 7% of the funds,
•
Labelling:
23% of the funds, and
•
Grants etc.:
approx. 70% of the funds.
Sales figures from the heat pump industry show that sales of heat pumps from 2008 onwards were at a
significantly higher level than in the past, cf. sales statistics shown in Table B3.4 for the two types of
heat pumps that efforts have focused on.
T
ABLE
B3.4: H
EAT PUMPS SOLD BY MEMBERS OF THE
H
EAT
P
UMP
A
SSOCIATION
(
ROUNDED TO THE
NEAREST
100)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Liquid-water
1800
4100
3500
4100
4200
3100
(geothermal heating)
Air –water
400
1400
1100
1300
1600
2100
It should be noted that the sales statistics do not cover the entire market, as heat pumps are also sold
by importers / manufacturers who are not members of manufacturers’ association. However, for
geothermal heating and air-water it is estimated that the registrations cover the vast majority of the
market (more than 90%).
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
441
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0442.png
How much of the increase from 2007 is due to the subsidy and the extra effort is very uncertain. In
the following a campaign effect as shown in Table B3.5 is assumed. This is an experience-based
estimate, which is supported by the jump in level of heat pumps sold from 2007 to 2008, but it is still
subject to considerable uncertainty.
T
ABLE
B3.5: A
SSUMED CAMPAIGN EFFECT
.
2008
Campaign effect of additional sales
from 2007
40%
2009
35%
2010
30%
2011
20%
2012
10%
Hence a total output of 4100 replacements was achieved, see Table B3.6. Each pump is assumed to
replace about 100 GJ of oil annually. This corresponds to a CO
2
output of 0.03 million tonnes in 2012
at full implementation. The average annual output for the period 2008-2012 is estimated to be in the
range of 0.02 million tonnes/year.
T
ABLE
B3.6: E
STIMATED IMPACT OF FUNDING FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEAT PUMPS
( 1
OIL BURNER
~
100GJ
OIL
/
YEAR
)
Average
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2008-12
Cumulative effect of
initiative [Number of 1300 2200 3100 3800 4100
oil burners replaced ]
CO
2
reduction [
0.010 0.016 0.023 0.028 0.031
0.02
million . tonnes]
Overall, the fact remains that there is considerable uncertainty in estimating the effect of market -
supporting activities.
The initial assessment of the effect was 0.03 million tonnes per year in 2008-12. This was estimated
by a recalculation to be correct in the long-term. However, in the period 2008-12 the effect is
estimated to have been a little lower, corresponding to approx. 0.02 million tonnes of CO
2
.
Item 2 Biogas
The Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 included an increase in the electricity settlement price
when biogas is used in conjunction with natural gas of DKK 0.745/kWh or as a fixed price
supplement of DKK 0.405/kWh. The electricity settlement price and the price supplement will be
adjusted by 60% of the increase in the consumer net-price index.
The increase in support for biogas in the Energy Agreement was originally expected to cause an
increase in gas production from biogas as shown at the top of Table B3.7.
T
ABLE
B3.7. E
FFECT OF INCREASED SUPPORT FOR BIOGAS PLANTS
.
Year
2007 2008 2009 2010
Expected energy production (PJ )
3.91 4.53
5.07
5.75
Actual energy production from
biogas (PJ )
Actual reduction in greenhouse
gases from manure due to
increased biogas production
(million tonnes of CO
2
equivalent )
3.91
3.93
0.002
4.17
0.019
4.28
0.027
2011
6.52
4.11
0.018
2012
7.42
0.018
The initiative has not resulted in the expected increase in biogas production because of other barriers
to setting up biogas plants (location of construction, financing, marketing, etc.). The actual
development is shown in Table B3.7. An increase of 66% in biogas production from 2007 to 2011 was
expected, but only an increase of 5 % was realised.
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the actual development can be seen in Table B3.7.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
442
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0443.png
The effect is calculated by the DCE on the basis of figures for the actual biogas production. No figures
are available for 2012 yet. The effect in 2012 is cautiously assumed to be the same as in 2011.
The average CO
2
reduction in 2008-12 is thus 0.017 million tonnes.
The support for biogas is funded via the PSO revenues: Therefore there is no direct effect on
government finances. The tax revenue loss associated with the displacement of taxed fossil fuels is
estimated to be less than DKK 10 million per year on average for the period 2008-12.
Item 3 Incorporation Requirements for Biofuels :
In the Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 it was agreed that the share of biofuels etc. in ground
transportation should be at 5.75% by 2010 and 10% by 2020. This is similar to the EU goals.
The specific instrument is a statutory blending requirement for the oil companies, and the initial
impact assessment is a CO
2
reduction of 0.29 million tonnes on average per year in 2008-12.
In 2009, the blending requirement was implemented by law. The requirement was phased in gradually
with 0.75% biofuel in 2010, 3.3% in 2011 and 5.75% in 2012. Subsequent verification of compliance
with the blending requirement proved that it was difficult for oil companies to fulfill the requirement
in 2010. There was therefore an amendment to the Statutory Order regarding biofuels stating
companies should just have a total of 2.025% on average per year for the 2 years, 2010 and 2011,.
The direct CO
2
reductions follow from replacing fossil fuels with biofuels. However, there is also a
secondary effect due to the higher price of biofuels, which leads to lower sales. In addition to the
regular price effect, the border trade will be reinforced, which reduces consumption further.
Below is the updated estimate of CO
2
displacement in the period 2010 to 2012 including the
secondary effect from increased prices. For 2010 to 2011 the estimates are based on statistics, while
the estimate for 2012 is based on the energy projection from 2012. The CO
2
effect is calculated on the
basis of consumption of bioethanol and biodiesel respectively, replacing petrol and diesel respectively.
For petrol CO
2
emissions are reduced by 73 kg/GJ and for diesel by 74 kg / GJ when these fuels are
replaced with biofuels.
T
ABLE
B3.8 B
IOFUEL USE AND
CO
2
DISPLACEMENT
.
2010
Bioethanol (consumption in TJ)
Biodiesel (consumption in TJ )
CO
2
reduction (direct) (million
tonnes)
CO
2
reduction incl. secondary
effects (million tonnes)
1,118
16
0.08
0.11
2011
2,062
3,492
0.42
0.54
2012
1,993
7,019
0.62
0.81
1.12
1.46
0.22
0.29
Total
Average
08-12
The direct effects are calculated savings directly related to the sale of biofuels, while the secondary
effects are calculated effects based on assumptions regarding border trade etc. The secondary effects
are thus subject to considerable uncertainty. When the secondary effects are included, the total CO
2
effect is largely as expected.
Financial consequences for the state.
With no CO
2
tax on biofuels, there has been an immediate loss of revenue of approx. DKK 30 million
per year on average in 2008-12.
In addition, there has been a derivative loss of revenue resulting from the effect of the price of fuel
rises and consumption falls, including through increased cross-border trade to the detriment of
Denmark. These effects are associated with considerable uncertainty. The total tax revenue loss is
therefore estimated to be up to DKK 250 million per year, although with great uncertainty.
Item 4 Agriculture
The Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries stated in 2013 that an updated assessment was
awaiting new figures from DCA / DCE and that an estimate of the climate impact of the Green
Growth Plan from 2009 will be calculated as soon as this plan’s effect on nitrogen leakage to the
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
443
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0444.png
water environment has been calculated. The pending estimate was calculated in 2014 and is now
included in Table B3.13.
Item 5 Electric cars
An element in the Energy Agreement of 21 February 2008 was a fund of DKK 30 million over 5 years
(2008-12 ) for a pilot scheme for electric cars.
The objective was to provide grants for projects designed to implement testing and trial operation of a
fleet of electric cars for a longer period in order gather experience on technical, organizational,
economic and environmental conditions. The scheme has not been directed at short term CO
2
reductions, and no reduction targets have been set for the scheme.
There is a limited effect on the number of electric vehicles, corresponding to CO
2
reduction of around
0.002 million tonnes in 2012 and less in the years before.
Item 6 Natural gas -fired power plants. Reduction of methane from gas engines through
implementation of a methane tax equal, in terms of CO
2
equivalents, to the CO
2
tax.
The measure was implemented by Act No. 722 of 25 June 2010 and entered into force on 1 January
2011.
As a result of the tax increase behavioral changes are expected through changing from motor
operation to boiler operation and establishing treatment measures. Consumption is also expected to
fall as the price of heat will increase. These behavioral changes will result in falls in the emissions of
unburned methane from power stations. In addition, CO
2
emissions will fall and consumption of
natural gas will fall.
Emissions of greenhouse gases outside the ETS sector are estimated to decrease by approx. 0.06
million tonnes of CO
2
equivalents in the short term of which 50% constitutes a decrease in methane
emissions. A decline of 0.06 million tonnes in 2 out of 5 years corresponds to an average annual
reduction effect of approximately 0.02 million tonnes per year in 2008-12.
Taxes on greenhouse gases other than CO
2
are expected to have an immediate long-lasting effect of
DKK 25 million (2009 prices). After the effects on other accounts (VAT) and after other rebound
effects the lasting effect is estimated at 20 million (2009 prices). After the rebound effects and change
in behavior, the lasting effect is estimated at DKK 5 million (2009 prices). In 2011, additional revenue
of DKK 18 million on the CO
2
tax account was estimated as a consequence of the draft Bill. At the
same time, there was an expected loss of revenue on natural gas of approx. DKK 10 million in 2011.
All in all, total revenues on the CO
2
tax account in 2011 were estimated at DKK 5,900 million. The
income for 2011 was DKK 5,897 million. However, other draft bills with effects on the revenues on
the CO
2
account from 2011have also been adopted. This makes it difficult to distinguish the effect of
the individual changes.
Item 7 Energy and CO
2
taxes. Increase in energy and CO
2
taxes in the non-ETS sectors.
The measure was implemented by Act No. 528 of 17 June 2008 and entered into force on 1 January
2010.
The total estimate of the environmental impact of an increase in the CO
2
tax on fuels from DKK 3-90
to 150 per tonnes of CO
2
is an approx. 0.69 million tonnes per year decrease in CO
2
emissions.
A decline of 0.69 million tonnes CO
2
for three out of five years corresponds to an average annual
reduction of approximately 0.41 million tonnes CO
2
per year in 2008-12. Originally, entry into force
was expected one year earlier with a correspondingly greater effect in the Kyoto Protocol’s first
commitment period.
The expected effect in 2010 on the CO
2
tax account, with adjustment for accruals, was expected to be
at DKK 779 million (2010 prices) as a result of the draft legislation on the CO
2
tax. However, the total
tax package (as part of the Energy Agreement of 2008) including introduction of a NOx tax from 1
January 2010 was revenue-neutral.
The final estimate of the CO
2
tax account in 2010 was DKK 6,225 million. Revenues on the CO
2
tax
account were DKK 5,757 million in 2010.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
444
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0445.png
As noted by the Ministry of Taxation, several other changes in the law have been made and several
other factors have changed, including economic conditions affecting the CO
2
tax account. It is
therefore difficult to assess how individual regulatory changes contribute to the total revenues in the
account. From the available data, the Ministry of Taxation finds that there is no basis for evaluating
the annual effect differently than originally expected.
Item 8 Energy savings and efficiency improvements
The effort under this item consists of two measures:
8a• Increase in energy companies saving obligations:
Some energy companies are obliged to
contribute to energy savings. The requirement for the amount of annual energy savings that
companies should contribute to has increased from 2.95 PJ per year up to 2009 to 6.10 PJ per
year from 2010.
8b• Tightening of the building energy requirements:
The building regulations include a variety
of energy-standard requirements for new buildings. One of these requirements is measurement
of the building’s heating requirements etc. In 2011 the requirement was changed from
approximately 85.7 kWh per m
2
per year to 63.5 kWh per m
2
per year (for housing).
The calculations suggest an annual reduction in CO
2
emissions of 0.06 million tonnes of CO
2
per year
on average 2008-2012. Correspondingly, the impact on the state budget is approx. DKK 50 million on
average over the same period. The effect on the budget stems from reduced revenues from energy
taxes and CO
2
taxes.
8a The energy companies saving obligations
A number of energy companies are required to contribute to energy savings up to a certain total
amount of energy. Energy companies can, for example, grant subsidies or give advice to a company
that wants to make an investment that reduces energy consumption. Energy companies must
contribute to the amount of energy savings determined, and energy savings should be sought with as
little cost as possible. The costs involved are covered by the energy companies through consumer
tariffs.
Energy companies' costs due to energy saving obligations do not affect the state budget.
When energy companies contribute to energy savings, it is unknown whether the specific energy
saving would have been undertaken anyway without the energy companies' involvement. Therefore,
the effect cannot simply be equal to the fixed amount of energy savings imposed on the companies.
Calculations are based on data from energy companies that provide detailed information on individual
energy savings to the DEA. Calculations also include an estimate of the proportion of the savings that
result from energy companies' involvement
70
.
A study from 2012 suggests that 46% of the energy savings in the business sector are due to the
energy companies' participation, while 20% of the energy savings in the household sector are due to
the energy companies' participation.
These factors are methodologically very difficult to assess and therefore very uncertain.
The total requirements for energy companies were 2.95 PJ per year until 2009 and 6.10 PJ per year
starting in 2010. As of 2010, additional types of energy savings are included - including efficiency
improvements in energy companies’ own installations (e.g. grid).
In practice, the energy companies exceeded their obligations. Instead of calculating the effect based on
the modified obligation (from 2.95 PJ/year to 6.1 PJ/year) the effect is calculated on the basis of actual
energy savings that companies have generated. For the years 2008 and 2009 the energy companies
contributed to savings totaling 3.8 PJ per year on average over the two years.
70
EA Energianalyse, Viegand & Maagøe og Niras (2012): ”Energiselskabernes energispareindsats” (in Danish), see
http://www.ea-energianalyse.dk/reports/1161_evaluering_af_energiselskabernes_spareaktiviteter_bilag.pdf
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
445
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0446.png
The corresponding figure for 2010-2012 was 7.0 PJ per year. So after the tightening of the
requirement, the energy-companies have contributed an additional 3.2 PJ per year of energy savings.
The distribution of the change in the energy savings that energy companies have contributed to is
shown in Table B3.9.
T
ABLE
B3.9 I
NCREASE IN THE LEVEL OF ENERGY SAVINGS THAT ENERGY COMPANIES HAVE GENERATED
SHOWN AS CHANGE IN ANNUAL AVERAGE FROM THE PERIOD
2008-2009
TO
2010-2012, TJ
PER YEAR
.
District
Natural-
Electricity Other
Oil Total
Heating
Gas
Households
282
-152
-40
155 39 284
Public
4
79
7
49 36 174
sector
Business
437
267
-8
751 819 2266
Supply
Total
197
920
255
449
8
-33
56 19
536
1010 913 3259
Source: DEA based on reports from energy companies.
Note: Negative figures, such as electricity in households, are due to increased prioritization of the business sector.
"Other" primarily covers biomass, but also coal, etc.
With these assumptions, estimated CO
2
reductions outside the ETS sector (i.e. excluding electricity
and district heating ) as a result of the energy companies’ savings efforts are on average for 2008-2012
63,216 tonnes per year; equivalent to approx. 0.06 million tonnes. The estimate is based on the
assumptions described above for the effect of the energy companies' efforts outside the ETS sector
and CO
2
emission factors for oil and natural gas.
Effects of companies’ energy-savings obligations on state finances.
The companies' efforts are financed through the price of electricity and thus have no direct impact on
the state budget.
Energy savings cause lower revenues from taxes on energy.
On average, over the five years from 2008 to 2012, the reduction in tax revenue is estimated at DKK
39 million per year.
8b Strengthening of the Building Regulation
The Building Regulation covers a wide range of requirements for the energy standard of new
buildings. For example there are requirements for the energy properties of individual building
components– e.g. through windows - but there is also a requirement for the building’s total energy
consumption. "Component Requirements" and the requirements for the total building fit roughly
together, so figures below are calculated from the tightening of the overall requirements shown in
Table B3.10.
In the calculations of the effect of the tightening of the Building Regulations, it is assumed that the
actual energy consumption drop corresponds to the tightening of the Building Regulations. It is not
certain that this is the case. It could be possible, for example, that energy consumption of buildings
would fall alone due to market developments over time and it is possible that actual energy
consumption will not fall in line with the decrease in the amount of energy that buildings are designed
to need.
T
ABLE
B3.10 S
TRENGTHENING IN THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDING REGULATION
Space
Fixed
Assumed
Calculated
Reduction
requirements increase average requirements
size
2
kWh per m
kWh per
m
2
kWh per m
2
kWh per
per year
year
per year
m
2
per year
Up
to
and Housing
70
2200
150
84.7
including 2010
Offices
95
2200
1000
97.2
From 2011
Housing
52.5
1650
150
63.5
21
Offices
71.3
1650
1000
73.0
24.25
Source: Bygningsreglementet.dk .
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
446
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0447.png
Table B3.11 shows the distribution of new construction by the types of heating.
T
ABLE
B3.11 D
ISTRIBUTION OF THE AREA OF NEW CONSTRUCTION IN THE FORM OF HEATING
,
THE
AVERAGE FOR
2011
AND
2012,
PERCENT
District
Heat
Other
Natural Gas Oil
Total
Heating
Pumps
Residential
3
60
16
2
19
100
Office buildings
17
62
17
1
3
100
Source: BBR, own calculations.
The effect of the tightening of building regulations for new construction obviously depends on the
volume of new construction, as shown in Table B3.12
T
ABLE
B3.12 T
HE VOLUME OF NEW CONSTRUCTION
2011-2012, ‘000
M
2
.
2011 2012
Housing
Offices
2019 1303
1222
804
Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Bank.
The effects on energy consumption and CO
2
emissions outside the ETS sector are calculated in the
new building scale (Table B3.12) times the tightening of building regulations (Table C.10) for the
relevant heating methods (Table B3.11) . For CO
2
emissions this is multiplied further by CO
2
coefficients, and the results are on average over the five years from 2008 to 2012, that the emissions
have been reduced by 1,292 tonnes (or 0.001 million tonnes).
The small effect should be seen in light of the fact that this is a long-term measure that will have a
significantly greater effect in the long term.
Financial effects for the state
The calculated effect of reducing tax revenue by tightening building regulations outside the ETS
sector is estimated at DKK 12.4 million per year on average over the five years from 2008 to 2012.
Item 9 CO
2
tax on plastic and waste. Introduction of the same tax on plastic as the tax on fossil fuels.
The measure was implemented by Act No. 461 of 12 June 2009 and entered into force on 1 January
2010.
Since it is expected that the introduction of the tax would lead to increased recycling of waste with
high energy , there will be an environmental benefit . This is because the CO
2
is emitted during
burning of waste containing plastic. Waste incineration plants are outside the ETS sector in 2008-
2012. Under the previous rules , before the law came into force , there was a significantly higher tax
burden on waste incinerated in central CHP plants and in industrial process plants ( subject to CO
2
allowances) than in the general waste incinerators. With this Act, the tax-based incentives were
harmonized. Therefore, less waste will be incinerated in general installations outside the ETS sector.
A part of it will be recycled, while another part will be burned by the ETS operators. Therefore, CO
2
emissions outside the ETS sector fall as a result of the measure. Since several laws that affect the CO
2
tax account were passed in 2010, it is difficult to assess the impact of each measure. The same applies
to the effect on total CO
2
emissions.
4 Summary
In Table B3.13 below the updated
CO
2
impact
calculation is summarised and compared with the
initial assessment.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
447
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0448.png
T
ABLE
B3.13 N
ATIONAL REDUCTION MEASURES
. O
RIGINAL AND UPDATED IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
.
(E
XPECTED NON
- ETS CO
2
REDUCTION
. A
NNUAL AVERAGE REDUCTION IN
2008-12
IN MILLION TONNES
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
)).
Original
Updated
assessment
assessment
1. Heat pumps
Replacing the oil burner with heat pumps. Awareness
campaigns , labeling of efficient pumps , limited
subsidies , etc.
2. Biogas
Subsidy for biogas plants when biogas is used with
natural gas
3. Biofuels
Biofuels for blending into gasoline and diesel
4. Agriculture
A number of initiatives on energy, nature and the
environment in Green Growth Agreement in 2009,
including the reduction of nitrogen emissions to the
aquatic environment and permanent spraying, fertilizer-
free and crop-free zones
5. Electric cars
Funds for pilot scheme for electric vehicles
6. Natural gas -fired power plants
Reduction of methane from gas engines on introduction
of tax equivalent to the CO
2
tax.
7. Energy and CO
2
taxes
Increase in energy and CO
2
taxes in the non-ETS sector
8. Energy savings and efficiency improvements
Increased demands for energy savings in buildings and
electricity companies
9. CO
2
tax on plastic and waste
Introduction of the same tax on plastic as on fossil fuels
Unknown Reduction
Total
0.03
0.02
Unknown
reduction
0.29
0.24
0.017
0.29
0.24-0.26
Unknown
reduction
0.01
0.58
0.13
Unknown
reduction
1.28
<0.002
0.02
0.41
0.06
-
1.06-1.08
It appears that CO
2
effects are generally considered to be slightly less than originally expected. The
difference is not significant, the uncertainty considered. An updated impact assessment of the Green
Growth agreement is pending. The effect of the Green Growth agreement assumed until now is
therefore included in the total effect of 1.06 million tonnes shown in Table B3.13.
It may be added that the actual trend in total emissions - regardless of the minor to evaluate the
efficacy of the individual instruments - has led to the Kyoto target more than met.
The fiscal costs
are summarised in Table B3.14, incl. the cost of credits. All figures for the fiscal costs
- like CO
2
effects – are calculated annual averages in 2008-12.
As can be seen, the direct costs for the state budget (excluding related revenue losses) to meet the
Kyoto commitment are estimated at DKK 265 million per year on average in the period 2008-12.
The related revenue loss amounts to DKK 310 million per year on average in the period 2008-12, but
with great uncertainty, especially regarding the effect of cross-border trade from the biofuel measure,
which accounts for DKK 250 million out of the DKK 310 million in total revenue losses.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
448
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0449.png
T
ABLE
B3.14 S
TATE FINANCE COSTS IN
DKK
MILLION AS ANNUAL AVERAGE
2008-12
State
State
Expenditure budget Losses on Tax Budget
Annual average
2008-12
6
Annual average
2008-12
0
Heat pumps
Replacing the oil burner with heat pumps.
Awareness campaigns , labeling of efficient pumps
, limited subsidies , etc.
Biogas
Subsidy for biogas plants when biogas is used with
natural gas
Biofuels
Biofuels for blending into gasoline and diesel
Agriculture
A number of initiatives on energy, nature and the
environment in Green Growth Agreement in 2009 ,
including the reduction of nitrogen emissions to the
aquatic environment and permanent spraying,
fertiliser-free and crop-free zones and
afforestation*
Electric cars
Funds for pilot scheme for electric cars
Natural gas -fired power plants
Reduction of methane from gas engines through
implementation of a methane tax equal, in terms of
CO
2
equivalents, to the CO
2
tax
Energy and CO
2
taxes
Increase in energy and CO
2
taxes in the non-ETS
sector
Energy savings and efficiency improvements
Increased demands for energy savings in buildings
and electricity companies
CO
2
tax on plastic and waste
Introduction of the same tax on plastic as on fossil
fuels
Credits
The state JI and CDM programme
Total
0
0
It is not possible to
isolate the cost of
greenhouse gas
reductions
10
Up to 250
It is not possible to
isolate the cost of
greenhouse gas
reductions
6
-
0
-
-
0
-
253
265
-
50
-
Up to 310
* It is not possible to isolate the cost of greenhouse gas reductions from the Green Growth Agreement and the afforestation
efforts. Only a smaller and unspecified share of the cost of 280 million DKK per year is attributable to the reduction of
Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
449
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0450.png
Annex B4 The 2017 Analysis of CO
2
-reduction
effects of renewable energy measures and
energy efficiency measures
In January 2016 estimates of the total effect of the group of policies and measures
that promote the use of renewable energy (RE-PAMs) and of the total effect of the
group of policies and measures that promote energy efficiency (EE-PAMs) were
reported in Denmark’s Second Biennial Report (BR2) under the UNFCCC.
Based on the most recent energy statistics (1990-2016) and the projection from
March 2017 (Energy Outlook 2017) these estimates have been updated for
NC7/BR3. This annex includes a brief description of the methodologies used and a
graphic presentation of the results for the period 1990-2035, where the results for
1990-2016 are so-called ex-post estimates and the results for 2017-2035 are ex-ante
estimates.
Total effect of RE-PAMs
The total CO
2
emission reduction effects of RE-PAMs have been estimated using the
methodology to be used under EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED). In December
2017 Denmark reported estimates for 2015 and 2016 to the EU in accordance with
the RED (
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports
).
The methodology used with energy statistics for 2015 and 2016 has been applied to
annual energy statistics back to 1990. For 2017-2030 the estimates are calculated
from the projection of renewable energy in the 2017 energy projection. The results
are shown in the diagram below – both as annual effect (the light green curve) and
annual effect from 1990 (the dark green curve). The results from the latter for 2020
and 2030 have also been reported in Table 3 of the CTF accompanying Denmark’s
BR3 (see Annex F).
Total effect of EE-PAMs
The total effects of EE-PAMs have been estimated using annual energy statistics
back to 1990 and annual energy projections for 2017-2030. For the estimation it has
been assumed that energy consumption will follow the economic growth minus 0.5
percentage point – where the latter is due to experience with the energy saving
measures implemented with no incentives other than economic savings or other non-
PAMs related incentives. The results are shown in Figure B4.1 below – both as
annual effect if the energy mix would have stayed as it was in 1990 (the red curve)
and annual effect with the actual or projected energy mix (the blue curve) – i.e. the
CO
2
effect of EE-measures decreases when the energy consumption becomes less
CO
2
-intensive (tCO
2
/PJ) due to the increase in RE. The results from the latter for
2020 and 2030 have also been reported in Table 3 of the CTF accompanying
Denmark’s BR3 (see Annex F).
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
450
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0451.png
F
IGURE
B4.1:
TOTAL EFFECT OF THE GROUP OF POLICIES AND MEASURES THAT PROMOTE THE USE OF
RENEWABLE ENERGY
(RE-PAM
S
)
AND OF THE TOTAL EFFECT OF THE GROUP OF POLICIES AND
MEASURES THAT PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
(EE-PAM
S
) - 1990-2016
EX
-
POST ESTIMATES BASED
ON ENERGY STATISTICS AND
2017-2030
EX
-
ANTE ESTIMATES BASED ON THE
2017
ENERGY PROJECTION
RE- and EE-CO
2
-reduction effects 1990-2030
35
30
RE effect on CO2 emission [MtCO2
reduction] (historically)
25
RE effect on CO2 emission [MtCO2
reduction] (projections)
RE effect on CO2 emission since 1990
[MtCO2 reduction] (historically)
RE effect on CO2 emission since 1990
[MtCO2 reduction] (projections)
20
MtCO2 reduction
15
EE effect on CO2 emission since 1990,
without RE since 1990 [MtCO2
reduction] (historically)
EE effect on CO2 emission since 1990,
without RE since 1990 [MtCO2
reduction] (projections)
EE effect on CO2 emission siden 1990,
with RE since 1990 [MtCO2 reduction]
(historically)
EE effect on CO2 emission since 1990,
with RE since 1990 [MtCO2 reduction]
(projections)
10
5
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
-5
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
451
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex C
Greenhouse gas projection information
This annex consists of the following three sub-annexes:
Annex C1:
Annex C2:
Annex C3:
The results of Denmark’s March 2017 ‘with measures’ projection of
greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2035.
Further information on energy projections.
A comparison of the latest reported greenhouse gas inventory with the
“with measures” projections in NC1 to NC7.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
452
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0453.png
Annex C1
The results of Denmark’s March 2017
‘with measures’ projection of
greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2035
This annex contains the results of Denmark’s March 2017 ‘with measures’
projection of greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2035.
Note to Tables C1-1 to C1-8:
The tables show the historical and projected greenhouse gas emissions in ´000 tonnes CO
2
equivalents for total greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), carbon dioxide (CO
2
), methane (CH
4
),
nitrous oxide (N
2
O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF
6
) respectively.
As Denmark is able report historic inventories for emission of HFCs and PFCs separately, separate
projections of future emissions of HFCs and PFCs have been elaborated (i.e. no inventory or
projection as regards emissions of mixtures of HFCs and PFCs). Furthermore, with no historic
emissions of NF
3
, it is projected that Denmark’s future emissions of NF
3
will also be zero.
The historical emission data 1990-2015 are from the May 2017 inventory (re-)submission.
The projected emission data 2016-2030 are from the March 2017 ‘with measures’ energy and
climate projection (without LULUCF) published by the Danish Energy Agency (DEA, March
2017,
https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/danish-climate-and-energy-outlook)
with the addition of estimates for 2031-2035, emissions from biological treatment of waste,
minor additions in agricultural soils as well as LULUCF projections from the documentation
report “Projection of greenhouse gases 2016-2035” published by Aarhus University, DCE –
Danish Centre for Environment and Energy in November 2017 (Nielsen O.-K. et al., DCE,
November 2017, Scientific Report No. 244,
http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR244.pdf
). The changes are
shown in the table below.
Another difference is that the effects of biocover estimated by the Danish Energy Agency in
March 2017 (measure no. WA-9) and included in the DEA-report and in this report (NC7 as well
as in BR3/CTF contained in Annex F), are not included in the DCE-report. The total difference
from the DEA-report to the DCE-report is shown in the table below.
Notes to Table C1-8:
* Corresponds to the IPCC category “Agriculture”. Agriculture’s energy consumption is included
under “Energy (excluding Transport)”.
** Projections of emissions and removals in the IPCC category LULUCF (land-use, land-use
change and forestry) include all emissions by sources and removal by sinks in the category.
However, under the Kyoto Protocol only emissions by sources and removal by sinks related to
activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol can be included in the accounting
towards targets under the Kyoto Protocol as described in Chapter 5.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
453
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0454.png
T
ABLE
C1-1: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
GHG
S
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
GHGs (greenhouse gases) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS SOURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4784
1748
3036
0
4572
0
2343
1082
1003
60
165
0
0
33
0
12631
4039
2522
0
5448
0
3
565
15
38
0
4902
-553
4412
931
102
13
0
-2
0
1763
1536
50
0
157
19
6869
1841
5027
0
5639
0
2878
1418
870
73
185
0
242
91
0
12079
3967
2796
0
4775
0
3
496
15
26
0
4190
-557
3912
856
75
19
0
-116
0
1598
1331
78
0
167
22
6400
2336
4064
0
6837
0
3631
1629
966
61
190
0
726
59
0
11228
3631
3034
0
4290
0
4
261
2
5
0
4208
-580
3825
819
76
25
0
26
0
1513
1073
254
0
166
20
4938
2560
2378
0
10642
0
2789
1563
1
16
215
0
951
42
0
10788
3483
3165
0
3913
0
5
220
0
2
0
5240
536
3540
878
117
47
0
98
0
1276
909
177
0
169
20
4513
2425
2088
0
14898
0
2034
804
1
0
203
13
956
57
0
10326
3631
2793
0
3743
0
3
153
1
3
0
-797
-3768
2008
855
91
60
0
-72
0
1190
772
234
0
163
20
4397
2496
1901
0
15006
0
2132
996
1
0
192
4
788
152
0
10278
3697
2608
0
3723
0
4
244
1
2
0
1077
-2424
2270
1170
53
90
0
-87
0
1123
702
235
0
168
18
4973
2708
2265
0
14874
0
2071
1021
1
0
185
3
706
153
0
10400
3711
2622
0
3822
0
4
238
1
2
0
144
-3970
3003
1142
61
53
0
-146
0
1175
691
289
0
170
24
4983
2652
2331
0
15691
0
1992
1052
2
0
173
0
639
126
0
10299
3667
2586
0
3864
0
4
166
1
10
0
4153
229
2601
1363
55
71
0
-171
0
1153
655
301
0
172
24
5127
2796
2331
0
NE
0
1926
1068
1
0
187
0
571
98
0
10463
3707
2556
0
3993
0
4
198
1
4
0
3281
-861
2850
1240
63
71
0
-83
0
1146
630
323
0
172
21
5160
2829
2331
0
NE
0
1877
1084
1
0
187
0
521
84
0
10582
3732
2518
0
4126
0
4
197
1
4
0
3224
-283
2245
1202
64
73
0
-77
0
1090
533
364
0
172
21
5193
2861
2331
0
NE
0
1884
1129
1
0
187
0
482
84
0
10578
3746
2458
0
4168
0
4
197
1
4
0
2693
-319
1811
1121
74
78
0
-70
0
1016
437
385
0
172
21
5226
2895
2331
0
NE
0
1921
1178
1
0
187
0
472
83
0
10583
3784
2413
0
4181
0
4
196
1
4
0
2511
-337
1648
1114
75
80
0
-70
0
940
338
407
0
173
21
5231
2899
2331
0
NE
0
1910
1227
1
0
187
0
431
63
0
10572
3814
2358
0
4196
0
4
195
1
4
0
2366
-351
1545
1107
76
82
0
-93
0
861
241
425
0
174
21
5286
2955
2331
0
NE
0
1844
1398
1
0
187
0
219
37
0
10629
3971
2246
0
4213
0
4
191
1
4
0
1864
-972
1661
1101
82
90
0
-97
0
894
218
478
0
177
21
5302
2971
2331
0
NE
0
1824
1473
1
0
187
0
125
38
0
10702
4153
2133
0
4219
0
4
188
1
4
0
2014
-970
1841
1101
49
99
0
-107
0
908
205
502
0
180
21
5302
2969
2333
0
NE
0
1857
1519
1
0
187
0
111
38
0
10696
4153
2131
0
4216
0
4
188
1
4
0
1038
-2152
2053
1101
49
108
0
-121
0
926
196
526
0
182
21
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
1995
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2000
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2005
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2010
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2013
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2014
GHGs
(ktCO2eq)
2015
2016
2017
GHGs
45816
49041
46242
49467
32693
32325
11711
9368
1009
1334
3530
12316
134
11582
224
376
0
4548
621
2103
1823
220
368
0
368
0
2018
GHGs
45129
47822
45547
48240
32069
31709
11296
8986
1009
1302
3478
12341
136
11606
223
376
0
4374
602
1961
1810
220
360
0
360
0
2019
GHGs
44759
47270
45171
47681
31727
31372
11098
8788
1009
1302
3489
12332
138
11597
222
376
0
4232
592
1841
1800
220
355
0
355
0
2020
GHGs
44684
47050
45090
47456
31747
31523
11355
9485
1009
861
3511
12325
138
11591
220
376
0
4112
588
1732
1792
220
224
0
224
0
2025
GHGs
48670
50535
49059
50923
35691
35353
15102
12853
1009
1241
3812
12195
140
11505
173
376
0
4023
714
1488
1821
220
339
0
339
0
2030
GHGs
50881
52895
51269
53283
37836
37590
17418
15151
1009
1258
3980
12029
141
11456
58
374
0
3943
814
1253
1876
220
246
0
246
0
2035
GHGs
49117
50154
49502
50540
36024
35784
15991
13641
1009
1341
4190
11493
141
10922
58
372
0
3890
831
1080
1979
221
240
0
240
0
GHGs H GHGs
47919
52072
48331
52484
34888
34497
13248
10824
980
1444
3887
12336
130
11579
251
377
0
4827
823
2165
1839
199
391
0
391
0
50751
54031
51175
54456
37641
37255
16337
13944
1009
1385
3624
12332
133
11574
249
376
0
4737
647
2244
1845
225
386
0
386
0
(ktCO2eq) O (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq)
C
69139
74042
70356
75259
53619
53103
27468
26007
909
552
5460
10734
251
9429
300
754
0
9270
1499
5155
2616
170
516
0
516
0
77145
81334
78282
82472
61727
61028
33696
31551
1390
755
5921
12093
246
10751
306
790
0
8995
1248
5156
2590
323
699
0
699
0
69912
74120
70786
74994
54414
53325
26921
24439
1003
1479
6019
12285
194
11355
230
506
0
7899
1021
4191
2687
201
1089
0
1089
0
65636
70876
66371
71611
51519
50643
23887
21314
940
1632
5543
13242
177
12345
234
486
0
7592
1159
3886
2546
379
876
0
876
0
62661
61864
63217
62420
49667
49100
24636
22216
855
1565
4422
13125
179
12203
245
499
0
6708
1064
3553
2091
209
567
0
567
0
54542
55619
54993
56070
41459
41067
19469
17119
912
1438
3919
11950
145
11150
250
404
0
5486
933
2659
1894
242
393
0
393
0
50380
50524
50801
50945
37155
36757
15909
13613
922
1373
3956
12130
139
11369
255
368
0
4529
1148
1620
1761
233
398
0
398
0
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
454
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0455.png
T
ABLE
C1-2: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
CO
2
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
CO
2
emissions and projections (kt CO
2
)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. M anufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
18
20
18
18
18
16
21
21
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
20
18
18
18
16
21
21
-2
-116
26
98
-72
-87
-146
-171
-83
-77
-70
-70
-93
-97
-107
-121
4856
-585
4412
918
101
13
4136
-594
3912
844
71
18
4146
-605
3825
807
69
24
5169
512
3540
867
108
45
-876
-3791
2008
845
78
56
989
-2476
2270
1158
39
86
57
-4023
3003
1129
47
48
4059
176
2597
1350
41
67
565
15
38
496
15
26
261
2
5
220
0
2
153
1
3
244
1
2
238
1
2
166
1
10
198
1
4
197
1
4
197
1
4
196
1
4
195
1
4
191
1
4
188
1
4
188
1
4
619
537
268
222
156
246
240
177
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4743
1731
3012
NE
4572
NO
1278
1082
1
30
165
6810
1823
4987
NE
5639
NO
1642
1418
1
39
184
6344
2312
4032
NE
6837
NO
1860
1629
1
41
189
4893
2534
2359
NE
10642
NO
1795
1563
1
16
214
4472
2401
2071
NE
14898
NO
1008
804
1
0
202
4356
2471
1886
NE
15006
NO
1188
996
1
0
191
4927
2681
2247
NE
14874
NO
1207
1021
1
0
184
4938
2626
2312
NE
15691
NO
1226
1052
2
0
172
5080
2768
2312
NE
NE
NO
5113
2800
2312
NE
NE
NO
5145
2833
2312
NE
NE
NO
5178
2866
2312
NE
NE
NO
5182
2870
2312
NE
NE
NO
5237
2924
2312
NE
NE
NO
5252
2940
2312
NE
NE
NO
5251
2937
2314
NE
NE
NO
341
453
723
548
353
244
250
247
249
236
233
237
147
207
140
142
9049
1488
5004
2557
167
341
8728
1222
4983
2522
318
453
7617
990
4029
2598
197
723
7271
1125
3681
2465
374
548
6394
1036
3328
2030
206
353
5239
912
2484
1842
239
244
4309
1128
1470
1711
230
250
4588
803
1995
1789
197
247
4513
635
2077
1800
222
249
4330
610
1942
1779
218
236
4163
591
1806
1766
218
233
4027
581
1691
1756
218
237
3912
577
1586
1749
218
147
3839
701
1361
1776
218
207
3772
801
1141
1830
218
140
3732
818
984
1930
218
142
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
CO
2
(kt)
1995
CO
2
(kt)
2000
CO
2
(kt)
2005
CO
2
(kt)
2010
CO
2
(kt)
2013
CO
2
(kt)
2014
CO
2
(kt)
2015
(kt)
(kt
2016
(kt)
2017
CO
2
(kt)
2018
CO
2
(kt)
2019
CO
2
(kt)
2020
CO
2
(kt)
2025
CO
2
(kt)
2030
CO
2
(kt)
2035
CO
2
(kt)
CO
2
CO CO
2
35147
39205
35559
39618
34134
33887
13080
10667
978
1436
3830
12192
128
11442
248
374
37882
41071
38306
41496
36828
36578
16072
13688
1007
1377
3585
12187
131
11437
247
373
53591
58447
54808
59664
52894
52553
27367
25914
908
545
5394
10576
248
9283
297
748
61615
65751
62752
66888
60554
60100
33298
31164
1387
746
5839
11918
243
10589
303
783
54296
58442
55170
59316
53023
52300
26440
23979
1000
1461
5922
12124
192
11203
228
502
51522
56691
52257
57426
50222
49674
23470
20912
938
1619
5458
13102
174
12214
232
482
49170
48295
49727
48851
48545
48192
24249
21839
854
1556
4350
12992
176
12080
242
495
41632
42622
42083
43073
40633
40389
19232
16892
911
1429
3866
11813
143
11022
248
401
37449
37506
37871
37928
36402
36151
15722
13436
920
1365
3902
11989
136
11236
252
365
32998
36130
33424
36556
31931
31695
11486
9153
1007
1327
3490
12170
132
11443
222
373
32446
35046
32864
35464
31326
31093
11081
8779
1007
1294
3438
12193
134
11466
221
373
32173
34590
32585
35002
31000
30763
10885
8584
1007
1294
3449
12184
135
11456
220
373
32279
34550
32686
34956
31052
30905
11129
9266
1007
856
3470
12176
135
11449
218
373
36370
38137
36758
38525
34957
34750
14884
12644
1007
1233
3768
12042
138
11359
172
373
38617
40532
39005
40920
37132
36993
17196
14938
1007
1251
3934
11873
139
11306
57
371
36891
37829
37276
38214
35358
35216
15785
13445
1007
1333
4142
11339
139
10774
57
369
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1257
1068
1
0
187
1272
1084
1
0
187
1318
1129
1
0
187
1366
1178
1
0
187
1416
1227
1
0
187
1587
1398
1
0
187
1661
1473
1
0
187
1707
1519
1
0
187
0
203
0
202
0
201
0
201
0
200
0
196
0
193
0
193
0
3189
-914
2845
1227
48
66
0
3132
-336
2240
1189
48
68
0
2600
-373
1806
1109
56
73
0
2416
-390
1643
1102
56
75
0
2270
-404
1540
1096
56
76
0
1767
-1026
1656
1089
62
84
0
1915
-1025
1836
1089
29
92
0
938
-2207
2048
1089
29
100
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
455
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0456.png
T
ABLE
C1-3: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
CH
4
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
CH
4
(methane) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. Manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
13
1
13
4
12
6
11
9
10
12
12
14
12
14
12
14
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5585
4039
1544
5831
3967
1861
5719
3631
2085
5682
3483
2195
5633
3631
1999
5556
3697
1856
5590
3711
1877
5524
3667
1854
5560
3707
1850
5560
3732
1826
5534
3746
1785
5542
3784
1755
5534
3814
1717
5590
3971
1617
5669
4153
1513
5669
4153
1513
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
NE
3
0
3
NE
3
0
2
NE
2
0
1
NE
1
0
1
NE
1
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
1
NE
2
0
2
NE
2
0
2
NE
2
0
2
NE
123
173
247
240
158
108
107
101
95
92
88
78
54
98
85
75
159
6
119
34
2
123
202
20
138
44
3
173
218
26
126
65
2
247
243
28
157
58
2
240
225
23
164
38
1
158
166
15
121
30
0
108
145
15
101
29
0
107
154
14
112
27
0
101
137
7
108
22
0
95
132
7
103
22
0
92
126
7
98
21
0
88
121
7
93
21
0
78
118
7
90
21
0
54
104
7
74
22
0
98
91
7
60
23
0
85
79
7
47
25
0
75
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
CH
4
7624
7643
7624
7643
364
242
16
15
0
0
8
57
0
56
0
0
1995
CH
4
8051
8078
8051
8078
730
557
285
284
1
0
10
57
0
56
0
0
2000
CH
4
7907
7943
7907
7943
907
660
367
366
1
1
27
46
0
45
0
0
2005
CH
4
7671
7715
7671
7715
851
611
311
309
0
1
22
33
0
33
0
0
2010
CH
4
7347
7399
7347
7399
692
534
275
274
0
1
15
18
0
18
0
0
2013
CH
4
6951
7010
6951
7010
436
328
141
139
0
1
9
13
0
12
0
0
2014
CH
4
6947
7004
6947
7004
375
267
101
99
0
1
10
12
0
11
0
0
2015
2016
2017
CH
4
6833
6896
6833
6896
377
284
136
135
0
1
7
9
0
9
0
0
2018
CH
4
6712
6776
6712
6776
360
271
129
128
0
1
7
8
0
8
0
0
2019
CH
4
6623
6687
6623
6687
342
264
127
125
0
1
8
8
0
7
0
0
2020
CH
4
6518
6583
6518
6583
327
274
140
139
0
1
8
7
0
7
0
0
CH
4
CH CH
4
6849
6909
6849
6909
365
264
85
84
0
1
13
11
0
10
0
0
6933
6994
6933
6994
418
323
169
167
0
1
7
10
0
9
0
0
2025
CH
4
6606
6672
6606
6672
344
246
126
125
0
1
9
7
0
6
0
0
2030
CH
4
6651
6717
6651
6717
315
230
123
121
0
1
9
7
0
6
0
0
2035
CH
4
(ktCO2e q)
(ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q)O (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)
6617
6684
6617
6684
281
205
110
109
0
1
10
6
0
6
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
4
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
4
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
19
5
0
27
11
0
35
0
44
0
51
0
59
29
0
58
29
0
60
29
0
61
29
5
12
16
0
0
62
29
5
12
17
0
0
64
29
5
12
18
0
0
65
29
5
12
19
0
0
66
29
5
12
20
0
0
66
30
5
12
20
0
0
66
30
5
12
20
0
0
66
30
5
12
20
0
0
1672
1536
38
0
96
2
0
1489
1331
57
0
99
2
0
1278
1073
101
0
103
2
0
1134
909
118
0
105
2
0
1021
772
140
0
106
2
0
955
702
143
0
108
2
0
979
691
176
0
109
2
0
955
655
188
0
109
2
0
952
630
210
0
111
2
0
893
533
248
0
110
2
0
815
437
265
0
111
2
0
736
338
284
0
111
2
0
653
241
298
0
112
2
0
669
218
335
0
114
2
0
664
205
342
0
116
2
0
664
196
349
0
117
2
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
456
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0457.png
T
ABLE
C1-4: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
N
2
O
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
N
2
O (nitrous oxide) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. M anufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
12
0
61
21
0
69
153
0
63
59
0
64
94
0
57
93
0
59
113
0
61
113
0
63
113
0
61
117
0
61
120
0
62
123
0
62
127
0
62
144
0
63
160
0
64
177
0
65
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5448
4775
4290
3913
3743
3723
3822
3864
3993
4126
4168
4181
4196
4213
4219
4216
978
936
950
970
793
751
746
732
706
692
673
658
641
630
620
618
6427
18
20
20
19
19
18
18
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1003
869
965
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
17
23
NE
56
18
37
NE
54
23
30
NE
43
25
18
NE
40
24
15
NE
39
25
14
NE
44
27
17
NE
44
26
17
NE
45
28
17
NE
46
28
17
NE
46
28
17
NE
46
29
17
NE
47
29
17
NE
48
30
17
NE
48
31
17
NE
49
32
17
NE
53
72
119
88
57
41
40
43
41
39
39
39
23
34
22
23
63
5
32
26
1
53
65
6
35
24
3
72
63
5
35
23
2
119
78
6
49
24
3
88
89
6
61
23
2
57
81
5
54
22
3
41
76
6
49
22
3
40
85
5
57
23
2
43
87
5
59
23
3
41
86
5
58
23
2
39
85
5
57
22
3
39
84
5
57
22
3
39
83
5
56
22
3
23
81
5
53
23
3
34
80
6
51
23
3
22
79
6
49
24
3
23
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
N
2
O
7882
7909
7882
7909
361
308
86
79
1
6
57
101
3
89
3
6
1995
N
2
O
7134
7161
7134
7161
443
371
113
102
2
9
72
118
3
106
3
6
2000
N
2
O
6926
6953
6926
6953
484
365
113
94
2
17
71
115
2
107
2
4
2005
N
2
O
5472
5499
5472
5499
445
357
106
93
1
12
63
107
3
99
2
4
2010
N
2
O
5139
5166
5139
5166
431
374
112
103
1
8
57
114
3
105
2
4
2013
N
2
O
5036
5065
5036
5065
390
349
97
88
1
7
45
123
2
116
2
3
2014
N
2
O
5141
5170
5141
5170
379
339
87
78
1
7
44
129
2
122
2
3
2015
N
2
O
5182
5216
5182
5216
389
346
82
74
1
7
43
134
2
127
2
3
2
2016
N
2
O
5289
5319
5289
5319
395
354
97
88
1
7
32
135
2
128
2
3
2017
N
2
O
5402
5432
5402
5432
385
346
89
81
1
7
32
137
2
130
2
3
2018
N
2
O
5426
5456
5426
5456
383
345
86
78
1
7
32
139
2
132
2
3
2019
N
2
O
5430
5460
5430
5460
385
345
86
78
1
7
32
141
2
134
2
3
2020
N
2
O
5415
5445
5415
5445
368
345
85
79
1
4
33
142
2
135
2
3
2025
N
2
O
5460
5491
5460
5491
391
357
92
84
1
6
35
146
2
140
1
3
2030
N
2
O
5473
5505
5473
5505
389
367
99
91
1
6
37
149
2
143
0
3
2035
N
2
O
5481
5515
5481
5515
385
363
96
87
1
7
38
148
2
142
0
3
(ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)O (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)
0
1021
0
889
0
985
0
19
0
19
0
18
0
18
0
20
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
19
0
5712
0
5241
0
4884
0
4537
0
4475
0
4569
0
4597
4700
4819
4842
4841
4838
4843
4840
4834
0
27
27
0
0
0
0
0
27
26
0
0
0
1
0
27
25
0
0
0
1
0
27
24
0
0
0
2
0
27
23
0
0
0
3
0
28
24
0
0
0
4
0
29
24
1
1
0
4
0
34
24
4
2
0
5
0
30
24
0
1
0
5
0
30
24
0
1
0
5
0
30
24
0
0
0
5
0
30
24
0
0
0
5
0
30
24
0
0
0
5
0
31
25
0
0
0
6
0
32
25
0
0
0
7
0
34
25
0
0
0
8
0
74
0
90
0
217
0
124
0
151
0
152
0
175
0
176
0
175
0
178
0
182
0
185
0
189
0
207
0
225
0
243
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
457
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0458.png
T
ABLE
C1-5: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
HFC
S
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. M anufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
241
704
933
5
945
781
700
634
567
517
479
469
428
217
123
111
241
704
933
950
781
702
634
567
517
479
469
428
217
123
111
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
HFCs
0
0
0
0
1995
HFCs
241
241
241
241
2000
HFCs
704
704
704
704
2005
HFCs
933
933
933
933
2010
HFCs
950
950
950
950
2013
HFCs
781
781
781
781
2014
HFCs
702
702
702
702
2015
2016
2017
HFCs
517
517
517
517
2018
HFCs
479
479
479
479
2019
HFCs
469
469
469
469
2020
HFCs
428
428
428
428
2025
HFCs
217
217
217
217
HFCs FCHFCs
634
634
634
634
567
567
567
567
2030
HFCs
123
123
123
123
2035
HFCs
111
111
111
111
(ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)
CO
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
458
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0459.png
T
ABLE
C1-6: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
PFC
S
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
PFCs (perfluorocarbons) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. M anufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. S ettlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
Total waste
A. S olid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
1
23
19
7
11
4
7
3
6
NO
5
NO
4
NO
4
NO
3
NO
3
NO
3
NO
2
NO
1
NO
1
1
23
19
19
11
9
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
1
1
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
PFCs
0
0
0
0
1995
PFCs
1
1
1
1
2000
PFCs
23
23
23
23
2005
PFCs
19
19
19
19
2010
PFCs
19
19
19
19
2013
PFCs
11
11
11
11
2014
PFCs
9
9
9
9
2015
2016
2017
PFCs
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2018
PFCs
3
3
3
3
2019
PFCs
3
3
3
3
2020
PFCs
3
3
3
3
PFCs FC PFCs
5
5
5
5
2025
PFCs
2
2
2
2
2030
PFCs
1
1
1
1
2035
PFCs
1
1
1
1
(ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q)
CO
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
459
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0460.png
T
ABLE
C1-7: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTION
2016-2035
AS REGARDS
SF
6
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
S F
6
(sulphur hexafluoride) emissions and projections (kt CO
2
equivalent)
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
1. Total Energy,
[including indirect CO
2
]
A. Fuel combustion activities (sectoral approach),
[including indirect CO
2
]
1. Energy industries,
a. Public electricity and heat production,
b. Petroleum refining
c. M anufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
a. Domestic aviation
b. Road transportation
c. Railways
d. Domestic navigation
e. Other transportation
4. Other sectors
a. Commercial/institutional
b. Residential
c. Agriculture/forestry/fishing
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. S olid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
Transport and storage
Memo items (not included in national totals):
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
2. Total industrial processes and product use
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronics industry
F. Product uses as substitutes for ODS
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Total agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Total LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry)
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
Total waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Wastewater treatment and discharge
E. Other
Memo items (additional, not included in national totals):
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Annual change in total long-term C storage
Annual change in total long-term C storage in HWP waste
13
68
36
20
36
131
132
103
76
62
62
61
42
16
16
16
30
34
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
42
102
56
20
36
131
132
103
76
62
62
61
42
16
16
16
[including indirect CO
2
]
[including indirect CO
2
]
1990
S F
6
42
42
42
42
1995
S F
6
102
102
102
102
2000
S F
6
56
56
56
56
2005
S F
6
20
20
20
20
2010
S F
6
36
36
36
36
2013
S F
6
131
131
131
131
2014
SF
6
132
132
132
132
2015
2016
2017
S F
6
62
62
62
62
2018
SF
6
62
62
62
62
2019
S F
6
61
61
61
61
2020
S F
6
42
42
42
42
S F
6
S F S F
6
103
103
103
103
76
76
76
76
2025
SF
6
16
16
16
16
2030
S F
6
16
16
16
16
2035
S F
6
16
16
16
16
(ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)O (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2eq) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q) (ktCO2e q)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
460
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0461.png
T
ABLE
C1-8: T
HE RESULT OF
D
ENMARK
’
S
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
GREENHOUSE PROJECTION
2016-2035
IN THE FORMAT
RECOMMENDED UNDER THE
UNFCCC
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (with out LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
Source:
Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook 2017
(Danish Energy Agency, March 2017) and
Nielsen O.-K. et al.
(DCE, November 2017).
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (without LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the exp ected effects of imp lemented and adopted measures.
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the expected effects of implemented and adopted measures.
2015 (from the 2017 inventory submission)
2025
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
412
21943
12192
1226
177
4059
21
35147
39205
35559
39618
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs
354
255
11
134
4
20
5524 4597
60
34
955
176
6849 5182
6909 5216
6849 5182
6909 5216
SF
6
NF
3
Total
412
22552
12336
1992
10299
4153
1153
47919
52072
48331
52484
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
388
22915
12042
1587
196
1767
19
36370
38137
36758
38525
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs SF
6
337
7
3
5590
66
669
6606
6672
6606
6672
244
146
19
4843
31
207
5460
5491
5460
5491
NF
3
Total
388
23497
12195
1844
10629
1864
894
48670
50535
49059
50923
634
5
103
0
217
2
16
0
634
634
634
634
5
5
5
5
103
103
103
103
0
0
0
0
217
217
217
217
2
2
2
2
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (with out LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (without LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the exp ected effects of imp lemented and adopted measures.
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the expected effects of implemented and adopted measures.
2013-2020/8 (2013-2015 are from the 2017 inventory submission)
2030
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs SF
6
NF
3
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the exp ected effects of imp lemented and adopted measures.
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
388
25259
11873
1661
193
1915
19
38617
40532
39005
40920
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs SF
6
308
7
3
5669
66
664
6651
6717
6651
6717
240
149
19
4840
32
225
5473
5505
5473
5505
NF
3
Total
388
25807
12029
1824
10702
2014
908
50881
52895
51269
53283
123
1
16
0
123
123
123
123
1
1
1
1
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (with out LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
Projections of Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions and removals
Scenario:
Year:
Sector
Indirect CO
2
Energy (excl. T ransport),
with indirect CO
2
T ransport
Industrial processes and Product Use
Agriculture*
LULUCF**
Waste
T otal (without LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF, without indirect CO
2
)
Total (without LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
T otal (with LULUCF,
with indirect CO
2
)
The base scenario, which is a "with measures" projection, i.e. only
includes the expected effects of implemented and adopted measures.
2020
2035
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
406
18876
12176
1416
200
2270
19
32279
34550
32686
34956
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs
320
226
7
142
3
19
5534 4838
66
30
653
189
6518 5415
6583 5445
6518 5415
6583 5445
SF
6
NF
3
Total
406
19422
12325
1910
10572
2366
861
44684
47050
45090
47456
Emissions and removals (in kt CO
2
equivalent)
CO
2
385
24019
11339
1707
193
938
19
36891
37829
37276
38214
CH
4
N
2
O HFCs PFCs SF
6
274
6
3
5669
66
664
6617
6684
6617
6684
238
148
19
4834
34
243
5481
5515
5481
5515
NF
3
Total
385
24531
11493
1857
10696
1038
926
49117
50154
49502
50540
428
3
42
0
111
1
16
0
428
428
428
428
3
3
3
3
42
42
42
42
0
0
0
0
111
111
111
111
1
1
1
1
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
461
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex C2
Further information on energy
projections
Contents
C2.1
C2.1.1
C2.1.1.1
C2.1.1.2
C2.1.1.1
C2.1.1.1
C2.1.2
C2.1.2.1
C2.1.2.2
C2.2
C2.2.1
C2.2.2
C2.2.3
C2.2.4
A
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE ENERGY PROJECTIONS IN
D
ENMARK
EMMA AND ADAM
General
Business and domestic sectors
Transport
Strengths and weaknesses
RAMSES
General
Strengths and weaknesses
F
URTHER SPECIFIC ENERGY PROJECTION INFORMATION
Production of electricity and district heating
Energy consumption by the business sector
Energy consumption by the transport sector
Household energy consumption
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
462
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
C2.1
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE ENERGY
PROJECTIONS IN
D
ENMARK
A
The work involved in preparing the Danish energy projections goes through the
following stages:
1. Final energy consumption of businesses and the domestic sector (except transport)
2. Energy consumption for production of electricity and district heating
3. Own consumption by refineries and gas works
4. Own consumption by the North Sea, including flaring
5. Industrial cogenerated heating and power, mini cogenerated heating and power, biogas etc.
6. Energy consumption by transport
C2.1.1 EMMA AND ADAM
C2.1.1.1
General
The economic macro model EMMA is calculated in item 1. Ramses, which is a
technical/economic optimisation model, is used for calculations in item 2 based on
input of the energy consumption from the housing models and EMMA. Item 3 is
automatically projected based on the latest statistics. Item 4 is projected on the basis
of the information from Mærsk and statements of the Danish oil and gas reserves.
Item 5 is projected on the basis of current plans to expand – after which it remains
unchanged. The Danish Road Directorate has provided the main part of the transport
projection (item 6), however the Danish Energy Authority has prepared the very
simple projections of international shipping, military transport and the size of cross-
border trading. Moreover, the Danish Road Directorate’s tender for electric trains is
adjusted to the statistics. The different parts of the projection are collected in the
Danish Energy Authority’s collective model, which can be used to calculate gross
energy consumption and energy-related CO
2
emissions. Extracts from this model are
given to DCE (former NERI), and DCE has calculated emissions from the energy
sector.
C2.1.1.2
Business and domestic sectors
As mentioned, projections of the final energy consumption in the business and
domestic sectors are based on an ADAM/EMMA projection. EMMA is a macro
model that describes the final energy consumption broken down into a number of
sectors and seven types of energy. It is based on historical experience with the
behaviour of businesses and households and is documented in
Environmental
satellite models for ADAM,
NERI Technical Report no. 148, NERI 1995.
In EMMA, energy consumption is determined by three factors: production, energy
prices/taxes and energy efficiencies/ trends. Increased economic activity will
increase the demand for energy input, whereas increased energy prices and taxes will
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
463
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
pull in the direction of a more limited demand for the fuels. Improved energy
efficiency will mean that production can be maintained using less energy, and in
EMMA this results in reduced energy consumption.
The EMMA system is structured based on the link between five energy-specific
models developed at NERI and Risø National Laboratory. These models determine
the use of seven types of energy (liquid fuels, solid fuels, gas, biofuels, transport
energy, electricity and district heating) in the domestic and business sectors,
conversion of fuels (solid fuels, liquid fuels, gas, biomass) by the supply sector to
electricity and district heating, and it calculates the emissions this use of energy
entails. EMMA is structured as a satellite model to ADAM, which is a widely used
Danish macro-economic model that covers the entire economy.
The ADAM/EMMA system can calculate the effect of a number of initiatives. One
of the most important aspects though, is that energy prices play an important role.
The overall level for energy prices affects the total energy consumption, and the
relationship between the prices of different types of energy affects the composition
of energy consumption. Therefore the model can estimate the effect of CO
2
taxes,
which in part raise all energy prices and in part change the relative energy prices, so
that e.g. coal, which emits a lot of CO
2
, is more expensive than natural gas that emits
less CO
2
.
The projection of production in the business sector and inflation is based on ADAM
projections prepared by the Ministry of Finance.
C2.1.1.3
Transport
The projections of the use of energy by the transportation sector is based on
projected road work from the Department of Transport taking into account economic
projections from the Department of Finance. Assumptions are made with respect to
the development in energy efficiency, share of biofuels as well as the penetration of
electrical cars. Projected energy use by rail transport, domestic sea shipping and
domestic aviation is based on the average energy used in the past three years. Energy
use by foreign aviation is projected according to the growth rates from the latest EU
primes baseline.
C2.1.1.4
Strengths and weaknesses
As mentioned, the foundation for the forecast on energy consumption is the
economic projections from the Department of Finance. This is the official long term
economic forecast from the Danish government. The economic forecast is based on
detailed projections of structures within the economy linked with econometric
analyses on time series spanning 50 years on the behavior of economic agents. The
projections suffer from the standard range of weaknesses connected with
econometric modeling as well as uncertainty with regards to projections of
exogenous variables, such as international energy prices and international growth.
The economic projections are linked to an econometric energy consumption model
that is based on estimation of behavioral patterns in consumption of energy. The
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
464
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
energy consumption modeling suffers from rigidity in technological change, and as
such, is not well equipped to forecasts in the very long term.
The strength of the approach used for the transport projection is that it is simple and
transparent. The weakness of the transport model is that it doesn’t take energy prices
into account and that it does not allow for modal shift in transport.
C2.1.2 RAMSES
C2.1.2.1
General
Projection of the production of electricity and district heating (item 2 above) has
been calculated using the Danish Energy Authority’s Ramses-model based on the
demand for electricity and district heating as calculated in the projection of the
consumer sectors. In the projection, the production of electricity and heating is
broken down into existing and possibly new production facilities based on the
facilities’ technical specifications, price of fuel and CO
2
emissions trading prices.
The model also determines electricity prices on the Nordic market and the scope of
electricity exchange with the other Nordic countries and takes account of the limits to
the trading capacity. The production of electricity has been liberalised throughout the
Nordic countries and therefore there is no close link to Denmark’s demand, rather, it
is based on the characteristics of the individual facility and the market prices.
Industrial and local mini combined heat and power production are not projected in
the Ramses model, therefore a separate (bottom-up) projection of this production has
been prepared.
A more detailed description of Ramses can be found in the following.
Ramses (version 6) is a technical-economic model that describes the production of
electricity and district heating in a random number of electricity areas, at present in
the Nordic countries. It is a partially linear optimisation model that can calculate the
production and fuel consumption at a great number of installations on a hourly basis.
As the model is mainly designed for analysing the effects in Denmark, at present the
Danish installations are described in more detail than utilities in the other Nordic
countries.
The model calculates the price of electricity that creates equilibrium on the market.
As regards electricity, the Nordic countries are divided into five areas separated by
transmission connections with a maximum transfer capacity. If the need for
transmissions exceeds the capacity, the price of electricity differs in the areas. The
five areas are Finland, Sweden, Norway, western Denmark and eastern Denmark. As
regards district heating there are far more isolated areas that each have their own
price.
In addition to information concerning the transmission connections and detailed
information on the type, efficacy and size of installation, the following input are used
in the model: fuel prices, CO
2
allowances prices, fuel taxes as well as the demand for
electricity and district heating in the area. Output from the model includes
production, fuel consumption and emissions from each installation, and the price of
electricity in each area.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
465
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
In the model, all installations in each area are sorted according to the short-term,
marginal production costs for electricity. Production is set in motion at the utilities
one after another – starting with the cheapest one, and this continues until the
demand (including any need for exports or imports) in each operational hour is met.
The marginal costs of the most expensive producing installations thus set the price of
electricity in the area. The largest hydropower plants have been given special
treatment because they can adjust the time of production for strategic reasons using
the water reservoirs.
The decision concerning investments in new utilities is kept separate from the model.
Investments are only made if model calculations show that the installation can
recover the investment, assuming specific rates of subsidies for RE (particularly
wind turbines) are given, and free CO
2
allowances for fossil-based installations, etc.
Installations placed in an area where district heating is needed typically have a
competitive advantage due to income from the sale of heat.
In addition to prices and amounts, the model can estimate the overall system’s
security of supply as regards electricity. This is done on the basis of stochastic input
on the probability of damage to installations and transmission connections, time
series for production from wind turbines and hydropower as well as the variation in
consumption.
Ramses is used both for projection and analysis purposes. For example, it has been
used to analyse the effect of new transmission connections, new wind turbine farms,
changes in electricity consumption or changes in the prices of fuels and CO
2
allowances.
C2.1.2.2
Strengths and weaknesses
The model's strength is also its weakness, in the sense that the model is very detailed.
The detailed model makes it possible to create simulations that are relatively close to
reality/observations. However, the detailed model also requires maintenance of a lot
of data for the model.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
466
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0467.png
C2.2
C2.2.1
F
URTHER SPECIFIC ENERGY PROJECTION INFORMATION
Production of electricity and district heating
Main points
C2.2.1.1
• The green transition of electricity and district heating production will continue up to 2020.
Renewable energy is expected to cover about 72% of electricity consumption and 71% of district
heating consumption in 2020, compared with about 56% and 51%, respectively, today.
• From 2020 to 2030 the share of renewable energy will fall to 62% for electricity and 67% for district
heating. This is primarily due to rising electricity consumption coupled with the assumption of the
discontinuation of the subsidy scheme for onshore wind, etc.
• The share of wind power in electricity consumption will increase from 42% in 2015 to 48% in 2020
and then drop to 39% in 2030. The fall in the share up to 2030 is due to the fact that many wind
turbines that reach the end of their operational life will not be replaced by new ones. However, it is
also due to increasing electricity consumption.
• Photovoltaic solar modules will cover up to 4% of electricity consumption in 2020 and up to 7% in
2030 compared with 2% today.
• There will be no significant increase in deployment of large electrically powered heat pumps.
• Consumption of solid biomass will increase from just less than 57 PJ in 2015 to 98 PJ in 2020.
Consumption will fall to 89 PJ up to 2030. Consumption is sensitive to changes in the relationship
between coal prices, CO2 prices, and the price of biomass.
• Consumption of coal will fall from 103 PJ in 2015 to 61 PJ in 2018, but will then increase
dramatically to 127 PJ in 2030. The increased use of coal will be especially driven by a pronounced
rise in electricity consumption combined with the assumption of low deployment of new wind power.
• In the alternative scenario, in which coal will be phased out from Ørsted’s (former Dong Energy)
plants in 2023, coal consumption will not increase to the same degree as in the basic scenario, while
biomass consumption will increase more than in the basic scenario.
C2.2.1.2
Introduction
Energy consumption to produce electricity and district heating accounts for almost
41% of total Danish gross energy consumption, and therefore it is an important
element in the overall green transition towards fossil-fuel independence and reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases.
Electricity will increasingly be generated by wind power and biomass, instead of by
coal and natural gas.
District heating production is also undergoing a transition, primarily from coal and
natural gas to biomass. A fall in the share of district heating co-produced with
electricity (Combined Heat & Power, CHP) has resulted in a development with heat
production only, based on renewables such as biomass and solar heating, while
production from large electricity-powered heat pumps has so far been absent from
Denmark.
In 2015, 56% of electricity consumption and about 51% of district heating
consumption was covered by renewable energy, compared to 16% and 19%,
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
467
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0468.png
respectively, in 2000. The large expansion of wind power has meant that wind power
has risen from covering 12% of electricity consumption in 2000 to 42% in 2015.
Electricity production is increasingly taking place through interplay with countries
neighbouring Denmark, because electricity is exchanged through interconnectors. If
it is very windy in Denmark, it is possible to sell electricity abroad. On the other
hand, if there has been a lot of rain, Norway will have a surplus of hydropower-based
electricity which it can sell to Denmark. Exchange is important as overall it ensures
efficient exploitation of electric power plants, high security of electricity supply and
lower prices.
C2.2.1.3
Developments up to 2020 and 2030
Continued development of the sector has already been planned for the years up to
2020, and many power plants have decided to transition, or are already in process of
transitioning, from coal or natural gas to biomass. At the same time, further
deployment of wind power is expected to continue, among other things due to the
offshore and nearshore wind turbine projects in the 2012 Energy Agreement. Less
extensive deployment is expected after 2020 as Kriegers Flak is expected to be in full
operation in 2021.
Renewable energy is expected to cover about 72% of electricity consumption and
71% of district heating consumption in 2020, compared with about 56% and 51%,
respectively, today. Up to 2030, the shares of renewable energy in the basic scenario
will fall to 62% for electricity and 67% for district heating. Note that there is great
uncertainty attached to renewable energy shares, particularly in the long term. For
example, the sensitivity calculations show that a combination of increased electricity
consumption, lower wind deployment and the use of biomass can reduce renewable
energy in electricity consumption to 55% in 2030, whereas the opposite could
increase it to 71%.
T
ABLE
C2.1: S
HARE OF CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY AND DISTRICT HEATING COVERED BY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
.
Note: Biodegradable waste is included in renewable energy. Numbers in brackets cover the alternative scenario with
implementation of Ørsted’s (former DONG Energy) announced phase-out of coal.
The share of electricity generated by wind power will rise in the short term, at the
expense of decreased CHP production and in particular decreased separate electricity
production (condensing power production) at large-scale power plants. After 2020,
wind power generation will decrease because obsolete turbines will not be replaced
by new turbines. In the basic scenario, power plants with separate electricity
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
468
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
generation will take over some electricity production in order to meet the rising
demand for electricity from a greater number of data centres, etc.
Photovoltaic solar modules covered about 2% of electricity consumption in 2015
and, according to this Outlook, will cover up to 4% in 2020 and up to 7% in 2030.
The further deployment of solar photovoltaic installations will primarily take place in
connection with buildings that can obtain a financial benefit by producing their own
electricity which will not be subject to taxes. However, with the current framework,
i.e. without subsidies, further deployment of commercial installations supplying all
the electricity produced to the grid, is not likely.
District heating from CHP plants will be about 71% in 2020 and 70% in 2030,
compared with 62% today. A small part of district heating from boilers will be
replaced by CHP, solar heating and electricity in the coming years.
C2.2.1.3.1 Electricity from wind power to reach 49% in 2025, but decrease in the long term
Electricity from wind power accounted for 42% of electricity consumption in 2015.
In 2020, the share of wind power is expected to be 48%. This development will be
due primarily to the commissioning of offshore wind farms (Horns Rev 3, Kriegers
Flak) and nearshore wind turbines (Vesterhav Syd and Vesterhav Nord) as agreed in
the 2012 Energy Agreement. This deployment is reasonably certain, albeit there may
be delays in commissioning dates. The extent of the deployment of onshore and
offshore wind power under the Open-Door scheme is less certain. This is primarily
due to the expiry of the current scheme in 2018, and due to the frozen-policy
approach applied in the projections, it is assumed that all new projects will
subsequently depend solely on market terms. At the moment, low electricity prices
on the spot market are causing some uncertainty about the future revenue base for
investors. Likewise, planning aspects, such as municipal administration of the
distance requirements and certain public concerns, contribute to the uncertainty
regarding future deployment of onshore wind turbines.
According to this Outlook, new onshore wind capacity will not be installed to the
same extent as is expected to be dismantled as turbines reach then end of their
technical lifespan. The total capacity of onshore wind will therefore stagnate and fall
up to 2030. It is estimated that some new capacity will be established at the end of
the period; however, not enough to maintain the total capacity. The speed and timing
of this decrease in capacity depends on the actual technical and economic lifespan of
the turbines, which is uncertain.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
469
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0470.png
F
IGURE
C2.1: O
NSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND CAPACITY WILL DECREASE UP TO
2030.
C2.2.1.3.2
Interconnectors play an important role
A large share of wind power increases the value of cooperation with Denmark's
neighbouring countries in the form of strong interconnectors. This means that
intermittent production from wind power can be sold cost-efficiently, while also
minimising the need for national capacity reserves and maintaining a high security of
electricity supply.
Denmark is already electrically connected to Norway, Sweden and Germany,
although the capacity in the connection between Jutland and Germany cannot be
fully exploited due to internal bottlenecks in Germany. The connection to Norway
has recently been improved with the establishment of Skagerrak 4, and up to 2020,
part of Denmark will be electrically connected to the Netherlands. Similarly, a new
connection to Germany will be constructed from the future offshore wind farm at
Kriegers Flak. The Viking Link connection from Denmark to the United Kingdom,
as proposed by Energinet.dk and which is being considered by the government, has
not been factored in.
The connection between Jutland and Germany is expected to provide higher capacity
up to 2020, and an additional upgrade after 2020 is also expected. This could be
significant for the economic aspects of incorporating increasing amounts electricity
from wind power in the short term. Furthermore, improved interconnectors will help
increase the operational hours for large-scale power plants in the period after 2020.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
470
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0471.png
B
OX
C2.1: C
ROSS
-
BORDER ELECTRICITY IN
D
ENMARK
'
S
E
NERGY AND
C
LIMATE
O
UTLOOK
2017
Denmark's cross-border electricity exchange with neighbouring countries is considerable. It varies
depending on fluctuations in weather (e.g. precipitation and wind) but other factors are also very
important, such as the power plants and interconnectors available in Denmark and abroad.
In this Outlook, cross-border electricity exchange is modelled as part of the operation of the Danish
electricity system in the so-called RAMSES model. The critical factor is the state of competition
between Danish and foreign electricity production. A normal year is used in the calculations, which is
why fluctuations in climate are not significant. Calculations on cross-border electricity for a single
year are very uncertain, in part because calculations for neighbouring countries are carried out on an
aggregate level. Due to this uncertainty and because historical electricity production is closely
connected to consumption, the basic scenario assumes that cross-border electricity exchange is on
average zero, meaning that electricity production corresponds to electricity consumption. A
production of electricity that corresponds to electricity consumption is the best estimate of Danish fuel
consumption in connection with electricity production.
This means, that in terms of calculation methodology, the modelled fuel consumption for electricity
production is adjusted according to calculated cross-border electricity exchanges (see the background
report for further information). This adjustment is made using the average thermal variable electricity
production for the year in question (the average electricity production from coal, natural gas, oil, wood
pellets and wood chips). The Danish Energy Agency uses the same approach for calculating energy
statistics.
The above does not apply to the alternative scenario, however. In the context of this Outlook, the
implementation of Ørsted’s (former DONG Energy) announced phase-out of coal would mean
significantly higher electricity imports, and this is an important point in itself. Due to this, and in order
to be able to compare directly with the basic scenario, the alternative scenario includes cross-border
electricity calculated using RAMSES; however, adjusted using the same figures as are used to adjust
electricity generation in the basic scenario. This also applies to the sensitivity calculations.
In the future, the Danish Energy Agency will continue to work on improving the basis for calculation
to assess cross-border electricity exchange in the projections. This includes improving data,
methodology and the interpretation of the model results themselves, particularly with regard to this
element in the work.
B
OX
C2.2: I
MPLEMENTATION OF
Ø
RSTED
’
S
/DONG E
NERGY
'
S ANNOUNCEMENT IN THE ALTERNATIVE
SCENARIO
On 2 February 2017, DONG Energy (the name of the energy company was changed to “Ørsted” as of
6 November 2017) announced that they will stop using coal from 2023. This announcement is not
included in the basic scenario, see section 1.6. However, because implementation of Ørsted's
announcement will have serious consequences for development, it is included in the alternative
scenario in this Outlook. The outlined scenario is merely one among several possible scenarios, as
there are currently no specific applications that would enable inclusion of the objective to phase out
coal.
Implementation of Ørsted's intention has two overall consequences for their power plants:
1. CPH plants which have been retrofitted from coal to biomass will continue operating solely on biomass.
2. Older coal-fired power plants will remain out of operation and can therefore not be used as extra capacity for
the production of electricity to meet the expected rise in Danish electricity consumption.
The first point will lead to a phase-out of coal in the larger cities (Copenhagen, Aarhus). Furthermore,
it will lead to slightly lower electricity production from the retrofitted plants than would otherwise be
the case.
The second point will have significant consequences for electricity production and electricity imports.
The older Danish power plant units are expected to be competitive with foreign plants. If they are not
put into service, the cheapest alternative will be increased imports of electricity.
However, this development is uncertain and it depends on trends in fuel prices and the production mix
in neighbouring countries.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
471
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0472.png
F
IGURE
C2.2: T
OTAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BASIC SCENARIO
AND THE ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO IN WHICH
Ø
RSTED
(
THE FORMER
DONG E
NERGY
)
PHASES OUT COAL
.
Note: Ørsted (DONG Energy) phasing out coal would eliminate a certain amount of condensing power production. This
electricity would then have to be imported instead.
C2.2.1.3.3
Transition increases biomass consumption in the short term
The conversion to biomass will continue up to 2020, both through converting
existing coal and natural-gas fired CHP plants and through the deployment of new
CHP plants and heating plants. Several conversions and new builds have already
been completed or are expected to be completed within the next few years. However,
the amount of electricity and heat produced by the converted and new plants, and
thereby the amount of biomass they burn, depends on other developments in the
electricity and district heating markets.
Consumption of solid biomass will increase from 57 PJ in 2015 to 98 PJ in 2020. In
the basic scenario, consumption will then drop to 89 PJ in 2030. This is because at
times biomass cannot compete and gets squeezed out of the market by fossil fuels,
for example. As illustrated in figure 18, the precise development is uncertain and
primarily depends on trends in the price ratio between coal and biomass.
There is a significant difference between the basic scenario and alternative scenario
in which DONG Energy's power plants no longer use coal after 2023. In the
alternative scenario, biomass consumption will further increase by 106 PJ between
2020 and 2030 - corresponding to about 19% more biomass for electricity and
district heating than in the basic scenario.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
472
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0473.png
F
IGURE
C2.3: C
ONSUMPTION OF SOLID BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY AND DISTRICT HEATING HAS
INCREASED UP TO
2017,
AFTER WHICH IT WILL BEGIN TO DECREASE FROM
2019.
C2.2.1.3.4
Increasing electricity consumption covered by coal or imports.
In the short term, consumption of coal will drop from 103 PJ in 2015 to 61 PJ in
2018. This trend will mainly be a result of the conversion from coal-fired plants to
biomass-fired plants. There is uncertainty regarding large-scale power plants after
2020. The basic scenario assumes that it will be possible to use existing coal-fired
plants throughout the entire period. This is not considered an option in the alternative
scenario.
In the basic scenario, increased electricity consumption for new data centres, in
particular, coupled with the discontinuation of subsidies for onshore wind in 2018,
will result in coal-fired plants becoming increasingly responsible for Denmark's
electricity production after 2018. This development will continue up to 2030 due to
the assumption of no new policy in the projections. In 2030, coal consumption will
rise to 127 PJ, almost 23% higher than the current consumption. However, this
development is extremely uncertain.
Increasing electricity consumption will create the financial basis for coal-fired plants,
that otherwise were not intended to be in operation, to come into operation in the
projections. This is an important factor behind increasing coal consumption.
However, this development would be markedly different if power plants owned by
Dong Energy, which are able to increase production of coal-based electricity, choose
not to. In this scenario, coal consumption would increase by far less than in the basic
scenario, and increasing electricity consumption would be covered by imports to a
much higher degree.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
473
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0474.png
F
IGURE
C2.4: C
OAL CONSUMPTION FOR ELECTRICITY AND DISTRICT HEATING GREATLY DEPENDS ON
WHETHER IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONTINUE USING
DONG'
S EXISTING COAL
-
FIRED PLANTS
.
Note: Decreasing coal consumption is replaced by electricity imports in the alternative scenario.
C2.2.1.4
What we did
Electricity and district heating production have been calculated on the basis of the
Danish Energy Agency's RAMSES model. RAMSES is a simulation model, which
calculates the electricity and district heating production plant by plant in time
intervals down to one hour. Fuel consumption, environmental impacts and financial
aspects are also calculated for the individual plants, as well as electricity prices for
the countries included and cross-border electricity trade between them. The model
does not include calculations on new investments and capacity is therefore
exogenously included in the model.
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom and France are part of RAMSES. Countries outside the model, to which
there are electrical connections, are modelled using cross-border electricity given
exogenously.
More information is available in the background report.
An important result of the calculations is the expected developments in electricity
prices on the spot market. These developments are significant for the financial
framework of Danish electricity producers and the expected costs in connection with
renewable technology subsidies. The projections for electricity prices are described
in a separate document which was published in the same week as the Outlook.
On the basis of the calculated developments, expectations for subsidy costs for
renewables etc., will also be drawn up in the PSO Outlook. This will be published as
a separate document in extension of this Outlook.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
474
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0475.png
C2.2.2
C2.2.2.1
Energy consumption by the business sector
Main points
• The energy efficiency of the business sector will improve up to 2020. Furthermore, the final energy
consumption of the business sector will remain unchanged during this period, while the economy will
see growth.
• From 2020 to 2030, final energy consumption will increase by 20%. The increase will be greater
than economic growth, partly because new data centres and the phase-out of public service obligation
tariffs will result in a sharp 35% increase in electricity consumption, and partly because the energy
efficiency of the business sector will fall because energy savings efforts by energy companies will end
after 2020 (due to the frozen-policy assumption applied in projections).
• The consumption of fossil fuels by the business sector will increase by around 5% between 2015 and
2030. This overall increase involves a drop of around 10% up to 2020 followed by an increase of
around 15% between 2020 and 2030.
C2.2.2.2
Introduction
Energy consumption by the business sector today amounts to about 30% of total
Danish final energy consumption. Historically, manufacturing industries have
accounted for almost half of energy consumption by the business sector, but since
2000 energy consumption by this sector has fallen and today it accounts for about
40%. Furthermore, the service sector also accounts for 40%, while agriculture,
fisheries and building and construction account for the remaining 20% of energy
consumption.
The fall in energy consumption by manufacturing industries is due, in particular, to a
decline in production, which was particularly evident during the financial crises from
2007 to 2010. During this period there was a drop in economic growth in industry of
almost 5% annually, and this led to a more or less corresponding drop in energy
consumption. In agriculture, energy consumption fell by around one-fifth from 2000
to 2015. Energy consumption by the service sector remained almost constant during
from 2000 to 2015.
Seen over the past 15 years, energy consumption by the business sector has seen
minor changes: the share of fossil fuels has gone down while the shares of electricity,
renewable energy and district heating have gone up. The fossil fuel share was 40% in
2015 as opposed to 48% in 2000, and the natural gas share of the fossil fuel share
increased over the same period. The renewable share in the business sector increased
from 4% in 2000 to 7% in 2015.
C2.2.2.3
Developments in energy consumption by the business sector up to
2020 and 2030
Business sector final energy consumption will remain at the same level as in 2015 up
to 2020. During this period, there will be economic growth; however, final energy
consumption is projected to remain unchanged nonetheless due to improved
efficiency.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
475
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0476.png
F
IGURE
C2.5: T
OTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY THE BUSINESS SECTOR IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN
AT THE
2015
LEVEL UP TO
2020,
AFTER WHICH TIME IT WILL INCREASE BY NEARLY
20%
UP
2030.
The projected increased efficiency in the business sector from 2015 to 2020 will
largely be due to the energy savings that the energy companies are obligated to
realise during the period. However, EU standards for products and tightened
requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings will also play a part.
Final energy consumption will increase from around 200 PJ in 2020 to around 240 PJ
in 2030, corresponding to an annual increase of 1.7%. This increase will be due to
economic growth, the establishment of data centres with large electricity demand, as
well as lower electricity prices as a result of discontinuation of the public service
obligation tariffs. Furthermore, the assumption of no new political agreement
regarding the energy saving efforts of energy companies after 2020 (frozen-policy
approach) means that there will be no more energy efficiency improvements in this
context. As mentioned in the footnote in section 1.3, a possible EU commitment for
the period after 2020 has not been included.
The energy efficiency of the business sector can be estimated as the production value
created per energy unit spent. Some types of industry - so-called energy-intensive
industries - have a significantly greater demand for energy than others. There are
generally large differences between manufacturing industries and the service sector:
Manufacturing industries have an efficiency of DKK 7.2 billion output per PJ (2015);
whereas the private service sector has an efficiency of DKK 22.1 billion per PJ.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
476
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0477.png
F
IGURE
C2.6: I
MPROVEMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY WILL CONTINUE TO INCREASE UP TO
2020. A
FTER
2020,
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS WILL COME TO A STANDSTILL
.
Energy consumption by the business sector would increase even more throughout the
projection period if not for the continued effect of energy saving efforts by energy
companies up to 2020, the EU minimum requirements for the energy efficiency of
products (ecodesign requirements) and the tightened energy efficiency requirements
on buildings (the Danish building regulations). The effect of ecodesign requirements
and the building regulations will increase over the period from 2020 to 2030, while
the effect of energy saving efforts by energy companies (up to 2020) will wane.
Parts of the business sector, primarily the manufacturing industries, are covered by
the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). With the low CO
2
price level currently
anticipated for the projection period, the ETS will have a relatively minor role to play
for business sector energy consumption.
C2.2.2.3.1 Electricity consumption will rise significantly, and consumption will increase for all energy
types
Electricity consumption by the business sector will grow by 35% in the period 2015
to 2030. This increase will be due, in particular, to the commissioning of data
centres, but also to the phase-out of public service obligation tariffs. Disregarding
electricity consumption by data centres, the increase in electricity consumption will
be 10%. This increase would have been twice as high without the EU energy
efficiency requirements on products. Product standards are the energy saving
measure that will have the largest effect on electricity consumption, not least after
2020 when the energy saving obligation of energy companies is no longer included
in the projections.
Furthermore, there will be an increase in consumption of all energy types by the
business sector during the projection period. Consumption of fossil fuels will
increase by around 5%, reflecting a fall of up to 10% between 2015 and 2020 and an
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
477
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0478.png
increase of around 15% between 2020 and 2030. The increase in fossil fuel
consumption after 2020 is primarily attributable to the discontinuation of the energy
saving obligation of energy companies.
With the increase in energy consumption, there will be less change in fuel mix over
the projection period. Electricity consumption accounts for 36% of final energy
consumption by the business sector in 2015; a share that will increase to 40% in
2030. The share of renewable energy in the business sector will remain fairly
constant throughout the projection period. The fossil fuel share will fall from a 40%
share of final energy consumption by the business sector in 2015 to an around 35%
share in 2030. The shift in the fuel mix will be due, in particular, to a relatively
sharper increase in electricity consumption as a result of the establishment of data
centres.
C2.2.2.4
What we did
We projected the energy consumption of the business sector using the EMMA
consumption model. EMMA is a macro-economic tool which describes business and
household energy demand on the basis of production, energy prices and
developments in energy technology. EMMA is linked to the ADAM macro-
economic model, which provides assumptions about economic growth. The Danish
Energy Agency applies growth assumptions from the Danish Ministry of Finance in
the projections.
More information is available in the background report.
C2.2.3
C2.2.3.1
Energy consumption by the transport sector
Main points
• Up to 2030, energy consumption for transport is projected to remain more or less unchanged.
• Seen across the whole projection period, the number of road transport kilometres will increase;
however, more energy efficient cars will ensure more or less constant energy consumption.
• Electrification of road transport will only play a limited role for total energy consumption by the
transport sector up to 2030; however, it will win a substantial market share of the sale of new cars
during the final years of the projection period.
• Fossil fuels will be dominant in transport and will account for 92% of energy consumption in 2030,
as opposed to 95% today.
• Energy consumption by air transport will increase by around 12% during the period as a
consequence of increased demand.
C2.2.3.2
Introduction
Energy consumption by the transport sector today amounts to about one-third of total
Danish final energy consumption, and is almost entirely composed of fossil fuels
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
478
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0479.png
(95%). The sector includes road transport, rail transport, aviation, domestic shipping
as well as energy consumption by the military for transport purposes. Road transport
today accounts for 75% of energy consumption, followed by aviation, which
accounts for 19%, of which 97% is international air transport. With regard to road
transport, cars account for more than 63% of energy consumption, vans and lorries
account for 18%, and 14%, respectively, while busses and motorcycles account for
the remaining 5%.
Energy consumption increased steadily until the economic crisis in 2008, which
coincided with a greater focus on energy efficient cars. Together, this resulted in a
drop in overall energy consumption.
Within the past couple of years, however, energy consumption by road transport has
again seen an increase. This is due mostly to an increase in the sale and use of small
petrol-driven cars and medium diesel-driven cars, which has resulted in an increase
in the overall number of cars and passenger-kilometres.
C2.2.3.3
Developments up to 2020 and 2030
Total energy consumption by the transport sector will remain fairly constant
throughout the projection period. There will be an increase in energy consumption by
around 1% up to 2020 compared with today. Post-2020, energy consumption will
increase by an additional 1% from 2020 to 2030.
The development in energy consumption by the transport sector over the projected
period will be driven primarily by transport performance
71
, which is expected to
increase continuously; however, which will be compensated for by a gradual
improvement in the energy efficiency of vehicles. The increase in transport
performance will therefore be more or less balanced out by increasing energy
efficiency, so that total energy consumption remains constant. The slight increase
projected can be attributed to increased energy consumption in air transport,
transport by lorries and transport by vans, in the order stated. Energy consumption by
international air transport is expected to increase by 12% up to 2030. A fall of around
5% in energy consumption by cars throughout the projection period due to more
efficient cars will halve the overall increase from these transport vehicles.
71
“transport performance” is the number of kilometers driven for each type of transport vehicle (car, bus, van, train, etc.)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
479
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0480.png
F
IGURE
C2.7: T
OTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY THE TRANSPORT SECTOR WILL REMAIN FAIRLY
CONSTANT IN THE PROJECTION PERIOD
.
Due to the basic frozen-policy premise of the projections, the share of biofuels is
assumed to remain at the current level throughout the period projected. Biofuel
blending in 2020, coupled with other renewables in transport, will therefore not be
enough to ensure that Denmark meets its commitment to the EU with regard to the
use of renewable energy in transport (see the Renewable Energy Directive).
C2.2.3.3.1
Electrification of road transport will play a very limited role up to 2030
Electrification of road transport will play a very limited role up throughout the
projection period. Thus, electricity for road transport will make up only 0.8% of
energy consumption by road transport in 2030, despite relatively rapid growth from
2025. The rapid phase-in after 2025 can be explained by the expected cheaper prices
of electric cars as a result of technological advances, and this will lead to the electric
car becoming an attractive option for a wider group of buyers by around 2025,
making it competitive with conventional cars.
Assuming no new policy is introduced, electrification of road transport will leave a
relatively limited mark on energy consumption within a 2030 horizon. This is
because sales are not expected to gather momentum until 2025 and because it will
take a long time to replace the total number of cars on the road due to the relatively
long lifespan of cars. Despite substantial shares of electric cars in new sales in 2030,
it will take several years before this trend is visible in the total number of cars on the
road. This can be seen in the figure below.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
480
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0481.png
F
IGURE
C2.8: P
ERCENTAGE OF ELECTRIC CARS IN TERMS OF SALES AND NUMBER ON THE ROAD IN THE
PROJECTION PERIOD
.
Note: As can be seen, the transition to electric cars is sluggish due to the relatively long lifespan of cars. The model used to
project sales of electric cars from 2021-2030 is still under development. Therefore, the estimates of electric car sales are very
uncertain.
Electrification should therefore be considered as a development with only a gradual
effect. In the long term, however, it could have a very significant effect once it
breaks through. Note that assumptions regarding the fall in prices of electric cars and
the subsequent growth in sales are associated with a high degree of uncertainty. See
the background report on sensitivity calculations.
In addition to electricity, hydrogen and biogas can also play a role in the transition
from fossils fuels to renewable energy. However, these fuels play a much more
minor role than electricity in the projections and will therefore not be discussed
further here.
C2.2.3.3.2
Fossil fuels expected to account for over 90% of energy consumption in 2030
The challenge of ensuring increased independence from fossil fuels in the transport
sector will remain mostly unchanged in terms of absolute energy consumption. The
share of fossil fuels in total energy consumption by the transport sector will fall
slightly during the projection period from 95% to 92%. The continued electrification
of railways will be most significant in this decrease. The electrification of road
transport and the assumed minor use of biofuel blends in aviation fuels up to 2030
will also contribute to the decrease.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
481
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0482.png
However, it should be noted that, due to the frozen-policy approach, the projections
assume that biofuel blending for road transport will not increase up to 2020 as a
possible consequence of Denmark's commitments under the Renewable Energy
Directive. Developments are illustrated in the figure below.
F
IGURE
C2.9: S
HARE OF FOSSIL FUELS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY TRANSPORT IN THE PROJECTION
PERIOD
.
C2.2.3.3.3
Rising energy consumption for air transport
Energy consumption by air transport is governed by the demand for air travel and
developments in energy efficiency. As mentioned above, the rise in demand is higher
than growth in energy efficiency, and this will lead to increased energy consumption
corresponding to a 12% rise in 2030 compared with today. A 5% rise in biofuel
blending in aviation fuels up to 2030 has been assumed on the basis of the industry's
own projections. Note that this blending is not on the basis of any statutory
requirements, and this increases uncertainty with regard to whether blending will
take place. If blending does take place, there will be a 6% annual rise in fossil energy
consumption by air transport up to 2030. It is important to note that there is a high
degree of uncertainty in the projections of energy consumption for air transport.
C2.2.3.4 What we did
The projections of energy consumption for transport have been based on the Danish
Energy Agency's transport model, with considerable input from the Danish Transport
and Construction Agency in particular, on developments in transport performance for
road transport (based on the Landstrafikmodel (national traffic model)), and on
energy consumption by railways.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
482
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0483.png
The transport model projects road transport based on projections for growth in
transport performance, developments in energy efficiency for vehicles broken down
into 33 vehicle categories and survival rates, and journeys by vehicles as a function
of the age of the vehicles. This provides relatively detailed projections for energy
consumption by road transport.
Energy consumption by air transport has been based on projections using the
PRIMES model's projections of expected growth rates for passenger kilometres and
developments in the energy efficiency of aircraft. Simpler projections have been used
for the other sectors based on historical developments.
More information about the projections for the transport area is available in the
background report.
C2.2.4
C2.2.4.1
Household energy consumption
Main points
• Total final energy consumption by households is expected to fall by almost 8% between 2015 and
2030. This is a fall of 15 PJ and a continuation of the trend from the past nine years.
• Due to improvements in the energy efficiency of existing buildings, the demolition of existing
buildings and the establishment of new energy-efficient buildings, the total net space heating demand
of households
72
will decrease by up to 8% from 2015 to 2030, even though the total floor area that
requires space heating will increase by 10% during the same period.
• Total final energy consumption for heating by households will drop by 10% from 2015 to 2030 due
to the fall in net space heating demand as well as due to improvements in the technologies generating
the heat. That is, home owners will shift to other, more energy-efficient sources of heat; e.g. oil-fired
and gas-fired boilers replaced by electricity-driven heat pumps.
• In 2030, heat pumps are expected to cover around 15% of the net space heating demand of
households; the share was around 7% in 2015.
• Electricity consumption by household appliances will remain unchanged throughout the projection
period as efficiency improvements will offset the growth in the number of household appliances.
C2.2.4.2
Introduction
Energy consumption by households today amounts to about 30% of total Danish
final energy consumption. A total of 83% of the final energy consumption of
households is spent on heating, and the remaining 17% on household appliances.
Energy consumption for heating has remained at a fairly constant level throughout
the past 15 years, but there have been significant changes in the energy sources used.
The number of oil-fired boilers has been reduced significantly, so that, in 2015, oil
72
Net space heating demand is a measure of the heating required to heat a building (i.e. both space heating and hot water). Final
energy consumption which is used to meet the net space heating demand, is typically higher because of losses e.g. from
boilers when producing the heat.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
483
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0484.png
consumption for heating by households was approximately one-third of consumption
in 2000.
Despite a rising number of household appliances, the associated electricity
consumption has remained more or less constant over the past 15 years because
household appliances have become considerably more efficient. This continuous
energy efficiency improvement has primarily been driven by EU standards for
products (ecodesign requirements) and EU energy labelling requirements.
C2.2.4.3
and 2030
Developments in final energy consumption by households up to 2020
Continued growth in private consumption during the projection period is expected to
result in an increase in the number of appliances and total heated area; however,
energy efficiency improvements are also projected to take place, even under the
frozen-policy assumption, e.g. as a consequence of technological progress.
The total final energy consumption of households is expected to be around 8% lower
in 2030 than today. Thus, gross energy consumption was at 190 PJ in 2015 and is
expected to be around 185 PJ in 2020 and 175 PJ in 2030. This accounts for
unchanged electricity consumption by appliances and a drop in energy consumption
for heating.
F
IGURE
C2.10: T
OTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR HEATING ETC
.
AND OF
HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IS EXPECTED TO FALL BY AROUND
8%
FROM
2015
TO
2030.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
484
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0485.png
C2.2.4.3.1
for heating
Improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings will reduce energy consumption
A steady increase in the demand for housing as a consequence of an increasing
population and demands for larger homes will affect the total heated area. Total
living floor space is projected to increase by around 9% by 2030, and it is anticipated
that around 96% of the total existing floor space in 2015 will remain in 2030.
Overall, the projections show an annual growth of 0.6% in the total heated area.
Despite an increase in total heated area, the net space heating demand is expected to
drop from around 136 PJ in 2015 to around 125 PJ in 2030. This drop will be due to
a higher degree of energy efficiency in new buildings but, more so, due to energy
efficiency improvements in existing buildings. The net energy
consumption for heating residential buildings will be the result of various
instruments such as tightening the building regulations and energy savings efforts by
energy companies up to 2020.
The energy requirements for new buildings in the Danish building regulations were
tightened by 25% with effect from 2016 (Building Regulations 2015). Moreover, the
2008 Energy Agreement includes an agreement to tighten energy requirements by an
additional 25% for buildings erected after 2020. The requirements in the building
regulations apply to new as well as existing buildings. New buildings must be built to
comply with the tighter requirements, whereas existing buildings must observe a
number of energy efficiency requirements for components when they are renovated.
These requirements are assumed to be observed on a large scale; however, some
comfort improvements are also assumed to take place in connection with
refurbishments (rebound effect).
F
IGURE
C2.11: T
HE TOTAL HEATED AREA IS LIKELY TO INCREASE STEADILY UP TO
2030,
WHEREAS THE
NET SPACE HEATING DEMAND WILL FALL OVER THE PERIOD AS A RESULT OF MORE EFFICIENT
BUILDINGS
.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
485
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0486.png
C2.2.4.3.2
Decline in final energy consumption for heating up to 2030
Final energy consumption for heating residential buildings will fall by around 10%
over the projection period. This fall exceeds the fall in net space heating demand
because the efficiency of heating technologies, i.e. the amount of energy output
relative to energy input, will increase by around 2 percentage points over the period.
Average efficiency will improve as a result of households changing to more energy
efficient heating sources. The improved efficiency will be due partly to ongoing
tightening of EU energy efficiency requirements (ecodesign requirements) and EU
energy labeling requirements, which also apply to heating technologies. The
efficiency improvements will also be due to expected general technological
advances.
Final energy consumption includes ambient heat for heat pumps. However,
surrounding heat can be considered free energy. If ambient heat is not included, the
decline in consumption will be even greater, as energy consumption will go from
being based on fossil fuels (oil and natural gas) to being based on electrically
powered heat pumps, see Figure 10. Heat pumps consume only about one-third of the
energy (electricity) used by conventional boilers (oil, natural gas and biomass). The
surrounding heat exploited by heat pumps is included in the renewable energy share.
The mix of energy types used to cover the net heating demand in homes will change
from 2015 to 2030. The share of the net heating demand covered by heat pumps will
increase from its current level of 7% to 15% in 2030. Conversely, the share of natural
gas and oil will decline over the period. The share of the net heating demand covered
by district heating amounts to almost 50% and will remain unchanged over the
period. The share of biomass will also remain unchanged over the period, and covers
approx. 20% of the heating demand.
F
IGURE
C2.12: T
HE PROJECTED DECLINE IN NET HEATING DEMAND REFLECTS A DECLINE IN ALL
TECHNOLOGIES
,
EXCEPT HEAT PUMPS
,
WHICH SEE AN INCREASE OVER THE PERIOD
.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
486
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0487.png
C2.2.4.3.3
More household appliances in Danish homes; but they will be more energy efficient
Electricity consumption by household appliances will remain unchanged throughout
the projection period. Due to growing private consumption, people will invest in
more household appliances. However, at the same time the energy efficiency of these
appliances will improve throughout the projection period as a consequence of the
continuous tightening of EU minimum requirements for energy efficiency (ecodesign
requirements)
73
and tighter EU energy labelling requirements
74
, including that a
greater number of products will be covered by the requirements. The effects of these
regulatory requirements were analysed in 2013
75
. In 2030, efficiency improvements
will amount to almost 20% of total electricity consumption by household appliances,
compared with a scenario without regulatory requirements.
C2.2.4.4
What we did
The projection of household energy consumption was partly completed in the
EMMA consumption model, and partly in the Danish Energy Agency's version of the
TIMES-DK model. EMMA is a macro-economic tool which describes corporate and
household energy demand on the basis of production, energy prices and
developments in energy technology. EMMA is linked to the ADAM macro-
economic model, which provides assumptions about economic growth. The Danish
Energy Agency uses growth assumptions from the Danish Ministry of Finance. We
used the TIMES-DK model to calculate energy consumption for heating by
households. We used this in combination with assessments of inertia in behavioural
change and the significance of energy saving efforts. The TIMES-DK model is in
effect a complete energy system model; however, for these projections we only used
the part of the model that concerns space heating by households.
73
In order to reduce the energy consumption of various products, the EU has imposed requirements (i.e. ecodesign
requirements) to ensure that the least energy efficient products are removed from the market. The Ecodesign Directive is
the legislative basis for introducing ecodesign requirements on products and appliances.
Since 1995, EU requirements have been introduced for energy labelling of a number of products. Today, there are
requirements on e.g. domestic appliances, lighting, boilers and heat pumps. The energy labelling is known as the A to G
label scale.
”Effektvurdering af ecodesign og energimærkning” (Impact Assessment of Ecodesign and Energy Labelling), prepared by IT-
Energy and Viegand Maagøe for the Danish Energy Agency in 2013.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
487
74
75
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex C3
A comparison of the latest reported
greenhouse gas inventory with the “with
measures” projections in NC1 to NC7
This annex contain information on a comparison of the latest reported greenhouse
gas inventory with the “with measures” projections of Denmark’s total greenhouse
gas emissions included in Denmark’s first to seventh national communication.
In Figure C3.1 the “raw” data for projections of Denmark’s total greenhouse gas
emissions without LULUCF from NC1(1994), NC2(1997), NC3(2003), NC4(2005),
NC5(2009), NC6(2013) and NC7(2017) are shown together with Denmark’s total
greenhouse gas emissions in the inventory re-submitted in May 2017 for the period
1990-2015. As it can been seen no clear conclusion can be drawn from this figure.
However, if the data are normalised to take into account the improvements made in
inventory reporting over the same period, the deviations in historic data are
diminished as shown in Figure C3.2.
In figure C3.3 also inter-annual variations in temperature and electricity trade is
taken into account as CO
2
emissions in Denmark from heat and electricity production
are highly sensitive to inter-annual variations in unpredictable climate parameters
such as temperature and precipitation, the latter primarily precipitation in Norway
and Sweden due to these countries’ hydro power based production of electricity for
the Nordic electricity market.
Figure C3.3 shows:
-
a good correlation between the inventory data and the projection until 2005 in
NC1, the projection until 2010 in NC2, and the projection until 2015 in NC6,
and
a significant deviation in the projections for 2015 in NC3, NC4 and NC5
from the inventory data for 2015.
-
A closer look into the detailed level of sectors and source categories in the
projections in NC1 and NC2, however, reveal major differences. But outliers in both
directions seem to even out each other in the total due to the relatively high number
of separately projected sub-categories.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
488
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0489.png
F
IGURE
C3.1 “R
AW
”
DATA FOR PROJECTIONS OF
D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
FROM
NC1(1994), NC2(1997), NC3(2003), NC4(2005), NC5(2009), NC6(2013)
AND
NC7(2017)
SHOWN TOGETHER WITH
D
ENMARK
’
S TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE INVENTORY RE
-
SUBMITTED IN
M
AY
2017
FOR THE PERIOD
1990-2015 (
KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENT
).
100000
90000
1994 (NC1: Inv1990-1992)
1994 (NC1: Proj1993-2005)
80000
1997 (NC2: Inv1990-1995)
1997 (NC2: Proj1996-2010)
2003 (NC3: Inv1990-2001)
70000
2003 (NC3: Proj2002-2017)
2005 (NC4&DP: Inv1990-2003)
2005 (NC4&DP: Proj2004-2030)
60000
2009 (NC5: Inv1990-2007)
2009 (NC5: Proj2008-2030)
2013 (NC6: Inv1990-2011)
50000
2013 (NC6: Proj2012-2035)
2017 (NC7: Inv1990-2015)
2017 (NC7: Proj2016-2035)
40000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
KP BY CP1/2
2035
F
IGURE
C3.2 T
HE DATA SHOWN IN
F
IGURE
C4.1
NORMALISED TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
IMPROVEMENTS MADE IN INVENTORY REPORTING FROM
1992
TO
2017 (
KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENT
).
100000
90000
1994 (NC1: Inv1990-1992)
1994 (NC1: Proj1993-2005)
80000
1997 (NC2: Inv1990-1995)
1997 (NC2: Proj1996-2010)
2003 (NC3: Inv1990-2001)
70000
2003 (NC3: Proj2002-2017)
2005 (NC4&DP: Inv1990-2003)
2005 (NC4&DP: Proj2004-2030)
60000
2009 (NC5: Inv1990-2007)
2009 (NC5: Proj2008-2030)
2013 (NC6: Inv1990-2011)
50000
2013 (NC6: Proj2012-2035)
2017 (NC7: Inv1990-2015)
2017 (NC7: Proj2016-2035)
40000
F
IGURE
C3.3 T
HE DATA SHOWN IN
F
IGURE
C4.2
WITH ALSO INTER
-
ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN
TEMPERATURE AND ELECTRICITY TRADE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
(
KT
CO
2
EQUIVALENT
).
100000
90000
1994 (NC1: Inv1990-1992)
1994 (NC1: Proj1993-2005)
80000
1997 (NC2: Inv1990-1995)
1997 (NC2: Proj1996-2010)
2003 (NC3: Inv1990-2001)
70000
2003 (NC3: Proj2002-2017)
2005 (NC4&DP: Inv1990-2003)
2005 (NC4&DP: Proj2004-2030)
60000
2009 (NC5: Inv1990-2007)
2009 (NC5: Proj2008-2030)
2013 (NC6: Inv1990-2011)
50000
2013 (NC6: Proj2012-2035)
2017 (NC7: Inv1990-2015)
2017 (NC7: Proj2016-2035)
40000
KP BY CP1/2
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
KP BY CP1/2
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
489
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex D
Support information
This annex contains the following information:
Annex D1:
Tables with additional information on support committed and disbursed
2013-2016, technology transfer and capacity building.
Annex D2:
Description of selected programmes/projects to advance and/or finance
transfer of technologies to other countries.
Annex D3:
Information on the Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership
Programme - DEPP.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
490
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex D1
Tables with additional information on
support committed and disbursed 2013-
2016, technology transfer and capacity
building
Contents
2013
2013.1
2013.1.1
2013.1.2
2013.1.3
2013.2
2013.2.1
2013.2.2
2013.2.3
2014
2014.1
2014.1.1
2014.1.2
2014.1.3
2014.2
2014.2.1
2014.2.2
2014.2.3
2015
2015.1
2015.1.1
2015.1.2
2015.1.3
2015.2
2015.2.1
2015.2.2
2015.2.3
2016
2016.1
2016.1.1
2016.1.2
2016.1.3
2016.2
2016.2.1
2016.2.2
2016.2.3
CTF TABLE 7-, 7A- AND 7B-FORMATS
COMMITTED
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2013
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2013
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2013
DISBURSED
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2013
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2013
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2013
CTF TABLE 7-, 7A- AND 7B-FORMATS
COMMITTED
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2014
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2014
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2014
DISBURSED
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2014
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2014
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2014
CTF TABLE 7-, 7A- AND 7B-FORMATS
COMMITTED
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2015
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2015
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2015
DISBURSED
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2015
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2015
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2015
CTF TABLE 7-, 7A- AND 7B-FORMATS
COMMITTED
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2016
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2016
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2016
DISBURSED
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2016
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2016
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2016
CTF TABLE 8-FORMAT: Provision of technology development
and transfer support
CTF TABLE 9-FORMAT: Provision of capacity-building
support
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
491
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0492.png
2013
Table 7
CTF Table 7-, 7a- and 7b-formats
2013.1 COMMITTED
2013.1.1
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2013
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2013
Committed
2013
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels:
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
USD
d, 2
b
d, 2
Mitigation
40,904,815
1,580,000
0
8,324,815
31,000,000
188,198,325
229,103,140
0
0
Climate-specific
e
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
66,750,000
50,000,000
0
5,250,000
11,500,000
14,350,000
81,100,000
1,646,120,352
193,900,000
1,600,000
0
121,600,000
70,700,000
1,142,017,212
1,335,917,212
Core/
Other
f
general
c
Mitigation
7,283,216
281,323
0
1,482,257
5,519,636
33,509,236
40,792,452
0
0
Climate-specific
e
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
11,885,023
8,902,639
0
934,777
2,047,607
2,555,057
14,440,081
293,096,315
34,524,435
284,884
0
21,651,219
12,588,332
203,339,347
237,863,782
Other
f
1,658,725,739
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
295,340,739
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,052,328,439
606,397,300
1,658,725,739
187,370,011
107,970,729
295,340,739
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
5.6163
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 5.616312)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
492
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0493.png
2013.1.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2013
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2013
Committed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
Donor funding
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic
currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels (2)
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other
Other (CGIAR)
Other (OECD)
Other (IEA)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (United Nations University)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (WFP)
Other (United Nations General Trust Fund)
Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
Subtotal
Total
1,658,725,739
0
295,340,739
0
301,554,815
53,180,000
53,692,675
9,468,847
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
50,000,000
8,902,639
Committed
ODA
Grant
Adaptation
1,600,000
1,580,000
284,884
281,323
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
0
1,052,328,439
0
187,370,011
53,180,000
135,174,815
9,468,847
24,068,252
411,320,000
73,236,672
84,100,000
14,974,239
890,264
22,224
934,777
1,460,033
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
8,200,000
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Energy manufacturing / 32167
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple
technologies / 23210
Agro-industries / 32161
25,000,000
97,750,231
4,451,320
17,404,701
5,000,000
124,815
5,250,000
280,026,509
133,231,699
49,859,500
23,722,275
105,000,000
18,695,543
7,500,000
25,000,000
1,335,396
4,451,320
24,068,252
20,155,575
2,003,094
3,739,109
2,047,607
6,044,892
1,780,528
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
1,052,328,439
606,397,300
330,000,000
187,370,011
107,970,729
58,757,419
135,174,815
113,200,000
11,250,000
21,000,000
11,500,000
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
85,000,000
15,134,487
33,950,000
10,000,000
Other (89% Environmental policy and
administrative management / 41010; 11%
Multisector aid / 43010)
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and
resolution / 15220
Democratic participation and civil society /
15150
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
500,000
6,397,300
185,000,000
1,139,057
32,939,765
4,000,000
21,000,000
606,397,300
1,658,725,739
107,970,729
295,340,739
113,200,000
301,554,815
89,026
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
712,211
3,739,109
20,155,575
53,692,675
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
493
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0494.png
2013.1.3
Table 7(b)
Committed
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2013
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2013
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral, regional
and other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Benin
Bolivia
Bolivia
China (People's Republic of)
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Far East Asia, regional
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mozambique
Mozambique
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
South of Sahara, regional
Tanzania
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
1,344,565,537
39,000,000
36,000,000
1,169,074
10,000,000
4,350,000
48,000,000
94,000,000
204,452
750,000
57,500,000
56,500,000
25,000,000
825,025
1,196,420
1,000,000
10,000,000
1,340,860
3,500,000
5,000,000
2,000,000
1,250,000
60,000,000
7,000,000
125,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
744,918
576,381
2,500,000
79,500,000
2,131,468
1,096,143
55,200,000
20,000,000
7,000,000
5,000,000
45,000,000
1,250,000
1,100,000
1,400,000
2,499,668
1,250,000
2,357,000
16,157,000
290,500,000
137,500,000
8,000,000
4,000,000
10,000,000
2,039,099
2,178,030
1,344,565,537
239,403,640
6,944,059
6,409,900
208,157
1,780,528
774,530
8,546,534
16,736,962
36,403
133,540
10,238,035
10,059,982
4,451,320
146,898
213,026
178,053
1,780,528
238,744
623,185
890,264
356,106
222,566
10,683,167
1,246,370
22,256,598
4,451,320
5,341,584
132,635
102,626
445,132
14,155,197
379,514
195,171
9,828,514
3,561,056
1,246,370
890,264
8,012,375
222,566
195,858
249,274
445,073
222,566
419,670
2,876,799
51,724,334
24,482,258
1,424,422
712,211
1,780,528
363,067
387,804
239,403,640
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Rural development / 43040
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Road transport / 21020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, non-renewable sources – unspecified / 23310
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Human rights / 15160
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy education/training / 23181
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Trade facilitation / 33120
Water transport / 21040
Agricultural development / 31120
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
CRS 2013001246 / Support to National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Support to DACAAR
CRS 2013001225 / CSR-facility: Fashion Links - Access to Sustainable Production
CRS 2013001119 / Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project
CRS 2011001530 / Financial support for the Ministry of Transport and Roads Fund
CRS 2013001339 / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340 / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2006001418 / Changchun District Heating Project, Jilin Province
CRS 2009002499 / PPP: Max Havelaar Contract
CRS 2013001009 / Rammeaftale med Folkekirkens Nødhjælp
CRS 2013001010 / Rammeaftale med Ibis
CRS 2013001012 / Rammeaftale med Red Barnet
CRS 2013001069 / Denmark hosting the annual ASEM Seminar on Human Rights 2013
CRS 2013001101 / Climate Envelope 2013: Min. of Climate, Energy and Buildings - climate finance meeting in Copenhagen October 2013
CRS 2013001118 / Climate Envelope 2013: WMO - Workshop for broadcast meteorologists on the IPCCs 'physical science basis' 2013
CRS 2013001139 / IWGIA 2013-2015: Climate change partnership with indiginous peoples in South- and Southeast Asia - pro-poor REDD
CRS 2013001143 / Evaluation of Danida Business-to-Business Programme
CRS 2013001177 / Rio+20 2013: IUCN - Closing the knowledge-investment gap in drylands
CRS 2013001178 / Climate Envelope 2013 - World Bank-ESMAP, IEA and IISD - fossil fuel subsidy reform
CRS 2013001242 / Rio+20 follow up: Water, Sustainable Energy and advancing the role of business in addressing climate change
CRS 2013001280 / CSR-facility. Fairtrade Mærket Danmark Fonden. Fairtrade for all: contribution to fivefold increase the Fairtrade consumption in Denmark by 2020
CRS 2013001290 / Support to Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001291 / Rio+20 2013: GWP - Policy dialogue and knowledge generation for water security
CRS 2013001314 / Climate Envelopes 2012 og 2013: IFU - Danish Climate Investment Fund
CRS 2013001325 / Climate Envelope 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), ph. 2
CRS 2013001342 / International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
CRS 2013200002 / General contribution to IUCN
CRS 2007001582 / Zafarana Wind Farm Project, Component III
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-facility: Let's do it right in Myanmar - supporting strong corporate social and environmental responsibility
CRS 2012001357ab / Environment and climate
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia and Smoke Solution
CRS 2013001352 / DBP Hyprowira Adhitama and Weel and Sandvig
CRS 2013001256 / Développement et amélioration des infrastructures (composant 2)
CRS 2013001257 / Renforcement des capacités et des compétences (composant 3)
CRS 2013001258 / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2013001259 / Fonds non alloués
CRS 2013001337 / Climate Envelope 2013: Climate change mitigation and energy in Mexico
CRS 2011001558 / B2B project: Kajovem & Jorton
CRS 2011001559 / B2B Pilot Project: HelpMultiservice & Kuntkes Holding
CRS 2013001141 / Private/Public Partnership Project in the Water Sector
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-Facility: Establishment and implementation of international standards for sustainable and traceable cocoa
CRS 2013001326 / Organic Denmark - project identification for the project ECOMEA 'Enhancing the capacity of the organic movements in East Africa'
CRS 2013001193 / Renewal of Ferry Fleet on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa: Support to Detailed Design and Tendering
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2013001184 / Sector Budget Support for Rural Water Supply
CRS 2013001353 / Joint Partnership Fund-basket
CRS 2013001354 / Long term technical assistance
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2013001356 / Unallocated Funds
CRS 2013001147 / Danish Active House in Vietnam
CRS 2013001197 / Vestas and Cong Ly Collaboration on Wind Farm Development in Vietnam
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
494
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0495.png
2013.2 DISBURSED
2013.2.1
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2013
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2013
Disbursed
2013
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
USD
d, 2
e
b
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
70,683,833
1,567,493
0
42,701,989
26,414,350
321,413,312
392,097,145
Adaptation
107,928,750
50,000,000
0
46,000,000
11,928,750
94,406,635
202,335,385
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
Mitigation
12,585,453
279,097
0
7,603,208
4,703,149
57,228,536
69,813,989
Adaptation
19,217,015
8,902,639
0
8,190,428
2,123,947
16,809,364
36,026,379
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,558,558,681
100,000,000
0
906,248,765
552,309,916
1,558,558,681
98,300,000
1,600,000
0
56,000,000
40,700,000
566,343,198
664,643,198
32,939,449
6,722,121
6,722,121
26,217,328
0
0
32,939,449
277,505,716
17,805,279
0
161,360,118
98,340,319
277,505,716
17,502,589
284,884
0
9,970,956
7,246,748
100,838,984
118,341,573
5,864,961
1,196,892
1,196,892
4,668,068
0
0
5,864,961
1,292,015,178
230,046,902
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
5.6163
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 5.616312)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
495
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0496.png
2013.2.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2013
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2013
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Donor funding
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other (CGIAR)
Other (GGGI)
Other (Nordic Development Fund)
Other (Other multilateral institutions)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (United Nations University)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (ILO)
Other (WFP)
Other (United Nations General Trust Fund)
Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
Subtotal
Total
1,558,558,681
100,000,000
100,000,000
277,505,716
17,805,279
17,805,279
309,852,032
59,889,614
50,000,000
55,170,018
10,663,513
Disbursed
8,902,639
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
1,600,000
1,567,493
6,722,121
100,000,000
906,248,765
17,805,279
161,360,118
59,889,614
170,919,317
284,884
279,097
1,196,892
10,663,513
30,432,661
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
411,320,000
73,236,672
25,000,000
41,000,000
6,038,924
4,451,320
7,300,164
1,075,247
178,053
890,264
3,144,958
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
19,000,000
3,383,003
Disbursed
Disbursed
30,000,000
5,341,584
Disbursed
Disbursed
26,217,328
4,668,068
30,432,661
14,073,844
2,181,147
2,047,607
2,922,621
3,374,100
1,780,528
89,026
76,340
712,211
890,264
14,073,844
55,170,018
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
428,750
Disbursed
Disbursed
4,000,000
5,000,000
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Other (NA)
Other (NA)
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Mitigation
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Other (60% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 40% Livestock/veterinary
services / 31195)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agro-industries / 32161
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
12,500,000
97,750,231
280,026,509
33,307,925
2,225,660
17,404,701
49,859,500
5,930,569
1,000,000
5,000,000
17,663,065
35,000,000
6,231,848
36,344,100
6,471,168
906,248,765
552,309,916
335,912,616
161,360,118
98,340,319
59,810,177
170,919,317
79,043,100
12,250,000
11,500,000
16,414,350
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Other (82% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 10% Multisector aid /
43010; 8% Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220)
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Other (64% Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220; 36% Environmental
policy and administrative management / 41010)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Human rights / 15160
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
25,000,000
4,451,320
18,950,000
10,000,000
500,000
6,397,300
185,000,000
1,139,057
32,939,765
552,309,916
1,558,558,681
98,340,319
277,505,716
79,043,100
309,852,032
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
496
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0497.png
2013.2.3
Table 7(b)
Disbursed
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2013
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2013
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Climate-specific
f, 2
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Domestic
currency
Committed
Disbursed
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
h
Other
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral,
regional and other channels (1)
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Benin
Benin
Benin
Benin
Benin
Bhutan
Bhutan
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
982,163,146
5,344,480
14,337,286
8,318,158
8,729,125
22,375,962
1,506,685
277,552
499,998
4,946,164
3,000
78,283
1,041,718
1,357,892
17,555,837
5,749,569
10,452,242
259,761
8,724,605
1,800,000
5,217,341
284,077
566,597
451,630
3,572,610
169,422
1,976,496
10,950,000
3,019,400
3,321,117
5,434,229
204,452
11,517,340
8,785,660
1,045,481
961,691
86,008
3,000,000
280,000
382,736
750,000
6,637,594
13,991,458
6,750
7,563,500
13,333,333
10,921,983
5,000,000
12,500,000
6,941,568
8,437,914
562,500
170,782
3,150,000
27,525
57,500,000
56,500,000
25,000,000
825,025
1,000,000
367,128
2,000,000
750,000
125,000,000
8,400,000
744,918
174,876,885
951,600
2,552,794
1,481,071
1,554,245
3,984,102
268,269
49,419
89,026
880,678
534
13,938
185,481
241,776
3,125,866
1,023,727
1,861,051
46,251
1,553,440
320,495
928,962
50,581
100,884
80,414
636,113
30,166
351,921
1,949,678
537,613
591,334
967,580
36,403
2,050,694
1,564,311
186,151
171,232
15,314
534,158
49,855
68,147
133,540
1,181,842
2,491,218
1,202
1,346,702
2,374,037
1,944,690
890,264
2,225,660
1,235,965
1,502,394
100,155
30,408
560,866
4,901
10,238,035
10,059,982
4,451,320
146,898
178,053
65,368
356,106
133,540
22,256,598
1,495,643
132,635
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Media and free flow of information / 15153
Transport policy and administrative management / 21010
Transport policy and administrative management / 21010
Road transport / 21020
Road transport / 21020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Multisector aid / 43010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, non-renew able sources – unspecified / 23310
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Food aid/Food security programmes / 52010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Higher education / 11420
Higher education / 11420
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Higher education / 11420
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural research / 31182
Higher education / 11420
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Human rights / 15160
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Energy education/training / 23181
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
CRS 2011001498ab / Support to Water Management in the SADC/Zambezi Region
CRS 2011001526 / Africa Commission. University, Research, Agro-Business initiative URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2012001010 / Voices for Change in Rural Africa
CRS 2012001201 / Climate Envelope 2012: IUCN - mangroves for the future (Asia)
CRS 2010001680 / HYSAWA Fund Component
CRS 2010001681 / Sector Policy Support Component
CRS 2010001683 / Danida Adviser - Support to Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
CRS 2012001242 / Support to Government of bangladesh on Climate Chnage Negotiation
CRS 2013001119 / Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project
CRS 2008001467 / Consolidation de la Liberté de la Presse
CRS 2011001527ab / Technical assistance to the Ministry of Transport and Roads Fund
CRS 2011001527aa / Technical assistance to the Ministry of Transport and Roads Fund
CRS 2011001528 / Techinal assistance to the communes
CRS 2011001530 / Financial support for the Ministry of Transport and Roads Fund
CRS 2009002295 / Budget Support for Capital Investments to Gew ogs
CRS 2009002297 / Capacity Development for Mainstreaming Environment, Climate Change and Poverty Concerns into Policies, Plans and Programmes
CRS 2012001148 / Support to Gross National Happiness Centre
CRS 2010001396ab / Support to policy development and national programmes of the agricultural sector
CRS 2010001396aa / Support to policy development and national programmes of the agricultural sector
CRS 2010001398ad / Support to small and medium sized enterprises and rural economic organisations in the agricultural production sector
CRS 2010001398aa / Support to small and medium sized enterprises and rural economic organisations in the agricultural production sector
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, consultancies and management
CRS 2010001403 / Adviser
CRS 2004001259 / Eau-Hygiène-Assainissement en mileu urbain
CRS 2004001260 / Appui institutionnel
CRS 2009002442 / Composante 1Appui au PAGIRE 2
CRS 2012001507ab / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507ac / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507aa / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001508 / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2006001418 / Changchun District Heating Project, Jilin Province
CRS 2008001543 / Renew able Energy Programme: Component 1 - institutional development
CRS 2008001544 / Renew able Energy Programme: Component 2 - innovative RE technologies
CRS 2008001545 / Renew able Energy Programme: Programme Administration
CRS 2008001546 / Renw eable Energy Programme: International Programme Advisor
CRS 2011001106 / B2B ENV Enhancement of bio ecological environmental sustainable solutions regardsing renew able energy and energy efficiency (PlanEnergi & Shifang)
CRS 2009002240 / CARE - climate adaptation in local societies in Africa
CRS 2009002255 / Support to secretariate at KU-LIFE for The Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Challenge Program
CRS 2009002259 / Water Governance - Water Development
CRS 2009002499 / PPP: Max Havelaar Contract
CRS 2011001193 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2011001194 / Universities Denmark - platforms Building Stronger Universities
CRS 2011001366 / New strategy for development cooperation 2012
CRS 2011001518 / Thematic Programme: One Planet Future w here People live in Harmony w ith Nature - Phase II
CRS 2012001123 / Climate Envelope 2012. Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU) - Ministry of Climate, Energi and Buildings (Danish Energy Agency)
CRS 2012001176 / Climate Envelope 2012: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy) - MAIN- Peru
CRS 2012001178 / Climate Envelope 2012: CARE Denmark/92 group: civil society activities, Southern Voices, phase 2
CRS 2012001200 / Climate Envelope 2012: GWP: regional w ater and climate project in Africa south of Sahara (WACDEP -AMCOW)
CRS 2012001277 / Climate Envelope 2012: Agrhymet - know ledge-based climate adaptation in West Africa
CRS 2012001278 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001308 / Study: Evidence and Strategic Choices for the Green Grow th Priority Area of Danida's Development Cooperation Strategy
CRS 2012001333aa / Evaluation of Danida supported research on agriculture and natural resource management
CRS 2012001404 / Universities Denmark - platforms Building Stronger Universities
CRS 2013001004aa / Oplysningsbevilling.Udvalgets egne projekter
CRS 2013001009 / Rammeaftale med Folkekirkens Nødhjælp
CRS 2013001010 / Rammeaftale med Ibis
CRS 2013001012 / Rammeaftale med Red Barnet
CRS 2013001069 / Denmark hosting the annual ASEM Seminar on Human Rights 2013
CRS 2013001118 / Climate Envelope 2013: WMO - Workshop for broadcast meteorologists on the IPCCs 'physical science basis' 2013
CRS 2013001143 / Evaluation of Danida Business-to-Business Programme
CRS 2013001242 / Rio+20 follow up: Water, Sustainable Energy and advancing the role of business in addressing climate change
CRS 2013001280 / CSR-facility. Fairtrade Mærket Danmark Fonden. Fairtrade for all: contribution to fivefold increase the Fairtrade consumption in Denmark by 2020
CRS 2013001314 / Climate Envelopes 2012 og 2013: IFU - Danish Climate Investment Fund
CRS 2013001325 / Climate Envelope 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), ph. 2
CRS 2013200002 / General contribution to IUCN
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
497
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0498.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2013
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
a
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Climate-specific
f, 2
Recipient country/
b
region/project/programme/activity
Domestic
currency
Committed
Disbursed
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Bio-diversity / 41030
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Media and free f low of information / 15153
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Livestock/veterinary services / 31195
CRS 2007001582 / Zafarana Wind Farm Project, Component III
CRS 2009002239 / Støtte til regionalt center for vedvarende energi i Egypten
CRS 2012001335 / Strategic Climate Institution Program
CRS 2012001380 / Mengella Environmental Conservation and Capacity Building Project
CRS 2012001384 / Creating Sustainabel Cocoa Supply Chain
CRS 2007001521 / Support to Public Sector Institutions
CRS 2007001523 / Support to Public Sector Institutions
CRS 2009002345 / U-landskalender 2010: Environmental Education for Children in Papua - for a brighter future for nature and people
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357aa / Environment and climate
CRS 2012001371 / Administration/review
CRS 2012001386 / Natural Ressourcemanagement and Climate
CRS 2012001387 / Advisors
CRS 2009002004 / U-landskalender 2009: Under the Same Sky: Schools for Sustainable Development
CRS 2009002026 / Sustainable Environment and Community Development in Kisumu (SECODE)
CRS 2009002460ab / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002472aa / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002473ab / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2009002473aa / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2010001536 / B2B: North Sea Ship Agency Ltd and Kenya Boats Ltd
CRS 2010001565 / BSPSII/Component 2 - Competitiveness of Micro-, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
CRS 2010001566 / BSPSII/Component 1 - Business Enabling Environment
CRS 2010001567 / BSPSII/Component 3 - Innovation and piloting Green Energy
CRS 2011001208 / Kenya: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support for climate adapted food production
CRS 2012001326 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2013001056 / DBP Imp: GreenBizAfrica Ltd and Anker Andersen A/S - Regeneration Ltd.
CRS 2008001030 / Actionbased nature and game administration classes in primary schools
CRS 2008001050 / Community Based Wildlife Management (CBWM) supported by civil society
CRS 2007001356ab / Développement institutionnel
CRS 2007001356aa / Développement institutionnel
CRS 2007001358 / Développement agricole local
CRS 2007001359ab / Conseillers et Assistance technique
CRS 2007001359aa / Conseillers et Assistance technique
CRS 2007001360ab / Revues, études et audits
CRS 2009002134 / Projet de faisabilité des ressources de l'énergie renouvelables au Mali
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2011001172 / Projet de promotion du Développement Durable et de Preservation de la Biodiversité autour des Monts Mandingue au Mali
CRS 2010001507 / MERAP - Middle East Regional Agri. Prog.
CRS 2009002027 / Forstlig rådgivning til bønder i Mozambique
CRS 2010001416aa / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001450 / Training of w omen as drivers of donated garbage trucks
CRS 2010001458 / Component 3
CRS 2010001460 / Administration/review
CRS 2010001463 / Unallocated Funds
CRS 2011001553 / B2B project: Kajovem & Jorton
CRS 2011001559 / B2B Pilot Project: HelpMultiservice & Kuntkes Holding
CRS 2011001228 / (DVB) Support to Democratic Voice of Burma
CRS 2006001389 / ESAP II - Institutional support
CRS 2010001277 / A Step Closer: Supporting development in the Karnali Zone
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Central Renew able Energy Fund (CREF) Component
CRS 2012001360 / NRREP: Technical Support Component
CRS 2012001361 / NRREP: Productive Energy Component
CRS 2012001362 / NRREP: AEPC Administration
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Review s, Audit and Studies
CRS 2008001522 / Institutional development on national level
CRS 2008001523 / Institutional development on national level
CRS 2008001528 / Rural development Support in Dif fa and Zinder regions
CRS 2008001530 / Danida Fellow ship Centre
CRS 2012001157 / Composante 1/Approvisonnement en Eau Potable et Gestion Intégrée de Ressources en Eau
CRS 2012001158 / Composante 2/ Promotion de l'Hygiène et de l'Assainissement de Base
CRS 2012001160 / Conseiller Danida
CRS 2005001439 / Institutional Support to CCAD
CRS 2005001441 / Support to decentralized environmental management in Guatemala
CRS 2005001443 / Support to Eco enterprises in Guatemala
CRS 2005001444 / Eco-enterprises in sustainable management in Honduras
CRS 2010001509 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, capacity building
CRS 2010001510 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, Financing facility
CRS 2010001512 / Adviser
CRS 2011001398aa / Danida Assistance to Somalia 2011-2014 Component 2: Grow th and Employment
Egypt
Egypt
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ghana
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Malaw i
Malaw i
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
North & Central America, regional
North & Central America, regional
North & Central America, regional
North & Central America, regional
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Somalia
576,381
3,750,000
1,511,390
795,165
82,739
16,046
1,760,009
106,327
15,888,473
7,570,223
2,650
10,145,699
2,086,204
220,238
1,572,686
1,896,149
9,164,733
14,733,491
92,514
12,801,567
125,341
9,012,611
13,508,270
19,644,501
5,000,000
1,047,755
250,330
141,666
44,417
1,933,439
87,946
1,136,655
421,727
124,902
989,786
44,746
12,999,844
644,474
3,101,784
14,802
8,941,025
71,338
3,750,000
819,775
1,000,000
1,235,225
1,100,000
750,000
633,003
102,292
11,123,772
15,597,500
1,254,500
1,464,000
260,882
2,725,420
1,779,207
13,735,208
173,262
9,553,702
2,388,552
524,987
2,988
8,253
4,523
9,405
1,696,058
520,800
365,899
2,000,000
102,626
667,698
269,107
141,581
14,732
2,857
313,374
18,932
2,828,987
1,347,899
472
1,806,470
371,455
39,214
280,021
337,615
1,631,806
2,623,339
16,472
2,279,355
22,317
1,604,721
2,405,185
3,497,758
890,264
186,556
44,572
25,224
7,909
344,254
15,659
202,385
75,090
22,239
176,234
7,967
2,314,658
114,750
552,281
2,636
1,591,974
12,702
667,698
145,963
178,053
219,935
195,858
133,540
112,708
18,213
1,980,619
2,777,178
223,367
260,669
46,451
485,269
316,793
2,445,592
30,850
1,701,063
425,288
93,475
532
1,469
805
1,675
301,988
92,730
65,149
356,106
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
498
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0499.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2013
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
a
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Climate-specific
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Domestic
currency
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Energy research / 23182
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Energy education/training / 23181
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Education and training in w ater supply and sanitation / 14081
Culture and recreation / 16061
Education and training in w ater supply and sanitation / 14081
Education and training in w ater supply and sanitation / 14081
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural co-operatives / 31194
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water resources conservation (including data collection) / 14015
CRS 2008001542 / Support to capacity and know ledge development in w ind ressource planning in South Africa
CRS 2009002009 / B2B:Energi Danmark A/S and NETGroup South Africa (Pty) Ltd
CRS 2012001269 / Project Support to Department of Energy for undertaking a public aw areness campaign on w ind energy
CRS 2012001288 / Climate Envelope 2012: South Af rica - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / Private/Public Partnership Project in the Water Sector
CRS 2007001066 / Community Development and Sustainable Management of Marine Resources in Mnazai Bay and Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) in Tanzania
CRS 2007001286 / EMA-ISP Component 1
CRS 2007001291 / PFM - Component 3
CRS 2012001491 / Support to Sustainable Access to Safe and Clean Water for Marginalized and Vulnerable Women and Girls in Monduli District
CRS 2008001259 / B2B Konserve Consult Ltd and Energimidt A/S
CRS 2009002062 / Development Assistance to Refugee Hosting Areas, Phase II
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2010001059 / Sector Budget Support to Rural Water Supply and Sanitation olus Water for Production
CRS 2010001581 / Youth Cultures Project
CRS 2010001673ab / Joint Partnership Fund (basket)
CRS 2010001673aa / Joint Partnership Fund (basket)
CRS 2010001676ab / Long term T.A
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich and Uvan
CRS 2012001411 / An integrated approach to natural resources management in Northern Uganda
CRS 2013001184 / Sector Budget Support for Rural Water Supply
CRS 2013001353 / Joint Partnership Fund-basket
CRS 2006001131 / Budget Support
CRS 2006001132 / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001133 / Programme management
CRS 2007001119 / Central component
CRS 2008001365 / Support to National Target Programme on Climate Change
CRS 2008001366 / Support to National Energy Efficiency Programme
CRS 2008001367 / Programme management
CRS 2009002353 / Community Development among Ethnic Minorities in Nothern Vietnam
CRS 2010001271 / More Trees: Livelihood improvement and climate adaptation based on farm forestry in Northern Vietnam
CRS 2010001520 / Radio programme for Behaviour Change to Address Climate Change
CRS 2011001362 / Capacity buildign and completion of legal framew orks for Vietnam marine protected areas netw ork
CRS 2011001479ab / Renew able Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2012001287ab / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001486 / Danish support to Reduction of Non-Revenue Water in Vietnam
CRS 2008001475 / Capacity development
CRS 2008001478 / Civil Society Fund
CRS 2008001481 / Program review s
CRS 2009002249 / Climate Change Programme Zambia
CRS 2011001393 / Review , Audit and Studies
CRS 2011001407ab / Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
CRS 2011001407aa / Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
CRS 2011001445 / Capacity Building University of Zambia (UNZA)
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Total:
1,512,573
60,121
129,249
8,522,014
171,055
25,186
35,682
1,394,177
601,646
780,307
6,809,458
18,591,745
7,313,691
507,690
309,417
12,313,160
335,863
355,561
1,526,712
40,670,000
27,500,000
20,704,184
40,269
203,430
78,934
10,594,051
15,337,459
1,068,739
457,000
944,489
219,782
219,401
261,902
397,074
1,860,159
449,612
4,579,588
2,165,117
11,253
344,620
752,281
4,671,754
662,118
5,368,789
982,163,146
269,318
10,705
23,013
1,517,368
30,457
4,484
6,353
248,237
107,125
138,936
1,212,443
3,310,312
1,302,223
90,396
55,093
2,192,392
59,801
63,309
271,835
7,241,407
4,896,452
3,686,438
7,170
36,221
14,054
1,886,300
2,730,877
190,292
81,370
168,169
39,133
39,065
46,632
70,700
331,207
80,055
815,408
385,505
2,004
61,361
133,946
831,819
117,892
955,928
174,876,885
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
499
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0500.png
2014
Table 7
CTF Table 7-, 7a- and 7b-formats
2014.1 COMMITTED
2014.1.1
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2014
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2014
Committed
2014
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
b
d, 2
e
USD
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
53,293,500
0
0
11,543,500
41,750,000
417,418,500
470,712,000
Adaptation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
Mitigation
9,495,557
0
0
2,056,760
7,438,797
74,373,444
83,869,001
Adaptation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,491,764,000
435,000,000
0
491,448,000
565,316,000
1,491,764,000
352,050,000
150,000,000
0
161,050,000
41,000,000
905,262,500
1,257,312,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
265,794,703
77,506,024
0
87,563,633
100,725,047
265,794,703
62,726,427
26,726,215
0
28,695,046
7,305,165
161,294,935
224,021,362
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,728,024,500
307,890,363
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
5.6125
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 5.612467)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
500
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0501.png
2014.1.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2014
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2014
Committed
Total amount
Core/general
Donor funding
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
d, 1
Status
Climate-specific
e, 2
b, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels (2)
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other (OECD)
Other (GGGI)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (UN Global Compact)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction)
Other (WFP)
Subtotal
Total
1,491,764,000
435,000,000
435,000,000
265,794,703
77,506,024
77,506,024
405,343,500
150,000,000
72,221,984
26,726,215
Committed
ODA
Grant
150,000,000
26,726,215
Committed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
435,000,000
491,448,000
77,506,024
87,563,633
150,000,000
172,593,500
26,726,215
30,751,807
411,320,000
73,286,845
57,000,000
3,000,000
10,155,962
534,524
2,503,355
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
4,750,000
2,941,000
852,500
90,000,000
846,330
524,012
151,894
16,035,729
30,751,807
14,743,962
6,547,923
7,126,991
890,874
178,175
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
82,750,000
405,343,500
14,743,962
72,221,984
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-cutting
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Cross-cutting
Mitigation
Cross-cutting
Other (99% Agricultural development / 31120, 1% Anti-corruption organisations
and institutions / 15113)
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
25,000,000
55,128,000
4,454,369
9,822,419
14,050,000
491,448,000
565,316,000
345,000,000
87,563,633
100,725,047
61,470,295
172,593,500
82,750,000
36,750,000
40,000,000
5,000,000
1,000,000
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-cutting
Mitigation
Cross-cutting
Other (80% Energy policy and administrative management / 23110, 20%
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
5,316,000
5,000,000
210,000,000
565,316,000
1,491,764,000
947,177
890,874
37,416,701
100,725,047
265,794,703
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
501
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0502.png
2014.1.3
Table 7(b)
Committed
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2014
Total amount
Status
c , 3
Funding
source
4
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2014
a
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Additional Information
e
Climate-specific
f, 2
Recipient country/ region/project/programme/activity
b
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and
other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ghana
Ghana
Indonesia
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mozambique
Mozambique
Nepal
Niger
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
1,322,681,000
35,000,000
95,000,000
725,000
600,000
3,000,000
33,770,000
6,980,000
700,000
1,800,000
5,900,000
450,000
4,000,000
12,460,000
112,000,000
2,500,000
10,500,000
1,500,000
3,676,000
1,550,000
300,000
620,000
929,500
60,500,000
61,500,000
28,000,000
7,500,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
14,500,000
5,000,000
1,274,000
4,350,000
2,500,000
4,577,500
45,000,000
24,362,500
43,729,500
22,760,000
25,000,000
1,250,000
15,000,000
1,350,000
37,500,000
25,000,000
73,800,000
751,000
2,003,000
948,000
469,000
2,125,000
7,500,000
1,000,000
2,200,000
1,247,000
1,580,500
60,626,500
34,570,000
15,000,000
25,000,000
1,900,000
41,000,000
14,000,000
200,000
62,500
2,500,000
5,593,000
375,000
130,000,000
5,746,500
64,253,500
22,500,000
5,000,000
7,500,000
7,750,000
617,000
300,000
1,949,500
1,322,681,000
235,668,379
6,236,117
16,926,603
129,177
106,905
534,524
6,016,962
1,243,660
124,722
320,715
1,051,231
80,179
712,699
2,220,058
19,955,574
445,437
1,870,835
267,262
654,970
276,171
53,452
110,468
165,613
10,779,573
10,957,748
4,988,893
1,336,311
890,874
1,069,049
1,247,223
2,583,534
890,874
226,995
775,060
445,437
815,595
8,017,865
4,340,783
7,791,493
4,055,258
4,454,369
222,718
2,672,622
240,536
6,681,554
4,454,369
13,149,298
133,809
356,884
168,910
83,564
378,621
1,336,311
178,175
391,984
222,184
281,605
10,802,113
6,159,502
2,672,622
4,454,369
338,532
7,305,165
2,494,447
35,635
11,136
445,437
996,531
66,816
23,162,720
1,023,881
11,448,352
4,008,932
890,874
1,336,311
1,380,854
109,934
53,452
347,352
235,668,379
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Human rights / 15160
Security system management and reform / 15210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Biofuel-f ired pow er plants / 23270
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Agricultural development / 31120
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
CRS 2014001300ab / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2014001300aa / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2014001040 / Opf ølgning på Opportunity Africa 2014
CRS 2014001107 / Support to ASEAN w orkshop on Human Rights, Environment and Climate Change
CRS 2014001161 / JCLEC - core support to JCLEC strategic plan 2014-2019
CRS 2014001221ab / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221ad / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221aa / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2010001396ab / Support to policy development and national programmes of the agricultural sector
CRS 2010001396aa / Support to policy development and national programmes of the agricultural sector
CRS 2010001398ab / Support to small and medium sized enterprises and rural economic organisations in the agricultural production sector
CRS 2013001339ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001378ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2013001378ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2013001378aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding f or Fundación INESAD
CRS 2008001543 / Renew able Energy Programme: Component 1 - institutional development
CRS 2008001545 / Renew able Energy Programme: Programme Administration
CRS 2008001546 / Renw eable Energy Programme: International Programme Advisor
CRS 2008001547 / Renew able Energy Programme: Monitoring and Review s
CRS 2014001001 / Preparation and information of evaluations, evaluation studies and other studies
CRS 2014001005 / Rammeaftale med Ibis
CRS 2014001008 / Rammeaftale med Folkekirkens Nødhjælp
CRS 2014001010 / Rammeaftale med Red Barnet
CRS 2014001014 / Frame Agreement w ith Verdens Skove
CRS 2014001041 / 3GF 2014-bevilling
CRS 2014001079 / International Research.
CRS 2014001082 / Frame agreement w ith Danmission 2014
CRS 2014001083 / Frame agreement w ith Caritas 2014
CRS 2014001084 / Frame agreement w ith Vedvarende Energi 2014
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106 / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001128 / General Support to Transparency International
CRS 2014001145 / Grant for the administration af research to Danida Fellow ship centre
CRS 2014001167 / Support for climate and energy actitities in developing countries UNEP and UNEP-Risø
CRS 2014001184 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven f rom 2013
CRS 2014001185 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven f rom 2013
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001229 / Global Climate Partnership Fund (GCPF)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001234 / IIED 2014-2019
CRS 2014001292 / Klimapuljen 2014 - Support to negotiation activitites
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014001371 / IUCN - Programme support 2015-2016
CRS 2014001384 / Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Facility
CRS 2014200036 / General contribution to IUCN
CRS 2014001172 / Mathiesen Plast and Jana - Sauce Production
CRS 2014121585 / Small-scale activities aggregated
CRS 2014128231 / Small-scale activities aggregated
CRS 2014001199 / DBP Kaltimex Lestari Makmur and Syntes Engineering
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002472ab / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2014001108 / Climate Innovation Centre Kenya - 3GF
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluationof the Danida Country Programme f or Kenya
CRS 2009002330ac / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330ad / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2014001325 / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326 / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001100 / Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd and Nilpeter A/S
CRS 2014001138aa / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2007001287aa / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001288 / Adviser
CRS 2012001491 / Support to Sustainable Access to Safe and Clean Water f or Marginalized and Vulnerable Women and Girls in Monduli District
CRS 2013001365 / BSPS IV - Component 1: Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2013001355ab / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / Agribusiness Initiative - aBi Trust & aBi Finance
CRS 2014001149ab / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149aa / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001150 / Unallocated Funds
CRS 2014001151 / Review s and Studies
CRS 2014001401ab / Renew able Energy and Energy Ef ficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401aa / Renew able Energy and Energy Ef ficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2006001132ab / Technical assistance
CRS 2007001119 / Central component
CRS 2014001245 / DBP Thuy Son JSC and C.F. Nielsen A/S
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
502
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0503.png
2014.2 DISBURSED
2014.2.1
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2014
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2014
Disbursed
2014
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
USD
d, 2
e
b
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
98,244,500
0
0
72,363,500
25,881,000
393,386,500
491,631,000
Adaptation
55,000,000
0
0
40,000,000
15,000,000
115,893,500
170,893,500
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
Mitigation
17,504,691
0
0
12,893,350
4,611,341
70,091,548
87,596,239
Adaptation
9,799,612
0
0
7,126,991
2,672,622
20,649,297
30,448,910
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,495,481,000
270,000,000
0
600,687,000
624,794,000
1,495,481,000
182,006,000
100,000,000
0
40,786,500
41,219,500
605,763,000
787,769,000
33,401,000
6,722,000
6,722,000
26,679,000
0
0
33,401,000
266,456,979
48,107,187
0
107,027,266
111,322,525
266,456,979
32,428,877
17,817,477
0
7,267,125
7,344,275
107,931,681
140,360,558
5,951,215
1,197,691
1,197,691
4,753,525
0
0
5,951,215
1,483,694,500
264,356,922
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
5.6125
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 5.612467)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
503
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0504.png
2014.2.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2014
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2014
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Donor funding
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
Asian Development Bank (AsDF)
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other (CGIAR)
Other (GGGI)
1,360,481,000
135,000,000
135,000,000
242,403,385
24,053,594
24,053,594
368,651,500
106,722,000
65,684,395
19,015,167
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
100,000,000
17,817,477
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
6,722,000
135,000,000
600,687,000
24,053,594
107,027,266
106,722,000
179,829,000
1,197,691
19,015,167
32,040,990
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
411,320,000
3,600,000
73,286,845
641,429
5,500,000
40,000,000
43,445,000
979,961
7,126,991
7,740,803
1,296,221
16,570
4,289,647
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
24,075,500
Disbursed
Disbursed
4,750,000
846,330
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Mitigation
Energy manufacturing / 32167
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Other (91% Agricultural development / 31120; 9% Anti-corruption organisations and institutions / 15113)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Other (79% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 21% Energy policy and administrative management
/ 23110)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
26,000,000
55,101,000
33,308,000
4,632,544
9,817,608
5,934,645
7,275,000
93,000
35,000,000
6,236,117
28,011,500
4,990,942
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Other (Nordic Development Fund)
Other (Other multilateral institutions)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other (UN)
Other (FAO)
Other (IFAD)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (ISDR)
Other (Economic Commission for Europe)
Other (Office for Project Services)
Other (WFP)
Other (United Nations Global Compact)
Subtotal
Total
36,358,000
600,687,000
624,794,000
346,478,000
30,000,000
6,478,078
26,679,000
107,027,266
111,322,525
61,733,637
5,345,243
179,829,000
82,100,500
20,881,000
35,000,000
5,000,000
15,000,000
4,753,525
32,040,990
14,628,237
3,720,467
6,236,117
890,874
2,672,622
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Other (NA)
Other (NA)
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Other (50% Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220; 32% Energy policy and administrative
management / 23110; 18% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
28,000,000
5,316,000
5,000,000
4,988,893
947,177
890,874
219,500
5,000,000
39,109
890,874
178,175
14,628,237
65,684,395
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
210,000,000
624,794,000
1,360,481,000
37,416,701
1,000,000
111,322,525
242,403,385
82,100,500
368,651,500
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
504
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0505.png
2014.2.3
Table 7(b)
Disbursed
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2014
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2014
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral,
regional and other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Benin
Benin
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
1,115,043,000
9,750,000
9,000,000
16,500,000
25,000,000
234,000
4,709,000
15,681,500
68,000
14,885,000
584,500
564,500
1,250,000
38,788,500
1,411,000
135,000
4,966,000
10,814,000
4,000
263,000
255,000
12,000
2,695,500
1,088,000
453,000
269,000
191,000
29,656,000
1,478,000
10,840,000
545,000
131,000
14,703,500
1,006,000
585,000
249,000
5,125,000
1,515,000
16,288,500
17,462,000
9,880,000
11,940,000
414,000
1,025,000
620,000
198,672,527
1,737,204
1,603,573
2,939,884
4,454,369
41,693
839,025
2,794,048
12,116
2,652,131
104,143
100,580
222,718
6,911,132
251,405
24,054
884,816
1,926,782
713
46,860
45,435
2,138
480,270
193,854
80,713
47,929
34,031
5,283,951
263,342
1,931,414
97,105
23,341
2,619,793
179,244
104,232
44,366
913,146
269,935
2,902,200
3,111,288
1,760,367
2,127,407
73,764
182,629
110,468
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Rural development / 43040
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Human rights / 15160
Security system management and reform / 15210
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Transport policy and administrative management / 21010
Road transport / 21020
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
CRS 2013001246 / Support to National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Support to DACAAR
CRS 2014001300ab / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2014001300aa / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2009002287 / Africa Commission. University, Research, Agro-Business initiative URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2011001498aa / Support to Water Management in the SADC/Zambezi Region
CRS 2011001526 / Africa Commission. University, Research, Agro-Business initiative URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2014001040 / Opfølgning på Opportunity Africa 2014
CRS 2012001201 / Climate Envelope 2012: IUCN - mangroves for the future (Asia)
CRS 2013001225 / CSR-facility: Fashion Links - Access to Sustainable Production
CRS 2014001107 / Support to ASEAN w orkshop on Human Rights, Environment and Climate Change
CRS 2014001161 / JCLEC - core support to JCLEC strategic plan 2014-2019
CRS 2010001680 / HYSAWA Fund Component
CRS 2010001681 / Sector Policy Support Component
CRS 2010001682 / Programme Management and Review
CRS 2013001119 / Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project
CRS 2014001221ab / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221aa / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2011001527 / Technical assistance to the Ministry of Transport and Roads Fund
CRS 2011001528 / Techinal assistance to the communes
CRS 2005001125 / Support to Local Economic Development w ithin the Agricultural Sector of Potosí and Chuquisaca
CRS 2010001396aa / Support to policy development and national programmes of the agricultural sector
CRS 2010001398ac / Support to small and medium sized enterprises and rural economic organisations in the agricultural production sector
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, consultancies and management
CRS 2010001403 / Adviser
CRS 2010001515 / B2B Tusequis Ltda and Sera Scandia A/S
CRS 2013001339ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001339ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001378ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2013001378ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2013001378aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding for Fundación INESAD
CRS 2009002442 / Composante 1Appui au PAGIRE 2
CRS 2012001507ab / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507aa / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001508 / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2008001543 / Renew able Energy Programme: Component 1 - institutional development
CRS 2008001544 / Renew able Energy Programme: Component 2 - innovative RE technologies
CRS 2008001545 / Renew able Energy Programme: Programme Administration
CRS 2008001546 / Renw eable Energy Programme: International Programme Advisor
CRS 2008001547 / Renew able Energy Programme: Monitoring and Review s
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
505
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0506.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2014
Disbursed
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Food aid/Food security programmes / 52010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Higher education / 11420
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Higher education / 11420
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Rural development / 43040
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Forestry education/training / 31281
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
CRS 2009002240 / CARE - climate adaptation in local societies in Africa
CRS 2009002255 / Support to secretariate at KU-LIFE for The Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Challenge Program
CRS 2009002362 / Sustainable Natural Resource Management
CRS 2011001193 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2011001194 / Universities Denmark - platforms Building Stronger Universities
CRS 2011001518 / Thematic Programme: One Planet Future w here People live in Harmony w ith Nature - Phase II
CRS 2012001176 / Climate Envelope 2012: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy) - MAIN- Peru
CRS 2012001277 / Climate Envelope 2012: Agrhymet - know ledge-based climate adaptation in West Africa
CRS 2012001278 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001302 / IDH - Dutch sustainable trade initiative
CRS 2012001404 / Universities Denmark - platforms Building Stronger Universities
CRS 2012001420 / Horn of Africa - food security and resilience - programme management
CRS 2013001139 / IWGIA 2013-2015: Climate change partnership w ith indiginous peoples in South- and Southeast Asia - pro-poor REDD
CRS 2013001143 / Evaluation of Danida Business-to-Business Programme
CRS 2013001177 / Rio+20 2013: IUCN - Closing the know ledge-investment gap in drylands
CRS 2013001178 / Climate Envelope 2013 - World Bank-ESMAP, IEA and IISD - fossil fuel subsidy reform
CRS 2013001290 / Support to Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001291 / Rio+20 2013: GWP - Policy dialogue and know ledge generation for w ater security
CRS 2013001342 / International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
CRS 2014001001 / Preparation and information of evaluations, evaluation studies and other studies
CRS 2014001005 / Rammeaftale med Ibis
CRS 2014001008 / Rammeaftale med Folkekirkens Nødhjælp
CRS 2014001010 / Rammeaftale med Red Barnet
CRS 2014001014 / Frame Agreement w ith Verdens Skove
CRS 2014001041 / 3GF 2014-bevilling
CRS 2014001079 / International Research.
CRS 2014001082 / Frame agreement w ith Danmission 2014
CRS 2014001083 / Frame agreement w ith Caritas 2014
CRS 2014001084 / Frame agreement w ith Vedvarende Energi 2014
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106 / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001128 / General Support to Transparency International
CRS 2014001145 / Grant for the administration af research to Danida Fellow ship centre
CRS 2014001167 / Support for climate and energy actitities in developing countries UNEP and UNEP-Risø
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001229 / Global Climate Partnership Fund (GCPF)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001234 / IIED 2014-2019
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014200036 / General contribution to IUCN
CRS 2012001380 / Mengella Environmental Conservation and Capacity Building Project
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-facility: Let's do it right in Myanmar - supporting strong corporate social and environmental responsibility
CRS 2014121585 / Small-scale activities aggregated
CRS 2006001150 / Bæredygtig skovforvaltning i Olanchito, Honduras
CRS 2007001523 / Support to Public Sector Institutions
CRS 2009002345 / U-landskalender 2010: Environmental Education for Children in Papua - for a brighter future for nature and people
CRS 2010001615 / Sustainable Management of Mbeliling Forest on Flores, Indonesia
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357 / Environment and climate
CRS 2012001386 / Natural Ressourcemanagement and Climate
CRS 2012001387 / Advisors
CRS 2012001442 / DBP Pandega Desain Weharima and AG5
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia and Smoke Solution
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Ghana
Honduras
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
3,000,000
280,000
37,000
9,150,000
27,500
7,773,500
708,000
8,902,000
7,262,500
2,550,000
3,175,000
288,000
5,000,000
894,500
1,750,000
2,500,000
6,000,000
3,500,000
10,000,000
689,000
60,500,000
61,500,000
28,000,000
7,500,000
2,628,500
3,500,000
7,000,000
14,493,000
5,000,000
878,000
1,604,000
1,250,000
987,500
20,000,000
11,380,000
25,000,000
546,000
5,000,000
12,500,000
751,000
640,000
1,000,000
646,000
61,000
567,500
1,203,000
1,500,000
3,531,000
6,091,000
3,682,000
2,898,000
189,500
674,500
534,524
49,889
6,592
1,630,299
4,900
1,385,042
126,148
1,586,112
1,293,994
454,346
565,705
51,314
890,874
159,377
311,806
445,437
1,069,049
623,612
1,781,748
122,762
10,779,573
10,957,748
4,988,893
1,336,311
468,332
623,612
1,247,223
2,582,287
890,874
156,437
285,792
222,718
175,948
3,563,495
2,027,629
4,454,369
97,283
890,874
2,227,185
133,809
114,032
178,175
115,101
10,869
101,114
214,344
267,262
629,135
1,085,263
656,039
516,350
33,764
120,179
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
506
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0507.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2014
Disbursed
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Media and free flow of information / 15153
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Women’s equality organisations and institutions / 15170
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
CRS 2008001590 / Prime Minister's Office - Establishment and Support of the Climate Change Coordination Unit
CRS 2009002460ab / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002472ab / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002472aa / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002473 / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2010001565 / BSPSII/Component 2 - Competitiveness of Micro-, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
CRS 2010001566 / BSPSII/Component 1 - Business Enabling Environment
CRS 2010001567 / BSPSII/Component 3 - Innovation and piloting Green Energy
CRS 2012001326 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001327 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001328 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001329 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2013001056 / DBP Imp: GreenBizAfrica Ltd and Anker Andersen A/S - Regeneration Ltd.
CRS 2014001108 / Climate Innovation Centre Kenya - 3GF
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluationof the Danida Country Programme for Kenya
CRS 2007001356 / Développement institutionnel
CRS 2007001358 / Développement agricole local
CRS 2007001359 / Conseillers et Assistance technique
CRS 2007001360 / Revues, études et audits
CRS 2009002330ac / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330ad / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2013001256 / Développement et amélioration des infrastructures (composant 2)
CRS 2013001258 / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2010001507 / MERAP - Middle East Regional Agri. Prog.
CRS 2010001416 / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001450 / Training of w omen as drivers of donated garbage trucks
CRS 2010001458 / Component 3
CRS 2010001460 / Administration/review
CRS 2010001461 / Component 2-Municipalities
CRS 2011001228 / (DVB) Support to Democratic Voice of Burma
CRS 2013001078 / (GRET) Myanmar Farmers Innovating for Rural development and Environmental restoration, MyFIRE
CRS 2006001389 / ESAP II - Institutional support
CRS 2006001390 / ESAP II - Rural Energy Fund
CRS 2012001112 / Women at Work Children at School
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Central Renew able Energy Fund (CREF) Component
CRS 2012001360 / NRREP: Technical Support Component
CRS 2012001361 / NRREP: Productive Energy Component
CRS 2012001362 / NRREP: AEPC Administration
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Review s, Audit and Studies
CRS 2013001129 / DBP Nepal Fertliser Industries and Biosa ApS
CRS 2014001100 / Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd and Nilpeter A/S
CRS 2008001522 / Institutional development on national level
CRS 2008001530 / Danida Fellow ship Centre
CRS 2012001157 / Composante 1/Approvisonnement en Eau Potable et Gestion Intégrée de Ressources en Eau
CRS 2012001158 / Composante 2/ Promotion de l'Hygiène et de l'Assainissement de Base
CRS 2012001160 / Conseiller Danida
CRS 2012001171 / Assistance technique par Bureaux d'études
CRS 2012001172 / Revues, Audits, études et formulation de la 3ème phase du programme
CRS 2014001138aa / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
6,000
2,119,500
5,363,500
731,000
6,907,000
19,016,500
8,211,000
13,547,000
4,696,000
6,609,000
10,544,000
2,818,000
220,000
129,000
2,219,000
300,000
302,500
1,323,500
500
378,000
3,557,000
35,437,500
8,440,000
6,292,000
92,000
402,500
7,737,500
48,000
3,750,000
1,332,000
3,017,000
400,000
1,975,000
19,000
1,322,000
62,500
13,550,000
4,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
99,000
294,000
232,500
489,000
22,000
10,211,000
4,478,000
591,500
1,186,500
163,000
2,250,000
1,069
377,641
955,640
130,246
1,230,653
3,388,260
1,462,993
2,413,734
836,709
1,177,557
1,878,675
502,096
39,198
22,985
395,370
53,452
53,898
235,814
89
67,350
633,768
6,314,068
1,503,795
1,121,076
16,392
71,715
1,378,627
8,552
668,155
237,329
537,553
71,270
351,895
3,385
235,547
11,136
2,414,268
712,699
178,175
178,175
17,639
52,383
41,426
87,127
3,920
1,819,343
797,867
105,390
211,404
29,042
400,893
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
507
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0508.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2014
Disbursed
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Livestock/veterinary services / 31195
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy research / 23182
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Trade facilitation / 33120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Water transport / 21040
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Culture and recreation / 16061
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Urban development and management / 43030
Agricultural co-operatives / 31194
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water resources conservation (including data collection) / 14015
CRS 2005001439 / Institutional Support to CCAD
CRS 2010001509 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, capacity building
CRS 2010001510 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, Financing facility
CRS 2010001511 / Administration incl. audit and review
CRS 2010001512 / Adviser
CRS 2011001398 / Danida Assistance to Somalia 2011-2014 Component 2: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2012001418aa / Horn of Africa - comp. 2: FAO and NGO consortium: support to resilience in Somalia
CRS 2005001231 / Component 1 Support to National and provincial spheres
CRS 2005001232 / Component 2 Civil society, know ledge management and research
CRS 2005001233 / Component 3 Local government support for urban environmental management
CRS 2008001542 / Support to capacity and know ledge development in w ind ressource planning in South Africa
CRS 2012001288 / Climate Envelope 2012: South Africa - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / Private/Public Partnership Project in the Water Sector
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-Facility: Establishment and implementation of international standards for sustainable and traceable cocoa
CRS 2013001326 / Organic Denmark - project identification for the project ECOMEA 'Enhancing the capacity of the organic movements in East Africa'
CRS 2007001286 / EMA-ISP Component 1
CRS 2007001287ab / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001287aa / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001288 / Adviser
CRS 2007001291 / PFM - Component 3
CRS 2012001491 / Support to Sustainable Access to Safe and Clean Water for Marginalized and Vulnerable Women and Girls in Monduli District
CRS 2013001193 / Renew al of Ferry Fleet on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa: Support to Detailed Design and Tendering
CRS 2013001365 / BSPS IV - Component 1: Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2008001259 / B2B Konserve Consult Ltd and Energimidt A/S
CRS 2009002060 / Restoration of Agricultural Livelihood in Northern Uganda
CRS 2009002062 / Development Assistance to Refugee Hosting Areas, Phase II
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2010001260 / Eco- Community School programme in Uganda
CRS 2010001581 / Youth Cultures Project
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich and Uvan
CRS 2012001213 / International Woodland Company and Continental Forests Ltd.
CRS 2012001411 / An integrated approach to natural resources management in Northern Uganda
CRS 2013001184 / Sector Budget Support for Rural Water Supply
CRS 2013001353 / Joint Partnership Fund-basket
CRS 2013001354 / Long term technical assistance
CRS 2013001355ab / Administration/review
CRS 2013001355aa / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / Agribusiness Initiative - aBi Trust & aBi Finance
CRS 2014001149ab / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149aa / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2006001131 / Budget Support
CRS 2006001132aa / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001133 / Programme management
CRS 2007001119 / Central component
CRS 2008001365 / Support to National Target Programme on Climate Change
CRS 2008001366 / Support to National Energy Efficiency Programme
CRS 2008001367 / Programme management
CRS 2009002068 / Local Agenda 21 Activities in Poor in Low -income Communities in Hanoi
CRS 2009002353 / Community Development among Ethnic Minorities in Nothern Vietnam
CRS 2011001479 / Renew able Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2012001287ab / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001147 / Danish Active House in Vietnam
CRS 2013001197 / DBP: ABBO ltd. and Vestas Wind System A/S
CRS 2013001198 / DBP: University of Can Tho and Oxy Guard International A/S
CRS 2008001475 / Capacity development
CRS 2011001391 / Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
CRS 2011001393 / Review , Audit and Studies
CRS 2011001407 / Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation
CRS 2011001445 / Capacity Building University of Zambia (UNZA)
North & Central America, regional
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Somalia
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
South of Sahara, regional
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Zambia
Total
1,500
1,974,500
2,604,500
79,000
372,000
2,000,000
5,000,000
97,500
108,000
888,000
2,166,000
1,283,000
370,500
1,285,000
1,048,000
32,000
290,000
9,792,500
224,000
188,500
635,000
589,500
1,242,000
163,000
1,753,500
96,000
6,336,500
211,500
97,500
647,000
577,000
1,728,000
58,100,000
27,500,000
1,086,000
225,000
799,000
22,251,500
26,500
328,500
5,347,000
1,029,000
120,500
155,500
43,645,000
15,991,000
650,000
8,000
246,500
1,590,000
39,253,000
1,182,000
227,500
500,500
617,000
11,500
1,673,000
234,500
155,500
94,000
1,115,043,000
267
351,806
464,056
14,076
66,281
356,350
890,874
17,372
19,243
158,219
385,927
228,598
66,014
228,955
186,727
5,702
51,671
1,744,776
39,911
33,586
113,141
105,034
221,293
29,042
312,429
17,105
1,129,004
37,684
17,372
115,279
102,807
307,886
10,351,954
4,899,806
193,498
40,089
142,362
3,964,656
4,722
58,530
952,700
183,342
21,470
27,706
7,776,438
2,849,193
115,814
1,425
43,920
283,298
6,993,894
210,603
40,535
89,176
109,934
2,049
298,086
41,782
27,706
16,748
198,672,527
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
508
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0509.png
2015
Table 7
CTF Table 7-, 7a- and 7b-formats
2015.1 COMMITTED
2015.1.1
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2015
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2015
Committed
2015
Domestic currency
Allocation channels
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
b
d, 2
e
USD
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
37,976,000
0
0
37,976,000
0
154,050,535
192,026,535
0
0
Adaptation
2,400,000
0
0
2,400,000
0
86,501,090
88,901,090
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mitigation
5,644,549
0
0
5,644,549
0
22,897,245
28,541,794
0
0
Adaptation
356,723
0
0
356,723
0
12,857,058
13,213,781
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,396,569,370
251,250,000
250,000,000
0
0
1,250,000
541,970,370
793,220,370
207,578,578
37,344,452
37,158,659
0
0
185,793
80,555,568
117,900,020
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
835,669,370
560,900,000
1,396,569,370
124,209,412
83,369,167
207,578,578
1,074,147,995
159,655,595
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
6.7279
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.727907)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
509
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0510.png
2015.1.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2015
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2015
Committed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Donor funding
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multil ate ral channe ls (2)
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other
Other (IEA)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (United Nations Office of the President of the
General Assembly)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (WFP)
Subtotal
Total
1,396,569,370
0
207,578,578
0
291,626,000
250,000,000
43,345,724
37,158,659
250,000,000
37,158,659
Committed
ODA
Grant
Cross-cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
0
835,669,370
0
124,209,412
250,000,000
40,376,000
37,158,659
6,001,272
614,220,000
20,000,000
91,294,365
2,972,693
2,400,000
356,723
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Other (58% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010, 42% Food aid/Food security programmes / 52010)
21,449,370
180,000,000
3,188,119
26,754,234
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
35,000,000
2,976,000
835,669,370
0
345,000,000
124,209,412
0
51,278,949
40,376,000
0
5,202,212
442,337
6,001,272
0
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Committed
ODA
Grant
1,250,000
5,900,000
210,000,000
560,900,000
1,396,569,370
876,944
31,213,273
83,369,167
207,578,578
1,250,000
291,626,000
185,793
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-cutting
Sectors not specified / 99810
185,793
43,345,724
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
510
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0511.png
2015.1.3
Table 7(b)
Committed
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2015
Total amount
Climate-specific
f, 2
Status
c, 3
Funding
source
4
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015
a
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Domestic
currency
USD
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Total contributions through bilateral,
regional and other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Malaysia
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mozambique
Mozambique
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Somalia
Tanzania
Uganda
Uganda
Viet Nam
Total:
782,521,995
1,960
17,500,000
3,349,835
2,520,000
20,000,000
7,400,000
1,035,955
4,500,000
285,870
4,677,070
458,315
1,350,000
10,000,000
61,500,000
7,500,000
28,000,000
7,500,000
60,500,000
762,500
1,500,000
2,147,935
11,250,000
10,000,000
1,437,920
707,105
38,640
500,000
4,500,000
8,900,000
5,850,000
250,000
7,000,000
751,360
2,500,000
1,000,000
4,500,000
5,500,000
3,178,565
6,877,900
1,730,000
106,500,000
67,500,000
9,250,000
34,000,000
40,000,000
25,500,000
1,022,500
1,429,875
7,720,260
94,200
37,500,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
2,000,000
233,500
4,166,500
3,500,000
1,000,000
65,000,000
30,000,000
17,021,000
123,230
782,521,995
116,309,871
291
2,601,106
497,902
374,559
2,972,693
1,099,896
153,979
668,856
42,490
695,175
68,121
200,657
1,486,346
9,141,030
1,114,760
4,161,770
1,114,760
8,992,395
113,334
222,952
319,258
1,672,140
1,486,346
213,725
105,100
5,743
74,317
668,856
1,322,848
869,513
37,159
1,040,442
111,678
371,587
148,635
668,856
817,490
472,445
1,022,294
257,138
15,829,589
10,032,838
1,374,870
5,053,578
5,945,385
3,790,183
151,979
212,529
1,147,498
14,001
5,573,799
594,539
891,808
297,269
34,706
619,286
520,221
148,635
9,661,251
4,459,039
2,529,910
18,316
116,309,871
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry development / 31220
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural financial services / 31193
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Forestry research / 31282
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy education/training / 23181
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Multisector aid / 43010
CRS 2014001300ab / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Grow th and Employment
CRS 2015001246 / Climate Envelope 2015: IUCN - Mangroves for the Future Phase 3 (2015-18)
CRS 2010001680 / HYSAWA Fund Component
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2015001187 / Climate Change Adaptation Project Phase II
CRS 2013001340ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2009002442 / Composante 1 Appui au PAGIRE 2
CRS 2012001507ab / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507aa / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001508aa / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2015001132 / INERA - Restauration et amelioration de la productivite de peuplements de karite au BF
CRS 2015001010 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2016
CRS 2015001013 / DCA - Rammebevilling 2015 - 2016
CRS 2015001015 / Verdens Skove - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001016 / Save the Children - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001019 / WWF - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001025 / IBIS - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001057 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2016
CRS 2015001064ab / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001064aa / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001091 / Support to World Resources Insitute (WRI) 2013-2017
CRS 2015001138 / Climate Envelope 2015: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy)
CRS 2015001149 / CSR Facility 2015: NEPcon
CRS 2015001175aa / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
CRS 2015001215ab / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
CRS 2015001241 / 3ie
CRS 2015001250 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2015001245ab / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia
CRS 2015001245ac / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia
CRS 2015001245aa / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia
CRS 2012001386 / Natural Ressourcemanagement and Climate
CRS 2015001215aa / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
CRS 2009002460ab / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460ac / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002473 / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2010001566 / BSPSII/Component 1 - Business Enabling Environment
CRS 2010001567 / BSPSII/Component 3 - Innovation and piloting Green Energy
CRS 2012001328 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2015001217ab / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217ac / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217ad / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217aa / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218ab / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218aa / Thematic Programme Green Grow th & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001182 / High value Opportunity - Malaysia, Energy renovation
CRS 2009002330ad / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2013001258ac / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2015001112 / Améliorer l'accés à l'eau et l'assainissement. Programme de transition 2015-2016 2/3
CRS 2014001325ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Central Renew able Energy Fund (CREF) Component
CRS 2012001157 / Composante 1/Approvisonnement en Eau Potable et Gestion Intégrée de Ressources en Eau
CRS 2012001171 / Assistance technique par Bureaux d'études
CRS 2014001138ab / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2012001418aa / Horn of Africa - comp. 2: FAO and NGO consortium: support to resilience in Somalia
CRS 2013001365ab / BSPS IV - Component 1: Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2014001149ab / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149ac / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2015001175ab / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
511
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0512.png
2015.2 DISBURSED
2015.2.1
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2015
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2015
Disbursed
2015
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels:
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
USD
d, 2
e
b
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
60,376,475
0
0
60,376,475
0
236,095,985
296,472,460
Adaptation
19,400,000
0
0
4,400,000
15,000,000
87,279,845
106,679,845
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
Mitigation
8,974,035
0
0
8,974,035
0
35,092,041
44,066,076
Adaptation
2,883,512
0
0
653,992
2,229,520
12,972,808
15,856,320
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,724,196,530
100,000,000
0
1,005,308,130
618,888,400
1,724,196,530
160,458,725
101,035,000
0
37,673,725
21,750,000
601,156,835
761,615,560
43,221,785
7,428,490
7,428,490
35,793,295
0
0
43,221,785
256,275,322
14,863,463
0
149,423,607
91,988,251
256,275,322
23,849,724
15,017,300
0
5,599,620
3,232,803
89,352,727
113,202,451
6,424,254
1,104,131
1,104,131
5,320,123
0
0
6,424,254
1,207,989,650
179,549,100
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
6.7279
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.727907)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
512
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0513.png
2015.2.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2015
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2015
Disbursed
Core/general
Total amount
d, 1
Status
Climate-specific
e, 2
b, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Donor funding
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
Asian Development Bank (AsDF)
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other (CGIAR)
Other (GGGI)
Other (Nordic Development Fund)
Other (Other multilateral institutions)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (FAO)
Other (IFAD)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (WFP)
Other (United Nations Office of the President of the
General Assembly)
Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
Subtotal
Total
1,724,196,530
100,000,000
100,000,000
256,275,322
14,863,463
14,863,463
283,456,985
108,463,490
42,131,525
16,121,431
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
100,000,000
1,035,000
7,428,490
100,000,000
1,005,308,130
14,863,463
149,423,607
108,463,490
138,243,495
14,863,463
153,837
1,104,131
16,121,431
20,547,771
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
614,220,000
10,000,000
91,294,365
1,486,346
4,600,000
22,379,820
4,400,000
683,719
3,326,416
653,992
371,587
82,664
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Other (68% Food aid/Food security programmes / 52010; 32% Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Other (89% Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210; 11% Financial policy and
administrative management / 24010)
12,500,000
15,881,220
179,558,580
66,615,850
1,857,933
2,360,499
26,688,624
9,901,423
2,500,000
556,155
37,440,500
70,000,000
10,404,424
30,573,725
36,532,480
5,429,992
35,793,295
1,005,308,130
618,888,400
345,000,000
30,000,000
149,423,607
91,988,251
51,278,949
4,459,039
15,000,000
15,000,000
28,000,000
5,888,400
210,000,000
4,161,770
875,220
31,213,273
1,250,000
5,500,000
618,888,400
1,724,196,530
91,988,251
256,275,322
36,750,000
283,456,985
138,243,495
36,750,000
5,564,955
4,544,314
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
5,320,123
20,547,771
5,462,323
Disbursed
Other (NA)
Other (NA)
Disbursed
2,229,520
2,229,520
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
185,793
817,490
5,462,323
42,131,525
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
513
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0514.png
2015.2.3
Table 7(b)
Disbursed
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2015
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral,
regional and other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
924,532,665
9,750,000
9,000,000
1,965
18,500,000
27,500,000
248,580
672,310
243,625
584,535
1,000,055
7,500,000
13,993,490
904,385
2,160
1,420,350
1,012,420
19,372,460
9,953,090
602,300
2,705
859,820
12,661,920
7,850,460
6,396,135
441,240
1,065,065
378,265
21,412,095
1,406,465
2,628,290
639,005
5,300,000
1,308,135
4,723,270
1,811,720
8,758,355
2,327,730
633,265
2,753,050
8,062,590
1,501,360
28,920
218,310
137,417,575
1,449,188
1,337,712
292
2,749,741
4,087,452
36,948
99,929
36,211
86,882
148,643
1,114,760
2,079,917
134,423
321
211,113
150,481
2,879,419
1,479,374
89,523
402
127,799
1,882,000
1,166,850
950,687
65,584
158,306
56,223
3,182,579
209,049
390,655
94,978
787,764
194,434
702,042
269,284
1,301,795
345,981
94,125
409,199
1,198,380
223,154
4,299
32,448
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Multisector aid / 43010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Security system management and reform / 15210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry development / 31220
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy research / 23182
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural financial services / 31193
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Forestry research / 31282
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy research / 23182
CRS 2013001246 / Support to National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Support to DACAAR
CRS 2014001300ab / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2014001300ac / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2014001300aa / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2009002287 / Africa Commission. University, Research, Agro-Business initiative URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2011001498aa / Support to Water Management in the SADC/Zambezi Region
CRS 2014001040 / Opfølgning på Opportunity Africa 2014
CRS 2013001225 / CSR-facility: Fashion Links - Access to Sustainable Production
CRS 2014001161 / JCLEC - core support to JCLEC strategic plan 2014-2019
CRS 2015001246 / Climate Envelope 2015: IUCN - Mangroves for the Future Phase 3 (2015-18)
CRS 2010001680 / HYSAWA Fund Component
CRS 2010001681 / Sector Policy Support Component
CRS 2013001119 / Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project
CRS 2014001221ab / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221aa / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2015001187 / Climate Change Adaptation Project Phase II
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, consultancies and management
CRS 2010001403 / Adviser
CRS 2013001339ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001339aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ad / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001378ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378ad / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding for Fundación INESAD
CRS 2009002442 / Composante 1 Appui au PAGIRE 2
CRS 2012001507ab / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507ac / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507aa / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001508ab / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2012001508aa / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2015001132 / INERA - Restauration et amelioration de la productivite de peuplements de karite au BF
CRS 2008001543 / Renewable Energy Programme: Component 1 - institutional development
CRS 2008001544 / Renewable Energy Programme: Component 2 - innovative RE technologies
CRS 2008001545 / Renewable Energy Programme: Programme Administration
CRS 2008001546 / Renweable Energy Programme: International Programme Advisor
CRS 2008001547 / Renewable Energy Programme: Monitoring and Reviews
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
514
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0515.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015
Disbursed
Funding
source
4
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
7,010,130
70,440
11,655,925
312,500
5,000,000
2,500,000
750,000
500,000
6,000,000
20,000,000
202,135
11,345
2,500,000
26,930
216,150
1,250,000
1,785,000
10,000,000
7,434,810
16,196,780
7,940,000
628,925
850,000
12,500,000
12,100,000
400,000
533,140
9,000,000
61,500,000
7,500,000
28,000,000
7,500,000
60,500,000
762,500
1,500,000
1,257,205
3,750,000
5,000,000
359,405
212,135
500,000
210,280
181,920
750,000
2,924,725
113,945
1,131,825
550,000
3,404,110
5,441,800
1,040
10,414,680
2,333,425
609,015
306,120
369,870
225,410
1,041,948
10,470
1,732,474
46,448
743,173
371,587
111,476
74,317
891,808
2,972,693
30,044
1,686
371,587
4,003
32,127
185,793
265,313
1,486,346
1,105,070
2,407,402
1,180,159
93,480
126,339
1,857,933
1,798,479
59,454
79,243
1,337,712
9,141,030
1,114,760
4,161,770
1,114,760
8,992,395
113,334
222,952
186,864
557,380
743,173
53,420
31,531
74,317
31,255
27,040
111,476
434,715
16,936
168,228
81,749
505,969
808,840
155
1,547,982
346,828
90,521
45,500
54,975
33,504
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Human rights / 15160
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector aid / 43010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Wind energy / 23240
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Education facilities and training / 11120
Agricultural development / 31120
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
CRS 2011001193 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001176 / Climate Envelope 2012: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy) - MAIN- Peru
CRS 2012001278 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001308 / Study: Evidence and Strategic Choices for the Green Growth Priority Area of Danida's Development Cooperation Strategy
CRS 2013001139 / IWGIA 2013-2015: Climate change partnership with indiginous peoples in South- and Southeast Asia - pro-poor REDD
CRS 2013001178 / Climate Envelope 2013 - World Bank-ESMAP, IEA and IISD - fossil fuel subsidy reform
CRS 2013001278 / CSR-Facility: Strengthen Danish efforts on Ethical Trade
CRS 2013001280 / CSR-facility. Fairtrade Mærket Danmark Fonden. Fairtrade for all: contribution to fivefold increase the Fairtrade consumption in Denmark by 2020
CRS 2013001290 / Support to Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001342 / International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
CRS 2014001001 / Preparation and information of evaluations, evaluation studies and other studies
CRS 2014001041 / 3GF 2014-bevilling
CRS 2014001079 / International Research.
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106aa / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001128 / General Support to Transparency International
CRS 2014001145 / Grant for the administration af research to Danida Fellowship centre
CRS 2014001167 / Support for climate and energy actitities in developing countries UNEP and UNEP-Risø
CRS 2014001184 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2014001185 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001292 / Klimapuljen 2014 - Support to negotiation activitites
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014001371ab / IUCN - Programme support 2015-2016
CRS 2014001371aa / IUCN - Programme support 2015-2016
CRS 2014001384 / Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Facility
CRS 2015001010 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2016
CRS 2015001013 / DCA - Rammebevilling 2015 - 2016
CRS 2015001015 / Verdens Skove - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001016 / Save the Children - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001019 / WWF - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001025 / IBIS - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001057 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2016
CRS 2015001064ab / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001064aa / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001091 / Support to World Resources Insitute (WRI) 2013-2017
CRS 2015001138 / Climate Envelope 2015: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy)
CRS 2015001149 / CSR Facility 2015: NEPcon
CRS 2015001175aa / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
CRS 2015001241 / 3ie
CRS 2007001582aa / Zafarana Wind Farm Project, Component III
CRS 2012001420 / Horn of Africa - food security and resilience - programme management
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-facility: Let's do it right in Myanmar - supporting strong corporate social and environmental responsibility
CRS 2015001245ac / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia
CRS 2012001203 / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001384 / Toms Gruppen/Ibis/Source Trust-Creating Sustainable Cocoa Supply Chain
CRS 2013001203 / CSR-facility. Forest of the World. Creating shared value in the Honduran Forestry Sector
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357 / Environment and climate
CRS 2012001359 / Energy and Climate
CRS 2012001386 / Natural Ressourcemanagement and Climate
CRS 2012001387 / Advisors
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia and Smoke Solution
CRS 2013001352 / DBP Hyprowira Adhitama and Weel and Sandvig
CRS 2014001199 / DBP Kaltimex Lestari Makmur and Syntes Engineering
CRS 2015001215aa / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
515
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0516.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015
Disbursed
Funding
source
4
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
87,475
625,110
81,215
1,623,605
996,110
6,209,145
652,465
8,839,660
5,942,635
626,300
6,146,150
5,045,900
12,036,080
7,077,030
9,319,390
3,303,110
246,140
92,865
1,111,100
2,035,555
1,351,355
7,571,770
360,000
8,426,385
9,924,775
49,730
56,420
209,325
6,810,120
38,310
14,904,750
1,202,780
1,077,550
15,259,800
2,262,010
965,305
2,879,065
10,144,020
1,379,670
2,000,000
1,507,690
875,000
7,750,000
5,150,000
1,000,000
205,945
426,820
705,405
244,770
781,520
19,777,085
7,927,115
486,205
2,200,385
123,215
21,670
5,283,770
172,395
13,002
92,913
12,071
241,324
148,056
922,894
96,979
1,313,880
883,281
93,090
913,531
749,996
1,788,978
1,051,892
1,385,184
490,957
36,585
13,803
165,148
302,554
200,858
1,125,427
53,508
1,252,453
1,475,165
7,392
8,386
31,113
1,012,220
5,694
2,215,362
178,775
160,161
2,268,135
336,213
143,478
427,929
1,507,753
205,067
297,269
224,095
130,055
1,151,918
765,468
148,635
30,611
63,440
104,848
36,381
116,161
2,939,560
1,178,244
72,267
327,053
18,314
3,221
785,351
25,624
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Energy generation, non-renewable sources – unspecified / 23310
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental research / 41082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Decentralisation and support to subnational government / 15112
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
CRS 2006001308 / Strategic Management Component
CRS 2006001311 / Programme Support Unit
CRS 2009002004 / U-landskalender 2009: Under the Same Sky: Schools for Sustainable Development
CRS 2009002460ab / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460ac / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002472ab / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002472aa / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002473 / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2009002474 / Programme management
CRS 2010001565 / BSPSII/Component 2 - Competitiveness of Micro-, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
CRS 2010001566 / BSPSII/Component 1 - Business Enabling Environment
CRS 2010001567 / BSPSII/Component 3 - Innovation and piloting Green Energy
CRS 2012001326 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001327 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001328 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001329 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluation of the Danida Country Programme for Kenya
CRS 2009002134 / Projet de faisabilité des ressources de l'énergie renouvelables au Mali
CRS 2009002330ac / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330ad / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2013001146 / Projet de faisabilité d'une centrale thermique à déchets à Bamako
CRS 2013001256 / Développement et amélioration des infrastructures (composant 2)
CRS 2013001257 / Renforcement des capacités et des compétences (composant 3)
CRS 2013001258ab / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2013001258ac / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2013001258aa / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2015001112 / Améliorer l'accés à l'eau et l'assainissement. Programme de transition 2015-2016 2/3
CRS 2013001337ab / Climate Envelope 2013: Climate change mitigation and energy in Mexico
CRS 2013001337aa / Climate Envelope 2013: Climate change mitigation and energy in Mexico
CRS 2010001507 / MERAP - Middle East Regional Agri. Prog.
CRS 2010001416ab / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001416aa / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001458 / Component 3
CRS 2010001460 / Administration/review
CRS 2010001461ab / Component 2-Municipalities
CRS 2010001461aa / Component 2-Municipalities
CRS 2014001325ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326aa / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2013001078 / (GRET) Myanmar Farmers Innovating for Rural development and Environmental restoration, MyFIRE
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Central Renewable Energy Fund (CREF) Component
CRS 2012001360 / NRREP: Technical Support Component
CRS 2012001361 / NRREP: Productive Energy Component
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Reviews, Audit and Studies
CRS 2013001129 / DBP Nepal Fertliser Industries and Biosa ApS
CRS 2014001100 / Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd and Nilpeter A/S
CRS 2008001524ab / Rural development Support in Diffa and Zinder regions
CRS 2008001524aa / Rural development Support in Diffa and Zinder regions
CRS 2012001157 / Composante 1/Approvisonnement en Eau Potable et Gestion Intégrée de Ressources en Eau
CRS 2012001158 / Composante 2/ Promotion de l'Hygiène et de l'Assainissement de Base
CRS 2012001160 / Conseiller Danida
CRS 2012001171 / Assistance technique par Bureaux d'études
CRS 2012001172 / Revues, Audits, études et formulation de la 3ème phase du programme
CRS 2014001138ab / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2014001138ac / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2014001138aa / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
516
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0517.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015
Disbursed
Funding
source
4
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
South of Sahara, regional
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Zambia
Zambia
Total
482,420
297,165
4,266,540
1,222,505
359,300
6,000,000
12,394,240
402,975
989,275
202,230
12,120
357,925
6,499,655
50,390
589,250
1,292,665
706,950
45,030
107,950
848,955
8,185
104,600
387,100
1,514,270
17,424,630
8,300,000
27,501,840
4,649,830
150,040
16,967,130
5,644,520
1,926,115
3,005,895
348,840
3,697,115
5,250,000
2,535,195
116,500
223,855
4,131,920
518,830
891,240
507,350
129,740
2,317,540
925,460
1,457,450
31,790
442,595
1,191,460
922,690
98,230
44,450
316,035
924,532,665
71,704
44,169
634,156
181,707
53,404
891,808
1,842,213
59,896
147,041
30,058
1,801
53,200
966,074
7,490
87,583
192,135
105,077
6,693
16,045
126,184
1,217
15,547
57,536
225,073
2,589,904
1,233,667
4,087,726
691,126
22,301
2,521,903
838,971
286,287
446,780
51,850
549,519
780,332
376,818
17,316
33,273
614,146
77,116
132,469
75,410
19,284
344,467
137,555
216,628
4,725
65,785
177,092
137,144
14,600
6,607
46,974
137,417,575
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Trade facilitation / 33120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Water transport / 21040
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Urban development and management / 43030
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Culture and recreation / 16061
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Water supply - large systems / 14021
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Multisector aid / 43010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
CRS 2004001292 / Ilocos Norte, Bangui Bay Wind Farm Project, Phase II
CRS 2010001509 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, capacity building
CRS 2010001510 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, Financing facility
CRS 2010001511 / Administration incl. audit and review
CRS 2010001512 / Adviser
CRS 2012001418aa / Horn of Africa - comp. 2: FAO and NGO consortium: support to resilience in Somalia
CRS 2012001288 / Climate Envelope 2012: South Africa - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / Private/Public Partnership Project in the Water Sector
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-Facility: Establishment and implementation of international standards for sustainable and traceable cocoa
CRS 2013001326 / Organic Denmark - project identification for the project ECOMEA 'Enhancing the capacity of the organic movements in East Africa'
CRS 2007001286 / EMA-ISP Component 1
CRS 2007001287ab / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001287aa / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001291 / PFM - Component 3
CRS 2013001193 / Renewal of Ferry Fleet on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa: Support to Detailed Design and Tendering
CRS 2013001365aa / BSPS IV - Component 1: Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2015001163 / Tyrkiet. Danish-Turkish Strategic Sector Cooperation (energy, environment, research)
CRS 2008001259 / B2B Konserve Consult Ltd and Energimidt A/S
CRS 2009002060 / Restoration of Agricultural Livelihood in Northern Uganda
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2010001581 / Youth Cultures Project
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich and Uvan
CRS 2012001213 / International Woodland Company and Continental Forests Ltd.
CRS 2012001411 / An integrated approach to natural resources management in Northern Uganda
CRS 2013001184 / Sector Budget Support for Rural Water Supply
CRS 2013001325 / Climate Envelope 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), ph. 2
CRS 2013001353 / Joint Partnership Fund-basket
CRS 2013001354 / Long term technical assistance
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / Agribusiness Initiative - aBi Trust & aBi Finance
CRS 2014001149ab / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149ac / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149aa / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001151 / Reviews and Studies
CRS 2014001401ab / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401aa / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2006001132 / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001133 / Programme management
CRS 2007001119 / Central component
CRS 2008001365 / Support to National Target Programme on Climate Change
CRS 2008001366 / Support to National Energy Efficiency Programme
CRS 2008001367 / Programme management
CRS 2011001479ab / Renewable Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2011001479aa / Renewable Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2012001287ab / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287ac / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001486 / Danish support to Reduction of Non-Revenue Water in Vietnam
CRS 2013001198 / DBP: University of Can Tho and Oxy Guard International A/S
CRS 2014001106ab / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001245 / DBP Thuy Son JSC and C.F. Nielsen A/S
CRS 2015001175ab / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
CRS 2008001481 / Program reviews
CRS 2011001391 / Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
517
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0518.png
2016
Table 7
CTF Table 7-, 7a- and 7b-formats
2016.1 COMMITTED
2016.1.1
CTF-Table 7-Committed-2016
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2016
Committed
2016
Domestic currency
Allocation channels
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
b
d, 2
e
USD
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
45,502,500
0
0
45,502,500
0
213,209,887
258,712,387
0
0
Adaptation
197,000,000
156,000,000
0
0
41,000,000
196,826,524
393,826,524
857,146,147
Core/
Other
0
0
14,500,000
26,000,000
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
0
Mitigation
6,759,419
0
0
6,759,419
0
31,672,433
38,431,852
0
0
Adaptation
29,264,446
23,173,876
0
0
6,090,570
29,238,676
58,503,123
Cross-cutting
Other
0
0
f
1,507,330,000
40,500,000
1,500,000
1,500,000
0
0
0
1,500,000
223,914,608
6,016,295
222,826
0
222,826
0
0
0
222,826
1,073,220,000
434,110,000
1,507,330,000
159,427,356
64,487,253
223,914,608
2,153,982
3,862,313
24,155,384
30,171,679
162,607,236
203,107,236
127,329,479
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
6.7317
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.731718)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
518
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0519.png
2016.1.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Committed-2016
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2016
Committed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Donor funding
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic
currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributi ons through multilateral channels
(2)
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
1. World Bank
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other
Other (OECD)
Other (IEA)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (IFAD)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (UNICEF)
Other (WFP)
Other (FAO)
Subtotal
Total
1,507,330,000
0
223,914,608
0
284,502,500
157,500,000
156,000,000
42,262,985
23,396,702
23,173,876
Committed
ODA
Grant
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
1,500,000
0
1,073,220,000
0
159,427,356
157,500,000
60,002,500
6,000,000
664,220,000
98,670,206
14,500,000
25,500,000
6,000,000
403,000,000
891,303
59,865,847
222,826
23,396,702
8,913,401
891,303
2,153,982
3,788,037
Committed
ODA
Grant
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-cutting
Mitigation
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Agricultural development / 31120
Other (55% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010, 45% Wind energy / 23240)
2,500
14,000,000
1,073,220,000
434,110,000
210,000,000
9,000,000
159,427,356
64,487,253
31,195,603
1,336,954
11,000,000
1,500,000
15,000,000
5,110,000
210,000,000
434,110,000
1,507,330,000
759,093
19,500,000
31,195,603
20,000,000
64,487,253
223,914,608
67,000,000
284,502,500
60,002,500
67,000,000
371
2,079,707
8,913,401
9,952,883
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Committed
1,634,055
222,826
2,228,257
2,896,735
2,971,010
9,952,883
42,262,985
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220
Adaptation
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220
Cross-cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
519
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0520.png
2016.1.3
Table 7(b)
Committed
CTF-Table 7b-Committed-2016
Funding
source
4
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016
a
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Domestic
currency
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral,
regional and other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ghana
India
Kenya
Kenya
Mozambique
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Niger
South Africa
South Africa
South Sudan
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Total:
572,643,647
45,000,000
2,800,000
85,000,000
1,000,000
710,157
350,000
150,000
350,000
1,242,500
699,899
2,160,000
3,597,500
37,500,000
27,000,000
26,704,800
333,985
13,719
7,500,000
11,800,000
5,550,000
31,500,000
1,100,000
5,000,000
13,000,000
23,000,000
4,800,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
8,000,000
29,550,000
19,200,000
10,700,000
16,500,000
4,000,000
10,997,180
6,319,040
6,000,000
3,322,500
1,000,000
1,218,950
31,050
30,856,170
7,143,830
42,000,000
1,500,000
1,249,963
554,062
10,500,000
4,250,000
3,650,000
3,957,500
1,280,844
2,000,000
572,643,647
85,066,494
6,684,772
415,941
12,626,792
148,550
105,494
51,993
22,283
51,993
184,574
103,970
320,869
534,410
5,570,643
4,010,863
3,967,011
49,614
2,038
1,114,129
1,752,896
824,455
4,679,340
163,406
742,752
1,931,156
3,416,661
713,042
742,752
594,202
1,188,404
4,389,667
2,852,169
1,589,490
2,451,083
594,202
1,633,637
938,696
891,303
493,559
148,550
181,076
4,612
4,583,699
1,061,219
6,239,121
222,826
185,683
82,306
1,559,780
631,340
542,209
587,889
190,270
297,101
85,066,494
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
Committed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Rural development / 43040
Sectors not specified / 99810
Basic drinking w ater supply / 14031
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Sectors not specified / 99810
Industrial policy and administrative management / 32110
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
General budget support-related aid / 51010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Solar energy / 23230
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Agro-industries / 32161
Wind energy / 23240
Sectors not specified / 99810
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Wind energy / 23240
Agro-industries / 32161
Education facilities and training / 11120
Sanitation - large systems / 14022
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Food crop production / 31161
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Fishery development / 31320
Fishery development / 31320
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Basic drinking w ater supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Rural development / 43040
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Energy generation, renew able sources – multiple technologies / 23210
CRS 2014001300aa / Landeprogram Afghanistan - TP 3: Vækst og Beskæftigelse
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2016001117 / Thematic Programme Climate Change and Sustainable Energy
CRS 2016001275 / LGA CPD 2016
CRS 2016001292 / High value opportunity - Distribution netw orks of Padma Water Treatment Plant, Dhaka, Bangladesh
CRS 2010001398 / Øget værditilvækst især i små og mellemstore virksomheder, med mest fokus på forarbejdning af landbrugsvarer
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, rådgivning og control
CRS 2013001340aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001378ad / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2016001175 / Evaluation of the Danish engagement in Bolivia 1994-2016
CRS 2016320078 / (tom)
CRS 2009002442 / Component 1 Support to Integrated Water Resources Management PAGIRE 2)
CRS 2015001299 / General Budget Support Burkina Faso
CRS 2015001306 / Eau et Assainissement 2016-2020
CRS 2016320080 / (tom)
CRS 2016001142 / Strategic sector cooperation Water and Environment, China
CRS 2009002362 / Bæredygtig Naturressourceforvaltning
CRS 2016001031 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001032 / Verdens Skove - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001033 / WWF - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001043 / Folkekirkens Nødhjælp humanitær partnerskabsaftale 2016
CRS 2016001080 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2017
CRS 2016001084aa / 3GF 2016
CRS 2016001111 / Klimapuljen 2016: Forlængelse af Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU) - Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership (DEA EP)
CRS 2016001144 / IFU Development Program
CRS 2016001145 / Dansk støtte til NDC-partnerskab
CRS 2016001200aa / IISD and WB - Support to Sustainable Energy systems via Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (FFSR) Sw aps & know ledge sharing 2017-2019
CRS 2016001204 / DMDP - Landbrug og Fødevarer, Nigeria
CRS 2016001213 / DMDP - Vedvarende Energi, Kenya
CRS 2016001021 / Røde Kors - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001018 / CARE - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001019 / Caritas - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001197aa / Accelerating Wind Pow er Generation in Ethiopia (2016-2019)
CRS 2016001216 / DMDP - GAIN, Ethiopia
CRS 2012001203ab / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2016320082 / (tom)
CRS 2009002473 / Komponent 3. Fattigdomsbekæmpelse gennem civilsamfund/den private sektor
CRS 2016001214 / DMDP - CARE Denmark, Kenya
CRS 2010001461 / (tom)
CRS 2016001157ab / Real-Time Evaluation of Sustainable Coastal Fisheries, Myanmar
CRS 2016001157aa / Real-Time Evaluation of Sustainable Coastal Fisheries, Myanmar
CRS 2016001190ab / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2016001190ac / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2016001190aa / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Grow th
CRS 2012001157 / Vandprogrammet i Niger (PASEHA2)/ Komponent 1
CRS 2016001278 / DI Improving the public-private Water provision SA
CRS 2016001102 / South African - Danish Strategic Sector Cooperation on Water
CRS 2016001221aa / Country Programme for South Sudan 2016-2018
CRS 2013001354 / Langsigtet teknisk bistand
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2014001149aa / xxxx
CRS 2016001286 / Improved access to Green Energy Uganda
CRS 2014001401ac / Renew able Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
520
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0521.png
2016.2 DISBURSED
2016.2.1
CTF-Table 7-Disbursed-2016
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2016
Disbursed
2016
Allocation channels
Domestic currency
Core/
general
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total:
Total climate specific finance
Note
: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation
: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
c, 1
USD
d, 2
e
b
d, 2
e
Climate-specific
Mitigation
105,096,975
0
0
77,665,395
27,431,580
241,306,872
346,403,847
Adaptation
62,030,309
44,219,978
0
60,331
17,750,000
186,125,839
248,156,148
Core/
Other
f
Climate-specific
c
Cross-cutting
general
Mitigation
15,612,207
0
0
11,537,232
4,074,975
35,846,254
51,458,461
Adaptation
9,214,633
6,568,899
0
8,962
2,636,771
27,649,084
36,863,717
Cross-cutting
Other
f
1,612,561,003
100,000,000
0
1,078,469,757
434,091,246
1,612,561,003
119,803,678
50,000,000
0
55,486,873
14,316,805
571,314,381
691,118,059
7,428,485
7,428,485
7,428,485
0
0
0
7,428,485
239,546,725
14,855,049
0
160,207,210
64,484,467
239,546,725
17,796,895
7,427,524
0
8,242,602
2,126,768
84,869,031
102,665,925
1,103,505
1,103,505
1,103,505
0
0
0
1,103,505
1,293,106,538
192,091,608
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation of the methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as being climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities that are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred to in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
6.7317
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.731718)
Source: OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
521
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0522.png
2016.2.2
Table 7(a)
CTF-Table 7a-Disbursed-2016
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2016
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
b, 3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
c, 7
Core/general
d, 1
Climate-specific
e, 2
Donor funding
Committed
Disbursed
Domestic currency
USD
Domestic currency
USD
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal
Protocol)
Subtotal
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
1. World Bank
1,612,561,003
100,000,000
100,000,000
239,546,725
14,855,049
14,855,049
294,359,447
101,648,463
43,727,240
15,099,929
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
44,219,978
6,568,899
Disbursed
50,000,000
7,427,524
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
7,428,485
100,000,000
1,078,469,757
14,855,049
160,207,210
101,648,463
133,212,599
3,000,000
1,103,505
15,099,929
19,788,797
445,651
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Other (NA)
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Mitigation
Energy policy and administrative management /
23110
World Bank (IDA)
World Bank (IBRD)
World Bank (IBRD)
664,220,000
3,000,000
98,670,206
445,651
22,138,358
64,671,807
3,288,664
9,607,029
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Agricultural development / 31120
Other (73% Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010; 20% Energy policy and
administrative management / 23110; 7% Wind
energy / 23240)
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple
technologies / 23210
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
African Development Bank (AFDF)
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7,000,000
1,282,164
402,967,594
1,039,853
190,466
59,861,033
4,275,000
49,975
635,053
7,424
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
7. Other (GGGI)
29,073,515
4,318,885
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Other (78% Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010; 22% Research/scientific
institutions / 43082)
Other (76% Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010; 24% Energy policy and
administrative management / 23110)
Agricultural land resources / 31130
Other (OECD)
1,543,614
229,305
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Mitigation
Other (IEA)
Other (Inter-Governmental Authority on Development)
Subtotal
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
2. United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
3. Other
Other (FAO)
Other (IFAD)
Other (UNIDO)
Other (WFP)
Other (UNICEF)
Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
Subtotal
Total
434,091,246
1,612,561,003
64,484,467
239,546,725
5,091,246
210,000,000
756,307
31,195,603
1,078,469,757
434,091,246
210,000,000
9,000,000
160,207,210
64,484,467
31,195,603
1,336,954
8,400,000
60,331
133,212,599
59,498,385
27,431,580
6,245,805
1,500,000
1,247,824
8,962
19,788,797
8,838,514
4,074,975
927,817
222,826
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Other (73% Energy policy and administrative
management / 23110; 27% Environmental policy and
administrative management / 41010)
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and
resolution / 15220
Agricultural policy and administrative management /
31110
8,000,000
2,571,000
1,188,404
381,923
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
8,250,000
5,500,000
59,498,385
294,359,447
1,225,542
817,028
8,838,514
43,727,240
Disbursed
Disbursed
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and
resolution / 15220
Environmental policy and administrative
management / 41010
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
522
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0523.png
2016.2.3
Table 7(b)
Disbursed
CTF-Table 7b-Disbursed-2016
a
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016
Total amount
Status
c, 3
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Domestic currency
USD
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and
other channels (1)
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
998,747,092
19,500,000
9,000,000
50,000
37,292,531
600,000
6,399,123
179,998
500,000
2,500,000
2,842,616
353,439
3,676,993
1,017,160
10,045,841
11,286
129,650
1,662,061
1,681,751
17,800,527
1,536,850
8,872,053
2,943,343
9,654,563
779,120
16,198,995
1,491,542
612,104
195,720
1,400,000
3,627,030
2,751,445
1,996,049
34,531,839
385,832
35,000,000
23,597,779
13,760
29,072
333,985
12,596,386
13,453,614
5,283,096
148,364,369
2,896,735
1,336,954
7,428
5,539,824
89,130
950,593
26,739
74,275
371,376
422,272
52,503
546,219
151,100
1,492,315
1,676
19,260
246,900
249,825
2,644,277
228,300
1,317,948
437,235
1,434,190
115,739
2,406,369
221,569
90,928
29,074
207,971
538,797
408,729
296,514
5,129,722
57,316
5,199,267
3,505,462
2,044
4,319
49,614
1,871,199
1,998,541
784,806
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Equity
Equity
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Security system management and reform / 15210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Sectors not specified / 99810
Industrial policy and administrative management / 32110
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Forestry research / 31282
General budget support-related aid / 51010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Industrial policy and administrative management / 32110
Solar energy / 23230
Wind energy / 23240
CRS 2013001246 / Støtte til National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Støtte til DACAAR
CRS 2014001300ab / Landeprogram Afghanistan - TP 3: Vækst og Beskæftigelse
CRS 2014001300aa / Landeprogram Afghanistan - TP 3: Vækst og Beskæftigelse
CRS 2011001498ab / Støtte til forvaltningen af vand i SADC/Zambezi regionen
CRS 2011001498aa / Støtte til forvaltningen af vand i SADC/Zambezi regionen
CRS 2011001526 / Afrikakommissionen. Universitets-, forsknings- og agribusiness initiativet URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2014001161 / (tom)
CRS 2015001246 / Climate Envelope 2015: IUCN - Mangroves for the Future Phase 3 (2015-18)
CRS 2010001680 / (tom)
CRS 2010001681 / (tom)
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221ad / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2015001187 / Climate Change Adaptation Project Phase II
CRS 2010001398 / Øget værditilvækst især i små og mellemstore virksomheder, med mest fokus på forarbejdning af landbrugsvarer
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, rådgivning og control
CRS 2013001339ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001339aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ac / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ad / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001378ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378ac / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378ad / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding for Fundación INESAD
CRS 2016001175 / Evaluation of the Danish engagement in Bolivia 1994-2016
CRS 2016320078 / (tom)
CRS 2009002442 / Component 1 Support to Integrated Water Resources Management PAGIRE 2)
CRS 2012001507ab / Improved access to consultancy advice and financing for private enterprises
CRS 2012001507aa / Improved access to consultancy advice and financing for private enterprises
CRS 2012001508 / Improved framework conditions for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises and extension of infrastructure
CRS 2015001132 / INERA - Forbedring af production af Sheabutter
CRS 2015001299 / General Budget Support Burkina Faso
CRS 2015001306 / Eau et Assainissement 2016-2020
CRS 2008001543 / Program for vedvarende energi: komponent 1 - institutionel udvikling
CRS 2008001545 / Program for vedvarende energi: programadministration
CRS 2016001142 / Strategic sector cooperation Water and Environment, China
CRS 2016320015 / (tom)
CRS 2016320080 / (tom)
CRS 2016320081 / (tom)
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
523
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0524.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
c, 3
a
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Domestic currency
USD
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
13,719
4,395,058
5,237,534
2,483,434
650,000
8,500,000
4,300,000
6,833
79,721
592,340
1,805,000
15,000,000
285,478
2,518,643
3,440,000
10,901
5,000,000
12,500,000
12,500,000
359,483
963,894
3,750,000
4,127,323
718,810
509,455
4,500,000
7,500,000
11,800,000
5,550,000
31,500,000
1,100,000
350,000
3,200,615
7,000,000
5,000,000
4,800,000
29,550,000
19,200,000
10,700,000
125,726
430,552
750,000
2,925,000
2,377,905
7,930,010
73,770
119,751
350,000
1,170,680
190,728
938,071
498,747
12,017,560
17,002,652
782,905
1,480,149
80,197
531,174
183,040
353,673
1,340,404
2,038
652,888
778,038
368,915
96,558
1,262,679
638,767
1,015
11,843
87,992
268,134
2,228,257
42,408
374,146
511,014
1,619
742,752
1,856,881
1,856,881
53,401
143,187
557,064
613,116
106,780
75,680
668,477
1,114,129
1,752,896
824,455
4,679,340
163,406
51,993
475,453
1,039,853
742,752
713,042
4,389,667
2,852,169
1,589,490
18,677
63,959
111,413
434,510
353,239
1,178,007
10,959
17,789
51,993
173,905
28,333
139,351
74,089
1,785,214
2,525,752
116,301
219,877
11,913
78,906
27,191
52,538
199,118
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Higher education / 11420
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Sectors not specified / 99810
Wind energy / 23240
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Education facilities and training / 11120
Education facilities and training / 11120
Agricultural development / 31120
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Sanitation - large systems / 14022
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
CRS 2009002362 / Bæredygtig Naturressourceforvaltning
CRS 2012001277 / Klimapuljen 2012: Agrhymet - klimatilpasning i vestlige Afrika
CRS 2012001278 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2012001404 / Danske Universiteters platforme
CRS 2013001278 / CSR-puljen: DIEH en styrket dansk indsats inden for etisk handel
CRS 2013001290 / Støtte til Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001325 / Klimapuljen 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), fase 2
CRS 2014001083 / Rammeaftale med Caritas 2014
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106 / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001145 / Driftsbevilling til administration af forskningen til Danida Fellowship Centre
CRS 2014001167 / Støtte til klima- og energiindsatser i udviklingslandene via FNs miljøprogram (UNEP) og Risø-centeret
CRS 2014001184 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2014001185 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001234 / IIED 2014-2019
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014001371 / Programstøtte til den Internationale Naturbevaringssammenslutning IUCN
CRS 2014001384 / Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Facility
CRS 2015001064 / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001091 / Støtte til World Resources Institute (WRI) 2013-2017
CRS 2015001138 / Klimapuljen 2015: Støtte til CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy)
CRS 2015001149 / CSR-pulje 2015: NEPcon. Ansvarligt indkøb af soya, kvæg og palmeolie: Reducering af sociale og miljømæssige risici.
CRS 2015001215 / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
CRS 2015001250 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2016001031 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001032 / Verdens Skove - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001033 / WWF - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001043 / Folkekirkens Nødhjælp humanitær partnerskabsaftale 2016
CRS 2016001080 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2017
CRS 2016001084ab / 3GF 2016
CRS 2016001084aa / 3GF 2016
CRS 2016001111 / Klimapuljen 2016: Forlængelse af Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU) - Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership (DEA EP)
CRS 2016001144 / IFU Development Program
CRS 2016001145 / Dansk støtte til NDC-partnerskab
CRS 2016001021 / Røde Kors - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001018 / CARE - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001019 / Caritas - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2007001582 / Zafarana vindmølleprojekt, fase 3
CRS 2016001197aa / Accelerating Wind Power Generation in Ethiopia (2016-2019)
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-puljen: Lad os gøre det rigtigt i Myanmar - Støtte til fremme af virksomheders samfundsansvar
CRS 2015001245ab / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia.
CRS 2015001245aa / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia.
CRS 2012001203ab / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001203aa / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001384 / Toms Gruppen/Ibis/Source Trust-Creating Sustainable Cocoa Supply Chain
CRS 2013001203 / CSR-puljen. Verdens Skove. Skabelse af fælles værdier i den honduranske skovsektor
CRS 2016320082 / (tom)
CRS 2010001615 / Bæredygtig forvaltning af Mbeliling skov på Flores, Indonesien
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357ab / Miljø & Klima
CRS 2012001357aa / Miljø & Klima
CRS 2012001386 / Naturressourceforvaltning og Klima
CRS 2012001387ab / Rådgiver
CRS 2012001387aa / Rådgiver
CRS 2012001442 / DBP Pandega Desain Weharima og AG5
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia og Smoke Solution
CRS 2013001352 / DBP Hyprowira Adhitama og Weel and Sandvig
CRS 2014001199 / DBP Kaltimex Lestari Makmur og Syntes Engineering
CRS 2015001286 / Danish-Indonesian Strategic Sector Cooperation on clean energy, renewable energy and energy efficiency
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
524
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0525.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
c, 3
a
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Domestic currency
USD
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Malaysia
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
1,978,943
1,011,416
484,028
674,872
8,547,404
299,857
2,797,004
3,897,840
3,842,597
34,523
2,037,300
11,436,269
16,271,208
6,917,920
6,534,249
82,711
249,032
2,800,056
15,765,960
22,394,304
10,949,327
5,007,383
37,678
866,836
30,799,217
65,924
11,076,239
175,021
869
404,896
481,065
2,630,240
6,973,555
658,700
6,841,300
95,000
365,685
1,599,875
7,564
2,000,000
567,011
313,184
447,794
9,520,509
4,055,506
469,468
2,399,525
748,995
7,000,000
86,746
99,995
426,157
1,249,339
573,786
450,285
4,565,169
459,665
554,062
225,541
293,973
150,246
71,903
100,253
1,269,721
44,544
415,496
579,026
570,820
5,128
302,642
1,698,863
2,417,096
1,027,660
970,666
12,287
36,994
415,950
2,342,041
3,326,685
1,626,528
743,849
5,597
128,769
4,575,239
9,793
1,645,381
26,000
129
60,148
71,462
390,723
1,035,925
97,850
1,016,278
14,112
54,323
237,662
1,124
297,101
84,230
46,524
66,520
1,414,276
602,447
69,740
356,451
111,264
1,039,853
12,886
14,854
63,306
185,590
85,236
66,890
678,158
68,283
82,306
33,504
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Industrial development / 32120
Wind energy / 23240
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Fishery development / 31320
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
CRS 2009002460ab / Komponent 1: Fattigdomsorienteret miljøpolitik og forvaltning
CRS 2009002460aa / Komponent 1: Fattigdomsorienteret miljøpolitik og forvaltning
CRS 2009002472ab / Komponent 2. Støtte til fattigdomsbekæmpelse i tørkeområder
CRS 2009002472aa / Komponent 2. Støtte til fattigdomsbekæmpelse i tørkeområder
CRS 2009002473 / Komponent 3. Fattigdomsbekæmpelse gennem civilsamfund/den private sektor
CRS 2009002474 / Programstyring og monitering
CRS 2010001566 / Støtte til forbedret erhvervsklima
CRS 2010001567 / Innovation og pilot-aktiviteter udvikling af grøn energi
CRS 2012001327 / Kenya - Klimapuljen 2012: videreførelse af bilateralt klimaprogram vedr. energieffektivitet
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluation of the Danida Country Programme for Kenya
CRS 2015001217ab / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217ac / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217aa / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218ab / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218aa / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2016001141 / Kenyan-Danish SSC on Green Growth in the manufacturing Sector
CRS 2016320083 / (tom)
CRS 2016320084 / (tom)
CRS 2009002330ab / Støtte til det nationale sektorprogram for vand og sanitet i Mali - vandkomponent
CRS 2009002330aa / Støtte til det nationale sektorprogram for vand og sanitet i Mali - vandkomponent
CRS 2013001256 / Udvikling og forbedring af infrastruktur (komponent 2)
CRS 2013001257 / Styrkelse af kapacitet og kompetencer (komponent 3)
CRS 2013001258ab / Studier, revision, uddannelse, DFC, tilsyn og evaluering
CRS 2013001258aa / Studier, revision, uddannelse, DFC, tilsyn og evaluering
CRS 2015001112 / Improving access to water and sanitation. Transitionsprogramme Mali 2015-2016 2/3
CRS 2013001337ab / Klimapuljen 2013: Imødegåelse af klimaforandringer samt energi i Mexico
CRS 2013001337aa / Klimapuljen 2013: Imødegåelse af klimaforandringer samt energi i Mexico
CRS 2010001507 / Regionalt landbrugsprogram i Mellemøsten
CRS 2010001458 / (tom)
CRS 2010001460 / (tom)
CRS 2010001461 / (tom)
CRS 2014001325ab / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001325aa / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001326ab / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001326aa / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2013001078 / (GRET) Myanmar Farmers Innovating for Rural development and Environmental restoration, MyFIRE
CRS 2016001157ab / Real-Time Evaluation of Sustainable Coastal Fisheries, Myanmar
CRS 2016001190ab / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2016001190ac / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Centrale Fond for Vedvarende Energi (CREF) komponent
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Reviews, revision and studier
CRS 2013001129 / DBP Nepal Fertliser Industries og Biosa ApS
CRS 2014001100 / DBP Implemetation Phase between Nilpeter A/S and Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd.
CRS 2012001157 / Vandprogrammet i Niger (PASEHA2)/ Komponent 1
CRS 2012001158 / Vandprogrammet i Niger (PASEHA 2)/ Komponent 2
CRS 2012001160 / Rådgiver i vand og miljøministeriet
CRS 2012001171 / Teknisk assistance af konsulentfirma
CRS 2012001172 / Reviews, revision, studier og formulering af 3. programfase.
CRS 2014001138ab / Landbrugsprogrammet
CRS 2014001138aa / Landbrugsprogrammet
CRS 2004001292 / Ilocos Norte, Bangui Bay vindmølle-projekt, fase II
CRS 2010001509 / Privat sektor program i Serbien. kapacitetsopbygning
CRS 2010001510 / Privat sektor program i Serbien, finansieringsfacilitet
CRS 2010001511 / Administration inkl. revision og review
CRS 2010001512 / Rådgiverbistand
CRS 2012001288 / Klimapuljen 2012: Sydafrika - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / (tom)
CRS 2016001102 / South African - Danish Strategic Sector Cooperation on Water
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-puljen: Udvikling og implementering af internationale standarder for bæredygtighed og sporbarhed af kakao
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
525
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0526.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016
Disbursed
Total amount
Status
c, 3
a
Funding
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d, 7
Additional Information
e
Recipient country/
region/project/programme/activity
b
Climate-specific
f, 2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Domestic currency
USD
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Total
65,420
4,637,570
552,418
763
5,522
463,727
445,951
114,029,668
27,500,740
1,880,272
777,792
10,773,801
10,969,477
4,295,016
8,299,772
563,903
250,000
610,151
88,736
28,798
948
1,509,411
558,963
949,913
4,525,351
3,759,895
579,451
794,890
364,254
479,837
998,747,092
9,718
688,913
82,062
113
820
68,887
66,246
16,939,163
4,085,248
279,315
115,541
1,600,453
1,629,521
638,027
1,232,935
83,768
37,138
90,638
13,182
4,278
141
224,224
83,034
141,110
672,243
558,534
86,078
118,081
54,110
71,280
148,364,369
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Urban development and management / 43030
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Water supply - large systems / 14021
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Multisector aid / 43010
CRS 2007001286 / Implementering of Environmental Act
CRS 2013001365 / Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2015001163 / Danish-Turkish Strategic Sector Cooperation (energy, environment, research)
CRS 2010001260 / Grøn Skole Program
CRS 2011001469 / Overgangsstøtte til Ugandas klimakoordineringsenhed
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich og Uvan (U) Ltd
CRS 2012001213 / International Woodland Company og Continental Forests Ltd.
CRS 2013001184 / Sektorbudgetstøtte til vandforsyning i landområder
CRS 2013001353 / Fælles donorfond
CRS 2013001354 / Langsigtet teknisk bistand
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / (tom)
CRS 2014001149ab / xxxx
CRS 2014001149ac / xxxx
CRS 2014001149aa / xxxx
CRS 2014001151 / xxxx
CRS 2014001401ab / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401ac / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401aa / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2006001132ab / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001132ac / Technical assistance
CRS 2008001365 / Støtte til Nationalt Klimaprogram
CRS 2008001366 / Støtte til Nationalt Energieffektivitetsprogram
CRS 2008001367 / Programovervågning
CRS 2012001287ab / Klimapuljen 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Klimapuljen 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001197 / Vestas and Cong Ly Collaboration on Wind Farm Development in Vietnam
CRS 2013001198 / Vietnamese Danish Aquaculture Technology Excellence Centre
CRS 2014001245 / Biomass Briquettes Production in Can Tho
CRS 2015001175 / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
526
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0527.png
CTF Table 8-format: Provision of technology development and transfer support.
Table 8
Provision of technology development and transfer support
a,b
Recipient country and/or
region
Targeted area
Measures and activities related to technology transfer Sector
c
Source of the
Activities undertaken Status
funding for
by
technology transfer
Private
Public
Private
Public
Implemented
Planned
Additional information
d
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mitigation and
adaptation
Energy
Transport
Ethiopia, Mexico, South
Africa, Vietnam, Ukraine,
Turkey and Indonesia)
Global/International
International and China
Mitigation
Industry
Agriculture
Water and sanitation
Other
Assist countries with energy planning and transition to Energy
renewal energy
Other (Technology), Energy
Other (Technology), Energy
Private and public
Private and public
Public
Public
Implemented
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.8
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.8
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.5
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.5
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.8
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.8
Mitigation and The Climate Technology Centre and Network, CTCN
adaptation
(UNEP-DTU)
Mitigation
Two engagements through the International Energy
Agency (IEA):
i) IEA China Energy Cooperation Centre (CECC) that
contribute to China’s sustainable energy transition.
ii) Clean Energy Ministerial Secretariat (CEM
Secretariat) is facilitating exchange of best practice of
clean energy policies
Adaptation
Promotion of green technologies in Strategic Sector
Cooperation with Kenya
Public
Public
Public
Public
Implemented
Implemented
Kenya
a
b
c
d
Other (Technology)
Public
Public
Implemented
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.7
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.7
To be reported to the extent possible.
The tables should include measures and activities since the last national communication or biennial report.
Parties may report sectoral disaggregation, as appropriate.
Additional information may include, for example, funding for technology development and transfer provided, a short description of the measure or activity and co-financing arrangements.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
527
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0528.png
CTF Table 9-format: Provision of capacity-building support.
Table 9
Provision of capacity-building support
a
Recipient country/ region
Targeted area
Programme or project title
Mitigation
Adaptation
Technology development and transfer
Multiple areas
Adaptation
Climate Change Adaptation
Project
Adaptation and Mitigation
Description of programme or project
b,c
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Ethiopia
Adaptation
Denmark has 2013 to 2016 supported Bangladesh with a Climate Change Adaptation Project that has with a
participatory approach was focused on adaptation of rural infrastructure to climate change. Including
upgrading, constructing and maintaining of climate resilient and sustainable rural roads.
Promotion of Sustainable
The programme is with 236 mio. DKK ( 2014-2018) supporting supported: i) Improved forest management
Natural Resource
and livelihood in national parks and forestry areas, ii) Improved energy efficiency, use of renewable
Management & Climate
energy and cleaner technologies and iii) Climate change mitigation and adaptation (indicators will be
Change (Bolivia Country
based on monitoring system that will be developed during 2013/14, including reduces rate of
Programme - part III)
deforestation and emissions compared to a base scenario, adaptation of production and management
methods related to forest management.
Greening of Agricultural
The thematic programme is designed to i) accelerate a green” transformation of the agricultural sector
Transformation in Ethiopia
with a focus on the Ethiopian small-holder farmers and ii) gather speed to the mainstreaming and
(GATE) thematic programme implementation of Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiatives within agriculture and forestry.
Denmark is among 15 donors supporting ESMAP, which is a World Bank technical assistance and knowledge
programme providing advisory and analytical services to low- and middle income countries to increase
their capacity to achieve sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and low carbon development.
Global
Mitigation
Global
LDCF has funded developments of NAPAs, and at this stage all LDCs have an approved NAPA in place.
Almost all countries which have produced an approved NAPA have at least one LDCF project. In total, 138
projects have been endorsed (by May 2016), where 67% of the financing goes to Africa and Asia and Pacific
receives 30% of the finance. This largely reflects the geographical distribution of the LDCs.
Ethiopia, Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam, Ukraine, Turkey and Indonesia)
Mitigation
Assist countries with energy The Danish Energy Agency cooperates with the governments of several emerging economies with focus on
planning and transition to
policy improvements in long term energy planning and modelling, renewable energy integration and
renewal energy
deployment, energy efficiency interventions and in climate change mitigation.
Kenya
Mitigation
Promotion of green
The project is designed to strengthen the capacity of Kenyan partners to mitigate uncontrolled emissions
technologies in Strategic
of untreated solid waste and waste water affecting health and the quality of the livelihood of Kenyan
Sector Cooperation
citizens in a context of circular economy.
South of Sahara, regional
Mitigation
Enhancing the capacity of the A regional market in the East African Community for organic products that will contribute to; poverty
organic movements in East alleviation and income generation for small holder farmers in the region; improved nutritional status for
Africa, ECOMEA
consumers; mitigation of climate changes; is developed. Trade facilitation project in collaboration with
Organic Denmark.
Mozambique
Multiple Areas
Adaptation and building
Programme supporting programmes for adaptation and building climate change resilience (between 2011
climate change resilience in and 2016) in collaboration with central government, municipalities, and civil society organisations.
a
b
Adaptation
Program to support
sustainable energy systems
via Fossil Fuel Subsidy
Reform
Least Developed Countries
Fund
To be reported to the extent possible.
Each Party included in Annex II to the Convention shall provide information, to the extent possible, on how it has provided capacity-building support that responds to the existing and emerging capacity-
building needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and technology development and transfer.
c
Additional information may be provided on, for example, the measure or activity and co-financing arrangements.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
528
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0529.png
Annex D2
Description of selected
programmes/projects to advance and/or
finance transfer of technologies to other
countries
Description of selected projects or programmes to advance and/or finance transfer of technologies to
developing countries:
Project/programme title: Energy partnership programme
Purpose: Supporting energy sector transformation
Recipient country
Sector
Multi-country
Renewable
Energy
and
Energy efficiency
Total funding
Years in operation
More than 300 million DKK Since 2008
(not including related private
investments)
Description: The Danish Energy Agency cooperates with the governments of a number of developing countries on capacity
building and technology transfer related to sector energy transition to become a low-carbon economy. The cooperation is
primarily focusing on policy improvements in long term energy planning and modeling, renewable energy integration and
deployment, energy efficiency interventions and in climate change mitigation, and preparation of specific investments in
renewable energy projects and technology transfer.
•
Denmark and Ethiopia cooperates on expanding Ethiopian wind power. The Danish Energy Agency is among the
Danish authorities who contribute Ethiopia’s ability to utilise its huge wind potential, providing technical assistance
and experiences from Denmark as well best practice internationally.
China and Denmark cooperates on transition to a low-carbon economy that proved it possible to reduce emissions
and maintaining economic growth.
Support is provided to Mexico for implementing its climate change strategy and action plans, helping to improve
Mexico's frameworks for introducing renewable energy and energy efficiency interventions.
Assistance is provied to South Africa for transforming its energy sector away from coal. The focus is on mitigating
carbon emissions, increasing energy efficiency and improving conditions for renewable energy into the country’s
energy mix.
Denmark is supporting Vietnam in order to improve the Vietnamese energy efficiency and increase use of renewable
energy, and investing in low emission technologies in SMEs.
In 2015 the Ukrainian-Danish Energy Centre opened in Kiev. Here Denmark supports the Ukrainian authorities in
building capacity for the implementation of Ukraine’s long term energy strategy and planning.
The Danish Energy Agency is supporting Turkey in meeting its long-term objectives for renewable energy, energy
efficiency and district heating. It is also assisting with the research and innovation agendas related to these sectors.
Indonesia with a programme focusing on energy planning, integrating renewable energy into the energy mix and
increasing energy efficiency.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the period 2012-2016 the cooperation was carried out through the Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU) based at the Danish
Energy Agency under the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building. In 2017, the LCTU was replaced by the Danish Energy
Agency’s Energy Partnership Programme (DEPP).
The DEPP consists of experts within the fields of energy efficiency, renewable energy, mitigation analysis as well as
international greenhouse gas emission baselines. The DEPP gives high quality technical government-to-government guidance to
help developing countries and emerging economies with greenhouse gas emission reductions and low carbon transition in the
energy sector. The DEPP works both with countries regarding general and methodological issues relevant to greenhouse gas
emission reductions as well as with specific energy-related capacity building and technology transfer in selected emerging
economies as described above.
Annex D3 contains further information about the DEPP.
Factors leading to success: partnership built around authority-to-authority cooperation but involving multipliable partners from
public and private sector from both Denmark and partner countries.
Technology transferred: Both soft and hard technologies related to energy sector transformation, introduction of renewable
energy in energy mix , grid integration, energy efficiency in building and industrial processes, etc.
Impact on greenhouse gasses emissions/sinks (optional): depend on specific countries and contexts, many measures related to
introducing energy management technologies required for energy sector transformation
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
529
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0530.png
Project/programme title: Energy Efficiency in industry, Bangladesh
Purpose: supporting energy audits and implementation of EE measures in industry
Recipient country
Sector
Total funding
Years in operation
Bangladesh
Energy efficiency in industry
DKK 5 million
2014-2017
Description: Through the Nordic Chamber of Commerce and Industry Denmark has supported piloting of energy efficiency
audits and implementation of energy efficiency measures and technologies in a number of private sector companies in various
sectors. The project has built capacity among private energy auditors and strengthened the local market for their services.
Further, it has supported capacity building and training of energy managers and piloting of the introduction of energy saving
technologies and processes in more than 50 companies.
For addtional info see web-site.
http://3e.nccib.com/
Indicate factors which led to the project’s success: working through the network NCCI was an entry-point to in particular the
garment industry. Industry open to voluntary initiative from one of its own organisations.
Technology transferred: various energy saving processes and technologies, mainly in the garment industry
Impact on greenhouse gasses emissions/sinks (optional): information on specific savings available from web-site.
Project/programme title: Programme for sustainable energy in rural areas in Nepal (following Energy Sector Assistance
Programme phase 1 & 2)
Purpose: Sustainable development for rural population in Nepal through support to technologies within sustainable energy.
Recipient country
Sector
Total funding
Years in operation
Nepal
Energy
2012: DKK 205 million.
2012-2017
Phase 1 & 2: DKK 341 (1999-2017)
million
Description: Programme for sustainable energy in rural areas of Nepal will build of the success of Energy Sector Assistance
Programme phase 1 & 2 and is expected to reach 1,4 million people in rural Nepal. 150,000 households will become connected
to the local electricity grid. 600,000 household will get solar cell energy and 130,000 households will get biogas from gasifiers.
Indicate factors which led to the project’s success: ESAP II has achieved impressive results in terms of providing rural
households with access to renewable energy and energy efficient (RE&EE) technologies. By December 2010, ESAP II has
assisted the instalment of 191,000 improved cooking stoves (ICS), 157,000 solar home systems (SHS), 9,000 SSHS, and
provided 63,000 households with access to electricity from mini-grids (includes households from MHP-projects presently under
construction). This presents a higher level of annual installations than during ESAP I. ESAP II contributed to the formulation of
Government of Nepal (GoN) policies for rural and renewable energy, including the national subsidy policy for RE and to
getting RE incorporated in the Government’s three-year development plans. ESAP II’s pilot activities to promote credit finance
of SHS and of MHP-projects by commercial banks have resulted in commercial credit finance of 3,000 SHS and 5 MHP-
projects; the rational approach, which was developed and applied in the pilots, will yield an important expansion of commercial
credits to RE in a few years.
Technology transferred: Renewable energy and energy efficient (RE&EE) technologies.
Impact on greenhouse gasses emissions/sinks (optional): Reduced emission as result of introducing sustainable energy.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
530
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0531.png
Annex D3
Information on the Danish Energy
Agency Energy Partnership Programme
- DEPP
To address the global challenge of climate change, the Danish Climate Envelope was established in
2008 to support climate change mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries. The
Climate Envelope has since 2012 financed energy and climate related programs in Mexico, Viet Nam
and South Africa. In addition, the Danish Energy Agency (DEA) has provided technical assistance to
these three countries and China. Based on Denmark’s development priorities and achievements from
previous engagements Denmark allocated DKK 115 million from the Climate Envelope 2017 to
continue the cooperation with the four countries through a 3-year programme starting Mid-2017 – the
Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership Programme (DEPP).
The intention is to assist the four countries with their transition to a low carbon economy and support
them in implementation of the Paris agreement. Expertise and experience derived from Denmark’s
transitioning away from a fossil fuel economy form the backbone of the programme and is activated in
a Government-to-Government cooperation between the DEA and the partnership institutions.
As an integral part, international Long-Term Advisors are posted with the key-partnership institutions.
This is combined with advisory support from DEA specialists experienced with Danish and
international energy sector public planning and regulation. Through DEA, the partner institutions
furthermore have networking opportunities to access other Danish institutions and expertise including
through delegation visits, study tours and internships. Cross-fertilisation, sharing of lessons learned
between the four partnership programmes and south-south dialogue opportunities and needs are
pursued and facilitated by DEA as well as synergies with and coordination within multilateral
initiatives and fora where Denmark participates.
By supporting enabling framework conditions, the development of larger renewable energy and
energy efficiency markets is anticipated in the four partner countries, and could hence benefit Danish
private sector companies who specialize in green energy solutions. Danish companies will have
frequent opportunities to engage with relevant stakeholders in partner countries to showcase green
solutions and products. Danish representations in partner countries will engage in dialogue with
Danish private sector companies in order to assess market barriers and feed this information into the
ongoing activities of the programme. At the same time, the private sector will be informed of
developments in the sector that may be of commercial interest.
At the overall level, the programme provides technical assistance to build capacity with partnership
programme participants i) to provide convincing input for governmental energy, climate/low carbon
policies, strategies and plans and ii) to deal with implementation aspects of energy efficiency and of
high shares of variable energy in the national power systems in a cost-efficient manner.
Mexico
The development objective is that Mexico is in transition to decouple carbon emissions from
economic growth through cost-efficient mitigation actions. This is supported through three
Development Engagements:
1)
2)
3)
Efficient integration of additional renewable energy in the power sector
Increase efficiency in the use of energy
Support to climate change mitigation measures
The programme assists the Ministry of Energy (Mexico) in developing more comprehensive energy
planning capabilities that encompass the efficient deployment and integration of renewable energy
technologies and paves the way for a potential larger role of biomass in the power supply mix.
Furthermore, CENACE (National Centre for Control of Energy, Mexico) is assisted to integrate a
larger share of renewable energy into the electricity grid by (i) developing best practices on
transmission grid planning, including technical grid analysis, cost/benefit analysis and investment
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
531
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0532.png
criteria, and (ii) increase reliability and efficiency in the operation of the electricity system, including
enhanced forecasting of renewable energy generation.
The programme furthermore assists the National Commission for Energy Efficiency in: developing
and setting-up a long term scheme targeting industrial energy efficiency, and in implementation of a
test incentive scheme financed by Mexican resources and based on voluntary agreements with high
energy intensity industries; engaging states and municipalities in applying and enforcing energy
efficiency standards in buildings; and in end-use data acquisition and modelling so that it can suitably
inform the political choices in the country.
Finally, the programme assists the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (Mexico) and
underlying institutions with identification and initiation of additional national and sub-national
measures to reach un-conditional climate target including most cost-efficient pathway to achieve
conditional targets in line with the NDC targets.
South Africa
The development objective is that South Africa is in transition to a less carbon-intensive electricity
production including through expansion of renewable energy generation. This is supported through
two Development Engagements:
1)
2)
Capacity Development for Energy Sector Planning
Renewable Energy Integration into the National Power System of South Africa
The programme assists the Department of Energy (South Africa) to develop more comprehensive
energy planning capabilities including through consolidation of data, forecasts, peer reviewed
assumptions and additional long term policy and policy implementation scenarios for a less-carbon
intensive electricity sector. Outputs will be subjected to dialogues with government stakeholders,
academia, civil society, private sectors investors and other relevant stakeholders. The programme
furthermore assists ESKOM with knowledge and expertise to operate the power system with a higher
degree of flexibility and cost-efficiency, and providing tools and methodologies to do accurate
renewable energy generation forecasting.
China
The objective is that China is in transition to a less carbon-intensive energy sector including through
increased share of renewable energy and sustainable district heating. This is supported through two
Development Engagements:
1)
2)
Transformation of the Chinese Energy System.
Energy Efficiency with National Energy Conservation Centre.
The programme assists China Renewable Energy Centre to develop convincing renewable energy
policy and planning input for Chinese policy makers showing clear pathways for setting more
ambitious renewable energy targets in the 14th Five-Year-Plan. This entails: ambitious renewable
long-term scenarios for China published in the China Renewable Energy Outlook; analysis on thermal
power flexibility including suitable incentive systems for thermal plants and technological and
management solutions to increase flexibility and; grid development strategies working with Chinese
grid companies.
Furthermore, the programme assists the National Energy Conservation Centre (China) to develop a
more efficient planning- and implementation framework for sustainable district heating. It will
strengthen the capacity of the centre in generating convincing policy and planning input for
sustainable district heating and in influencing local level planning frameworks to consider sustainable
alternatives for investment decisions.
Viet Nam
The objective is that most cost-effective opportunities for low carbon transition in energy system are
more widely adopted throughout Viet Nam. This will be supported through three Development
Engagements:
1)
2)
3)
Capacity Development for long-range energy sector planning
Capacity Development for Renewable Energy Integration into the Power System
Low carbon development in the industrial sector
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
532
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
The programme assists the Viet Nam Ministry of Industry and Trade to commission, develop, and
analyze comprehensive long-term energy scenarios including through capacity building and
supporting consultations among stakeholders and decision makers on the future development paths of
the energy sector based upon comprehensive cost-optimized scenario analyses.
Furthermore, the Electricity Regulatory Authority of Viet Nam is assisted to build capacity with
power system participants for them to develop and implement supportive measures for engaging
auxiliary services and for them to do more accurate forecasting.
Finally, the Ministry of Industry and Trade is assisted in strengthening the implementation framework
for provincial level to target the most cost beneficial opportunities for low carbon development in
industry and a more coherent and consistent national level regulatory framework contributing to
industrial low carbon policy.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
533
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0534.png
Annex E
Denmark's report on systematic climate
observations for the global climate
observing system (GCOS)
DENMARK’S REPORT ON SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL CLIMATE
OBSERVING SYSTEM (GCOS) IN CONNECTION WITH THE SIXTH NATIONAL
COMMUNICATION UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)
from
National Report on Global Climate Observing Systems (GCOS) in
Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands 2017
Status report on national GCOS activities
Compiled by Claus Kern-Hansen, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)
Danish Climate Centre Report 17-23
2017
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
534
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Compiled by
Claus Kern-Hansen
Danish Meteorological Institute
Lyngbyvej 100
DK 2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
http: www.dmi.dk
e-mail: [email protected]
Contributing institutions:
Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and
Climate.
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Danish Ministry of Energy,
Utilities and Climate.
DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy & Department of Bioscience and
the Department of Environmental Science (former National Environmental Research
Institute (NERI)), University of Aarhus.
Disclaimer
The information in this report represents the best knowledge available to the
compiling editor by the time of issue.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
535
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Content
1
Common Issues
1.1 National coordination
1.2 Efforts undertaken to ensure high-quality climate data records.
1.3 Efforts undertaken to ensure the data exchange and availability
Atmospheric Essential Climate Variables (ECV)
2.2 Contributions to the GCOS Networks from International relevant stations
2.2.1 Contributions to the GCOS Surface Network (GSN)
2.2.2 Contributions to the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN)
2.2.3 Contributions to the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
2.3 Satellite observations as base for atmosphere related ECV observations
2.4 Other networks for monitoring weather and atmospheric composition.
2.4.1 Climatological/meteorological surface stations
2.4.2 Precipitation observation networks (stations and radar)
2.4.3 Surface radiation observation networks
2.4.4 Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and stratospheric ozone stations
2.4.5 Upper air strata measurements – Radio sounding observations
2.4.6 Ice observations
2.4.7 Climatological data sets
2.4.8 Air quality monitoring
Oceanic essential climate variables (Oceanic ECV)
3.1 National contribution to oceanographic ECV
3.2 Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP).
3.3 Satellite observations as base for oceanic ECV observations
3.4 Additional national oceanographic monitoring
3.4.1 Sea temperatures
3.4.2 National tide gauge network
3.4.3 Hydrographic and marine surveys
Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables (ECV)
4.1 General information
4.2 Global Terrestrial Network – Hydrology (GTN-H)
4.3 Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge (GTN-R)
4.4 Global Terrestrial Network for Lakes (GTN-L)
4.5 Global Terrestrial Network on Glaciers (GTN-G)
4.6 Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P)
4.7 Satellite observations as base for Terrestrial related ECV observations
Additional information
5.1 Detailed reporting
5.2 WMO RA VI Pilot Regional Climate Centres Network (RCC-Network) and European
Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D)
2
3
4
5
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
536
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Introduction
This status report has been prepared to give an update on the Danish contribution to
the systematic climate observations in the Global Climate Observing System
(GCOS) as of 1th of January 2017.
The present report is an update of the first report based on the reporting guidelines
contained in decision 11/CP.13, by the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice (SBSTA) focussing on Essential Climate Variables. The report was first
issued in 2008 titled “National Report on Global Climate Observing Systems
(GCOS) in Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands 2008” and later updates and
reprinted in 2013 in the DMI report series “Danish Climate Centre Report” as nr 11-
04 and 13-05.
The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the national Global Climate
Observing Systems (GCOS) for the use of the Secretariat of CGOS for its detailed
progress report on the Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for
Climate in Support of the UNFCCC.
1
Common Issues
1.1 N
ATIONAL COORDINATION
Climate research and the generation of climate-related observations are carried out
by various government departments in order for them to meet their responsibilities.
Currently, no national plan exists for the whole area of climate research and
observations.
In its capacity as National Meteorological Service, The Danish Meteorological
Institute (DMI) represents Denmark at World Meteorological Organization (WMO),
and therefore currently undertakes the role as national focal point/coordinator for
GCOS (NFP-GCOS), with the Terms of Reference to undertake GSN and GUAN
issues related to data availability, exchange and quality.
Currently, no national GCOS secretariat has been established in Denmark.
1.2 E
FFORTS UNDERTAKEN TO ENSURE HIGH
-
QUALITY CLIMATE DATA RECORDS
.
A number of agencies in Denmark engage in the systematic observation of elements
of the climate system. Invariably the capture, quality control and archiving of such
data are designed to meet the integrated needs of these agencies, deriving from their
overall missions.
Typically the drivers for long-term systematic observation of environmental or
ecological characteristics arise from an operational, regulatory or research need.
Examples of the former are to be found in the capture of meteorological data for
predictive and statistical services by the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI). The
resulting observation programmes tend to be long term, but the resulting individual
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
537
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
data may be seen as perishable and focus might not always be on maintaining
stability and reliability in the records. The general need for systematic and reliable
time series is increasingly being understood in the scientific community and
incorporated in the collection and data processing procedure.
In this report relevant climate observations for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe
Islands will be described.
1.3 E
FFORTS UNDERTAKEN TO ENSURE THE DATA EXCHANGE AND AVAILABILITY
In general the data are available from the institutions operating the observing station /
collecting the data, but many can also be found on the web, for instance
www.dmi.dk.
Where data such as contributions to GCOS are submitted to the appropriate data
centres, they are also available from these centres.
Additionally, all meteorological data and products that are produced by WMO
Members (national meteorological services) to the WMO programmes such as the
WWW are available under the terms of WMO Resolution 40 (WMO policy and
practice for the exchange of meteorological and related data and products including
guidelines on relationships in commercial meteorological activities).
Such data are freely available without charge (i.e. at no other cost than the cost of
reproduction and delivery, without charge for the data and products themselves and
with no condition on their use)
Similarly hydrological data and products are covered under WMO Resolution 25.
2
Atmospheric Essential Climate Variables (ECV)
2.1 G
ENERAL INFORMATION
Denmark participates fully in the GCOS Surface Network (GSN) and the GCOS
Upper Air Network (GUAN), and in the Global Ozone Observing System (GO3OS)
as part of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW).
2.2 C
ONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
GCOS N
ETWORKS FROM
I
NTERNATIONAL RELEVANT STATIONS
2.2.1 Contributions to the GCOS Surface Network (GSN)
The seven designated GSN stations in Denmark, Greenland and on the Faroe Islands
are all run by DMI and include (Numbers are WMO station numbers):
Greenland:
The Faroe Islands;
Denmark:
4211 Upernarvik, 4250 Nuuk, 4320 Danmarkshavn
4360 Tasiilaq, 4390 Prins Christian Sund;
6011 Tórshavn
6186 Copenhagen.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
538
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
All of these stations currently meet the required standard for surface observation.
2.2.2 Contributions to the GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN)
Only one GUAN station is designated for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe
Islands:
WMO nr. 4270 Narsarsuaq, Greenland.
The station is run by DMI and is operated in accordance with the required standard.
2.2.3 Contributions to the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
As part of the GAW programme, Denmark contributes to the Global Ozone
Observing System (GO3OS) with two stations in Greenland and one in Denmark.
The stations in Greenland are: Kangerlussuaq and Illoqqortoormiut.
The station in Denmark is located in Copenhagen.
The stations in Greenland are Arctic stations in the Network for the Detection of
Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) that is supported by the International
Ozone Commission.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
539
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0540.png
T
ABLE
1
A
. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SURFACE
-
BASED ATMOSPHERIC ESSENTIAL
CLIMATE VARIABLES
Contributing
networks specified in
the GCOS
implementation plan
ECVs
a
Number
of stations
or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number
of stations
or
platforms
expected
to be
operating
in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms with
complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
GCOS Surface
Network (GSN)
Air
temperature
Precipitation
Air
temperature,
air pressure,
wind speed
and direction,
water vapour
Precipitation
Surface
radiation
7
7
37
7
7
37
7
7
37
7
7
37
7
7
37
Full World Weather
Watch/Global
Observing System
(WWW/GOS)
surface network
(RBSN stations)
15
0
15
0
15
0
15
0
Not known
0
Baseline Surface
Radiation Network
(BSRN)
Solar radiation and
radiation balance
data
(RBSN stations)
Ocean drifting buoys
Surface
radiation
7
7
7
7
Not known
Air
temperature,
air pressure
Air
temperature,
air pressure
Air
temperature,
air pressure,
wind speed
and direction,
water vapour
Air
temperature,
wind speed
and direction,
air pressure
Precipitation
0
(note1)
0
(note1)
0
(note1)
0
(note1)
0
(note1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Moored buoys
Voluntary
Observing Ship
Climate Project
(VOSClim)
0
0
0
0
0
Ocean Reference
Mooring Network
and sites on small
isolated islands
0
0
0
0
0
Note 1: Denmark (DMI) participates in the EUMETNET programme SURFMAR, which operates approximately 80 drifting
buoys.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
540
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0541.png
T
ABLE
1
B
. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE UPPER
-
AIR ATMOSPHERIC ESSENTIAL
CLIMATE VARIABLES
Contributing
networks
specified in the
GCOS
implementation
plan
ECVs
Number of
stations or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating
in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number of
stations or
platforms
expected
to be
operating
in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms
with
complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
GCOS Upper Air
Network (GUAN)
Upper-air
temperature,
upper-air
wind speed
and direction,
upper-air
water vapour
Upper-air
temperature,
upper-air
wind speed
and direction,
upper-air
water vapour
1
1
1
1
1
Full WWW/GOS
Upper Air
Network
5
5
5
5
5
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
541
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0542.png
T
ABLE
1
C
. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
Contributing
networks
specified in the
GCOS
implementation
plan
ECVs
Number
of
stations
or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating
in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number
of stations
or
platforms
expected
to be
operating
in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms with
complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
World
Meteorological
Organization/
Global
Atmosphere
Watch
(WMO/GAW)
Global
Atmospheric CO
2
& CH
4
Monitoring
Network
WMO/GAW
ozone sonde
network
a
WMO/GAW
column ozone
network
b
WMO/GAW
Aerosol Network
c
Carbon
dioxide
Methane
Other
greenhouse
gases
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ozone
1
3
3
0
1
3
3
0
1
3
3
0
1
3
3
0
1
3
3
0
Ozone
Aerosol
optical
depth
Other
aerosol
properties
2.3 S
ATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AS BASE FOR ATMOSPHERE RELATED
ECV
OBSERVATIONS
Denmark is member state in EUMETSAT and ESA.
Especially through EUMETSAT Denmark takes functional part in activities related
to the utilization of satellite data in analyses related to ECVs and climate monitoring.
The table below is indicating
in blue
areas where the Danish participation is more
significant.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
542
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0543.png
T
ABLE
2.
G
LOBAL PRODUCTS REQUIRING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
–
ATMOSPHERIC
Fundamental climate data records
required for product generation (from
past, current and future missions)
Passive microwave radiances and
scatterometry
Passive microwave radiances, GPS radio
occultation, high-spectral resolution IR
radiances for use in reanalysis
ESSENTIAL CLIMATE VARIABLES
ECVs/ Global products requiring satellite observations
Surface wind speed and direction
Surface vector winds
analyses, particularly from reanalysis
Upper-air temperature
Homogenized upper-air temperature
analyses: extended MSU-equivalent temperature record, new
record for upper-troposphere and lower-stratosphere
temperature using data from radio occultation, temperature
analyses obtained from reanalyses
EUMETSAT ROM-SAF/CM-SAF
Water vapour
Total column water vapour over the ocean
and over land, tropospheric and lower stratospheric profiles
of water vapour
EUMETSAT ROM-SAF/CM-SAF
Cloud properties
Cloud radiative properties (initially key
ISCCP products)
Precipitation
Improved estimates of precipitation, both as
derived from specific satellite instruments and as provided by
composite products
Earth radiation budget
Top-of-atmosphere Earth radiation
budget on a continuous basis
Ozone
Profiles and total column of ozone, global UV indices
EUMETSAT O3M-SAF
Aerosol properties
Aerosol optical depth and other aerosol
properties
Carbon dioxide, methane and other long-lived
greenhouse gases
Distribution of greenhouse gases, such as
CO
2
and CH
4
, of sufficient quality to estimate regional
sources and sinks
Upper-air wind
Upper-air wind analyses, particularly from
reanalysis
Atmospheric reanalyses
Passive microwave radiances, GPS radio
occultations, UV/VIS radiances, IR imagery
and soundings in the 6.7um band, microwave
soundings in the 183 GHz band
VIS/IR imagery, IR and microwave
soundings
Passive microwave radiances, high-frequency
geostationary IR measurements, active radar
(for calibration)
Broadband radiances, spectrally-resolved
solar irradiances, geostationary multi spectral
imagery
UV/VIS and IR microwave radiances
VIS/NIR/SWIR radiances
NIR/IR radiances
VIS/IR imagery, Doppler wind lidar
Key FCDRs and products identified in this
report, and other data of value to the analyses
2.4 O
THER NETWORKS FOR MONITORING WEATHER AND ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
.
2.4.1 Climatological/meteorological surface stations
DMI operates and receives data from a network of approximately 100 automatic
meteorological stations in Denmark, Greenland and on the Faroe Islands.
Measurements are made in accordance with the WMO recommendations.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
543
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0544.png
Fig. 1 – DMIs network of weather
stations in Denmark
Fig. 2 – DMIs network of Fig. 3– DMIs network
weather stations in
of weather stations on
Greenland
the Faroe Islands
As of 2001 a special dedicated network of (manual) stations for climatological
observations has been discontinued, due to the convergence between the different
network technologies. The objectives behind this decision are to eliminate human
errors, to benefit from potential savings due to this rationalisation, and to reach a
higher observation frequency. Climatological data are now obtained from the
automatic network described above.
Climatological data are collected to define the climate in Denmark, Greenland and on
the Faroe Islands and to create a national database for a wide range of enquiries and
research activities. Climatological work mostly consists of preparing annual and
monthly statistics, including calculation of averages, percentiles and standard
deviations.
Substantial recorded data are needed to establish reliable averages and trends. The
daily inflow of data from Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands is around
100,000 observations, and the central database at DMI currently contains more than
300,000,000 observations. Some of the recorded data are from as early as 1872.
A monthly summary is prepared for the three stations in Denmark, one on the Faroe
Islands and eight in Greenland using the CLIMAT format. These data are routinely
submitted via the GTS.
2.4.2 Precipitation observation networks (stations and radar)
For national purposes, more data concerning precipitation is needed than can be
provided from the overall surface climatological and meteorological network
described above. In Denmark the precipitation observation network consists of
approximately 250 stations, all automatic. Half of this network is jointly operated by
DMI and The Water Pollution Committee of the Society of Danish Engineers
(Spildevandskomitéen - SVK), the other half is owned and operated by DMI.
Information on precipitation can also be obtained from weather radar data. In
Denmark, DMI runs a network of five weather radars which provides 100% coverage
of Danish land areas and coastal marine areas. The network’s geographical coverage
is unsurpassed, and hence provides detailed information about precipitation on
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
544
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
national and local scales. By calibrating radar data against point measurements of
precipitation the latest scientific results show a high absolute accuracy.
During wintertime, a network of 75 manual snow depth stations is operated in
Denmark, reporting once a day.
In Greenland and the Faroe Islands, precipitation is primary measured at the
automatic weather stations.
2.4.3 Surface radiation observation networks
Radiation is measured as 10- minute mean values of global radiation at the DMI
operated weather station.
2.4.4 Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and stratospheric ozone stations
Solar Ultraviolet (UV) radiation at different wavelengths is measured by DMI at one
station in Greenland, Kangerlussuaq. In addition, DMI performs daily measurements
of total ozone at Copenhagen, Kangerlussuaq, and weekly ozone soundings at
Illoqqortoormiut.
DMI provides near real time global UV-indices as part of the EUMETSAT O3M-
SAF.
2.4.5 Upper air strata measurements – Radio sounding observations
DMI runs radio sounding stations at the following six locations: Tórshavn (the Faroe
Islands), Dan-markshavn, Illoqqortoormiit, Tasiilaq, Narsarsuaq and Aasiaat
(Greenland). Two soundings are made every day at these stations.
2.4.6 Ice observations
DMI is responsible for the systematic surveillance of sea ice conditions in the
Greenland waters. Observations concerning ice conditions have been collected for
approximately 140 years and an extensive volume of data is available in a graphic
format as monthly summaries, ice maps etc.
Since 1959 special emphasis has been on the waters south of Cape Farewell (the
southern tip of Green-land) in order to improve navigation safety in what is an
important navigation area. Ice maps containing detailed information on the relevant
ice conditions are prepared several times a week. The most recent maps are available
in vector graphic format.
Since 1999 weekly summaries of the ice conditions for all Greenland waters have
been prepared. These summaries, which are based on satellite data, are generated
semi-automatically and are primarily intended for climatological analyses as the
energy radiation from the sea is highly dependent on whether it is covered with ice or
not.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
545
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2.4.7 Climatological data sets
Over the years, DMI has established a number of very long climatological series with
differing periods of information representing Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe
Islands.
The long daily time series include: precipitation, temperature, atmospheric pressure
and cloud cover for a number of Danish locations as well as precipitation and
temperatures for two Greenland Stations 1874-2016
The long monthly time series include: temperatures, precipitation, atmospheric
pressure, cloud cover and snow for stations in Denmark, Greenland and on the Faroe
Islands
The long annual time series include: temperature for a number of stations in
Denmark, Greenland and on the Faroe Islands (1873-2016), as well as temperatures,
precipitation, hours of sunshine and cloud cover given as national averages for
Denmark
All the above mentioned datasets are freely available through the annual updates of
DMI Reports at www.dmi.dk
2.4.8 Air quality monitoring
Air pollution is automatically monitored in both urban and rural areas across
Denmark and at one station in Greenland. This monitoring network is operated by
Department of Environmental Sciences at Aarhus University (The Danish Centre for
Environment and Energy (DCE 2011 replaced the former National Environmental
Research Institute (NERI) and measures a wide range of pollutants:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxides (NO )
Ozone (O )
Sulphur dioxide (SO )
Total Suspended Particulate matter, TSP (PM )
The chemical composition of particles (sulphate, sea salt, heavy metals etc.)
Nitrogen compounds (ammonia (gas), particulate ammonium, sum of nitric
acid and particulate nitrate)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
2
3
2
10
Figure 4 shows the types and distribution of air quality monitoring stations across
Denmark and in Greenland.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
546
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0547.png
F
IGURE
4 – N
ATIONAL
N
ETWORK OF
A
IR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN
D
ENMARK
OPERATED BY
D
EPARTMENT OF
E
NVIRONMENTAL
S
CIENCES AT
A
ARHUS
U
NIVERSITY
:
urban
network
:
background
network:
urban and
background
network
http://www2.dm
u.dk/1_Viden/2_
miljoe-
tilstand/3_luft/4_
maalinger/5_maa
leprogrammer/ov
ersigtskort.asp
3
Oceanic essential climate variables (Oceanic ECV)
3.1 N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO OCEANOGRAPHIC
ECV
Oceanographic observations for GCOS are based on the GOOS climate module for
the open ocean, which comprises the following programmes: drifting and moored
buoy programmes managed by the DBCP (Data Buoy Co-operation Panel), the Ship
of Opportunity Programme (SOOP), the Argo array of profiling floats, the Global
Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), the Voluntary Observing Ships Programme
(VOS) and the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP).
Denmark participates in the ASAP programmes as described in paragraph 3.2.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
547
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0548.png
T
ABLE
3
A
. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE OCEANIC ESSENTIAL CLIMATE
VARIABLES
–
SURFACE
Contributing
Networks
specified in the
GCOS
implementation
plan
Number
of
stations
or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating
in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number
of stations
or
platforms
expected
to be
operating
in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms
with
complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
ECVs
Global surface
drifting buoy
array on 5x5
degree
resolution
GLOSS Core
Sea-level
Network
Voluntary
observing ships
(VOS)
Ship of
Opportunity
Programme
Sea surface
temperature,
sea level
pressure,
position-change
based current
Sea level
0
(note 2)
0
(note 2)
0
(note 2)
0
(note 2)
0
(note 2)
0
0
(note 2)
0
0
(note 2)
0
0
(note 2)
0
0
(note 2)
0
0
(note 2)
All feasible
surface ECVs
All feasible
surface ECVs
0
0
0
0
0
Note 2: Denmark (DMI) participates in the EUMETNET programme SURFMAR, which operates approximately 80 drifting
buoys and 10 voluntary observing ships (VOS) of which DMI maintains 4.
T
ABLE
3
B
. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE OCEANIC ESSENTIAL CLIMATE
VARIABLES
–
WATER COLUMN
Contributing
Networks
specified in the
GCOS
implementation
plan
Global
reference
mooring
network
Global tropical
moored buoy
network
Argo network
Carbon
inventory
survey lines
Number
of
stations
or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating
in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number
of
stations
or
platforms
expected
to be
operating
in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms
with complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
ECVs
All feasible
surface and
subsurface
ECVs
All feasible
surface and
subsurface
ECVs
Temperature,
salinity, current
Temperature,
salinity, ocean
tracers, biogeo-
chemistry
variables
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
548
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0549.png
3.2 A
UTOMATED
S
HIPBOARD
A
EROLOGICAL
P
ROGRAMME
(ASAP).
The E-ASAP (Eucos ASAP) in its present form began in the mid1980s.
The programme’s objective is to record profile data from the upper air strata in ocean
areas using automated sounding systems carried on board merchant ships plying
regular ocean routes.
Several national meteorological services operate ASAP units and the collected data
are made available in real time via GTS.
ASAP data are archived alongside other radio sounding data by many national
meteorological services. ASAP is an important contribution to both the WWW and
GCOS.
Today most of the soundings are from the North Atlantic and north-west Pacific, but
the programme is expanding to other ocean basins through a new, co-operative
World-wide Recurring ASAP Project (WRAP).
Denmark operates three ASAP units mounted on ships plying fixed routes from
Denmark to Greenland.
3.3 S
ATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AS BASE FOR OCEANIC
ECV
OBSERVATIONS
Denmark is member state in EUMETSAT and ESA.
Especially through EUMETSAT Denmark takes functional part in activities related
to the utilization of satellite data in analyses related to ECVs and climate monitoring.
The table below is indicating
in blue
areas where the Denmark participation is more
significant.
T
ABLE
4. G
LOBAL PRODUCTS REQUIRING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
–
OCEANS
Fundamental climate data records
required for product generation (from
past, current and future missions)
Microwave and visible imagery
Altimetry
Single and multi-view IR and microwave
imagery
Multi-spectral VIS imagery
Altimetry
Microwave radiances
Key FCDRs and products identified in this
report, and other data of value to the analyses
ECVs/ Global products requiring satellite observations
Sea Ice
Sea ice concentration
EUMETSAT O&SI SAF
Sea Level
Sea level and variability of its global mean
Sea Surface Temperature
Sea surface temperature
EUMETSAT O&SI SAF
Ocean Colour
Ocean colour and oceanic chlorophyll-a
concentration derived from ocean colour
Sea State
Wave height and other measures of sea state
(wave direction, wavelength, time period)
Ocean Salinity
Research towards the measurement of
changes in sea surface salinity
Ocean Reanalyses
Altimeter and ocean surface satellite
measurements
EUMETSAT O&SI SAF
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
549
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
3.4 A
DDITIONAL NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC MONITORING
3.4.1 Sea temperatures
Denmark has a network for the collection of sea temperatures at 24 coastal stations
around Denmark. The stations are operated by DMI, the Danish Coastal Authority,
and local authorities respectively. Data are available from each of the responsible
bodies. Furthermore, sea surface temperatures are monitored using satellites, and
DMI prepares daily maps for the North Sea and Baltic Sea areas.
3.4.2 National tide gauge network
In Denmark an extensive national network of tide gauges are operated jointly by
DMI, local authorities and the Danish Coastal Authority. The network consists of 90
automatic stations.
In Greenland a tide gauge station is operated by DTU-Space/National Space Institute
(http://www.space.dtu.dk/english).
Data are available from the responsible bodies.
3.4.3 Hydrographic and marine surveys
The Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) (former National
Environmental Research Institute (NERI)), has the overall responsibility for
surveillance of the Danish waters. Surveillance of fjords and coastal waters is carried
out by the regional authorities, while DCE is responsible for mapping the open
waters.
All of the surveys are part of the Danish nationwide monitoring programme
NOVANA.
All marine NOVANA data (regional and state) are collected annually in the national
marine database (MADS), by DCE.
The Danish Institute for Fisheries Research carries out yearly surveys in Danish
waters, primarily in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Relevant oceanographic
parameters are measured and recorded for these areas.
Furthermore, DMI is involved in research driven monitoring programmes.
4
Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables (ECV)
4.1 G
ENERAL INFORMATION
The terrestrial observation system is not as well established as the atmospheric or the
oceanographic one. The reason is that most of the terrestrial observations are not part
of international observation routines with a regular/daily exchange of data.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
550
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
4.2 G
LOBAL
T
ERRESTRIAL
N
ETWORK
– H
YDROLOGY
(GTN-H)
The GTN-H is a joint effort of the World Meteorological Organization / Climate and
Water Department (WMO/CLW), the GCOS, and the Global Terrestrial Observing
System (GTOS12), co-sponsored by WMO, UNESCO, ICSU, UNEP and FAO.
GTN-H represents the observational arm of the Group on Earth Observations /
IntegratedGlobal Water Cycle Observations Theme (GEO/IGWCO).
The following hydrological variables have been identified as essential for the GTN-
H13 network:
Precipitation, river discharge, groundwater, water vapour, lake level/ area, isotopic
composition, soil moisture, water use, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps,
evapotranspiration, water quality/ biogeochemical fluxes.
For most of the variables a global network is defined and a contact established.
The
Global Precipitation Climate Centre (GPCC)
based at German
Meteorological Insti-tute/Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) and operating under the
auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as well as
Global
Runoff Data Centre (GRDC),
based at the Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde
(Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG) in Koblenz, Germany, and operating under the
auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), are both parts of the
GTN-H Panel and represent their respective networks on precipitation and river
discharge.
DMI contributes to GPCC with precipitation data, and DCE is reporting to GRDC
under GTN-R (see paragraph 4.3).
4.3 G
LOBAL
T
ERRESTRIAL
N
ETWORK FOR
R
IVER
D
ISCHARGE
(GTN-R)
DCE is reporting to the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), based at the
Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG) in Koblenz,
Germany, and operating under the auspices of the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO).
GTN-R is a GRDC contribution to the Implementation Plan for the Global Observing
System for Climate and to GTN-H.
Denmark is reporting 14 stations as shown in Table 5.
4.4 G
LOBAL
T
ERRESTRIAL
N
ETWORK FOR
L
AKES
(GTN-L)
As with several other data types, lake level data are recorded by both local authorities
as well as at national level.
DCE is operating a database, from which national and part of local data from lakes
may be available upon request.
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
551
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0552.png
4.5 G
LOBAL
T
ERRESTRIAL
N
ETWORK ON
G
LACIERS
(GTN-G)
The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), is mapping the mass-
balance of the Greenlandic Icecap.
As part of these activities, a network of stations (PROMICE) is operated
(http://promice.dk/about_us_uk/main.html). The PROMICE network operates 20
automatic mass balance stations in Greenland, as shown in Table 5.
4.6 G
LOBAL
T
ERRESTRIAL
N
ETWORK FOR
P
ERMAFROST
(GTN-P)
Soil or rock that is permanently frozen throughout the year is called permafrost.
Permafrost is present in Greenland, and monitored at selected sites as part of
(primary) individual research projects.
There is no information on any nationwide monitoring or reporting, neither
nationally or internationally.
T
ABLE
5. N
ATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN ESSENTIAL
CLIMATE VARIABLES
Contributing
networks specified
in the GCOS
implementation
plan
ECVs
Number
of stations
or
platforms
currently
operating
Number of
stations or
platforms
operating in
accordance
with the
GCMPs
Number of
stations or
platforms
expected to
be opera-
ting in 2015
Number of
stations or
platforms
providing
data to the
international
data centres
Number of
stations or
platforms
with
complete
historical
record
available in
international
data centres
GCOS baseline
river discharge
network (GTN-R)
GCOS Baseline
Lake Level/
Area/Temperature
Network (GTN-L)
WWW/GOS
synoptic network
(RBSN stations)
River
discharge
Lake
level/area/
temperature
Snow cover
Glaciers mass
balance and
length, also
ice sheet mass
balance
Permafrost
borehole
temperatures
and active
layer thickness
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
0
14
0
3
20
3
N/A
3
20
3
Data are
presently
available
upon
request
0
Not known
Not known
GCOS glacier
monitoring network
(GTN-G)
GCOS permafrost
monitoring network
(GTN-P)
0
0
0
0
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
552
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0553.png
4.7 S
ATELLITE OBSERVATIONS AS BASE FOR
T
ERRESTRIAL RELATED
ECV
OBSERVATIONS
Denmark is member state in EUMETSAT and ESA.
Especially through EUMETSAT Denmark takes functional part in activities related
to the utilization of satellite data in analyses related to ECVs and climate monitoring.
At present DMI does not operate any activities in the areas shown in Table 6.
T
ABLE
6. G
LOBAL PRODUCTS REQUIRING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
–
TERRESTRIAL
Fundamental climate data records
required for product generation (from
past, current and future missions)
VIS/NIR imagery and radar imagery,
altimetry, high-resolution IR imagery
High-resolution VIS/NIR/SWIR optical
imagery, altimetry
Moderate-resolution VIS/NIR/IR and passive
microwave imagery
Multispectral and broadband imagery
Moderate-resolution multispectral VIS/NIR
imagery, high-resolution multispectral
VIS/NIR imagery
VIS/NIR imagery
VIS/NIR imagery
L band/P band SAR, Laser altimetry
ECVs/ Global products requiring satellite observations
Lakes
Maps of lakes, lake levels, surface temperatures of
lakes in the Global Terrestrial Network for Lakes
Glaciers and ice caps
Maps of the areas covered by glaciers
other than ice sheets, ice sheet elevation changes for mass
balance determination
Snow cover
Snow areal extent
Albedo
Directional hemispherical (black sky) albedo
Land cover
Moderate-resolution maps of land-cover type,
high-resolution maps of land-cover type, for the detection of
land-cover change
fAPAR
Maps of fAPAR
LAI
Maps of LAI
Biomass
Research towards global, above ground forest
biomass and forest biomass change
Fire disturbance
Burnt area, supplemented by active fire
maps and fire radiated power
Soil moisture
a
Research towards global near-surface soil
moisture map (up to 10 cm soil depth)
VIS/NIR/SWIR/TIR moderate-resolution
multispectral imagery
Active and passive microwave
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
553
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0554.png
5
Additional information
5.1 D
ETAILED REPORTING
Denmark provided a detailed report as part of “Denmark’s Fifth National
Communication on Climate Change under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol” to the UNFCCC in 2009.
5.2 WMO RA VI P
ILOT
R
EGIONAL
C
LIMATE
C
ENTRES
N
ETWORK
(RCC-N
ETWORK
)
E
UROPEAN
C
LIMATE
A
SSESSMENT
& D
ATASET
(ECA&D)
AND
Through DMI’s active participation in the EUMETNET Expert Team Climate
(former EUMETNET programme ECSN (European Climate Support Network))
Denmark contributes very actively to the European Climate Assessment & Dataset
(ECA&D) http://eca.knmi.nl/ – at present the most comprehensive climate dataset
and analysis for Europe.
ECA&D forms the backbone of the climate data node in the Regional Climate Centre
(RCC) [“The Regional Climate Centre Node on Climate Data”] (RCC-CD for WMO
Region VI (Europe and the Middle East)) since 2010.
In addition to the cooperation on data, DMI contributes active to The Regional
Climate Centre Node on Climate Monitoring”] (RCC-CM for WMO Region VI
(Europe and the Middle East)) providing national climate monitoring products and
information.
The data and information products contribute to the Global Framework for Climate
Services (GFCS).
F
IGURE
5 H
OMEPAGE OF THE
E
UROPEAN
C
LIMATE
A
SSESSMENT
& D
ATASET
(ECA&D).
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
554
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Annex F
Denmark’s Third Biennial Report
– under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
Contents
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TRENDS
A. Summary information from The Kingdom of Denmark's greeenhouse gas inventory on emissions and emission trends
B. Summary information on Denmark’s national inventory arrangements
III. QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
A. The joint EU target for 2020
B. Other emission reduction targets
IV. PROGRESS IN ACHIEVEMENT OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS AND RELEVANT INFORMATION
A. Mitigation actions and their effects
B. Estimates of emission reductions and removals and the use of units from the market-based mechanisms and land use, land-use change and forestry activities
V. PROJECTIONS
VI. PROVISION OF FINANCIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND CAPACITY-BUILDING SUPPORT TO DEVELOPING COUNTRY PARTIES
VI.1
STRATEGIES FOR DANISH DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
VI.1.1 DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE
VI.1.2 NEW AND ADDITIONAL
VI.2 METHODOLOGY FOR REPORTING
VI.2.1 BILATERAL CLIMATE FINANCE
VI.2.2 MULTILATERAL CLIMATE FINANCE
VI.2.3 PRIVATE CLIMATE FINANCE
VI.2.4 METHODOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES FROM BR2
VI.2.5 FINAL REMARKS
VI.3 OVERVIEW OF DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE FROM 2013 TO 2016
VI.3.1 DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE REPORTED 2013 TO 2016 - DISBURSEMENTS
VI.3.2 DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE REPORTED TO THE UNFCCC (2013 TO 2016) - COMMITMENTS
VI.3.3 DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE TO MULTILATERALS CHANNELS (2013 TO 2016)
VI.3.4 CLIMATE FINANCE BY TYPE OF PARTNER
VI.3.5 BREAKDOWN BY INCOME GROUPS AND DANIDA PRIORITY COUNTRIES
VI.3.6 ALLOCATION OF CLIMATE FINANCE TO DANIDA PRIORITY COUNTRIES
VI.4 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND BUILDING CAPACITY
VI.4.1 INTRODUCTION
VI.4.2 EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS WITH TECHNOLOGY AND CAPACITY BUILDING
VI.5 MOBILISED PRIVATE SECTOR CLIMATE INVESTMENTS THROUGH IFU
VII. OTHER REPORTING MATTERS
A. Denmark
B. Greenland
INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TRENDS
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
PROGRESS IN ACHIEVEMENT OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS AND RELEVANT INFORMATION
PROJECTIONS
C. Faroe Islands
INFORMATION ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TRENDS
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
PROGRESS IN ACHIEVEMENT OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY-WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS AND RELEVANT INFORMATION
PROJECTIONS
VIII. COMMON TABULAR FORMAT FOR UNFCCC BIENNIAL REPORTING
Table 1: Emission trends (summary) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 1(0): Emission trends (GHGs) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 1(a): Emission trends (CO2) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 1(b): Emission trends (CH4) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 1(c): Emission trends (N2O) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 1(d): Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3) in Denmark (i.e. EU territory, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Table 2(a): Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: base year
Table 2(b): Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: gases and sectors covered
Table 2(c): Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: global warming potential values (GWP)
Table 2(d): Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: approach to counting emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector
Table 2(e)I: Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: market-based mechanisms under the Convention
Table 2(e)II: Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: other market-based mechanisms
Table 2(f): Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: any other information
Table 3: Progress in achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects (please go to the
electronic version of the CTF for the table with Denmark’s portfolio of PAMs)
Table 4: Reporting on progress
Table 4(a)I: Reporting on progress - in achieving the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions relevant
to the contribution of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in 2015
Table 4(a)I: Reporting on progress - in achieving the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions relevant
to the contribution of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in 2016
Table 4(a)II: Reporting on Progress - in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions
relevant to the counting of emissions and removals from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in relation to activities under Article 3,
paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol
Table 4(b): Reporting on progress - in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on the use (I.E:
retirement) of Kyoto Protocol units (AAUs, ERUs, CERs tCERs and lCERs) and other units
Table 5: Summary of key variables and assumptions used in the projections analysis
Table 6(a): Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘with measures’ scenario
Table 6(b): Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘without measures’ scenario
Table 6(c): Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘with additional measures’ scenario
Table 7: Provision of public financial support: summary information in 2015 and 2016
Table 7(a): Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 2015 and 2016
Table 7(b): Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2015 and 2016
Documentation box for Tables 7, 7(A) and 7(B)
Table 8: Provision of technology development and transfer support
Table 9: Provision of capacity-building support
D
ENMARK
'
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
555
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0556.png
I. Introduction
This report is Denmark’s third biennial report (BR3) under the United Nations Framwork
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report has been prepared in accordance
with the UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties contained in
Decision 2/CP.17 (Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term
Cooperative Action under the Convention - Document: FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1) adopted
by the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session
76
.
The report provides information on the historical and projected progress made in Denmark
regarding Denmark’s contribution to the achievement of joint European Union (EU)
quantified economy-wide emission reduction target under the UNFCCC, including
information on target, historic emissions, projected emissions and references to where
further information can be found. Furthermore the report includes information on
Denmark’s provision of financial, technological and capacity-building support to Parties
not included in Annex I to the Convention.
Information in relation to Greenland and the Faroe Islands is included in Chapter VII of
this report as these parts of the realm are covered by Denmark’s ratification of the
Convention. However, as the Faroe Islands and Greenland are not members of the EU, the
commitments of Denmark as a member of the EU do no apply to the Faroe Islands and
Greenland.
In response to the recommendations from the review of Denmark’s Second Biennial
Report
77
additional estimates of the effects of implemented policies and measures are
included in Table 3 of the Common Tabular Format (CTF), additional information on the
factors affecting emissions trends is included in Table 5 of the CTF and additional
information on projections of greenhouse gas emissions related to fuel sold to ships and
aircrafts in international transport are included in Table 6(a) of the CTF.
The information to be reported electronically in the CTF contained in Decision 19/CP.18
(Document: FCCC/CP/2012/8/Add.3)
78
and revised by Decision 9/CP.21 (Document:
FCCC/CP2015/10/Add.2)
79
is included in Chapter VIII of the biennial report.
76
77
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf (Decision pages 6-7 and Annex I pages 31-35).
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/trr/dnk.pdf
78
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/cop18/eng/08a03.pdf#page=3 (Decision pages 3-4 and Annex pages 5-42).
79
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a02.pdf#page=15
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
556
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
II. Information on greenhouse gas emissions and trends
A. S
UMMARY
INFORMATION FROM
T
HE
K
INGDOM OF
INVENTORY ON EMISSIONS AND EMISSION TRENDS
D
ENMARK
'
S
GREEENHOUSE GAS
The total inventories for the Kingdom of Denmark under the UNFCCC consistent with the
data in the Common Reporting Format (CRF) reported under the UNFCCC in 2017 are
given in Table 1 of the Common Tabular Format (CTF). The Kingdom of Denmark (or the
Realm) comprises Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Greenland's and the Faroe Islands' greenhouse gas emissions are small compared with
those of Denmark (each about 1 % of the total emissions), and they have been almost
constant since 1990.
The emissions from the Kingdom (i.e. emissions from Denmark, Greenland and Faroe
Islands) of the greenhouse gases CO
2
(carbon dioxide), CH
4
(methane), N
2
O (nitrous
oxide), and the so-called potent greenhouse gases (F-gases), which include HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons), PFCs (perfluorocarbons), SF
6
(sulphurhexafluoride) and NF
3
(nitrogen trifluoride) during the period 1990-2015 are shown in Figures II.1-II.4,
aggregated into the five main sectors and the most relevant sub-sectors as defined by the
UNFCCC reporting guidelines (Decision 24/CP.19). The underlying data are included in
the CTF. Total greenhouse gas emissions for the Kingdom measured in CO
2
equivalents on
the basis of the global warming potential of each gas are shown together with the
distribution with respect to gas and source/sector in Figures II.5-II.6.
The inventory data to be reported electronically in Table 1 of the CTF are shown in
Chapter VIII. Since Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not part of the EU territory,
inventory data for Denmark alone and separately for Greenland and the Faroe Islands are
also shown in Chapter VIII.
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
Most CO
2
emissions come from combustion of coal, oil and natural gas in energy
industries, residential properties and in manufacturing industry. Road transport is also a
major contributor. Outside the energy sector, the only major CO
2
emissions come from
cement production, which accounts for 2-3 % of the annual national total. The transport
sector is the only major emitting sector that has shown an increasing trend since 1990.
However, in the latest years, CO
2
emissions from the transport sector have stabilised.
The relatively large fluctuations in the emissions from year to year are due to trade in
electricity with other countries - primarily the Nordic countries. The large emissions in
1991, 1994, 1996, 2003 and 2006 are due to large electricity exports.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
557
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0558.png
From 1990 to 1996, emissions showed a rising trend, but they have fallen since 1997
because many power stations have changed their fuel mix from coal to natural gas and
biomass. Additionally, the production of renewable energy (mainly wind poser) has
increased significantly. As a result of the reduced use of coal in recent years, most of the
CO
2
emissions now come from combustion of oil or oil-based products, both in stationary
and mobile sources. Also, there has been a decrease in gross energy consumption,
especially since 2006.
In 2015, total actual CO
2
emissions inventoried under the Climate Convention, excluding
land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), were about 34 % lower than in 1990. If
LULUCF is included, net emissions were about 32 % lower.
F
IGURE
II.1: CO
2
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
IN KT
CO
2
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
Methane, CH
4
Anthropogenic methane (CH
4
) emissions primarily stem from agriculture, landfills, and the
energy sector, among which agriculture contributes the most by far.
The emissions from agriculture are due to the formation of methane in the digestive system
of farm animals (enteric fermentation) and manure management. Over the time series from
1990 to 2015, the emission of CH
4
from enteric fermentation has decreased by around 9 %
due to a decrease in the number of cattle. However, in the same period the emissions from
manure management increased by around 20 % due to a change in animal housing systems
from traditional systems with solid manure towards slurry-based housing systems.
Emissions of methane from landfills are decreasing, because of the ban on landfilling of
combustible waste. This has led to a decrease in the amount of landfilled biodegradable
waste and hence the emissions. Also, contributing to the decrease in emissions was the
increased CH
4
recovery in the early part of the time series. This recovery has decreased in
later years due to less CH
4
production in the landfills.
Emissions of methane from the energy sector increased up to 2003 due to increased use of
gas-driven engines, which emit large amounts of methane compared to other combustion
technologies. However in later years new legislation establishing emission limits for
existing gas-driven engines came into force pursuant to Statutory Order No. 720 of 5
October 1998, and combined with decreased use of gas engines, this has resulted in lower
emissions.
In 2015, total CH
4
emissions were 10 % below the 1990 level.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
558
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0559.png
F
IGURE
II.2 CH
4
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
(2015)
AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
IN KT
CH
4
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Agriculture constitutes the largest source by far of nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emissions, since
N
2
O can be formed in the ground, where bacteria convert nitrous compounds from
fertiliser and manure. Bacterial conversion of nitrogen also occurs in drain water and
coastal water due to leaching and run off. This nitrogen largely comes from agriculture's
use of fertiliser, and emissions from these sources are therefore included under agriculture.
From 1990, N
2
O emissions from agriculture have decreased by 28 % due to legislation to
improve the utilisation of nitrogen in manure. The legislation has resulted in less nitrogen
excreted per unit of livestock produced and a considerable reduction in the use of nitrogen
fertilisers. The basis for the N
2
O emission is then reduced. A small share of the nitrous
oxide emissions originates from power and district heating plants, and cars with catalytic
converters. Previously, a plant producing nitric acid was in operation in Denmark.
However, this plant shut down in 2004, eliminating N
2
O emissions from this activity.
In 2015, total N
2
O were 34 % below the 1990 level.
F
IGURE
II.3 N
2
O
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR AND DEVELOPMENT IN
1990-2015
IN KT
N
2
O
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
The f-gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
The contribution of f-gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
), to Denmark's total emissions of
greenhouse gases is relatively modest. However, the emissions of these gases increased
significantly during the 1990s. Collection of data on the consumption of these substances
started in the mid-1990s. Therefore, f-gas data and emissions inventories from before 1995
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
559
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0560.png
are less certain than in 1995 and later. In accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark
has selected 1995 as the base year for the f-gases. There is no consumption of NF
3
in
Denmark at any point during the time-series.
The HFCs, which are primarily used in refrigeration and air conditioning, are the biggest
contributor to f-gas emissions. From 1995 to 2015 annual emissions of HFCs increased
from 241 to 677 kt of CO
2
equivalents. However, emissions of HFCs peaked at 1015 kt of
CO
2
equivalents in 2008. Emissions of PFCs increased in the same period from 0.6 to 4.9
kt of CO
2
equivalents, the emissions of PFCs peaked in 2002 at 28.0 kt of CO
2
equivalents.
The emissions of SF
6
were at the same level in 1995 and in 2015 at103 kt of CO
2
equivalents. Emissions of SF
6
is peaking in the later years as double glazed windows using
SF
6
in the early 1990’ties are currently being decommissioned. The emission peak in 2014
was at 133 kt of CO
2
equivalents.
The total emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
increased by 128 % from 1995 to 2015.
F
IGURE
II.4 D
EVELOPMENT IN
HFC, PFC,
AND
SF
6
EMISSIONS IN
1990-2015
IN KT
CO
2
-
EQ
.
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
Total Danish emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
Figures II.5 and II.6 show the development in the Danish greenhouse gas emissions and
removals as CO
2
equivalents and by gases and sources according to the reporting
guidelines under the Climate Convention. CO
2
is the most important greenhouse gas
followed by N
2
O and CH
4
. As mentioned previously, emissions fluctuate in line with
electricity trade. To illustrate this, the total greenhouse gas emission in 1996 (excl.
LULUCF) was estimated to 91,466 kt of CO
2
equivalents and the total greenhouse gas
emissions in 2003 was estimated to 77,653 kt of CO
2
equivalents (excl. LULUCF). Both
these years were years with high electricity export. In comparison the total greenhouse gas
emission in 1990, a year with high import, was 70,493 kt of CO
2
equivalents. In 2015 the
total emissions were estimated to 49,321 kt of CO
2
equivalents,
Of the total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, CO
2
made up 73.9 %, methane 14.0
%, nitrous oxide 10.5 %, and f-gases 1.6 %. If CO
2
emissions by sources and removals by
sinks from forests and soils are included (i.e. with LULUCF), then net total Danish
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
560
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0561.png
greenhouse gas emissions corresponded to 53,475 kt of CO
2
equivalents in 2015. The data
underlying Figures II.5 and II.6 are included in the CTF.
F
IGURE
II.5 D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY TYPE OF GAS IN
1990–2015,M
T
CO
2
-
EQ
.
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017.
F
IGURE
II.6 D
ANISH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SOURCE
/
SECTOR IN
1990–2015, M
T
CO
2
-
EQ
.
Source: Nielsen et al., 2017
As mentioned above, the emissions from Greenland and the Faroe Islands only contribute a
very small share to the total emissions; hence the trends as described above are basically
the trends in the emissions from Denmark.
B. S
UMMARY INFORMATION ON
D
ENMARK
’
S NATIONAL INVENTORY ARRANGEMENTS
Organisation of work etc.
The Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE) is responsible for producing the
Danish greenhouse gas emission inventories and the annual reporting to the UNFCCC and
is designated the single national entity under the Kyoto Protocol. Furthermore, DCE
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
561
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
participates in work under the auspices of the UNFCCC, where guidelines for reporting are
discussed and decided upon. DCE also participates in the EU monitoring mechanism for
inventories of greenhouse gases, where guidelines for reporting to the EU are regulated.
The work on the annual inventories is carried out in cooperation with other Danish
ministries, research institutes, organisations and private enterprises. The cooperating
institutions provide a range of data that are needed to produce the inventory. DCE
therefore has formal agreements with the most important partners to ensure that DCE
receives the necessary data on time. For more comprehensive information, please see
Nielsen et al. (2017).
Calculation methods
The Danish emission inventory is based on the IPCC guidelines for calculation of
greenhouse gas emissions (the 2006 IPCC Guidelines) and the European CORINAIR
(COoRdination of INformation on AIR emissions) programme for calculation of national
emissions. Generally, emissions are calculated by multiplying the activity data (e.g. fuel
consumption, number of animals or vehicles) by an emission factor (e.g. the mass of
material emitted per unit of energy, per animal or per vehicle). Activity data are mainly
based on official statistics. The emission factors are either plant-specific, country-specific,
default factors from the IPCC guidelines, or values from international scientific literature.
Key categories
The choice of methodological tier for the individual categories depends, among other
things, on the significance of the source. The categories that together accounted for 95 %
of greenhouse gas emissions in the base year, in 2015 or accounted for 95 % of the change
in emission levels from the base year to the most recently calculated year (2015) are
defined as key categories according to the IPCC guidelines. An analysis of the Danish
inventory shows that 49 categories account for 95 % of total greenhouse gas emissions
when considering the inventory including LULUCF and using Approach 1 of the 2006
IPCC Guidelines and that the four largest sources – together accounting for about 46 % –
are CO
2
emissions from road transport, CO
2
emissions from combustion of coal at
stationary combustion plants, CO
2
from combustion of natural gas at stationary combustion
plants and CH
4
from enteric fermentation.
Procedure for recalculation
At the same time as the annual calculation of emissions for another year takes place, any
necessary recalculations of emission inventories from previous years are also carried out.
Recalculations are made if errors or oversights are found or if better knowledge becomes
available, e.g. updated statistical data, improvements of methodologies, updated emission
factors due to new knowledge and research. In order to ensure consistent
emissioninventories, recalculations will be carried out on the whole time series, as much as
circumstances permit and following the guidance in the IPCC Guidelines.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
562
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Uncertainty
Uncertainty in the greenhouse gas inventories is calculated as recommended in the IPCC
guidelines and covers 100 % of the total Danish greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reported
under the Kyoto Protocol. The result of the calculations shows that total GHG emissions
were calculated using Approach 1 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to have an uncertainty of
5.4 % and the uncertainty in the trend in GHG emissions since 1990 was calculated to be
±
2.0 %. The uncertainties are largest for N
2
O emissions from stationary combustion and
agricultural land and CH
4
emissions from enteric fermentation and solid waste disposal on
land.
Quality assurance and quality control
As part of the national system, DCE is drawing up a manual to use in quality assurance and
quality control of the emission inventories. The manual is in accordance with the 2006
IPCC Guidelines. The ISO 9000 standards are also being used as important input for the
plan.
Reports are written for all sources of emissions that describe in detail and document the
data and calculation methods used. These reports are evaluated by persons external to DCE
who are experts in the area in question, but not directly involved in the inventory work. In
addition, a project has been completed in which the Danish calculation methods, emission
factors and uncertainties are compared with those of other countries, in order to further
verify the correctness of the inventories.
For a more detailed description of the QA/QC system, please see the Danish National
Inventory Report (Nielsen et al., 2017).
Annual reporting
DCE produces an annual report (National Inventory Report – NIR) for the Climate
Convention in which the results of the calculations are presented and the background data,
calculation methods, plan for quality assurance and control, uncertainty and recalculations
are described and documented. At the request of the Climate Convention, the report is
evaluated each year by international experts. Over the years, improvements have been
made regarding the quality and documentation of the greenhouse gas inventory, as a result
of the quality assurance and control procedures and the evaluations of national and
international experts. The planned improvements can be found in the following section.
Improvements of emission inventories
A number of improvements have been made to the Danish greenhouse gas emission
inventories since Denmark's Second Biennial Report to the Climate Convention (BR2).
The improvements have either been at the initiative of DCE, or as a result of external
reviews of the inventories. The majority of improvements have been concerned with better
documentation, i.e. improvements in transparency. Furthermore, overall focus is on
improving procedures for quality assurance and control and on improving documentation
of the national emission factors.
Procedures for the official consideration and approval of the inventory
The complete emission inventories for the three different submissions (EU, Kyoto Protocol
and UNFCCC) by Denmark are compiled by DCE and sent for official approval along with
the documentation report (NIR). In recent years the responsibility for official approval has
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
563
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
changed. Previously it was the Danish Energy Agency under the Ministry of Energy,
Utilities and Climate, but now the responsibility lies with the Ministry itself. This means
that the emission inventory is finalised no later than March 15, so that the official approval
is prior to the reporting deadlines under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.
Changes in national inventory arrangements since the previous submission
No changes have been made to the inventory arrangements since the submission of BR2.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
564
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0565.png
III. Quantified economy-wide emission reduction target
A. T
HE JOINT
EU
TARGET FOR
2020
In 2010, the EU submitted a pledge to reduce its GHG emissions by 2020 by 20 %
compared to 1990 levels
80
. As this target under the convention has only been submitted by
EU-28 and not by each of its Member State (MS), there are no specified convention targets
for single MS. Due to this, Denmark
81
, as part of the EU-28, takes on a quantified
economy-wide emission reduction target jointly with all Member States.
With the 2020 climate and energy package the EU has set internal rules which underpin the
implementation of the target under the Convention. The 2020 climate and energy package
introduced a clear approach to achieving the 20 % reduction of total GHG emissions from
1990 levels, which is equivalent to a 14 % reduction compared to 2005 levels. This 14 %
reduction objective is divided between two sub-targets, equivalent to a split of the
reduction effort between ETS and non-ETS sectors of two thirds vs one third (EU, 2009
82
).
Under the revised EU ETS Directive
83
, one single EU ETS cap covers the EU Member
States and the three participating non-EU Member States (Norway, Iceland and
Liechtenstein), i.e. there are no further differentiated caps by country. For allowances
allocated to the EU ETS sectors, annual caps have been set for the period from 2013 to
2020; these decrease by 1.74 % annually, starting from the average level of allowances
issued by Member States for the second trading period (2008–2012). The annual caps
imply interim targets for emission reductions in sectors covered by the EU ETS for each
year until 2020. For further information on the EU ETS and for information on the use of
flexible mechanisms in the EU ETS see EU BR3.
Non-ETS emissions are addressed under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD)
84
. The ESD
covers emissions from all sources outside the EU ETS, except for emissions from
international maritime, domestic and international aviation (which were included in the EU
ETS from 1 January 2012) and emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and
forestry (LULUCF). It thus includes a diverse range of small-scale emitters in a wide range
FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1 and FCCC/AWGLCA/2012/MISC.1
Since Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included in the EU territory, the commitments of Denmark, as a member of the EU, are
not applicable to these parts of the Realm.
82
Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to
improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community (OJ L 140, 05.06.2009, p. 63) (http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:00 63:0087:en:PDF)
83
Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the
greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community
84
Decision No 406/2009/EC
81
80
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
565
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0566.png
of sectors: transport (cars, trucks), buildings (in particular heating), services, small
industrial installations, fugitive emissions from the energy sector, emissions of fluorinated
gases from appliances and other sources, agriculture and waste. Such sources accounted for
55 % of total GHG emissions in the EU in 2013.
While the EU ETS target is to be achieved by the EU as a whole, the ESD target was
divided into national targets to be achieved individually by each Member State. In the ESD
national emission targets for 2020 are set, expressed as percentage changes from 2005
levels. These changes have been transferred into binding quantified annual reduction
targets for the period from 2013 to 2020 (EC 2013 and EC 2017)
85,86,87
expressed in
Annual Emission Allocations (AEAs). The quantified annual reduction targets 2013-2020
of Denmark are tightened from 36.8 Million AEAs in 2013 to 32.1 Million AEAs in 2020.
In the year 2013, 2014 and 2015 verified emission of stationary installations covered under
the EU-ETS in Denmark summed up to 21.6, 18.4 and 15.8 Mt CO
2
equivalents
respectively. With total GHG emissions of 55.0, 50.8 and 48.3 Mt CO
2
equivalent
respectively (without LULUCF, with indirect, without CO
2
from international aviation) the
shares of these ETS emissions in 2013, 2014 and 2015 were 39.3 %, 36.2 % and 32.7 %
respectively.
The monitoring process is harmonized for all European MS, especially laid down in the
Monitoring Mechanism Regulation
88
. The use of flexible mechanisms is possible under the
EU ETS and the ESD. For the use of CER and ERU under the ETS, please refer to the
European BR3.
The ESD allows Member States to make use of flexibility provisions for meeting their
annual targets, with certain limitations. There is an annual limit of 3% of verified
emissions in 2005 for the use of project-based credits for each MS. For Denmark the
amount of credits possible to use is 1.1 Million CERs and ERUs. If these are not used in
any specific year, the unused part for that year can be transferred to other Member States
or be banked for own use until 2020. As Denmark (together with Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden)
fulfills additional criteria as laid down in ESD
89
Article 5(5), an additional use of credits is
possible from projects in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing
States (SIDS) up to an additional 1 % of Denmark’s verified emissions in 2005. For
Denmark the additional amount of credits possible to be used is 0.4 Million CERs and
ERUs. These additional credits are not bankable and transferable.
Following from these limits, approximately 750 Mt of international credits can be used by
EU Member States during the period from 2013 to 2020 in the ESD. As Denmark project
to reach its targets 2013-2020 under the ESD without the use of CERs and ERUs (the
WEM projection from March 2017), Denmark does not intend to use CER- or ERU-credits
under the ESD-part of Denmark’s contribution to the joint EU target for 2020 under the
convention.
85
Commission decision of 26 March 2013 on determining Member States' annual emission allocations for the period from 2013 to 2020
pursuant to Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2013/162/EU)
86
Commission Implementing Decision of 31 October 2013 on the adjustments to Member States' annual emission allocations for the
period from 2013 to 2020 pursuant to Decision No 406/2009/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2013/634/EU)
87
The EU Commission’s 2017 revision of the ESD target path 2017-2020: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2017.209.01.0053.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2017:209:TOC
88
Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and
reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and
repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC
89
Decision No 406/2009/EC
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
566
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0567.png
Table 2 of the CTF included in Chapter VIII of this biennial report contains information on
the EU target for 2020 under the UNFCCC regarding the base year (1990), the gases
included (CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF
6
) and sectors covered (Energy, Transport
(domestic and CO
2
from international aviation to the extent it is included in the EU ETS),
Industrial Processes, Agriculture and Waste), which set of global warming potentials on
which the target is based (AR4), the approach to counting emissions and removals from the
land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector (excluded – i.e. no accounting
towards the joint EU target for 2020 pledged under the Convention), the possible scale of
contribution from use of international market-based mechanisms in achieving the emission
reduction target and other relevant information (the limits specified under the EU ETS and
ESD). For further information on the EU target for 2020 under the UNFCCC see EU BR3.
Since Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included in the EU territory, the EU target
for 2020 under the UNFCCC is not applicable to these parts of the Realm.
B. O
THER EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
The EU target and Denmark’s target under the first commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol (2008-2012)
In relation to the 1
st
commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012), the EU has
committed itself to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases on average to 8 % below the
level in the so-called base year; 1990 for CO
2
, methane, and nitrous oxide and either 1990
or 1995 for industrial greenhouse gases. Under the EU15 Burden Sharing of this target,
Denmark has committed itself to a reduction of 21% as an element of the burden-sharing
agreement within the EU in accordance with Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol.
With Greenland and Faroe Island not being included in the EU territory, and with a
territorial reservation for the Faroe Islands in accordance with the Vienna Convention,
when the Kyoto Protocol was ratified by the Kingdom of Denmark, the quantified emission
limitation for Greenland in 2008-2012 is 92 % of Greenland’s base-year emissions. On the
basis of total base-year emissions estimated at 69,978,070 tonnes CO
2
equivalents, the
initial review report concluded in 2007 that the total assigned amount (number of AAUs
issued) for Denmark and Greenland for the period 2008-2012 is 276,838,955 tonnes CO
2
equivalents
90
. In addition, Denmark received 5,000,000 AAUs as base year compensation
under the EU15 Burden Sharing Agreement. Following from activities under Articles 3.3
and 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol Denmark and Greenland achieved a further net-contribution
of 8,654,523 Removal Units (RMUs) in the first commitment period and following from
activities under Articles 6 (JI) and 12 (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, Denmark and
Greenland acquired 16,563,791 JI/CDM credits (ERUs, CERs and early credits as AAUs)
for the first commitment period until the end of the true-up period (18 November 2015).
Before the end of the true-up period Denmark and Greenland retired in total 297.984.143
Kyoto units which is a little more than Denmark’s and Greenland’s total greenhouse gas
emissions 2008-2012 amounting to 297,947,591 cf. the last inventory review report for the
first commitment period
91
. After Denmark’s cancellation of 195.974 units as off-set of
greenhouse gas emissions from COP15 held in Copenhagen in 2009 and air traffic by
governmental officials in 2009-2011, until aviation was included under EU ETS, a further
90
91
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/irr/dnk.pdf
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/arr/dnk.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
567
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
surplus of 3,400.000 units were cancelled in accordance with decisions taken by the
Danish government and the Greenlandic government in 2015.
The EU target and Denmark’s target under the second commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol (2013-2020)
In addition to the EU target under the Convention, the EU also committed to a legally
binding quantified emission limitation reduction commitment for the second commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020). This target will also be fulfilled jointly by the
EU and its Member States. Denmark’s contribution to the joint fulfillment of this target
equals Denmark’s commitment under EU Climate an Energy Package. For further
information on the EU target under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
see EU-BR3. Since Greenland are not included in the EU territory, the joint EU target for
the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol is not applicable to this part of the
Realm and with a territorial reservation to the Faroe Island, when the Kyoto Protocol was
ratified in 2002, the protocol is not applicable to the Faroe Islands.
On request from the government of Greenland, a territorial reservation to Greenland will
be taken, when the Kingdom of Denmark ratify’s the the Doha amendment for the second
commitment period 2013-2020 under the Kyoto Protocol.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
568
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0569.png
IV. Progress in achievement of quantified economy-wide
emission reduction targets and relevant information
A.
M
ITIGATION ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Mitigation actions
Information on Denmark’s portfolio of mitigation actions, including information on
policies and measures implemented or planned to achieve the economy-wide emission
reduction targets described in section III of this biennial report, is included in Chapter 4 of
Denmark’s Seventh National Communication.
A summary table on Denmark’s portfolio of mitigation actions organised by sector: energy
with further specification of energy related measures within the business, transport and
household sectors, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, LULUCF and waste as
well as cross-cutting taxes and duties, and with information on which of the following
gases will be affected by the individual measure: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, is included as Table 3 in
the Common Tabular Format (CTF) in Section VIII of this biennial report.
Since the last biennial report (BR2 and its CTF, January 2016) three new measures have
been implemented. These are included in Table 3 of the CTF (see section VIII, Table 3,
HO-6 (facilitation of a market for energy services based on heatpumps in rural areas), AG-
12 (The Food and Agricultural Package) and AG-13 (The Nature Package). For some of
the measures included in BR2 and its CTF the information has been updated for BR3 and
its CTF. Where new or updated estimates of the effects of measures or groups of measures
have been provided, these are also included in Table 3 in the CTF.
A sustainable green transition
As stated in the Government Platform (November 2016)
92
the Government will continue to
pursue an ambitious green transition in a sustainable and efficient manner where the
interest of Danish jobs and competitiveness goes hand in hand with respect for the
environment and climate.
The government takes the lead in the green transformation, and therefore the life cycle
perspectives should increasingly be taken into account in the decision making for public
investments and acquisitions in order to be assessed by the total lifetime costs, rather than
the investment costs alone.
92
http://www.stm.dk/multimedia/Regeringsgrundlag2016.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
569
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0570.png
With the climate agreement from Paris (December 2015), the world leaders agreed that the
global average temperature increase should be kept well below 2 degrees and preferably
not exceed 1.5 degrees.
Denmark will nationally work to contribute to the fulfilment of this ambitious goal, but
taking into account Denmark's share of the total greenhouse gas emissions; it is of utmost
importance to seek influence internationally. Therefore, the government's climate policy
has both a national and an international focus.
National focus
A target of 40 per cent GHG reduction by 2020 compared to 1990, has for years helped to
promote climate action and transformation of the energy system. Recently, a large majority
of the parties decided to replace the PSO and instead finance the costs of renewable energy
through the national budget. This change will reduce the price of electricity and increase
power consumption. In the short term this could increase greenhouse gas emissions from
Danish soil, but promote the transition towards a society based on green power, and
contribute to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions will continue to decrease. Denmark is ready to contribute to the
EU’s reduction target of at least 40 per cent by 2030 (compared with 1990 levels) by
taking on an ambitious 2030 targets for reducing emissions outside the quota system. In
October 2017 Denmark agreed to a reduction in non-ETS emissions in the period 2021-
2030, rising to 39% by 2030 relative to 2005, when the flexible mechanisms of the Effort
Sharing Regulation are taken into account. The final approval by the European Parliament
is still pending. In 2018, the government will prepare a cost-effective strategy for meeting
Denmark's reduction target in 2030. The Government will among other things include
recommendations from the Danish Climate Council. The EU has a target of 27 per cent
renewable energy by 2030. This target has already been met by Denmark. Denmark will go
further than that. The Government will therefore pursue a target of at least 50 per cent of
Denmark’s energy needs to come from renewable sources by 2030.
The Government will evaluate the objective of phasing in of renewable energy with
appropriate intervals (stock-taking). Evaluations will in particular take stock of the speed
in market maturation of renewable energy technologies and the development in
comparable prices for different forms of energy. In connection with the evaluations it
should be decided whether renewable energy should be phased in more quickly. The
opposite could also be the case, if the expected developments in technologies and prices
are absent.
This new goal is to ensure that Denmark maintains a high speed in the green transition so
that the goals for 2050 can be reached in a manner which is as cost effective as possible.
The Government’s long-term goal for Denmark in 2050 is a low-emission society
independent of fossil fuels. The Danish long-term 2050 goal is to ensure that Denmark
complies with the EU's target of 80-95 per cent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2050.
The Government will in 2018 make proposals for a new broad energy agreement after
2020, partly on the basis of the national Energy Commission's work. A new energy
agreement aims to ensure the continued transformation of the energy sector.
Denmark is in a unique position to continue expanding with offshore wind. The costs of
offshore wind power have fallen sharply in recent years. The Government’s aim is that
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
570
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0571.png
Denmark will be the first country in the world where offshore wind can survive on market
conditions. In order to ensure a decision basis for a continued expansion, the government
will launch a screening of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea for possible locations for
additional offshore wind.
The electricity market must be further developed and the support systems for renewable
energy must be harmonized. As part of the electrification of the energy system, the
Government will promote heat pumps and utilize surplus. Furthermore, the Government
will analyse barriers for electricity storage.
Future flexible energy market requires joint planning of energy and flexibility on both the
supply and demand side. The Government will prepare an action plan for smart energy,
including focusing on the opportunities that digitization brings.
As stated in the Government Platform, the Danish energy system could become the most
innovative, efficient and forward-thinking in the world. It requires that the Danish energy
research continuously is the absolute world elite. The Government will therefore
strengthen the Danish energy research and actively exploit cooperation in Mission
Innovation Initiative.
As also stated in the Government Platform, the Government will implement the political
agreement on the introduction of a blending requirement of 0.9 per cent advanced biofuels
in fuel for land transport.
International focus
To ensure international progression in the green transition is a key foundation for the
government's climate policy. This is done via the EU, focusing on the establishment of
ambitious goals and policies in the Community and an ambitious global, international
climate effort, including under the auspices of the UN and through bilateral cooperation.
Denmark wants to actively contribute to the EU's climate efforts.
As laid out in Government Platform, the government has been working actively to ensure
structural reforms of the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), which can reduce the
amount of allowances, so that there are more consistent and clear price signals in the future
- within and outside the quota sector for the benefit of the green transition.
Domestic institutional arrangements
Information on Denmark’s domestic institutional arrangements, including institutional,
legal, administrative and procedural arrangements used for domestic compliance,
monitoring, reporting, archiving of information and evaluation of the progress towards
Denmark’s economy-wide emission reduction targets described in section III of this
biennial report, is included in Chapter 4 of Denmark’s Seventh National Communication
(NC7). Since the last biennial report (BR2 and its CTF submitted in 2016) the only change
in Denmark’s domestic governmental institutional arrangements in relation to climate
change is that as of October 2016 the Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate has
replaced Danish Energy Agency under the ministry in the role of supporting the Minister
for Energy, Utilities and Climate in climate change issues.
In 2014 the Danish Parliament passed the Danish Climate Change Act. The Act and related
notes have the following main content:
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
571
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0572.png
1) Establishment of an independent, academically based Climate Council.
2) An annual Climate Policy Report for the Danish Parliament.
3) A process for setting national greenhouse gas reduction targets.
In accordance with the Climate Change Act an independent, academically based Climate
Council was established in 2015. The Climate Council will provide the government with
independent advice on the transition to a low-emission society i.e. a resource-effective
society with an energy supply based on renewable energy and significantly lower
emissions of greenhouse gases from other sectors, also taking into consideration economic
growth and development. A minimum of once a year, the Climate Council will provide the
government with recommendations on climate mitigation initiatives with consideration for
cost-effectiveness, growth, competitiveness and employment and scientific
recommendations on the necessary climate policy initiatives. The Climate Council will
have the following main duties:
•
•
•
•
Assessing the status of Denmark’s fulfilment of national greenhouse gas reduction
targets and international climate obligations.
Analysing possible transition pathways towards a low-emission society by 2050
and potential measures for achieving greenhouse gas reductions.
Preparing recommendations on the formulation of climate policy, including the
choice of means and transition pathways.
Contributing to the public debate. The Climate Council will, to the necessary
extent, consult and involve relevant parties in the preparation of its analyses and
work. The Climate Council will therefore establish a stakeholder group with
representatives from relevant stakeholder organisations, professional associations,
companies, NGO’s, municipalities and regions etc.
In June 2017 the Climate Council provided the government with its recommendations
published in the council's main report 2017 “Transition
Towards 2030 -
Building Blocks for a Low-Carbon Society in the period until 2030”.
In the annual climate
policy statement to the parliament published on 13 December 2017
93
, the Minister for
Energy, Utilities and Climate provided the government’s position in relation to the
recommendations from the Climate Council.
Response measures
In Denmark, the government’s proposals for new response measures to put before the
parliament are in most cases accompanied by an assessment of the consequences in
relation to socio-economic cost and – when effects on the environment are expected – also
by an assessment of the consequences in relation to Denmark’s greeenhouse gas emissions.
Further information is available in Chapter 15 of the National Inventory Report.
93
http://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/redegoerelse/r6/skriftlig.htm
and
http://efkm.dk/media/11656/klimapolitisk-redegoerelse-2017.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
572
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0573.png
E
STIMATES OF EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS AND THE USE OF UNITS
FROM THE MARKET
-
BASED MECHANISMS AND LAND USE
,
LAND
-
USE CHANGE AND
FORESTRY ACTIVITIES
B.
Base-year emission information
In relation to the joint EU28 economy-wide emission reduction target described in section
III of this biennial report, information on EU28 base year (1990) emissions is contained in
EU BR3 and its CTF.
As LULUCF is excluded from the joint EU28 economy-wide emission reduction target,
information on LULUCF and total GHG emissions, including emissions and removals
from the LULUCF sector is not relevant.
As there is no use of CERs and ERUs included in the base year, information on estimates
of the use of units from market-based mechanisms is not applicable.
Denmark’s contribution to EU28 total base year emissions under the convention amounts
to 70.4 MtCO
2
eq. in 1990 excluding CO
2
from international aviation (“Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect CO
2
”)
94
. On guidance from the
European Commission CO
2
from international aviation reported in the memo item of
Denmark’s greenhouse gas inventory ("inventory CO
2
” from international aviation based
on fuel sold to aircrafts starting from Danish airports) could be used as a proxy for CO
2
from international aviation activities reported by aviation entities registered in the Danish
quota register (“entity CO
2
” from international and domestic aviation based on fuel used
by Danish entities). When CO
2
from international aviation reported in the memo item of
Denmark’s greenhouse gas inventory is included, Denmark’s contribution to EU28 total
base year emissions amounts to 72.1 MtCO
2
eq. in 1990.
Annual information on progress towards the emission reduction target with emissions,
removals and the use of units from market-based mechanisms
For the quantification of the progress to 2020 targets, the development of GHG emissions
is the key indicator. The Convention target of a reduction of emissions by 20 % from 1990
to 2020 only refers to the emissions of the EU-28 as a whole. GHG emissions of EU-28 are
calculated as the sum of MS emissions.
Information on EU28 annual emissions for 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is
contained in EU BR3 and its CTF.
With this, GHG emissions of Denmark
16
are part of EU28 emissions contributing with 1.2
% of total EU28 GHG emissions in the year 2015.
The development of GHG emissions is reported in CTF Table 4 for Denmark
16
.
Denmark’s contribution (“Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without LULUCF, with indirect
CO
2
”)
16
to EU28 total annual greenhouse gas emission in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
and 2015 amounts to 63.2, 58.0, 53.1, 55.0, 50.8 and 48.3 MtCO
2
eq. respectively before
CO
2
from international aviation reported in the memo item of Denmark’s greenhouse gas
inventory is included, and 65.6, 60.4, 55.6, 57.5, 53.5 and 51.0 MtCO
2
eq. respectively
when CO
2
from international aviation reported in the memo item of Denmarks greenhouse
gas inventory is included.
94
Excluding GHG emissions in Greenland and the Faroe Islands since these parts of the realm are not in the EU28 territory.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
573
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Emissions in the sector of LULUCF are not included under the convention target, therefore
they are not included in CTF Tables 4, 4(a)I and 4(a)II. Since Tables 4(a)I and 4(a)II are
only about LULUCF, these tables are not applicable at all.
The use of flexible mechanisms takes place on the one hand by operators in the EU ETS,
on the other hand by governments for the achievement of ESD targets. For information on
the use in the ETS, please see the EU BR3. As the latest GHG projection (the WEM
projection from March 2017) shows that Denmark’s GHG emissions under the ESD are
expected to be below the ESD target path 2013-2020 for Denmark, Denmark does not plan
to use CERs or ERUs under the ESD.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
574
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0575.png
V. Projections
Information on updated projections of Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 and
2030 is included as Table 6 in the CTF in Section VIII of this biennial report.
Table 6(a) in the CTF contains the results from the “with (existing) measures” (WEM)
projection from March 2017
95
.
Table 6(b) contains the results from the “without measures” (WOM) projection from
December 2017 elaborated on the basis of estimates contained in:
- the 2005 Effort Analysis
96
described in Annex B2 of Denmark’s Seventh National
Communication,
- the 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for the National Audit
Office
97
described in Annex B3 of Denmark’s Seventh National Communication,
and
- the 2017 Analysis of the CO
2
reduction effects of Renewable Energy measures and
Energy Efficiency measures described in Annex B4 of Denmark’s Seventh
National Communication.
As the “with measures” projection shows that no new measures will be needed for
achieving Denmark’s target under the EU Climate and Energy Package – the framework
for Denmark’s contribution to the achievement of the joint EU target for 2020 under the
UNFCCC – there has not been a need for adopting additional measures and prepare a "with
additional measures" (WAM) projection for Table 6(c).
In Table 5 of the CTF in Section VIII, a summary of key variables and assumptions used in
the projections is given.
Further information on models and methodologies used, is contained in Chapter 5 and
Annex C of Denmark’s Seventh National Communication. There have been no significant
changes in the models and methodologies used for the March 2017 projection compared to
the December 2015 projection reported in BR2.
Additional information on assumptions, projection parameters, sensitivity analyses and
results is available in the background report “Baggrundsrapport til Basisfremskrivning
95
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/denmarks_energy_and_climate_outlook_2017.pdf
and
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/memo_on_new_estimate_of_non-ets_deficit_for_the_period_2021_to_2030.pdf
96
http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-3.pdf and
http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-590-5.pdf
97
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-samlenotat_9._december.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
575
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0576.png
2017” (Danish Energy Agency, March 2017 (in Danish))
98
and “Projection of Greenhouse
Gases 2016-2035” (DCE, November 2017 (in English))
99
.
98
99
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Basisfremskrivning/baggrundsrapport_til_bf_2017.pdf
http://envs.au.dk/en/knowledge/air/emissions/projection/
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
576
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
VI. Provision of financial, technological and capacity-
building support to developing country Parties
VI.1 STRATEGIES FOR
CLIMATE CHANGE
DANISH
DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTANCE
AND
Since 2012, the Danish policy towards development assistance and climate finance has
been guided by various frameworks, namely the overall strategy ‘A Right to Better Life’,
supplemented by ‘A Greener World for all: Strategic Framework for Natural Resources,
Energy and Climate’ (2013) and ‘the Green Growth Guidance Note‘ (2014).
In January 2017, the Danish Government presented its future strategy for development
cooperation and humanitarian action, ‘The World 2030‘. This new strategy specifically
targets support to five Sustainable Development Goals: Goal No. 5 (gender equality), Goal
No. 7 (sustainable energy), Goal No. 13 (climate), Goal No. 16 (peace, justice, institutions)
and Goal No. 17 (partnerships).
Public support to developing countries for climate actions should comply with the 'Danida
Aid Management Guidelines' and 'the Danish Finance Act'.
VI.1.1
Danish climate finance
The public Danish support to climate relevant action in developing countries is provided
through dedicated mechanisms, such “Climate envelope”, and as integrated element of
other development cooperation and financing instruments and programmes. A significant
part of the Danish climate finance is channelled through various international and
multilateral development institutions, such as the World Bank, African Development Bank
or UNDP, either as core funding or through special climate windows and programmes of
these institutions. Likewise, Denmark provides parts of its climate financing through the
operating entities of the financial mechanisms of UNFCCC – the Global Environmental
Facility and the Green Climate Fund.
Denmark seeks to support both adaptation and mitigation related action with a view to
contribute to sustainable development. Danish support to adaptation related activities and
programmes address underlying causes of vulnerability, and contribute to building
resilience against crises, natural disasters and the impacts of climate change. The support
also assists developing countries in their efforts to integrate adaptation and emission
reduction considerations in their national planning and policy preparation and
implementation, including as part of supporting their Nationally Determined Contributions.
Through both multilateral and bilateral assistance, Denmark supports increased access to
sustainable energy in developing countries, improvement in energy efficiency and
improved access to climate-friendly technologies. This is done by strengthening the
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
577
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
national and local knowledge and capacity, by supporting the policy development and
implementation, and through support to investments in preparation and implementation of
specific mitigation projects. Furthermore, Denmark offers technical assistance and advice
on development of investment opportunities and by strengthening local businesses in
developing countries.
The 'Climate Envelope' is an important part of Danish climate financing as a dedicated
mechanism for supporting mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries. The
'Climate Envelope' is programmed jointly by both the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. In the period 2013-2016, the
finance commitments from the ‘Climate Envelope’ have on average constituted around
DKK 400 million annually.
A significant part of the Danish climate engagements are targeting a range of priority
partner countries, with whom Denmark has a long-term partnership for sustainable
development. The Danish bilateral development assistance is decentralised to the Danish
representations in the partner countries, which has the primary responsibility for the dialog
with the respective partner countries and the related programming and management of the
development cooperation. Denmark cooperates with national and local government
authorities, international agencies, civil society organisations, private companies, research
institutions and other relevant actors, and specific projects and programmes are identified
and prepared in close collaboration with national partners.
Denmark is one of few developed countries that fulfil the UN goal of contributing a
minimum of 0.7 percent of the gross national income to development assistance. About
30% of the total budget is channelled as core contributions to multilateral institutions,
mainly the EU, the UN, the World Bank and the regional development banks that play
important roles in the global climate finance landscape. Contributions to the core functions
of the organisations are complemented by targeting thematic and regional initiatives, where
Denmark has special interests, including to various climate relevant programmes and trust
funds.
VI.1.2
New and additional
According to the reporting requirements, Annex II parties shall clarify how they have
determined if resources are new and additional. For the purpose of this report, newly
committed (for reporting on commitments) or disbursed (for reporting of disbursements)
finance for climate change adaptation or mitigation activities within the reporting period
and was not reported to UNFCCC in the previous report are considered new and
additional. This definition allows a transparent, comprehensive and comparable reporting
of climate finance provided to developing countries across the years.
Denmark sees the achievement of climate change and the broader sustainable development
goals as closely linked and strongly interdependent, and seeks to identify and support
activities in developing countries that address multiple objectives as identified by these
countries, including strong co-benefits between climate and broader sustainable
development objectives.
VI.2 METHODOLOGY FOR REPORTING
This report (BR3) includes figures on disbursements of climate finance in 2015 and 2016.
Information on the disbursements is contained in Chapter VIII as Tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) of
the Common Tabular Format (CTF) also reported electronicly.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
578
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0579.png
Tables on both disbursements and commitments of climate finance for all years 2013-2016
are available in Annex D1 of Denmark’s Seventh National Communication.
It is important to note that commitments and disbursements describe two different phases
in the deployment of climate finance. Climate finance is committed to a specific project,
programme or institution when it is finally approved by the relevant Danish authority and
an agreement or similar document signed with the recipient country or organisation.
Finance is disbursed when an actual transfer has taken place to an account of the recipient
country or organisation. In some cases commitment and disbursement takes place in the
same year. In other cases, disbursements will take place over a number of years following
the commitment.
Denmark has decided to report financial figures using the same CTF format as in the Third
Biennial Report. This makes it possible to compare figures with First Biennial Report
(BR1) covering 2011-2012 and Second Biennial Report (BR2) covering 2013-2014.
Denmark’s method for reporting to the UNFCCC was changed between BR1 and BR2, as
BR1 reported on commitments while BR2 reported on disbursements. By providing data
on both commitments and disbursements in Annex D1 of Denmark’s NC7, it is possible to
compare with older reports using both reporting methods.
In the following, the methods behind tracking and reporting bilateral, multilateral and
mobilised private climate finance are explained.
VI.2.1
Bilateral climate finance
For bilateral public climate finance, Denmark uses the OECD DAC CRS database with its
Rio Markers as basis for reporting on climate change relevant activities. The Rio Markers
on adaptation and mitigation are policy markers that indicate policy objectives in relation
to each project/programme that is reported to OECD’s 'Creditor Reporting System (CRS)'.
The markers are assigned based on well-defined guidelines and technical eligibility criteria
agreed within OECD DAC.
The guidelines for Rio markers are part of the general 'Official Development Aid' statistics
guidelines
100
, which provide concrete examples of Rio-marking (Annex 18, Rio Markers).
The Rio-marker framework is a useful result of the OECD initiatives to improve/develop
the DAC reporting methodology related to transparency on public and private climate
finance. Denmark has been an active member of an OECD working group refining and
improving the Rio marker system to better serve the purpose of being used as the basis for
climate finance reporting to UNFCCC.
Rio markers are applied to all bilateral support to developing countries, except general
budget support, imputed student costs, debt relief, administrative costs, development
awareness-raising, and refugee reception in donor countries. For a precise definition of
OECD DAC Rio markers see the
'Converged Statistical Reporting Directives for the
Creditor Reporting System (CRS)'
and
'the Annual DAC Questionnaire'
(including Annex
18 therein).
All Danish support to developing countries is screened and marked with Rio markers to
establish whether the project is targeting adaptation and/or mitigation as a “principal
objective”, a “significant objective” or not targeting. The values of a project are attributed
100
Converged Statistical Reporting Directives for the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the Annual DAC Questionnaire, OECD
DAC, DCD/DAC(2016)3/ FINAL (https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/documentupload/DCDDAC(2016)3FINAL.pdf ,
https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/DCD-DAC(2016)3-ADD1-FINAL-ENG.pdf
and
https://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/DCD-
DAC(2016)3-ADD2-FINAL%20-ENG.pdf
).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
579
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
according to the extent to which the themes are explicitly addressed at the level of problem
analysis (context); objectives and results; and activities as defined in the eligibility criteria.
The climate relevant contribution of a specific project or programme is quantified based on
the adaptation and mitigation markers. If a project or programme is marked with Rio-
marker 1 ("Significant") for adaptation and/or mitigation, 50% of the project is reported as
climate relevant finance. If a project or programme is marked with Rio-marker 2
("Principal"), 100% of the budget is reported as climate relevant. In order to avoid double-
counting, Denmark ensures that in cases where projects or programmes are marked for
both adaptation and mitigation, the total amount of climate relevance finance reported does
not exceed the highest marking given.
The types of climate specific support that are reported are “Mitigation”, “Adaptation”,
“Cross-cutting” and “Other”. The applied Rio-markers are used to distinguish between the
different support types. Contributions relating to programmes, projects and activities that
are assigned with a positive Rio-marker for either mitigation or adaptation are reported
under the relevant heading. Definitions of mitigation and adaptation are in accordance with
the definitions by OECD DAC. Detailed information is provided in Annex 18 of the
OECD DAC reporting directives. Mitigation seeks to limit climate change by reducing the
emissions of GHGs or by enhancing sink opportunities. Adaptation aims to lessen the
adverse impacts of climate change. Contributions to programmes, projects and activities
assigned with a positive Rio-marker for both mitigation and adaptation are reported as
cross-cutting.
The Danish MFA has put in place a system of external quality assurance of all Rio markers
in the project portfolio, which is done before submitting to the OECD CRS database and
the use of the database for reporting UNFCCC. Furthermore, the MFA has internally made
an effort to further develop its methods and understanding on the handling of reporting to
UNFCCC, including by addressing the comments and recommendation by the UNFCCC
Expert Review Team to BR2 and NC6. Among the changes and improvements in the
methods can be mentioned:
• More detailed information is provided for bilateral climate projects, including
information on project titles and identification number in the CRS. This number
allows potential users of the report to get more detailed project level information
from the open-access OECD DAC CRS database.
• Reporting on multilateral climate-specific funding has been improved to include
climate specific funding going through multilateral institutions. Such support to
multilateral climate funds is now included as climate-specific finance.
•
Analysing the climate part of major Danish public support to major NGO
framework programmes.
VI.2.2
Multilateral climate finance
Multilateral climate finance is in the CTF divided into core funding to institutions and
climate-specific funding. Core funding is by Denmark identified as funding to selected
institutions that are marked as “Core contributions to multilateral institutions" in CRS++
statistical reporting to OECD DAC. Core funding for multilateral institutions is
not
marked
with Rio markers in CRS by member states. The numbers reported as core funding to
multilateral institutions in CTF Table 7 are the actual amounts of disbursed annual
contributions to the organisations.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
580
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Many of these institutions track the climate relevant proportion of the projects they
support, and report data on these to OECD DAC. It is thus possible to get data on climate-
relevant outflows from the main multilateral institutions. But in accordance with the
UNFCCC reporting guidelines, Denmark has simply reported its annual core contributions
to the organisations, and has not included information on possible climate relevant shares
in the CTF table 7. This information is available from the organisations or from OECD
DAC.
With regard to CTF Tables 7 and 7(a), Denmark reports on core/general finance and
climate-specific finance in a mutually exclusive way:
•
Core contributions to ‘Multilateral
financial institutions, institutions, including
regional development banks and ‘Specialised United Nations bodies’
are reported
as such, including core funding for the World Bank, African Development Bank,
Asian Development Bank, UNDP and UNEP. This also includes funding to the
Global Environment Facility.
In addition, Denmark reports on core funding to selected multilateral institutions
whose portfolios may include climate related activities, including: CGIAR, the
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Nordic Development
Fund, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nations Industrial
Development Organisation and World Food Programme.
•
Contributions to ‘Multilateral
climate change funds’
are reported as climate-
specific, including funding to the UNFCCC, the Green Climate Fund, the Least
Developed Countries Fund and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of
the Montreal Protocol.
In 2015 and 2016, Denmark also reports on climate-specific funding channelled
through the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the
International Energy Agency, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Food
and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), United Nations Office for Project Services
and through other multilateral organisations. These climate specific contributions
are to be distinguished from core contributions to the same organisations that are
reported as core contributions as mentioned above.
Climate-specific finance through multilateral institutions is identified, except for the core
finance to multilateral climate funds, based on an application of Rio markers, in a method
identical to the one used for bilateral climate-specific finance, as also described above.
Denmark separates climate-specific bilateral and multilateral funding based on OECD
DAC channel codes. The multilateral funds are reported in CTF Table 7(a) and the
bilateral funds are reported in CTF Table 7(b).
Reporting on climate finance through core contributions to multilateral organisations is a
major challenge for Denmark and other donor countries. Therefore, Denmark values the
joint climate finance tracking methodology used by the Multilateral Development Banks
(MDBs). Such a methodology is enhancing accountability with regard to climate finance
commitments, and to monitor trends and progress in climate related-investment. This is
well described in their annual reports (‘Joint
Report on Multilateral Development Banks'
Climate Finance’).
Denmark will actively engage to seek further improvement of the
reporting methodologies for multilateral climate finance flows to allow for better reporting
of these to UNFCCC.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
581
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
VI.2.3
Private climate finance
For the first time, Denmark did in 2015 and 2016 apply Rio markers to private climate
finance mobilised by public finance through the Danish development financing institution,
the Investment Fund for Developing Countries (IFU). IFU both provides equity capital to
climate relevant investments in developing countries using its own resources and it
manages a number of investment vehicles that also involves private investors, such as the
Danish Climate Investment Fund (DCIF). DCIF may invest in all developing countries
offering venture capital and advice to climate investors. The DCIF is an innovative
collective investment vehicle that uses public funds provided by the Danish government
and IFU to mobilize further financing from Danish pension funds and other private
investors have contributed the major part.
IFU submits an annual report to the Danish MFA with information about climate relevant
investments, since 2015 including private climate-finance mobilised.
In addition to the support provided by the IFU, Denmark supports private sector climate
projects through the Danida Business Finance and Danida Market Development
Partnerships. Both programmes provide support to projects focused on sustainable
development, including energy efficiency, resource use, environment impacts and climate.
A number of climate related activities have been supported, in particular investments in
renewable energy.
VI.2.4
Methodological differences from BR2
The methodology used for calculating Danish climate finance for 2015 and 2016 is
generally the same as the one that was used in BR2 for 2013 and 2014. Some minor
differences are noted between the two reports, specifically:
•
Projects receiving a score of “Principal” in one of the Rio markers in pursuit of the
UNFCCC, and a score of “Significant” in the other were in BR2 for the years 2013
and 2014 classified as “Cross-cutting”. For the years 2015 and 2016, such projects
have been classified as 100% in pursuit of the Rio marker scored as “Principal”
(either Mitigation or Adaptation).
•
Core funding for all multilateral climate funds were in BR2 for the years 2013 and
2014 reported in the Core/general column in CTF Tables 7 and 7(a). For 2015 and
2016, core finance for all multilateral climate funds other than for the Global
Environment Facility, and core finance for the Global Green Growth Institute has
been classified as climate-specific.
Core funding is for 2015 and 2016 reported for a number of additional institutions, whose
project portfolios may include some amount of climate finance. The institutions for which
core finance was not reported in BR2, but is reported for 2015 and 2016 include CGIAR,
the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Multilateral Fund for the
Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, Nordic Development Fund (NDF), and UN
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
582
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0583.png
VI.2.5
Final remarks
Denmark provides the information in CTF Tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in Danish Kroner and
United States Dollars. Denmark is using the currency exchange of the OECD DAC
statistical table: Annual Exchange Rates for DAC Countries from 1960 to 2016.
Information on individual Danish development projects is publicly available in Danida's
OpenAid database (
http://openaid.um.dk
), where updated disbursements to individual projects
and total sums for disbursements to countries, sectors and particular implementing
organisations can be found. This testifies to the Danish MFA’s implementation of the
International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI).
Denmark, as an EU Member State, also reports under the EU Monitoring Mechanism
(MMR), which provides annual reporting of up-to-date information on financial support,
capacity building and technology transfer activities to developing countries based on the
best data available. This updated reporting mechanism was initiated in 2013. To the extent
possible, Denmark follows the recommendations made by the European Commission to
allow comparable reporting among Member States of the EU.
VI.3 OVERVIEW OF DANISH CLIMATE FINANCE FROM 2013 TO 2016
This section presents an overview of the Danish climate finance reported to UNFCCC. The
overview includes a breakdown by implementation channel (multilateral, bilateral etc.), an
overview of recipient countries, mitigation and adaptation shares, bilateral and multilateral
channels as well as support to LDC countries.
VI.3.1
Danish climate finance reported 2013 to 2016 - disbursements
In Table VI.1 below there is an overview of Danish climate-specific finance between 2013
and 2016 for disbursements and commitments. Denmark’s core contributions to
multilateral institutions are not included in Table VI.1 (reported separately under the
‘Core/general’ column in CTF Table 7 as required by the UNFCCC). The table shows
how Danish climate finance disbursements and commitments have been distributed
between mitigation, adaptation and cross-cutting based on Rio markers.
Figure VI.1 shows how Danish climate finance disbursements are distributed between
mitigation, adaptation and cross-cutting in the period from 2013 to 2016. The support has,
on average, targeted 29% on mitigation, 14% on adaptation and 55% on cross-cutting
projects.
It should be noted that commitments may fluctuate significantly from year to year
depending on the specific types of commitments made in the specific years. Thus, the
commitments were very high in 2013 and 2014 due to a number of multi-year country
support programmes being approved these years.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
583
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0584.png
T
ABLE
VI.1: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE
2013-2016. F
IGURES FOR
2013
AND
2014
ARE CALCULATED USING A
METHOD SIMILAR TO THE METHOD USED FOR
2015
AND
2016
IN
BR3. T
HESE MIGHT THEREFORE DIFFER FROM
FIGURES REPORTED IN
BR2.
Danish climate-specific finance
(DKK millions)
Mitigation
Adaptation
Commit-
ments
Cross-cutting
Other
Total climate-specific
Mitigation
Adaptation
Disburse-
ments
Cross-cutting
Other
Total climate-specific
2013
229
81
1,336
0
1,646
392
202
665
33
1,292
2014
471
0
1,257
0
1,728
492
171
788
33
1,484
2015
192
89
793
0
1,074
296
107
762
43
1,208
2016
259
394
203
2
857
346
248
691
7
1,293
Average
2013-2016
288
141
897
0
1,326
382
182
726
29
1,319
F
IGURE
VI.1: D
ISBURSEMENTS OF CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
D
ENMARK BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016. V
ISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF THE NUMBERS FOUND IN
T
ABLE
VI.1.
The cross-cutting category can be split equally into mitigation and adaptation with the
result shown in Table VI.2
101
.
101
Cross-cutting has been divided evenly between mitigation and adaptation. This has been done based on all projects included in the
category having the same Rio marker in mitigation and adaptation (either Significant in both or Principal in both objectives).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
584
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0585.png
T
ABLE
VI.2: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE
2013-2016. A
S
T
ABLE
VI.1
BUT WITH
T
HE CROSS
-
CUTTING CATEGORY
EQUALLY SPLIT INTO MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
.
Danish climate-specific finance
(DKK millions)
Cross-cutting split between mitigation and adaptation
2013
897
749
0
1,646
724
535
33
1,292
2014
1,099
629
0
1,728
886
565
33
1,484
2015
589
486
0
1,074
677
487
43
1,208
2016
360
495
2
857
692
594
7
1,293
Average
2013-2016
736
590
0
1,326
745
545
29
1,319
Mitigation
Commit-
ments
Adaptation
Other
Total climate-specific
Mitigation
Disburse-
ments
Adaptation
Other
Total climate-specific
With this method, Danish climate finance disbursements in the period from 2013 to 2016
has, on average, spent 56% on mitigation and 41% on adaptation.
VI.3.2
Danish Climate Finance Reported to the UNFCCC (2013 to 2016) -
commitments
Figure VI.2 shows Danish climate finance commitments between 2013 and 2016. On
average, Denmark has committed DKK 1.33 billion annually, amounting to 8% of total
Danish ODA commitments.
F
IGURE
VI.2: C
OMMITMENTS OF CLIMATE FINANCE FROM
D
ENMARK BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016. V
ISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF THE NUMBERS FOUND IN
T
ABLE
VI.2.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
585
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0586.png
VI.3.3
Danish climate finance to multilaterals channels (2013 to 2016)
Core funding to multilateral institutions is reported separately under the ‘Core/general’
column in Table 7 as required by the UNFCCC reporting guidelines. These core
contributions are not included in the summary tables above.
Many multilateral institutions annually report their climate-relevant outflows to OECD,
and the percentage of their total portfolios that can be considered as climate-relevant
financing. Based on this information it is possible to estimate the so-called imputed shares
of the core contributions to these multilaterals that may be considered as climate relevant.
Table VI.3 below provides an overview of Danish core contributions (disbursements) to a
range of multilateral institutions and the corresponding imputed climate relevant shares
102
.
T
ABLE
VI.3: B
REAKDOWN OF MULTILATERAL CORE FUNDING BETWEEN
2013
AND
2016
INCLUDED IN THE
D
ANISH REPORTING TO THE
UNFCCC
AND THE CORRESPONDING CLIMATE RELEVANT PART OF THESE
CONTRIBUTIONS CALCULATED BASED ON THE
OECD
IMPUTED SHARE METHOD
. F
IGURES FOR
2013
AND
2014
ARE CALCULATED USING A METHOD SIMILAR TO THE METHOD USED FOR
2015
AND
2016
IN
BR3. T
HESE MIGHT
THEREFORE DIFFER FROM FIGURES REPORTED IN
BR2*.
Core funding to
multilateral institutions
2013
2014
2015
2016
Imputed method
(DKK million -
Disbursements)
Multilateral climate change
funds
Multilateral financial
institutions
Specialised United Nations
bodies
Total
Core
contributi
on
reported
157
936
552
1,645
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
127
196
0
323
Core
contributi
on
reported
242
629
625
1,495
Imputed
Climate
relevant
share
202
134
20
355
Core
contributi
on
reported
200
1,034
619
1,853
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
170
205
20
395
Core
contributi
on
reported
194
1,107
434
1,736
Imputed
climate
relevant
share
165
209
0
374
VI.3.4
Climate Finance by type of partner
Figure VI.3 below illustrates the breakdown of Danish climate finance by type of direct
partner. The categories are based on information available in CRS, and include climate
specific contributions channelled through multilateral institutions bilateral grants to
government institutions in partner countries, and NGO-managed funds. It does, however,
not include core contributions to multilateral organisations neither in full nor as imputed
climate-relevant shares.
As shown in Figure VI.3, bilateral public sector institutions (43%) are the primary partners
for Danish climate finance, accounting for about twice as much of the climate finance as
multilateral organisations (24%) and NGOs (21%).
102
It is noted that to simplify the calculation of imputed multilateral contributions, one standard rate of climate share for each institution
has been used (2014-2015 average, available from OECD
http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/climate-change.htm).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
586
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0587.png
F
IGURE
VI.3: D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS
2013-2016
BY TYPE OF PARTNERS
. C
ONTRIBUTION
TO MULTILATERAL CORE FUNDING IS NOT INCLUDED
.
VI.3.5
Breakdown by Income Groups and Danida Priority Countries
Based on the project information available in OECD CRS, it is possible to categorise
Danish climate finance according to recipient country income groups. This is illustrated in
Figure VI.4, which shows how Danish climate finance disbursed between 2013 and 2016 is
distributed between income groups used by the OECD-DAC (LDC: Least Developed
Countries; Other LICs: Other Low Income Countries; LMICs: Lower Middle Income
Countries; and UMICs: Upper Middle Income Countries). The figure excludes the 51% of
funding categorised as “Unallocated” (e.g. spent by means of framework agreements with
NGOs or universities or programmes and contributions to multilateral organisations or
targeting multiple countries).
F
IGURE
VI.4: B
ILATERAL COUNTRY SPECIFIC
D
ANISH CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS
2013-2016
DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS OF RECIPIENT COUNTRIES
.
* Cross-cutting climate finance has in the figure been divided evenly between adaptation and mitigation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
587
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0588.png
The least developed countries, LDCs, received more than 60% of bilateral country
specific-climate finance from Denmark between 2013 and 2016.
Between 2013 and 2016, the climate finance to LDCs was evenly distributed between
adaptation and mitigation while climate finance to middle income countries has a stronger
focus on mitigation.
VI.3.6
Allocation of Climate Finance to Danida Priority Countries
Figure VI.5 below shows disbursements of Danish climate finance between 2013 and
2016, to the top ten recipients. As indicated in Figure VI.5, the amount of climate finance
varies a lot between the countries, but countries in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa
are well represented.
FIGURE VI.5: TOP TEN RECIPIENT COUNTRIES OF CLIMATE FINANCE DISBURSEMENTS FROM
DENMARK BETWEEN 2013 AND 2016.
VI.4 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND BUILDING CAPACITY
VI.4.1
Introduction
Denmark does not have a dedicated system for tracking capacity building and technology
transfer elements of its climate relevant support to developing countries. However, most
climate support does have a capacity element and many projects and programmes also
have elements of technology transfer.
The projects mentioned below are examples of how Denmark is practicing an integrated
approach to capacity building and technology transfer as part of its overall climate support
portfolio.
Danish support to capacity building in relation to implementation of the UNFCCC includes
a broad spectrum of activities as capacity building activities are integral parts of most
project activities. Denmark aims to ensure that ‘capacity building support’ provided to
non-Annex I Parties reflects their priorities and needs through effective development
cooperation.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
588
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Danish support to technology transfer comprises transfer of both “soft” and “hard”
technology. The extent of this technology transfer is significant and cannot be clearly
separated from other activities in Danish development cooperation, as well as there is often
an unclear distinction between transfer of "soft" and "hard" technology. Examples of
Danish-supported bilateral activities leading to technology transfer are e.g. the Danida
Business Finance programme or the Danish sector programme supporting the energy
sector. In the next section a number of concrete programmes are presented.
An overview of selected projects is set out in CTF Tables 8 and 9 in relation to country
level ‘technology development and transfer support’ and ‘capacity building support’ (see
Chapter VIII).
In Annex D2 of Denmark’s NC7, descriptions in tabular format of a few selected
programmes/projects to advance and/or finance transfer of technologies to other countries
are given.
VI.4.2
VI.4.2.1
Examples of projects with technology and capacity building
Climate Change Adaptation Project in Bangladesh
Denmark supports a number of climate change adaptation projects in Bangladesh focusing
on adaptation of rural infrastructure to the impacts of climate change. The support includes
piloting local level participatory adaptation planning and construction of more climate
resilient local infrastructure in the fragile coastal zone. Another project supports
upgrading, constructing and maintaining of climate resilient and sustainable rural roads
connecting cyclone shelters also in the coastal zone. This project aims at building capacity
and test new methods and ideas for more general uptake by the Local Government
Engineering Department.
VI.4.2.2
Energy efficiency in industry in Bangladesh
Through the Nordic Chamber of Commerce and Industry Denmark has supported piloting
of energy efficiency audits and implementation of energy efficiency measures and
technologies in a number of private sector companies in various sectors. The project has
built capacity among private energy auditors and strengthened the local market for their
services. Further, it has supported capacity building and training of energy managers and
piloting of the introduction of energy saving technologies and processes in more than 50
companies.
VI.4.2.3
Least Developed Countries Fund
Denmark has supported the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) since it was
conceived. The LDCF is a key mechanism for supporting, in particular, LDCs efforts to
initiate national adaptation planning and implementation as an integrated part of the
national, sectoral and local level development planning. Capacity building of national and
local authorities is an important element of the support provided by the LDCF financed
projects, including the support to introducing good practices and relevant climate-smart
technologies.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
589
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
VI.4.2.4
Adaptation and building climate change resilience in Mozambique
Denmark has supported programmes for adaptation and building climate change resilience
in Mozambique (between 2011 and 2016) in collaboration with the central government,
municipalities, and civil society organisations. It strengthens the capacity of the partners to
coordinate and carry out their normative mandates and mainstreams climate relevant
activities in other sectors at provincial and municipal level.
At municipal level the support has included strengthening the capacities of the country’s
new municipalities for addressing management, investments, urban planning and
environment. That includes climate change resilience and mainstreaming of climate change
concerns into all relevant aspects of municipal planning and development. Building
municipal climate change resilience is critical in Mozambique, given the projected human
and economic losses due to unaddressed effects of climate change within urban areas, and
the accelerating rate of urbanisation.
VI.4.2.5
Greening of Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia (GATE) thematic-
programme
Denmark supports the thematic programme 'Greening of Agricultural Transformation in
Ethiopia (GATE)' with its first phase 2014-2017. The programme is designed to i)
accelerate a ”green” transformation of the agricultural sector with a focus on the Ethiopian
small-holder farmers and ii) gather speed to the mainstreaming and implementation of
Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiatives within agriculture and forestry.
The project works through an autonomous entity accountable to the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Agricultural Transformation Agency that addresses the need for improving
the understanding of and building of capacity to mainstream Climate Smart Agriculture
across sectors. The focus is directed towards leaders in relevant ministries, departments,
and regions as well as civil society and the private sector.
VI.4.2.6
The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)
The Danish government supports, the Climate Technology Centre and Network
(CTCN).The CTCN assists developing country Parties at their request, building or
strengthening their capacity to prepare and implement technology projects that span the
technology transfer continuum. The CTCN supports public and private sector action on
mitigation and adaptation, enhancing low emissions and climate-resilient development in a
manner consistent with the capabilities and priorities of countries. CTCN is active in the
Paris Committee on Capacity Building, sharing experience in developing in-country
capacity and operating the web portal, www.ctc-n.org that provide access to over 14,600
curated technology publications, webinars and case studies. The Centre hosts an
innovation-focused meeting of the global research and development community, and
cooperates with the GCF to advance solutions that address challenges early in the
technology cycle.
VI.4.2.7
UNEP-DTU partnership
The UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) is an international research and advisory institution on
energy, climate and sustainable development that has received Danish Government core
funding since it was established in 1990. The UDP supports UN Environment in
facilitating a shift towards cleaner and more efficient energy systems and support more
climate resilient sustainable development in developing countries through internationally
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
590
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
leading research, policy analysis and capacity development. As a UN Environment
Collaborating Centre, UDP specifically supports the planning and implementation of UN
Environment’s Programme of Work and Medium Term Strategy. The Copenhagen Centre
on Energy Efficiency, which is one of the thematic programmes within UDP, also
functions as an Energy Efficiency-Hub for SEforALL.
Focus in all UDPs activities is on capacity building and technology transfer, and includes;
•
Technology Transfer Partnerships for SDG and Climate Action,
•
Strengthening markets and value chains for renewable energy in NDCs,
•
Scalable and replicable models for private sector adaptation and mitigation action,
•
Transparency of NDC and SDG actions, and
•
Emissions and adaptation gap reports.
VI.4.2.8
Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change in
Bolivia
The programme supports: i) Improved forest management and livelihood in national parks
and forestry areas, ii) Improved energy efficiency, use of renewable energy and cleaner
technologies and iii) Climate change mitigation and adaptation. The programme supports
capacity building among local level actors and institutions on territorial planning and
sustainable production of forest products for indigenous peoples contributing to climate
change mitigation and ecosystems preservation. Further, the programme supports capacity
building and technology transfer in energy efficiency and renewable energy. The later has
included the construction fo a large scale wind-farm connected to the grid.
Finally, the programme has supported Bolivia in developing its Joint Mechanism of
Mitigation and Adaptation for the Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and
Mother Earth.
VI.4.2.9
Promotion of green technologies in Strategic Sector Cooperation with Kenya
Danida has supported management and reforms of Kenya’s natural capital base especially
in the sectors of water, environment and agriculture since the early days of engagement
with Kenya. Partnering directly with the Government, this support has brought forward
development of relevant sectoral policies, institutional and capacity building, in addition to
facilitating community-driven environmental management and advocacy initiatives. The
programme has supported the demand from community level for technical services from
both public and private service providers. Further, Danida has supported the development
of Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plan (2013-2017) and activities to enhance
private sector and community engagement in climate interventions through the use of
technology innovation to reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to a low
carbon development path.
Furthermore, Denmark has since 2012 supported "Improving Community Resilience and
Rangeland Management (Northern Rangelands Trust – NRT). This programme seeks to
enhance pastoral livelihoods in the harsh ASAL (arid and semi-arid lands) in Northern
Kenya. It addressed the key challenges that undermine the resilience of marginalised and
vulnerable communities in this region created by lack of water and pastureland. The
programme strengthens capacities to manage under the land use of pastoralism and wildlife
conservation, diversifies livelihoods by creating new enterprises, establishes lasting peace
and security among Northern Kenya communities and contributes to the long-neglected
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
591
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
human capacity development by investing in health, education and water infrastructure.
Lastly, the programme has supported the introduction and acquisition of additional weather
monitoring technologies and equipment to enhance the provision of accurate weather and
climate information to various end-users, and thereby enabling knowledge based decision-
making.
VI.4.2.10
Assist countries with energy planning and transition to renewable energy
The Danish Energy Agency cooperates with the governments of a number of developing
countries on capacity building and technology transfer related to sector energy transition to
become a low-carbon economy. The cooperation is primarily focusing on policy
improvements in long term energy planning and modeling, renewable energy integration
and deployment, energy efficiency interventions and in climate change mitigation, and
preparation of specific investments in renewable energy projects and technology transfer.
•
Denmark and Ethiopia cooperates on expanding Ethiopian wind power. The Danish
Energy Agency is among the Danish authorities who contribute Ethiopia’s ability
to utilise its huge wind potential, providing technical assistance and experiences
from Denmark as well best practice internationally.
China and Denmark cooperates on transition to a low-carbon economy that proved
it possible to reduce emissions and maintaining economic growth.
Support is provided to Mexico for implementing its climate change strategy and
action plans, helping to improve Mexico's frameworks for introducing renewable
energy and energy efficiency interventions.
Assistance is provided to South Africa for transforming its energy sector away from
coal. The focus is on mitigating carbon emissions, increasing energy efficiency and
improving conditions for renewable energy into the country’s energy mix.
Denmark is supporting Vietnam in order to improve the Vietnamese energy
efficiency and increase use of renewable energy, and investing in low emission
technologies in SMEs.
In 2015 the Ukrainian-Danish Energy Centre opened in Kiev. Here Denmark
supports the Ukrainian authorities in building capacity for the implementation of
Ukraine’s long term energy strategy and planning.
The Danish Energy Agency is supporting Turkey in meeting its long-term
objectives for renewable energy, energy efficiency and district heating. It is also
assisting with the research and innovation agendas related to these sectors.
Indonesia with a programme focusing on energy planning, integrating renewable
energy into the energy mix and increasing energy efficiency.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the period 2012-2016 the cooperation was carried out through the Low Carbon
Transition Unit (LCTU) based at the Danish Energy Agency under the Ministry of
Climate, Energy and Building. In 2017, the LCTU was replaced by the Danish Energy
Agency’s Energy Partnership Programme (DEPP).
The DEPP consists of experts within the fields of energy efficiency, renewable energy,
mitigation analysis as well as international greenhouse gas emission baselines. The DEPP
gives high quality technical government-to-government guidance to help developing
countries and emerging economies with greenhouse gas emission reductions and low
carbon transition in the energy sector. The DEPP works both with countries regarding
general and methodological issues relevant to greenhouse gas emission reductions as well
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
592
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
as with specific energy-related capacity building and technology transfer in selected
emerging economies as described above.
Annex D3 in Denmark’s Seventh National Communication contains further information
about the DEPP.
VI.4.2.11
Supporting the Indonesian Energy Transition
The Danish Energy Agency assists Indonesia reducing emission through a three-year
strategic partnership programme focusing on energy planning, integrating renewable
energy into the energy mix and increasing energy efficiency. This is part of a Danish
supported Strategic Sector Cooperation programme, which facilitates government-to-
government collaboration in areas where Denmark has decades of experience, which is
valuable to rapidly emerging economies.
The cooperation operates on both technical and institutional level, and the main outcome of
the SSC-programme is the support to improved modeling and energy planning, extended
integration of renewable energy in the energy system and the reduction of the energy
demand through energy efficiency measures. That includes the development of the
Indonesian National Master Plan on Energy Efficiency and transferring Danish experiences
and technology with energy efficiency to the industrial sector. It also includes capacity
building within integration of fluctuating renewable energy into the energy mix and to
prepare a set of guidelines on the assessment of wind power projects.
VI.4.2.12
Ssupport to sustainable energy systems
Denmark is a long-time supporter of the Energy Sector Management Assistance
Programme (ESMAP), an assistance programme administered by the World Bank (WB).
ESMAP provides analytical advisory services to low- and middle-income countries to
reduce poverty and boost growth, through environmentally sustainable energy solutions.
ESMAP builds capacity in client countries through targeted technical assistance,
knowledge generation and dissemination, pre-investment project preparation, and
implementation support. ESMAP tackles questions related to energy in all its forms in both
rural and urban settings. It influences billions in loans for development projects, leverages
public and private financing, working with global agendas on energy and climate in
country partnership programs and beyond. Practically, ESMAP works in every WB client
country supporting improved energy sector performance and governance, enhancing access
to modern energy services and technology, increasing the efficiency of energy use, and/or
promoting renewable energy.
VI.5
IFU
MOBILISED PRIVATE SECTOR CLIMATE INVESTMENTS THROUGH
Denmark has made significant efforts to establish new and innovative instruments to
mobilise private finance for climate relevant investments in developing countries. The
main bilateral vehicle for these efforts has been the Danish development financing
institution IFU (Investeringsfonden for Udviklingslande or Danish Investment Fund for
Developing Countries).
Table VI.4 below shows the amount of private sector investments mobilised through
projects that are co-financed by public resources from IFU and the Danish MFA:
In 2016: DKK 1,487,055 private investments mobilised.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
593
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0594.png
In 2015: DKK 1,297,214 private investments mobilised.
The Danish Climate Investment Fund (DCIF) is involved in 11 of 16 investment projects in
2015-2016 listed in Table VI.4.
T
ABLE
VI.4: A
N OVERVIEW OF SPENDING AS REPORTED BY
IFU
TO
D
ANISH
MFA*.
* When zero self-financing has been reported for the four investments channeled through DCIF in 2015, this is because the capital,
including the private capital, from the fund itself was invested in 2014, and has hence not been included again in 2015 (to avoid double
counting).
This fund is a public-private partnership managed by IFU. DCIF has raised EUR 174
million of public and private funds (until 2016) to the fund itself that is mobilising further
private investments at the project level. The public funds have been provided by the
Danish government and the IFU, while Danish pension funds have contributed the major
part (EUR 104 million). The fund mobilises further project finance by partnering up with
private co-investors, who must contribute the bulk of funds. It is estimated that the fund
will generate total investments of EUR 1-1.2 billion. The fund has the opportunity to invest
in all developing countries by offering venture capital and advice to climate investors.
The amounts of private finance mobilised have been calculated on the time of IFU/DCIF
declaring their commitments and is expressing the level expected after the investments
have been carried out.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
594
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0595.png
VII. Other reporting matters
A. D
ENMARK
The Danish government is continuously assessing historical and projected progress in
Denmark’s contribution to the joint EU28 economy-wide emission reduction target
described in section III of this biennial report.
The latest assessment is contained in the report “Denmark’s Energy and Climate Outlook
2017” (Danish Energy Agency, March 2017)
103
Furthermore, in accordance with EU legislation
104
, Denmark has in place a national system
for reporting on policies and measures and for reporting on projections of anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks.
This national system includes the relevant institutional, legal and procedural arrangements
established in Denmark for evaluating policy and making projections of anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks.
These domestic arrangements are considered to be sufficient for the process of the self-
assessment of compliance with emission reductions in comparison with emission reduction
commitments and the level of emission reduction recommended by science.
Denmark has established national rules for taking action against Danish entities under the
EU ETS in case of non-compliance with their emission reduction targets under the EU
ETS. These rules are contained in the Danish Act on CO
2
quotas (the Act of 9 May 2008
with amendments for the period 2008-2012
105
and the Act of 28 November 2012 for the
period 2013-2020
106
as amended
107
).
As only Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. without Greenland’s and the Faroe
Islands’ greenhouse gas emissions) are relevant in relation to Denmark’s contribution to
the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions (Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not EU
territories) and therefore also the only emissions relevant in relation to the assessment of
progress towards the joint EU target for 2020 under the convention as described in Chapter
III, summary tables from Denmark’s greenhouse gas inventory only (i.e. without
Greenland and Faore Islands) are in Table 1 of the CTF (see Chapter VIII).
103
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/denmarks_energy_and_climate_outlook_2017.pdf
and
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/memo_on_new_estimate_of_non-ets_deficit_for_the_period_2021_to_2030.pdf
104
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:165:0013:0040:EN:PDF
105
https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=117147
106
https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=144102
107
https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=167235
and
https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=185713
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
595
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0596.png
B. G
REENLAND
Information on greenhouse gas emissions and trends
Summary information from Greenland's greenhouse gas inventory on emissions and
emission trends
In 2015, the total emission of greenhouse gases excluding LULUCF was 557.41 kt CO
2
equivalent, and 558.46 kt CO
2
equivalent including LULUCF.
Figure VII.B.1 shows the total greenhouse gas emissions in CO
2
equivalents from 1990 to
2015. The emissions have not been corrected for temperature variations. CO
2
is the most
important greenhouse gas. In 2015, CO
2
contributed to the total emission in CO
2
equivalent excluding LULUCF with 94.0 %, followed by CH
4
with 2.5 %, N
2
O with 1.7 %
and F-gases (HFCs and SF
6
) with 1.8 %. Since 1990, these percentages have been
increasing for F-gases, and falling for CO
2
and N
2
O, and stable for and CH
4
. Greenland has
no consumption of PFC.
F
IGURE
VII.B.1 G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS
,
TIME
-
SERIES
1990-2014.
Source: Greenland’s Ministry of Labour, Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017.
900
800
700
600
500
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
0
Gg CO2 equivalent
Total
including
LULUCF
Total
excluding
LULUCF
CO2
N2O
CH4
F-gasses
1990
1990
1993
1993
1996
1996
1999
1999
2002
2002
2005
2005
2008
2008
2011
2011
2014
2014
Stationary combustion plants and transport represent the largest categories. In 2015, energy
excluding transport accounted for 75.1 % of the total emission in CO
2
equivalents
excluding LULUCF; see Figure VII.B.2. Transport contributed with 18.9 %. Industrial
processes and product use, agriculture and waste contributed to the total emission in CO
2
equivalents with 6.0 %.
The net CO
2
emission from forestry etc. was 0.2 % of the total emission in CO
2
equivalents
in 2015. Total GHG emissions in CO
2
equivalents excluding LULUCF have decreased by
14.6 % from 1990 to 2015 and decreased 14.4% including LULUCF.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
596
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0597.png
F
IGURE
VII.B.2 G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN
CO
2
EQUIVALENTS DISTRIBUTED ON MAIN
SECTORS FOR
2015.
Source: Greenland’s Ministry of Labour, Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017.
Transport - 18.9%
Industrial
Processes and
Product Use - 1.9%
Agriculture - 1.5%
Energy excluding
transport - 75.1%
Waste - 2.6%
The summary tables from Greenland’s greenhouse gas inventory are shown in Table
VII.B.1 below (similar to the format of table 1 of the CTF).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
597
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0598.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(SUMMARY), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
Emission trends: summary
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
SUMMARY
(Sheet 6 of 6)
Greenland
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS EMIS S IONS
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
650
651
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
683
684
NA
NA
640
641
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
674
675
NA
NA
644
645
16
16
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
679
680
NA
NA
662
663
15
15
13
13
6
NO
NO
0
NO
697
698
NA
NA
653
654
15
15
13
13
7
NO
NO
0
NO
688
689
NA
NA
678
679
15
15
14
14
7
NO
NO
0
NO
715
716
NA
NA
593
593
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
627
627
NA
NA
679
680
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
714
715
NA
NA
725
727
15
15
12
12
8
NO
NO
0
NO
761
762
NA
NA
579
580
15
15
11
11
8
NO
NO
0
NO
613
614
NA
NA
561
562
15
15
10
10
9
NO
NO
0
NO
595
596
NA
NA
521
522
14
14
10
10
9
NO
NO
0
NO
553
555
NA
NA
524
525
14
14
9
9
10
NO
NO
0
NO
557
558
NA
NA
-16.11
-15.97
-13.50
-13.50
-20.60
-20.60
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
-14.57
-14.44
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
624
625
16
16
12
12
NO,NE,NA
624
625
16
16
12
12
NO,NE,NA
610
610
16
16
12
12
NO
NO
NO
638
638
NA
NA
596
596
15
15
12
12
NO
NO
NO
623
623
NA
NA
546
546
15
15
11
11
NO
NO
NO
572
572
NA
NA
496
496
15
15
11
11
0
NO
NO
NO
522
523
NA
NA
534
535
16
16
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
562
562
NA
NA
597
597
16
16
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
626
626
NA
NA
618
618
17
17
12
12
0
NO
NO
0
NO
647
648
NA
NA
597
597
16
16
13
13
1
NO
NO
0
NO
627
627
NA
NA
595
595
16
16
13
13
1
NO
NO
0
NO
624
625
NA
NA
667
668
15
15
13
13
2
NO
NO
0
NO
698
698
NA
NA
618
619
15
15
13
13
3
NO
NO
0
NO
649
650
NA
NA
580
580
15
15
12
12
5
NO
NO
0
NO
612
612
NA
NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
652
653
NA
NA
NO
652
653
NA
NA
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
(5)
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
-16.19
3329.22
-10.17
406.18
-17.49
-14.44
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
625
0
10
0
17
653
625
0
10
0
17
653
610
0
10
0
18
638
596
0
9
0
18
623
546
0
8
0
18
572
496
0
8
0
18
523
534
0
9
0
18
562
597
0
10
0
18
626
618
1
10
0
19
648
597
1
10
0
19
627
594
2
10
0
19
625
668
2
9
1
18
698
618
4
9
1
18
650
580
5
9
0
18
612
650
6
9
1
18
684
641
7
10
1
18
675
645
7
10
1
18
680
663
7
10
1
18
698
654
7
10
1
18
689
679
8
10
1
18
716
593
8
9
0
16
627
680
8
10
1
16
715
726
9
10
1
16
762
579
9
9
1
16
614
562
9
9
1
15
596
521
9
9
1
15
555
524
10
9
1
14
558
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
598
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0599.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(GHG
S
), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
GHG CO
2
eq emissions
(Sheet 1 of 6)
Greenland
GREENHOUSE GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
Base
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
684
650
650
135
50
103
356
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
6
0
NO
NO
0
NO
6
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
675
641
641
139
51
115
328
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
7
0
NO
NO
0
NO
6
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
5
7
680
645
645
138
55
113
331
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
7
0
NO
NO
0
NO
6
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
698
663
663
143
56
123
332
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
7
0
NO
NO
0
NO
6
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
689
654
654
136
58
112
341
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
7
0
NO
NO
0
NO
7
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
716
679
679
145
60
119
346
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
8
0
NO
NO
0
NO
7
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
8
627
593
593
127
43
107
300
16
NO
NO
NO
NO
8
0
NO
NO
0
NO
8
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
0
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
16
5
NO
6
6
715
680
680
228
39
110
279
24
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO
8
0
NO
NO
0
NO
8
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
16
5
NO
6
6
762
726
726
253
47
117
287
21
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO
9
0
NO
NO
0
NO
8
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
16
5
NO
6
6
614
579
579
111
37
112
303
16
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
0
NO
NO
0
NO
8
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
16
5
NO
6
6
596
562
562
95
39
112
311
5
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
0
NO
NO
0
NO
9
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
15
5
NO
6
5
555
521
521
97
25
106
291
2
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
0
NO
NO
0
NO
9
0
NA
9
6
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
15
5
NO
6
4
558
524
524
111
24
105
274
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
10
0
NO
NO
0
NO
10
0
NA
9
6
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
5
NO
6
4
-14.44
-16.19
-16.19
-39.39
-11.45
8.47
-11.57
18.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3329.22
100.00
0.00
0.00
3.29
0.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
-10.17
-20.13
-15.29
0.00
86.98
0.00
-50.00
0.00
0.00
406.18
100.00
100.00
407.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-17.49
5.45
0.00
-6.38
-40.65
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt CO
2
eq)
Total (net emissions)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial Processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
(2)
653
625
625
183
27
97
310
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
653
625
625
183
27
97
310
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
638
610
610
178
26
97
302
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
623
596
596
173
25
95
295
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
572
546
546
157
23
88
271
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
523
496
496
140
20
82
247
6
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
0
NA
8
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
562
534
534
121
44
90
273
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
0
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
626
597
597
122
45
94
330
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
0
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
648
618
618
129
46
98
338
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
0
0
NA
10
8
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
19
5
NO
7
7
627
597
597
127
40
102
320
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
1
0
NA
10
8
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
19
5
NO
7
7
625
594
594
129
46
106
307
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
2
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
1
0
NA
10
7
1
NO
2
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
19
5
NO
7
7
698
668
668
133
48
107
373
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
2
0
NO
NO
0
NO
2
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
650
618
618
134
46
97
335
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
0
NO
NO
0
NO
3
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
612
580
580
135
43
94
302
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
0
NO
NO
0
NO
5
0
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
0
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NA
10
8
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
NO,IE
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
17
4
NO
6
7
NA
10
8
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
NO,IE
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
17
4
NO
6
7
NA
10
8
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
4
NO
6
7
NA
9
7
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
4
NO
6
7
NA
8
6
1
NO
1
NO
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NO
18
5
NO
6
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
652
653
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
652
653
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
638
638
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
623
623
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
572
572
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
522
523
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
562
562
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
626
626
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
647
648
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
627
627
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
6
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
624
625
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
698
698
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
649
650
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
10
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
612
612
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
11
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
683
684
NA
NA
42
NO
42
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
674
675
NA
NA
35
NO
35
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
679
680
NA
NA
21
NO
21
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
697
698
NA
NA
32
NO
32
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
688
689
NA
NA
45
NO
45
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
715
716
NA
NA
36
NO
36
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
627
627
NA
NA
125
NO
125
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
714
715
NA
NA
148
NO
148
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
761
762
NA
NA
70
NO
70
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
613
614
NA
NA
50
NO
50
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
595
596
NA
NA
53
NO
53
NO
15
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
553
555
NA
NA
22
NO
22
NO
15
NO
NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
557
558
NA
NA
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
333.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-14.57
-14.44
0.00
0.00
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
599
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0600.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(CO2), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CO
2
(Sheet 2 of 6)
Greenland
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
(kt)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
622
622
182
26
96
309
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
622
622
182
26
96
309
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
607
607
177
26
96
301
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
593
593
173
25
94
293
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
543
543
156
23
87
270
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
493
493
140
20
81
246
6
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
531
531
121
44
89
271
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
594
594
122
45
93
328
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
614
614
129
46
97
336
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
593
593
126
40
101
319
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
591
591
129
46
105
305
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
0
664
664
132
48
106
371
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
614
614
133
46
96
333
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
576
576
134
43
92
300
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
646
646
134
50
101
354
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
636
636
138
51
114
326
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
641
641
137
55
112
329
7
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
659
659
142
56
121
330
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
650
650
135
57
110
339
8
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
674
674
144
59
117
344
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
589
589
126
43
106
298
16
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
675
675
226
39
108
277
24
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
722
722
252
47
116
286
21
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
575
575
111
37
111
301
16
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
558
558
94
39
110
309
5
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
517
517
96
25
105
289
2
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
520
520
110
23
104
273
10
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
0
NO
NO
0
-16.28
-16.28
-39.56
-11.45
8.34
-11.55
18.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.30
100.00
0.00
0.00
3.29
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
NA
0
0.00
-50.00
0
NO
NO
0
NO,IE
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
NO,IE
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
4
0
NO
NO
0
0
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
0
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
0
0
0
0
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
0
NO
NO
1
0
0
1
NO
NO
NO
3
-50.00
0.00
0.00
406.18
100.00
100.00
407.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.42
0.00
23.42
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
624
625
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
624
625
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
NE
NO,NE
610
610
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
596
596
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
546
546
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NE
NO,NE
496
496
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
534
535
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
597
597
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
618
618
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NE
NO,NE
597
597
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
6
NO
NE
NO,NE
595
595
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
NO
NE
NO,NE
667
668
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
9
NO
NE
NO,NE
618
619
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
10
NO
NE
NO,NE
580
580
NA
NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
11
NO
NE
NO,NE
650
651
NA
NA
42
NO
42
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
640
641
NA
NA
35
NO
35
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
644
645
NA
NA
21
NO
21
NO
12
NO
NE
NO,NE
662
663
NA
NA
32
NO
32
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
653
654
NA
NA
45
NO
45
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
678
679
NA
NA
35
NO
35
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
593
593
NA
NA
124
NO
124
NO
13
NO
NE
NO,NE
679
680
NA
NA
147
NO
147
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
725
727
NA
NA
70
NO
70
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
579
580
NA
NA
50
NO
50
NO
14
NO
NE
NO,NE
561
562
NA
NA
52
NO
52
NO
15
NO
NE
NO,NE
521
522
NA
NA
22
NO
22
NO
15
NO
NE
NO,NE
524
525
NA
NA
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
333.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
-16.11
-15.97
0.00
0.00
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
600
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0601.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(CH4), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CH
4
(Sheet 3 of 6)
Greenland
Base
GREENHOUSE GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
-2.96
-2.96
15.19
-13.87
79.58
-17.98
18.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(kt)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.31
0.31
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.31
0.31
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.31
0.31
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.25
0.24
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.27
0.26
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.30
0.29
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.33
0.32
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.31
0.31
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.27
0.27
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.27
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.27
0.26
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.27
0.27
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.30
0.29
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.29
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.29
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.28
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.28
0.27
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.26
0.26
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NA
0.25
0.24
0.01
NO
NO
NO
0.00
-20.15
-20.13
-20.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.17
NO
0.11
NA
0.28
0.17
NO
0.11
NA
0.28
0.18
NO
0.11
NA
0.29
0.18
NO
0.11
NA
0.29
0.18
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.18
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.19
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.19
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.19
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.20
NO
0.11
NA
0.30
0.20
NO
0.10
NA
0.28
0.20
NO
0.08
NA
0.28
0.20
NO
0.09
NA
0.28
0.20
NO
0.08
NA
0.27
0.20
NO
0.08
NA
0.27
0.19
NO
0.07
NA
0.27
0.19
NO
0.07
NA
0.27
0.19
NO
0.07
NA
0.27
0.19
NO
0.07
NA
0.26
0.19
NO
0.07
NA
0.26
0.19
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.19
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.19
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.18
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.18
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.18
NO
0.08
NA
0.26
0.18
NO
0.08
NA
-7.98
5.45
0.00
-29.58
0.00
0.64
0.64
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.64
0.64
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.65
0.65
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.62
0.62
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.58
0.58
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.61
0.61
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.63
0.63
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.65
0.65
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.68
0.68
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.66
0.66
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.63
0.63
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.61
0.61
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.61
0.61
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.60
0.60
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.60
0.60
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.61
0.61
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.62
0.62
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.62
0.62
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.62
0.62
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.61
0.61
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.60
0.60
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.61
0.61
0.01
NO
0.01
NO
0.60
0.60
0.01
NO
0.01
NO
0.59
0.59
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.59
0.59
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.57
0.57
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.56
0.56
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
-13.50
-13.50
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
601
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0602.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(N2O), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (N2O)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
N
2
O
(Sheet 4 of 6)
Greenland
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
Change
from base
to latest
reported
year
%
0.99
0.99
-2.10
-10.89
12.65
-11.84
18.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other p roduct manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea ap plication
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and op en burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NA
NO
NO,NA
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NA
0.01
0.00
0.01
NO
0.00
0.00
35.53
-14.26
86.98
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.02
0.03
NO
0.00
0.03
0.02
NO
0.00
0.02
0.02
NO
0.00
0.02
0.02
NO
0.00
0.02
0.02
NO
0.00
0.02
0.02
NO
0.00
0.02
0.02
NO
0.00
0.01
0.02
NO
0.00
0.01
-39.15
0.00
-24.62
-40.65
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.05
0.05
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
NO
0.00
NO
-20.60
-20.60
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
NO,NE
0.00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
602
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0603.png
T
ABLE
VII.B.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(HFC
S
, PFC
S
, SF6 AND NF3), G
REENLAND
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
, and NF
3
(Sheet 5 of 6)
Greenland
Base
GREENHOUSE GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
GREENLAND
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
100.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(kt)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
(4)
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs
(4)
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of SF
6
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NF
3
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.02
0.02
NO
0.03
0.03
NO
0.09
0.09
NO
0.00
0.45
0.45
NO
0.00
0.83
0.83
NO
0.00
1.50
1.50
NO
0.00
2.19
2.19
NO
0.00
3.47
3.47
NO
0.00
4.57
4.57
NO
0.00
5.57
5.57
NO
0.00
6.35
6.35
NO
0.00
6.41
6.41
NO
0.00
6.45
6.45
NO
0.00
7.00
7.00
NO
0.00
7.50
7.50
NO
0.00
7.55
7.55
NO
0.00
7.77
7.77
NO
0.00
8.18
8.18
NO
0.00
8.37
8.37
NO
0.00
8.99
8.99
NO
0.00
8.53
8.53
NO
0.00
10.18
10.18
NO
0.00
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.03
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
603
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0604.png
Summary information on Greenland’s national inventory arrangements
Greenland’s national inventory is compiled by Statistics Greenland and then submitted to
DCE (Danish Centre for Environment and Energy). DCE reports to the UNFCCC on
behalf of the Danish Realm.
Quantified economy-wide emission reduction target
Greenland has neither reduction commitments nor targets for greenhouse gas emissions in
the period 2013-2020.
In August 2012, a cooperation agreement relating to the international climate change
negotiations was signed by representatives from the Danish Government and the
Government of Greenland. The agreement serves to facilitate closer cooperation on
matters of mutual interest and to improve Greenlandic access to information and
consultation in relation to the UNFCCC negotiations.
In 2012, the Government of Greenland requested Denmark to effectuate a territorial
exclusion for Greenland, when ratifying the second commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol.
A territorial exclusion means that Greenland will be exempted from international
reduction commitments in the period 2013-2020. It further implies that Denmark’s
ratification of the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol will not have any
consequences for Greenland.
Progress in achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets and
relevant information
Mitigation actions and their effects
Renewable energy and energy efficiency
During the last decades, it has been a consistent priority to expand the use of renewable
energy. In 2015, about 18 % of the total energy consumption came from renewable
sources. 61 % of the national energy production of heat and electricity was based on
renewable energy, of which about 94 % came from hydropower and about from 6 %
waste incineration. All sustainable energy from hydropower and waste incineration is
used by the national energy company, Nukissiorfiit. Thus, 64.1% of the company’s total
energy sales come from sustainable energy.
The potential resources for solar energy, wind energy and geothermal heat production are
being explored on a smaller scale with possibilities for future expansion.
Policies and measures targeting energy production and energy consumption have multiple
purposes. In addition to emission reductions, the shift to renewable energy sources is
associated with a decreasing dependence on imported fossil fuels and positive effects on
the local and regional environment.
The objectives of the coalition agreement 2016-2018 states that Greenland has to achieve
100% renewable energy production in 2024. In this regard a number of studies and
activities have been commissioned to facilitate future developments in the energy sector
towards this direction.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
604
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0605.png
Road transport
The number of electric cars in Greenland has increased from approximately zero to about
256 in the last five years. The government actively promotes the use of electric cars by
exempting them from taxes and by actively breaking down other barriers.
Heating
New standards for insulation of new buildings are negotiated at the moment. The
standards are expected to lead to better insulation of new buildings.
The possibilities for using the heat pump technology, i.e. geothermal heating and sea
water heat, are studied in pilot plants.
Shipping
A number of actions have been taken to increase the level of available information on
emissions from shipping within the Territorial Waters of Greenland (three nautical miles
from the coastline) and to describe possible measures.
Niras (2014)
108
examines the pros and cons of regulating the emissions of greenhouse
gases from ships within the Territorial Waters of Greenland. The report presents
scenarios for emissions in 2020 based on the adoption of international maritime law.
A study on the opportunities and barriers for introducing shorepower from hydropower
for ships at berth at Nuuk harbor Sikuki has been introduced..
Estimates of emission reductions and removals and the use of units from the market-
based mechanisms and land use, land-use change and forestry activities
Not applicable.
Projections
Total greenhouse gas emissions in Greenland in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015
are shown in Table VII.B.2.
T
ABLE
VII.B.2 T
OTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(
KT
CO2
EQUIVALENTS
)
IN
1990, 1995,
2000, 2005, 2010
AND
2015
Source: Statistics Greenland (2017)
.
GHG (kt CO
2
Equivalents)
Total (without LULUCF)
1990
652.48
1995
561.71
2000
697.68
2005
679.00
2010
713.53
2015
557.41
Total (with LULUCF)
652.69
562.10
698.20
679.63
714.95
558.46
Greenland is likely to experience significant industrial growth over the coming years,
which will impact on future emission levels. Possible sources of new emissions include:
108
Niras (2014). Emissioner fra skibe. Departementet for Miljø og Natur December 2013.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
605
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0606.png
- Further growth in the mining industry with the establishment of new mines
- Continuation of oil and gas explorations
A number of exploration projects are ongoing, however the projected emissions related to
these projects are subject to a significant degree of uncertainty and future scenarios have
therefore not been included.
According to the latest data from Greenland Statistics the total greenhouse gas emissions
is recorded at 558,456 tons CO
2
in the year 2015
109
. Greenland’s economic council has
prepared a national economic outlook which projects the 2016 GDP growth rate at
6.9%
110
, while the expected growth rate in 2018 being at 2.6%
35
. This rate has been
maintained as a constant value throughout the period 2018 to 2036. Moreover upcoming
mining activities in Aappaluttoq and Kangerlussuaq have been accounted for in the
projections. The projected Greenlandic total annual greenhouse gas emissions 2016-2035
are shown in Figure VII.B.3 together with the inventory total for 2015.
F
IGURE
VII.B.3 G
REENLAND
’
S TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN KT IN
EMISSIONS IN
2015
ARE OBSERVED AND
2016-2036
PROJECTED
2015-36,
C. F
AROE
I
SLANDS
Information on greenhouse gas emissions and trends
Summary information from Faroe Islands’ greeenhouse gas inventory on emissions and
emission trends
Table VII.C.1 and figures VII.C.1 and VII.C.2 show the development in the Faroe
Islands’ greenhouse gas emissions and removals as CO
2
equivalents and by sources and
gases according to the reporting guidelines under the Climate Convention (i.e. the Faroe
Islands’ contribution to the total of the Realm).
109
110
http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=da&version=201702&sc=EN&subthemecode=t2&colcode=t
http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Finans/ENG/GOR%202017%20rapport%20ENG.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
606
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0607.png
As shown in Figure VII.C.1 the development in total greenhouse gas emissions in CO
2
equivalents has increased by 20.4 % from 1990 to 2015. The total Faroese greenhouse gas
emissions corresponded to 868kt of CO2 equivalents in 2015.
As also shown in Figure VII.C.1 the main part - i.e. 93 % - of the emissions were from
the fuel consumption including waste incineration in the energy sector in 2015. Almost 4
% were from Industrial processes and Product Use and a just above 3 % from
Agriculture. The fluctuations in the GHG emissions in the Energy sector are decisive for
the fluctuations in the total GHG emissions. The emissions from the Agriculture sector
and from Industrial processes and Product Use are relative small and constant.
Figure VII.C.2 shows that CO
2
is the most important greenhouse gas, followed by F-
gases, CH
4
and N
2
O. Of the total Faroese greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, CO
2
made
up 92.2%, F-gases (HFCs and SF
6
) 3.9%, methane 2.6% and nitrous oxide 1.3%.
From 1990 to 1993, a decrease in total Faroese greenhouse gas emissions is observed,
due to an economic crisis in the Faroe Islands, which lasted for 6-8 years. From 2001 to
2007, the emissions were rather stabile. In 2008-2011 the emissions from Faroese fishing
vessels were – except for 2010 – significantly lower than previous years, especially due
to rising oil prices and lower prices on fish. The decrease is concealed by emissions
related to new bunkering activity starting in 2009 that has led to a substantial increase in
the number of foreign fishing vessels bunkering in the Faroe Islands. In 2015, the total
emissions were 20 % above 1990, the base year.
F
IGURE
VII.C.1 G
REENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR FOR
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990
TO
2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Industrial
processes and
product use
4%
Agriculture
3%
1000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Energy
93%
Energy
Agriculture
Industrial processes and product use
Total (including LULUCF)
F
IGURE
VII.C.2 E
MISSIONS OF
GHG
BY GAS IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015.
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
N
2
O HFCs
CH
4
1.3% 3.9%
2.6%
SF
6
0.03%
1000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
CO
2
92.2%
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
SF6
Total
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
607
2014
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0608.png
Carbon dioxide, CO
2
The emission of CO
2
in the Faroe Islands is from fuel consumption (incl. waste
incineration). The trend in the total emission of CO
2
(Figure VII.C.3) is nearly identical
with the trend of the total emission of GHG in the Faroe Islands (Figure VII.C.2) showing
the trends in CO
2
emissions in the period from 1990 to 2013. After the economic decline
in the 1990s the emissions rose and were rather constant until 2007. From 2008 to 2013
the effort in the Faroese fishing fleet was significantly lower than previous years, also
meaning a significant reduction in oil consumption. The reduction in the emissions for
fisheries in 2009 and 2011 is not visible because a new oil bunkering activity (mostly
used by foreign fishing vessels) started up in 2009, increasing the emissions.
F
IGURE
VII.C.3 T
OTAL
CO2
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR FOR
2013
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990
TO
2013
Source: Nielsen et al. (2015).
Figure VII.C.4 shows how the emissions are distributed between categories. In 2015 44
% of the CO
2
emission came from fishing vessels. Households accounted for 15 %,
public electricity and heat production for 13 % and road transport for 11 % of the total
CO
2
emission.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
608
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0609.png
F
IGURE
VII.C.4 E
MISSIONS OF
CO2
IN THE ENERGY SECTOR
,
DIVIDED IN FUEL CONSUMPTION
CATEGORIES
, 2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Nitrous oxide, N
2
O
Figure VII.C.5 shows the emissions of nitrous oxide in the Faroe Islands 1990-2015.
Around 40 % of the N
2
O comes from energy and another 40 % comes from agricultural
soils. The rest, around 20 %, comes from manure management.
F
IGURE
VII.C.5 N2O
EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Methane, CH
4
Figure VII.C.6 shows the emissions of methane in the Faroe Islands 1990-2015. Most of
the methane emission is from the agriculture sector, especially from enteric fermentation
(93 %). Most of the emission of CH
4
in the energy sector is due to aviation activity.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
609
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0610.png
F
IGURE
VII.C.6 CH4
EMISSIONS
,
BY SECTOR IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
The f-gases: HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
and NF
3
Figure VII.C.7 shows the emissions of F-gases, HFCs and SF
6
respectively in the years
1990-2015. Most of the emission is HFCs, used for refrigeration purposes, as substitutes
for HCFCs. After the emissions increased in the period 1996-2005, the emissions were
rather stable at around 12,000 tonnes of CO
2
equivalents pr. year until 2011, whereafter
there has been a steep increase in the emissions of HFCs. This is due to higher use of
HFC-125 and HFC-143a, both components in the HFC-blend HFC-507a, which in recent
years has been used as a substitute when phasing out HCFC-22 (ozone depleting freezing
agent) on fishing vessels. In 2015 the emissions of HFCs were around 35,000 tonnes of
CO
2
equivalents.
F
IGURE
VII.C.7 F-
GAS EMISSIONS
,
BY TYPE OF GAS IN
2015
AND DEVELOPMENT
1990-2015
Source: Nielsen et al. (2017).
Neither PFCs nor NF
3
have been used in the Faroe Islands.
The summary tables from the Faroe Islands’ greenhouse gas inventory are shown in
Table VII.C.1 below (similar to the format of table 1 of the CTF).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
610
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0611.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(SUMMARY), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
Emission trends: summary
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
SUMMARY
(Sheet 6 of 6)
Faroe Islands
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS EMIS S IONS
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
774
774
22
22
11
11
12
775
775
22
22
11
11
13
775
775
22
22
11
11
13
768
768
22
22
11
11
14
797
797
22
22
11
11
14
732
732
21
21
11
11
14
765
765
21
21
11
11
13
840
840
21
21
11
11
14
723
723
21
21
10
10
14
808
808
22
22
11
11
17
778
778
21
21
11
11
21
809
809
21
21
11
11
26
779
779
22
22
11
11
33
16.63
16.63
-4.04
-4.04
8.97
8.97
100.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
701
701
NA
NA
701
701
NA
NA
680
680
NA
NA
670
670
NA
NA
560
560
NA
NA
567
567
NA
NA
573
573
NA
NA
593
593
NA
NA
589
589
NA
NA
634
634
NA
NA
665
665
NA
NA
703
703
NA
NA
862
862
NA
NA
812
812
NA
NA
819
819
NA
NA
821
821
NA
NA
821
821
NA
NA
815
815
NA
NA
844
844
NA
NA
779
779
NA
NA
810
810
NA
NA
886
886
NA
NA
768
768
NA
NA
858
858
NA
NA
832
832
NA
NA
868
868
NA
NA
845
845
NA
NA
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
668
668
22
22
10
10
NO
668
668
22
22
10
10
NO
649
649
22
22
10
10
NO
638
638
22
22
10
10
NO
529
529
22
22
9
9
NO
534
534
23
23
10
10
0
540
540
23
23
10
10
0
560
560
23
23
10
10
0
556
556
23
23
10
10
1
599
599
23
23
10
10
1
628
628
23
23
10
10
4
665
665
23
23
10
10
5
820
820
22
22
11
11
8
769
769
22
22
11
11
10
100.00
20.56
20.56
0.00
0.00
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
(5)
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
16.51
100.00
-0.14
0.00
20.56
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
673
NO,NE,NA
673
NO,NE,NA
654
NO,NE,NA
643
0
27
NO,NE,IE
533
0
27
NO,NE,IE
538
0
28
544
0
28
564
0
28
560
1
28
604
2
28
633
4
28
670
5
28
826
8
28
774
10
28
779
12
28
780
13
28
780
13
28
773
14
27
803
14
27
737
14
27
769
14
27
845
14
27
727
14
27
813
17
27
783
21
27
814
26
27
784
33
28
28
NO,NE,IE
28
NO,NE,IE
26
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE
701
701
680
670
560
567
573
593
589
634
665
703
862
812
819
821
821
815
844
779
810
886
768
858
832
868
845
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
611
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0612.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(GHG
S
), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
GHG CO
2
eq emissions
(Sheet 1 of 6)
Faroe Islands
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Base
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
819
779
779
134
80
96
469
NO
NO
NO
NO
12
NO
NO
NO
NE
12
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
821
780
780
123
75
100
481
NO
NO
NO
NO
13
NO
NO
NO
NE
13
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
821
780
780
113
67
108
492
NO
NO
NO
NO
13
NO
NO
NO
NE
13
0
28
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
815
773
773
123
61
110
480
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
14
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
844
803
803
129
62
132
480
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
14
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
779
737
737
137
57
137
406
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
14
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
810
769
769
132
44
133
461
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
13
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
886
845
845
164
44
127
509
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
14
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
768
727
727
133
44
131
419
NO
NO
NO
NO
14
NO
NO
NO
NE
14
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
858
813
813
148
49
127
489
NO
NO
NO
NO
17
NO
NO
NO
NE
17
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
832
783
783
134
50
119
480
NO
NO
NO
NO
21
NO
NO
NO
NE
21
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
868
814
814
123
61
123
507
NO
NO
NO
NO
26
NO
NO
NO
NE
26
1
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
845
784
784
100
64
122
499
NO
NO
NO
NO
33
NO
NO
NO
NE
33
0
28
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
20.56
16.51
16.51
3.22
0.66
13.85
22.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
-0.14
-0.85
5.74
0.00
-0.91
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt CO
2
eq)
Total (net emissions)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial Processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Crop land
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
(2)
701
673
673
97
63
107
406
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NE
NO
NA,NO
28
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
701
673
673
97
63
107
406
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NE
NO
NA,NO
28
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
680
654
654
94
75
105
381
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NE
NO
NA,NO
26
19
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
670
643
643
93
44
116
390
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NE
NO
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
560
533
533
87
40
101
305
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NE
NO
0
27
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
567
538
538
82
39
93
324
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NE
0
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
573
544
544
80
33
100
332
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NE
0
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
593
564
564
94
39
95
336
NO
NO
NO
NO
0
NO
NO
NO
NE
0
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
589
560
560
88
38
105
329
NO
NO
NO
NO
1
NO
NO
NO
NE
1
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
634
604
604
99
55
98
352
NO
NO
NO
NO
2
NO
NO
NO
NE
1
0
28
20
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
665
633
633
101
54
100
379
NO
NO
NO
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NE
4
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
703
670
670
120
60
101
389
NO
NO
NO
NO
5
NO
NO
NO
NE
5
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
862
826
826
164
70
95
497
NO
NO
NO
NO
8
NO
NO
NO
NE
8
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
812
774
774
127
69
99
478
NO
NO
NO
NO
10
NO
NO
NO
NE
10
0
28
21
3
NO
4
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA NO,NE,NA
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
NE
701
701
NA
NA
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
NE
701
701
NA
NA
0
0
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
NE
680
680
NA
NA
106
0
106
NO
17
NO
NE
NE
NE
670
670
NA
NA
144
0
144
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
NE
560
560
NA
NA
142
0
141
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
NE
567
567
NA
NA
133
0
133
NO
17
NO
NE
NE
NE
573
573
NA
NA
144
1
143
NO
18
NO
NE
NE
NE
593
593
NA
NA
140
1
139
NO
21
NO
NE
NE
NE
589
589
NA
NA
114
1
113
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
NE
634
634
NA
NA
124
2
122
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
665
665
NA
NA
139
3
137
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
703
703
NA
NA
148
1
147
NO
29
NO
NE
NE
NE
862
862
NA
NA
99
1
98
NO
30
NO
NE
NE
NE
812
812
NA
NA
89
1
88
NO
27
NO
NE
NE
NE
819
819
NA
NA
99
1
98
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
NE
821
821
NA
NA
86
1
85
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
NE
821
821
NA
NA
39
1
37
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
NE
815
815
NA
NA
32
1
31
NO
29
NO
NE
NE
NE
844
844
NA
NA
29
1
28
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
779
779
NA
NA
71
1
70
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
NE
810
810
NA
NA
44
1
43
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
886
886
NA
NA
51
1
50
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
NE
768
768
NA
NA
61
1
60
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
NE
858
858
NA
NA
27
1
26
NO
24
NO
NE
NE
NE
832
832
NA
NA
38
1
38
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
868
868
NA
NA
24
0
24
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
NE
845
845
NA
NA
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
78.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
20.56
20.56
0.00
0.00
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
612
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0613.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(CO2), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (CO2)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CO
2
(Sheet 2 of 6)
Faroe Islands
Base
GREENHOUSE GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(kt)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
668
668
97
62
105
404
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
668
668
97
62
105
404
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
649
649
94
74
103
379
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
638
638
93
44
114
388
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
529
529
86
40
99
303
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
534
534
82
39
91
322
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
540
540
79
32
98
330
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
560
560
94
38
93
335
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
556
556
88
38
102
327
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
599
599
99
54
96
350
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
628
628
101
53
98
377
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
665
665
119
60
99
387
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
820
820
164
69
94
494
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
769
769
127
68
98
476
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
774
774
134
79
95
467
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
775
775
123
74
99
478
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
775
775
112
66
107
489
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
768
768
122
60
109
477
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
797
797
129
61
130
477
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
732
732
137
56
136
404
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
765
765
132
43
131
458
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
840
840
164
44
126
506
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
723
723
133
43
130
416
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
808
808
148
49
126
486
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
778
778
134
50
117
477
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
809
809
122
60
122
504
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
779
779
100
63
120
496
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NO
NE
16.63
16.63
3.18
0.82
14.90
22.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
NO,NE,IE
0.00
0.00
0.00
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
668
668
NA
NA
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
668
668
NA
NA
0
0
NE,NO
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
649
649
NA
NA
105
0
105
NO
17
NO
NE
NE
638
638
NA
NA
143
0
143
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
529
529
NA
NA
140
0
140
NO
16
NO
NE
NE
534
534
NA
NA
132
0
132
NO
17
NO
NE
NE
540
540
NA
NA
142
0
142
NO
18
NO
NE
NE
560
560
NA
NA
138
0
138
NO
21
NO
NE
NE
556
556
NA
NA
112
0
112
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
599
599
NA
NA
122
1
121
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
628
628
NA
NA
136
1
136
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
665
665
NA
NA
147
1
146
NO
29
NO
NE
NE
820
820
NA
NA
98
1
97
NO
30
NO
NE
NE
769
769
NA
NA
88
1
87
NO
27
NO
NE
NE
774
774
NA
NA
98
1
97
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
775
775
NA
NA
85
1
84
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
775
775
NA
NA
38
1
37
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
768
768
NA
NA
32
1
31
NO
29
NO
NE
NE
797
797
NA
NA
29
1
28
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
732
732
NA
NA
70
1
70
NO
25
NO
NE
NE
765
765
NA
NA
43
1
42
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
840
840
NA
NA
51
1
49
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
723
723
NA
NA
61
1
60
NO
26
NO
NE
NE
808
808
NA
NA
27
1
26
NO
24
NO
NE
NE
778
778
NA
NA
38
1
37
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
809
809
NA
NA
24
0
24
NO
28
NO
NE
NE
779
779
NA
NA
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
78.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
16.63
16.63
0.00
0.00
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
613
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0614.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(CH4), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CH
4
(Sheet 3 of 6)
Faroe Islands
Base
GREENHOUSE GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
-70.08
-70.08
-5.32
-10.23
-90.68
54.97
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(kt)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NO
NE
0.85
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.85
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.81
0.78
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.82
0.79
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.82
0.79
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.84
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.84
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.83
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.83
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.86
0.82
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.86
0.82
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.83
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.88
0.84
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.88
0.84
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.88
0.84
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.87
0.83
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.85
0.82
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.83
0.80
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.83
0.80
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.83
0.80
0.03
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.84
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.85
0.81
0.04
NO
NE
NO
0.03
-0.85
20.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE NO,NE,IE
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NE
NE
NO,IE
NE
0.90
0.90
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
0.90
0.90
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
NE,NO
NO
0.87
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.87
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.92
0.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.93
0.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.92
0.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.92
0.92
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.91
0.91
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.92
0.92
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.92
0.92
0.01
0.01
0.00
NO
0.90
0.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.90
0.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.90
0.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.89
0.89
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.87
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.85
0.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.85
0.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.85
0.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
-4.04
-4.04
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
614
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0615.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(N2O), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (N2O)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
N
2
O
(Sheet 4 of 6)
Faroe Islands
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
Change
from base
to latest
reported
year
%
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
24.48
24.48
28.40
-11.74
19.52
40.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. Manufacturing industries and construction
3. Transp ort
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transp ort and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. Mineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
NO
NO,NE
NO
NE
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
NO
0.02
0.01
0.01
NO
0.00
-0.72
-0.34
-0.91
0.00
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
NO,NE,IE
NE
NO,IE
NE
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
0.03
0.03
NE,NO
NE,NO
NE,NO
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
NE,NO
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
8.97
8.97
100.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
0.00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
615
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0616.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(HFC
S
, PFC
S
, SF6 AND NF3), F
AROE
I
SLANDS
(
I
.
E
.
NOT
EU
TERRITORY
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
, and NF
3
(Sheet 5 of 6)
Faroe Islands
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v1
FAROE ISLANDS
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(kt)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
(4)
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs
(4)
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
0.00
0.00
NO
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.74
0.74
0.00
1.41
1.41
0.00
3.76
3.76
0.00
5.01
5.01
0.00
8.08
8.08
0.00
10.15
10.15
0.00
11.92
11.92
0.00
13.30
13.30
0.00
13.03
13.03
0.00
13.54
13.54
0.00
14.00
14.00
0.00
14.31
14.31
0.00
13.34
13.34
0.00
13.90
13.90
0.00
13.97
13.97
0.00
16.95
16.95
0.00
20.95
20.95
0.00
25.56
25.56
0.00
32.76
32.76
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
0.00
NO
NO
0.00
NO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
NA,NO
0.11
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.18
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.59
0.00
0.25
0.00
100.00
100.00
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of S F
6
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NF
3
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
616
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0617.png
Summary information on Faroe Islands’ national inventory arrangements
The Environment Agency (FEA), an agency under the Ministry of Health and the
Interior (www.himr.fo), is responsible for the annual preparation and submission to
the UNFCCC of the Faroe Islands’ contribution to the Kingdom of Denmark’s
National Inventory Report and the GHG inventories in the Common Reporting
Format in accordance with the UNFCCC Guidelines. The inventory is done with
guidance from and in co-operation with DCE. The work is carried out in co-
operation with other Faroese ministries, research institutes, organisations and
companies.
For more comprehensive information, fx about the inventory preparation, calculation
methods, annual reporting, improvements of emissions inventories, please see
Nielsen et al. (2017).
Quantified economy-wide emission reduction target
In 2009 the Minister of the Interior formulated a Climate Policy for the Faroe
Islands
111
.The principal aim of this policy is to decrease the Faroese dependency on
oil and fossil fuels and to increase the use of renewable energy sources significantly.
In this way, achieve the ambitious and realistic target of reducing emissions of
greenhouse gases by at least 20% in 2020, compared with the level of emissions in
2005. This will in turn make Faroese society less vulnerable to the effects of ever-
changing oil prices.
The key information regarding the target is shown in Table VII.C.2 below (similar to
the formats of tables 2(a-f) of the CTF).
T
ABLE
VII.C.2: D
ESCRIPTION OF
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION
REDUCTION TARGET
Table 2(a)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: base year
a
Party
Base year /base period
Emission reduction target
Period for reaching target
a
b
Faroe Islands
2005
% of base year/base period
20
2020
% of 1990
b
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does
Optional.
111
https://d3b1dqw2kzexi.cloudfront.net/media/5522/veðurlagspolitikkur-føroya.pdf
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
617
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0618.png
Table 2(b)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: gases and sectors covered
a
Gases covered
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other gases
Sectors covered
Energy
Transport
c
d
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Base year for each gas (year):
2005
2005
2005
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Industrial processes
No
Agriculture
No
LULUCF
No
Waste
No
Other (specify)
No
Abbreviations: LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the
position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or
other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
More than one selection will be allowed. If Parties use sectors other than those indicated above, the explanation of how
these sectors relate to the sectors defined by the IPCC should be provided.
c
d
b
a
Transport is reported as a subsector of the energy sector.
Industrial processes refer to the industrial processes and solvent and other product use sectors.
Table 2(c)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: global warming potential values (GWP)
a
Gases
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
c
Other gases
Abbreviations: GWP = global warming potential
a
GWP values
b
AR4
AR4
AR4
AR4
AR4
AR4
AR4
NA
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of
other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based
mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
b
Please specify the reference for the GWP: Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or the
Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC.
Specify.
c
Table 2(d)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: approach to counting emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector
a
Role of LULUCF LULUCF in base year level and target
Contribution of LULUCF is calculated using
Included
Excluded
Land-based approach
Activity-based approach
Other (specify)
Excluded
NA
NA
NA
Abbreviation: LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units
from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
618
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0619.png
Table 2(e)I
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: market-based mechanisms under the Convention
a
CERs
ERUs
AAUs
b
c
Possible scale of contributions
(estimated kt CO2 eq)
0
0
0
0
0
Carry-over units
d
Other mechanism units under the Convention (specify)
Abbreviations: AAU = assigned amount unit, CER = certified emission reduction, ERU = emission reduction unit.
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard
to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-
wide emission reduction targets.
b
AAUs issued to or purchased by a Party.
Units carried over from the first to the second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol, as described in decision 13/CMP.1 and consistent with decision XX
/CMP.8.
d
c
As indicated in paragraph 5(e) of the guidelines contained in annex I of decision 2/CP.17.
Table 2(e)II
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: other market-based mechanisms
a
(Specify)
NA
a
Possible scale of contributions
(estimated kt CO2 eq)
NA
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position
of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based
mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
Table 2(f)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: any other information
a,b
IE
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge
the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the
Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction
targets.
This information could include information on the domestic legal status of the target or the total assigned amount of
emission units for the period for reaching a target. Some of this information is presented in the narrative part of the
biennial report.
b
The Climate Policy of the Faroes contains a plan of action on how to reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 20% in 2020, compared with the level of
emissions in 2005. The plan is not an exhaustive outline of how this target can be
met, but it is a coherent plan of action by the current Government, which can be
expanded over time, especially as new and more developed technology is established
which can contribute in additional ways to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Thus, the action plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is based on the
quantified economy-wide emission reduction target and the implementation of
specific measures in the following three areas:
I.
II.
III.
I.
Heating
Electricity production
Land-based transport
Heating.
Target:
In 2020 the oil consumption for heating shall be reduced by 50% by putting
into place energy saving measures and new energy efficient and environmental
friendly technologies.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
619
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Measures:
The use of environmentally friendly technologies such as heat pumps,
newer and more efficient oil burners and boilers, district heating, solar power and
other environmental friendly and renewable energy sources. To perform regular
inspection of the above-mentioned systems to ensure that these are as energy
efficient as possible.
II.
Electricity production
Target:
In 2020 about 75% of the overall production of electricity derives from
renewable energy sources.
Measures:
In order to significantly increase the production of electricity from
renewable energy sources it is necessary to improve the system.
The Faroese electricity producing company SEV uses about 35,000 tonnes of oil
annually for electricity production. In the time-period from 2008-2013, 38-40 % of
SEV’s overall electricity production was produced from renewable energy sources,
including around 35% from hydro energy and around 5% from wind energy. The
year 2010 was an exception, with relative less use of renewable energy sources. With
more windmills and expansion in waterpower in recent years, 50% of the electricity
production was based on renewable energy sources. In 2015 it was even higher, 60%.
This year the usage of oil was 27.000, i.e. significantly lower than previous years.
Altogether, SEV produces around 300 million kWh of electricity yearly.
III.
Land-based transport
Target:
In 2020 all gas and diesel fuelled vehicles shall be energy efficient and a
significant number of vehicles are to run on renewable energy. The aim is to reduce
CO
2
emissions from domestic transport by 50%.
Measures:
-
-
Importing more energy efficient gas and diesel vehicles,
Encourage the use of vehicles that run on renewable energy,
-
Bio-fuels become available when bio fuelled cars are introduced to the
Faroese market,
-
Public traffic is improved and strategically located junctions provide for easy
access.
In addition to above mentioned quantified targets, the government also made target
for other three areas:
I.
V.
VI.
Ships and aviation
Renewable energy
Public awareness and information
In all three cases, the targets have not been quantified, i.e. no specific reduction
targets were set.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
620
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0621.png
Progress in achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets
and relevant information
In 2008 the Faroese government published the report Skjótt syftir seiðir og tunga
takið (Easy pickings and the long haul)
112
, listing an arrow of possible measures to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Together with the climate policy, these documents
are the fundament in reaching the reduction targets for greenhouse gas emissions.
Mitigation actions and their effects
Total emissions
In 2015 the total emission of greenhouse gases had decreased by 3 % compared with
the emission in 2005. This means that the emission shall be reduced with another 17
% before 2020 to fulfil the target. See Figure VII.C.8.
F
IGURE
VII.C.8 T
OTAL EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
2005-
2015,
RELATIVE COMPARED WITH
2005
AND IN TONNES OF
CO2
EQUIVALENTS
Source:
www.us.fo
The total emission of greenhouse gases in Figure VII.C.8 does not include emissions
from foreign fishing vessels, and the totals are therefore not the same as the totals
reported to IPCC (CRF).
Heating
In accordance with the climate policy the amount of oil used for heating shall be
reduced to 50 % in 2020. Apart from 2010, a year with cold weather, there has in
general been a fall in the emission from heating since 2005. In 2014 the emissions
were about 20 % lower compared with 2005. In 2015 the emissions increased. To
fulfil the goal still a 30-38 % reduction remains. See Figure VII.C.9.
112
http://www.us.fo/Default.aspx?ID=14087
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
621
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0622.png
F
IGURE
VII.C.9 E
MISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM HEATING
2005-2015,
RELATIVE
COMPARED WITH
2005
AND IN TONNES OF
CO2
EQUIVALENTS
Source: www.us.fo
Electricity production
The target for electricity production is that 75 % of the electricity production shall
derive from renewable energy in 2020. In 2014 13 new wind turbines were installed
and the amount of renewable energy in electricity production in 2014 was more than
50 %. The main electricity company in the Faroe Islands, SEV, has made effective
development in the wind power system changing from oil based electricity
production to more wind and hydropower. The company has set the goal to be 100 %
green in 2030. Thus, with current plans for new wind mills, the 75 % target in the
climate policy can be reached. See Figure VII.C.10.
F
IGURE
VII.C.10 T
HE EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
2005-2015,
RELATIVE COMPARED WITH
2005
AND IN TONNES OF
CO2
EQUIVALENTS
Source: www.us.fo
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
622
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0623.png
Road traffic
The emission of greenhouse gases from road traffic decreased every year from 2007
to 2013, but has since then increased again (Figure VII.C.11). With the trend until
now it is not likely that the 50 % target for road traffic will be reached.
F
IGURE
VII.C.11 E
MISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM ROAD TRAFFIC
2005-2015,
RELATIVE COMPARED WITH
2005
AND IN TONNES OF
CO2
EQUIVALENTS
Source: www.us.fo
As part of the reporting on progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide
emission reduction target, information on mitigation actions and their effects is
shown in Table VII.C.3 below (similar to table 3 of the CTF). In this regard,
information on greenhouse gas emissions 2010-2015 is shown in Table VII.C4
(similar to table 4 of the CTF).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
623
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0624.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.3: P
ROGRESS IN ACHIEVEMENT OF
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
INFORMATION ON MITIGATION
ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Table 3
FO Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
GHG(s)
Objective and/ or activity affected
Type of
Name of mitigation action
a
Sector(s) affected
b
affected
instrument
c
no.
1-1 Better insulation of houses and
Energy - Heating
buildings,
1-2 Improve the possibilities of
Energy - Heating
funding for energy saving
1-3 District Heating - Waste Heat from Energy - Heating
garbage and power production
1-3 Requiremqnts for oil burners,
Energy - Heating
boilers, inspection, heat pumps,
district heating and energy
systems etc.
1-4 Certification requirements for
Energy - Heating
installation, inspection and
maintenance of heating and
energy systems
1-5 Prohibit the import and sale of
Energy - Heating
non-efficient electricity and energy
equipment, in conformity with
laws in neigh-bouring countries.
1-6 Heat Pump. Ground source heat
pump campaign and from 2017
VAT excemption
2-1 Registry fees of motor vehicles
shall encourage drivers to buy
vehicles with low or no CO2
emissions.
3-1 Encourages competition on the
green electricity market.
3-2 Further develop the use of
renewable energy sources in the
electricity production including
windpower
3-3 Two new Wind Parks
Energy - Heating
CO2, CH4,
N2O
CO2, CH4,
N2O
CO2, CH4,
N2O
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Regulatory
Economic -
regulatory
Regulatory
Status of implementation
d
Brief description
e
Start
year of
Implementing entity
or entities
Ministry of Health and
Interior
Ministry of Finance
Estimate of mitigation impact (not cumulative, in kt CO2 eq)
20XX
f
= 2001
2020
NE
NE
2.4
20XX
f
= 2015 or
annual average
2012-2017
NE
NE
9
2030
NE
NE
Partly implemented. Partly
planned
Implemented
Implemented
200 houses in 1995 and
1100 houses in 2015
Municipality
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Regulatory
Partly implemented. Partly
planned
Ministry of Health and
Interior
NE
NE
NE
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Regulatory
Partly implemented. Partly
planned
Ministry of Health and
Interior
NE
NE
NE
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Regulatory
Planned
Ministry of Health and
Interior
NE
NE
NE
CO2, CH4,
N2O
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in buildings
Regulatory
Implemented
Ministry of Health and
Interior and Ministry
of Finance
Ministry of Finance
NE
3
Energy - Transport
Reduce fossile fuel consumption in transport. The law on
Regulatory
registry fees of motor vehicles shall encourage drivers to buy
and register vehicles with low or no CO2 emissions.
Reduce prices on green electricity
Reduce fossile fuel consumption
Regulatory
Implemented
NE
NE
Energy - Public
Electricity Production
Energy - Public
Electricity Production
CO2, CH4,
N2O
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Implemented
Implemented
Wind Parks build: 2003
2,0 MW, 2005 4,7 MW
and 2014 11,7 MW
Ministry of Health and
Interior
SEV and Røkt. Ministry
of Health and Interior
NE
NE
NE
25.2
NE
NE
Energy - Public
CO2, CH4, Reduce fossile fuel consumption
Implemented
5 MW Wind Porkeri and
Electricity Production N2O
15 MW Wind Eiði
Note: The two final columns specify the year identified by the Party for estimating impacts (based on the status of the measure and whether an ex post or ex ante estimation is available).
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas; LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
Parties should use an asterisk (*) to indicate that a mitigation action is included in the ‘with measures’ projection.
b
To the extent possible, the following sectors should be used: energy, transport, industry/industrial processes, agriculture, forestry/LULUCF, waste management/waste, other sectors, cross-cutting, as appropriate.
c
To the extent possible, the following types of instrument should be used: economic, fiscal, voluntary agreement, regulatory, information, education, research, other.
d
To the extent possible, the following descriptive terms should be used to report on the status of implementation: implemented, adopted, planned.
e
Additional information may be provided on the cost of the mitigation actions and the relevant timescale.
Table 3
Ministry of Health and
Interior
45
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
624
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0625.png
T
ABLE
VII.C.4: R
EPORTING ON
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
’
PROGRESS
Table 4
Reporting on progress
a, b
Year
c
Total emissions excluding LULUCF
(kt CO2 eq)
(a) total GHG emissions, excluding
emissions and removals from the
LULUCF sector;
Contribution from LULUCF (kt CO2 eq)
d
Quantity of units from market based Quantity of units from other
mechanisms under the Convention market based mechanisms
(number of units and kt CO2 eq )
(number of units and kt CO2 eq)
(b) emissions and/or removals from the LULUCF sector based (c) total GHG emissions, including
on the accounting approach applied taking into consideration emissions and removals from the
any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and the LULUCF sector.
activities and/or land that will be accounted for;
Base year/base period (specify)
2005
821
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
886
768
858
832
868
845
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Abbreviation: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based
mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
b
a
For the base year, information reported on the emission reduction target shall include the following: (a) total GHG emissions, excluding emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector; (b) emissions and/or
removals from the LULUCF sector based on the accounting approach applied taking into consideration any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and the activities and/or land that will be accounted
for; (c) total GHG emissions, including emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector. For each reported year, information reported on progress made towards the emission reduction targets shall include, in
addition to the information noted in paragraphs 9(a–c) of the UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties, information on the use of units from market-based mechanisms.
Parties may add additional rows for years other than those specified below.
c
d
Information in this column should be consistent with the information reported in table 4(a)I or 4(a)II, as appropriate. The Parties for which all relevant information on the LULUCF contribution is reported in
table 1 of this common tabular format can refer to table 1.
Estimates of emission reductions and removals and the use of units from the market-
based mechanisms and land use, land-use change and forestry activities
Since the Faroe Islands are not a part of the Kyoto Protocol, marked-based
mechanisms are not in use.
No estimation has been made regarding emissions reductions/removals in land use,
land-use change and forestry activities in the Faroe Islands. Though a continuously
work is going on in planting trees, it is in quite small-scale dimensions.
Projections
No projections have been made for the Faroe Islands.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
625
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0626.png
VIII. Common tabular format for UNFCCC biennial
reporting
The information to be reported electronicly in the so-called Common Tabular Format
(CTF) contained in Decision 19/CP.18 - Document: FCCC/CP/2012/8/Add.3)
adopted by the Conference of the Parties on its eighteenth session is included in this
chapter. Where the information in the tables shown in this chapter is difficult to read,
please see the electronic version of the CTF available on the UNFCCC web-site (
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/biennial_reports_and_iar/submitted_biennial_report
s/items/7550.php
)
As Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not in the EU territory and the assessment of
Denmark’s contribution to the progress towards the joint EU target for 2020 is
relevant to Denmark only. Therefore only inventory data for Denmark are included
in Table 1 of the CTF.
Inventory data for Greenland and the Faore Islands are shown separately in Chapter
VII. Inventory data for total emissions in the realm are included in Annex A1 of
Denmark’s Seventh National Communication.
The following notation keys have been used in the tables:
NA = Not Applicable.
NE = Not Estimated.
NO = Not Occuring.
IE = Included Elsewhere.
INA = Information Not Available
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
626
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0627.png
T
ABLE
1: E
MISSION TRENDS
(
SUMMARY
)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
Emission trends: summary
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
SUMMARY
(Sheet 6 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS EMIS S IONS
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENMARK
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
60625
66237
8080
8120
6580
6607
812
25
NO,NA
30
NO,NA
76151
81829
76947
82625
55100
60368
7905
7947
6124
6151
875
21
NO,NA
31
NO,NA
70055
75393
70819
76158
51522
56691
7671
7715
5472
5499
933
19
NO,NA
20
NO,NA
65636
70876
66371
71611
59428
64983
7576
7621
5368
5395
958
21
NO,NA
33
NO,NA
73383
79012
74081
79709
54644
57471
7560
7607
5545
5571
989
21
NO,NA
28
NO,NA
68787
71688
69444
72345
51204
49194
7429
7478
5493
5519
993
18
NO,NA
29
NO,NA
65167
63233
65795
63861
48815
50969
7285
7336
5236
5262
951
20
NO,NA
34
NO,NA
62341
64572
62911
65143
49170
48295
7347
7399
5139
5166
950
19
NO,NA
36
NO,NA
62661
61864
63217
62420
44170
41668
7185
7239
5151
5179
886
16
NO,NA
69
NO,NA
57478
55057
57982
55561
39648
39311
7057
7115
5032
5060
801
12
NO,NA
112
NO,NA
52663
52411
53138
52886
41632
42622
6951
7010
5036
5065
781
11
NO,NA
131
NO,NA
54542
55619
54993
56070
37449
37506
6947
7004
5141
5170
702
9
NO,NA
132
NO,NA
50380
50524
50801
50945
35147
39205
6849
6909
5182
5216
634
5
NO,NA
103
NO,NA
47919
52072
48331
52484
-34.42
-32.92
-10.18
-9.61
-34.26
-34.05
100.00
100.00
0.00
143.07
0.00
-30.69
-29.67
-31.31
-30.26
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
CO
2
emissions without net CO
2
from LULUCF
CO
2
emissions with net CO
2
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs
SF
6
NF
3
Total (without LULUCF)
Total (with LULUCF)
Total (without LULUCF, with indirect)
Total (with LULUCF, with indirect)
53591
58447
7624
7643
7882
7909
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
69139
74042
70356
75259
53591
58447
7624
7643
7882
7909
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
69139
74042
70356
75259
64210
68424
7814
7834
7709
7736
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
61
NO,NA
79793
84055
81052
85314
58402
63348
7892
7914
7448
7475
4
NO,NA
NO,NA
85
NO,NA
73831
78826
75059
80054
60641
64841
8087
8111
7252
7279
102
NO,NA
NO,NA
97
NO,NA
76179
80430
77385
81635
64701
68605
7977
8002
7177
7204
146
0
NO,NA
116
NO,NA
80118
84074
81280
85236
61615
65751
8051
8078
7134
7161
241
1
NO,NA
102
NO,NA
77145
81334
78282
82472
74863
78203
8165
8194
6780
6807
380
2
NO,NA
58
NO,NA
90248
93644
91372
94768
65455
69283
8055
8085
6814
6841
376
5
NO,NA
70
NO,NA
80776
84661
81824
85709
61217
65225
8111
8143
6890
6917
475
11
NO,NA
57
NO,NA
76762
80828
77766
81832
58637
62704
8016
8050
6970
6997
582
16
NO,NA
62
NO,NA
74283
78411
75220
79348
54296
58442
7907
7943
6926
6953
704
23
NO,NA
56
NO,NA
69912
74120
70786
74994
55870
60771
8146
8183
6710
6736
736
28
NO,NA
28
NO,NA
71517
76482
72366
77331
55542
61542
8074
8112
6707
6734
780
28
NO,NA
23
NO,NA
71154
77219
71965
78031
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial processes and product use
3. Agriculture
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
(5)
5. Waste
6. Other
Total (including LULUCF)
(5)
year
(1)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
(%)
CO
2
equivalent (kt)
52402
2343
12631
4902
1763
NO
74042
52402
2343
12631
4902
1763
NO
74042
63097
2470
12457
4262
1770
NO
84055
57276
2522
12281
4995
1750
NO
78826
59607
2592
12232
4250
1749
NO
80430
63659
2706
12075
3956
1679
NO
84074
60589
2878
12079
4190
1598
NO
81334
74004
3022
11660
3396
1562
NO
93644
64516
3105
11669
3885
1485
NO
84661
60430
3204
11682
4067
1445
NO
80828
58010
3442
11314
4128
1516
NO
78411
53540
3631
11228
4208
1513
NO
74120
55229
3515
11225
4965
1548
NO
76482
54806
3468
11303
6065
1577
NO
77219
60034
3482
11046
5678
1589
NO
81829
54474
3312
10983
5338
1286
NO
75393
50784
2789
10788
5240
1276
NO
70876
58678
2848
10525
5628
1332
NO
79012
53838
2877
10750
2901
1322
NO
71688
50597
2575
10694
-1934
1302
NO
63233
48582
2092
10407
2232
1260
NO
64572
49111
2034
10326
-797
1190
NO
61864
43787
2175
10328
-2421
1187
NO
55057
39116
2121
10274
-252
1152
NO
52411
41008
2132
10278
1077
1123
NO
55619
36734
2071
10400
144
1175
NO
50524
34476
1992
10299
4153
1153
NO
52072
-34.21
-15.01
-18.46
-15.28
-34.64
0.00
-29.67
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
627
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0628.png
T
ABLE
1(0): E
MISSION TRENDS
(GHG
S
)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (GHG)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
GHG CO
2
eq emissions
(Sheet 1 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
Base
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENMARK (KINGDOM)
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
81829
60034
59017
32311
5790
12816
7905
195
1017
NO
1017
NO
3482
1539
861
0
189
NO
837
55
NA
11046
3604
3281
NO
3928
NO
4
226
1
2
NO
5678
563
4089
798
91
29
NO
108
1589
1064
342
0
162
21
NO
5019
2135
2884
NE
9139
NO
NE
5383
796
76151
81829
76947
82625
75393
54474
53340
26404
5854
13134
7601
348
1133
NO
1133
NO
3312
1657
511
0
191
NO
896
57
NA
10983
3496
3367
NO
3956
NO
5
158
1
1
NO
5338
527
3761
796
98
30
NO
127
1286
936
171
0
159
19
NO
4751
2428
2323
NE
9876
NO
NE
5461
764
70055
75393
70819
76158
70876
50784
49908
23152
5543
13242
7592
379
876
NO
876
NO
2789
1563
1
16
215
NO
951
42
NA
10788
3483
3165
NO
3913
NO
5
220
0
2
NO
5240
560
3540
878
117
47
NO
98
1276
909
177
0
169
20
NO
4938
2560
2378
NE
10642
NO
NE
5435
735
65636
70876
66371
71611
79012
58678
57829
31063
5669
13605
7261
232
849
NO
849
NO
2848
1615
1
0
195
5
974
57
NA
10525
3484
2987
NO
3853
NO
5
194
1
1
NO
5628
520
3972
901
121
49
NO
65
1332
954
198
0
159
21
NO
5752
2581
3172
NE
11027
NO
NE
5175
697
73383
79012
74081
79709
71688
53838
52989
26370
5381
14217
6741
280
849
NO
849
NO
2877
1614
1
0
197
9
1001
53
NA
10750
3565
2976
NO
4011
NO
4
192
1
1
NO
2901
-2589
4421
877
102
52
NO
39
1322
907
225
0
168
21
NO
5978
2652
3326
NE
12062
NO
NE
5319
656
68787
71688
69444
72345
63233
50597
49950
24266
4882
13911
6679
211
647
NO
647
NO
2575
1332
1
0
180
6
1005
50
NA
10694
3596
2831
NO
4031
NO
4
229
0
2
NO
-1934
-6513
3629
888
83
54
NO
-75
1302
877
217
0
184
24
NO
5498
2658
2840
NE
12293
NO
NE
5544
628
65167
63233
65795
63861
64572
48582
48118
24188
4056
13184
6427
263
464
NO
464
NO
2092
886
1
0
174
11
960
59
NA
10407
3596
2750
NO
3869
NO
4
181
2
4
NO
2232
-1508
2759
866
98
57
NO
-41
1260
838
239
0
160
23
NO
3829
2323
1506
NE
12578
NO
NE
5232
571
62341
64572
62911
65143
61864
49111
48543
24080
4422
13125
6708
209
567
NO
567
NO
2034
804
1
0
203
13
956
57
NA
10326
3631
2793
NO
3743
NO
3
153
1
3
NO
-797
-3739
2008
855
91
60
NO
-72
1190
772
234
0
163
20
NO
4513
2425
2088
NE
14898
NO
NE
5090
556
62661
61864
63217
62420
55057
43787
43366
20055
4339
12781
5896
296
420
NO
420
NO
2175
993
1
0
187
11
891
92
NA
10328
3592
2763
NO
3805
NO
3
162
1
3
NO
-2421
-5779
2421
873
98
62
NO
-96
1187
773
226
0
168
20
NO
4618
2497
2121
NE
14539
NO
NE
5147
505
57478
55057
57982
55561
52411
39116
38749
16778
4027
12148
5579
217
367
NO
367
NO
2121
994
1
0
181
5
808
131
NA
10274
3674
2672
NO
3733
NO
4
188
1
2
NO
-252
-4051
2549
1141
80
97
NO
-67
1152
742
229
0
162
18
NO
4044
2519
1525
NE
14900
NO
NE
5012
475
52663
52411
53138
52886
55619
41008
40616
19018
3919
11950
5486
242
393
NO
393
NO
2132
996
1
0
192
4
788
152
NA
10278
3697
2608
NO
3723
NO
4
244
1
2
NO
1077
-2424
2275
1170
53
90
NO
-87
1123
702
235
0
168
18
NO
4397
2496
1901
NE
15006
NO
NE
5105
451
54542
55619
54993
56070
50524
36734
36336
15487
3956
12130
4529
233
398
NO
398
NO
2071
1021
1
0
185
5
706
153
NA
10400
3711
2622
NO
3822
NO
4
238
1
2
NO
144
-3970
3005
1142
61
53
NO
-146
1175
691
289
0
170
24
NO
4973
2708
2265
NE
14874
NO
NE
5019
421
50380
50524
50801
50945
52072
34476
34085
12835
3887
12336
4827
199
391
NO
391
NO
1992
1052
2
0
173
NO
639
126
NA
10299
3667
2586
NO
3864
NO
4
166
1
10
NO
4153
229
2606
1363
55
71
NO
-171
1153
655
301
0
172
24
NO
4983
2652
2331
NE
15691
NO
NE
5219
412
47919
52072
48331
52484
-29.67
-34.21
-34.31
-51.11
-28.81
14.93
-47.93
16.69
-24.25
0.00
-24.25
0.00
-15.01
-2.75
-99.84
-99.71
4.47
0.00
100.00
284.25
0.00
-18.46
-9.22
2.54
0.00
-29.07
0.00
37.71
-70.72
-90.50
-72.68
0.00
-15.28
-141.37
-40.93
46.39
-45.60
451.56
0.00
7096.73
-34.64
-57.34
497.93
39.62
9.45
21.88
0.00
4.15
51.75
-23.25
0.00
243.22
0.00
0.00
-34.08
-66.11
-30.69
-29.67
-31.31
-30.26
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt CO
2
eq)
Total (net emissions)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial Processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
(2)
74042
52402
51886
26251
5460
10734
9270
170
516
NO
516
NO
2343
1082
1003
60
165
NO
NO
33
NA
12631
4039
2522
NO
5448
NO
3
565
15
38
NO
4902
-553
4412
931
102
13
NO
-2
1763
1536
50
0
157
19
NO
4784
1748
3036
NE
4572
NO
NE
7918
1217
69139
74042
70356
75259
74042
52402
51886
26251
5460
10734
9270
170
516
NO
516
NO
2343
1082
1003
60
165
NO
NO
33
NA
12631
4039
2522
NO
5448
NO
3
565
15
38
NO
4902
-553
4412
931
102
13
NO
-2
1763
1536
50
0
157
19
NO
4784
1748
3036
NE
4572
NO
NE
7918
1217
69139
74042
70356
75259
84055
63097
62174
35154
5997
11156
9523
343
923
NO
923
NO
2470
1258
919
60
181
NO
NO
52
NA
12457
4070
2613
NO
5259
NO
3
463
12
37
NO
4262
-555
3659
926
94
14
NO
123
1770
1536
57
0
156
20
NO
4311
1607
2703
NE
4962
NO
NE
7916
1259
79793
84055
81052
85314
78826
57276
56319
30227
5852
11361
8680
199
957
NO
957
NO
2522
1381
812
60
190
NO
4
77
NA
12281
4019
2769
NO
5088
NO
3
357
13
33
NO
4995
-555
4577
915
94
15
NO
-51
1750
1517
62
0
150
21
NO
4491
1663
2827
NE
5208
NO
NE
7567
1228
73831
78826
75059
80054
80430
59607
58762
31850
5705
11470
9437
300
845
NO
845
NO
2592
1398
765
70
173
NO
102
83
NA
12232
4074
2865
NO
4939
NO
3
307
13
30
NO
4250
-556
4059
914
82
17
NO
-265
1749
1500
70
0
159
20
NO
5897
1637
4260
NE
5430
NO
NE
7185
1206
76179
80430
77385
81635
84074
63659
62815
35936
5794
11953
8812
319
844
NO
844
NO
2706
1419
776
77
193
NO
146
94
NA
12075
3978
2806
NO
4875
NO
3
367
18
27
NO
3956
-556
3670
897
79
18
NO
-153
1679
1418
74
0
167
20
NO
6596
1798
4798
NE
5376
NO
NE
6997
1162
80118
84074
81280
85236
81334
60589
59890
32559
5921
12093
8995
323
699
NO
699
NO
2878
1418
870
73
185
NO
242
91
NA
12079
3967
2796
NO
4775
NO
3
496
15
26
NO
4190
-557
3912
856
75
19
NO
-116
1598
1331
78
0
167
22
NO
6869
1841
5027
NE
5639
NO
NE
6779
1138
77145
81334
78282
82472
93644
74004
73244
44985
6072
12349
9587
250
761
NO
761
NO
3022
1525
803
44
196
NO
382
71
NA
11660
3965
2827
NO
4446
NO
3
393
9
16
NO
3396
-558
3090
889
90
20
NO
-135
1562
1290
90
0
160
22
NO
6716
1936
4779
NE
6021
NO
NE
6524
1124
90248
93644
91372
94768
84661
64516
63482
35817
6113
12522
8781
249
1034
NO
1034
NO
3105
1599
816
49
181
NO
382
78
NA
11669
3829
2915
NO
4439
NO
4
470
4
10
NO
3885
-559
3443
894
112
22
NO
-26
1485
1201
104
0
159
21
NO
6365
1989
4376
NE
6233
NO
NE
6397
1048
80776
84661
81824
85709
80828
60430
59615
32188
6135
12473
8532
287
816
NO
816
NO
3204
1632
776
58
187
NO
487
63
NA
11682
3833
3050
NO
4532
NO
4
252
4
7
NO
4067
-560
3541
864
93
23
NO
106
1445
1125
139
0
161
20
NO
6537
2151
4386
NE
6183
NO
NE
6371
1004
76762
80828
77766
81832
78411
58010
56445
29096
6222
12490
8369
269
1565
NO
1565
NO
3442
1609
914
59
191
NO
598
71
NA
11314
3685
2993
NO
4359
NO
4
265
3
6
NO
4128
-562
3511
834
76
24
NO
245
1516
1138
196
0
161
21
NO
6375
2279
4096
NE
6515
NO
NE
6055
938
74283
78411
75220
79348
74120
53540
52451
26047
6019
12285
7899
201
1089
NO
1089
NO
3631
1629
966
61
190
NO
726
59
NA
11228
3631
3034
NO
4290
NO
4
261
2
5
NO
4208
-563
3825
819
76
25
NO
26
1513
1073
254
0
166
20
NO
6400
2336
4064
NE
6837
NO
NE
5867
874
69912
74120
70786
74994
76482
55229
54075
27363
6125
12273
8124
191
1154
NO
1154
NO
3515
1626
852
47
175
NO
764
51
NA
11225
3703
3163
NO
4147
NO
4
201
2
4
NO
4965
639
3254
808
84
26
NO
153
1548
1117
246
0
164
20
NO
5727
2384
3343
NE
7554
NO
NE
5745
849
71517
76482
72366
77331
77219
54806
53781
27574
5827
12365
7827
188
1026
NO
1026
NO
3468
1667
745
0
200
NO
808
47
NA
11303
3646
3263
NO
4154
NO
4
233
1
3
NO
6065
601
4364
803
95
28
NO
174
1577
1042
339
0
176
20
NO
4773
2052
2721
NE
8039
NO
NE
5507
811
71154
77219
71965
78031
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
628
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0629.png
T
ABLE
1(
A
): E
MISSION TRENDS
(CO2)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (CO2)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CO
2
(Sheet 2 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENMARK (KINGDOM )
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(kt)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. Metal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. Manure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
(2)
51677
51336
26150
5394
10576
9049
167
341
NO
341
NO
1278
1082
1
30
165
51677
51336
26150
5394
10576
9049
167
341
NO
341
NO
1278
1082
1
30
165
62210
61560
35020
5926
10992
9285
338
649
NO
649
NO
1470
1258
1
30
180
56378
55701
30093
5781
11193
8438
195
677
NO
677
NO
1601
1381
1
30
189
58665
58083
31668
5639
11300
9180
295
582
NO
582
NO
1608
1398
1
36
173
62625
62047
35667
5730
11778
8558
314
578
NO
578
NO
1646
1419
1
34
193
59416
58962
32160
5839
11918
8728
318
453
NO
453
NO
1642
1418
1
39
184
72668
72171
44468
5981
12174
9301
246
498
NO
498
NO
1757
1525
1
35
195
63138
62440
35338
6022
12347
8489
245
697
NO
697
NO
1816
1599
1
35
181
59074
58551
31682
6039
12302
8246
282
523
NO
523
NO
1862
1632
1
43
186
56501
55395
28591
6127
12323
8089
265
1106
NO
1106
NO
1844
1609
1
43
191
52149
51426
25566
5922
12124
7617
197
723
NO
723
NO
1860
1629
1
41
189
53795
53025
26855
6027
12116
7839
188
770
NO
770
NO
1849
1626
1
47
174
53419
52746
27075
5734
12213
7539
184
674
NO
674
NO
1868
1667
1
0
199
58648
57979
31819
5702
12665
7602
191
669
NO
669
NO
1729
1539
1
0
189
53073
52321
25937
5763
12987
7292
343
752
NO
752
NO
1849
1657
1
0
190
49487
48939
22735
5458
13102
7271
374
548
NO
548
NO
1795
1563
1
16
214
57401
56871
30650
5582
13468
6942
228
531
NO
531
NO
1811
1615
1
0
195
52619
52075
26023
5299
14078
6399
276
543
NO
543
NO
1812
1614
1
0
196
49439
49051
23910
4802
13775
6357
208
387
NO
387
NO
1513
1332
1
0
179
47546
47284
23860
3992
13053
6119
260
261
NO
261
NO
1061
886
1
0
173
47988
47635
23693
4350
12992
6394
206
353
NO
353
NO
1008
804
1
0
202
42806
42554
19726
4271
12644
5620
292
252
NO
252
NO
1181
993
1
0
186
38264
38046
16526
3969
12012
5324
214
217
NO
217
NO
1177
994
1
0
181
40182
39938
18781
3866
11813
5239
239
244
NO
244
NO
1188
996
1
0
191
35980
35730
15300
3902
11989
4309
230
250
NO
250
NO
1207
1021
1
0
184
33722
33475
12668
3830
12192
4588
197
247
NO
247
NO
1226
1052
2
0
172
-34.74
-34.79
-51.56
-28.99
15.27
-49.30
17.71
-27.48
0.00
-27.48
0.00
-4.07
-2.75
82.82
-99.43
4.29
0
NA
619
0
NA
619
0
NA
512
0
NA
403
0
NA
350
0
NA
412
0
NA
537
0
NA
418
0
NA
483
0
NA
264
0
NA
274
0
NA
268
0
NA
207
0
NA
237
0
NA
229
0
NA
160
0
NA
222
0
NA
196
0
NA
194
0
NA
231
0
NA
187
0
NA
156
0
NA
165
0
NA
192
0
NA
246
0
NA
240
0
NA
177
352.72
0.00
-71.31
565
15
38
NO
4856
-585
4412
918
101
13
NO
-2
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4743
1731
3012
NE
4572
NO
NE
1217
53591
58447
54808
59664
565
15
38
NO
4856
-585
4412
918
101
13
NO
-2
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4743
1731
3012
NE
4572
NO
NE
1217
53591
58447
54808
59664
463
12
37
NO
4215
-586
3659
913
92
14
NO
123
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4273
1591
2682
NE
4962
NO
NE
1259
64210
68424
65469
69683
357
13
33
NO
4946
-588
4577
901
92
15
NO
-51
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
4452
1647
2805
NE
5208
NO
NE
1228
58402
63348
59630
64576
307
13
30
NO
4200
-590
4059
901
79
16
NO
-265
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
5847
1621
4226
NE
5430
NO
NE
1206
60641
64841
61847
66047
367
18
27
NO
3903
-592
3670
885
76
17
NO
-153
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
6539
1780
4760
NE
5376
NO
NE
1162
64701
68605
65863
69767
496
15
26
NO
4136
-594
3912
844
71
18
NO
-116
20
NO,NA
NO
20
NO
6810
1823
4987
NE
5639
NO
NE
1138
61615
65751
62752
66888
393
9
16
NO
3341
-596
3090
876
86
19
NO
-135
20
NO,NA
NO
20
NO
6658
1917
4741
NE
6021
NO
NE
1124
74863
78203
75987
79327
470
4
10
NO
3828
-598
3443
881
107
21
NO
-26
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
6310
1969
4341
NE
6233
NO
NE
1048
65455
69283
66504
70331
252
4
7
NO
4008
-600
3541
852
87
22
NO
106
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
6480
2130
4351
NE
6183
NO
NE
1004
61217
65225
62222
66229
265
3
6
NO
4068
-603
3511
822
70
23
NO
245
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
6319
2256
4064
NE
6515
NO
NE
938
58637
62704
59575
63642
261
2
5
NO
4146
-605
3825
807
69
24
NO
26
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
6344
2312
4032
NE
6837
NO
NE
874
54296
58442
55170
59316
201
2
4
NO
4901
596
3254
796
77
25
NO
153
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
5676
2360
3316
NE
7554
NO
NE
849
55870
60771
56719
61620
233
1
3
NO
6000
557
4364
792
88
26
NO
174
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4731
2032
2699
NE
8039
NO
NE
811
55542
61542
56353
62353
226
1
2
NO
5611
518
4089
787
83
27
NO
108
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
4974
2113
2861
NE
9139
NO
NE
796
60625
66237
61421
67032
158
1
1
NO
5269
479
3761
784
89
28
NO
127
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4708
2403
2305
NE
9876
NO
NE
764
55100
60368
55864
61133
220
0
2
NO
5169
512
3540
867
108
45
NO
98
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4893
2534
2359
NE
10642
NO
NE
735
51522
56691
52257
57426
194
1
1
NO
5556
471
3972
890
110
47
NO
65
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
5701
2555
3146
NE
11027
NO
NE
697
59428
64983
60125
65681
192
1
1
NO
2827
-2639
4421
865
91
49
NO
39
19
NO,NA
NO
19
NO
5925
2625
3299
NE
12062
NO
NE
656
54644
57471
55300
58127
229
0
2
NO
-2010
-6564
3629
877
72
52
NO
-75
21
NO,NA
NO
21
NO
5449
2632
2817
NE
12293
NO
NE
628
51204
49194
51832
49822
181
2
4
NO
2154
-1559
2759
856
86
54
NO
-41
21
NO,NA
NO
21
NO
3794
2300
1494
NE
12578
NO
NE
571
48815
50969
49385
51540
153
1
3
NO
-876
-3791
2008
845
78
56
NO
-72
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4472
2401
2071
NE
14898
NO
NE
556
49170
48295
49727
48851
162
1
3
NO
-2502
-5831
2419
862
85
59
NO
-96
18
NO,NA
NO
18
NO
4575
2472
2104
NE
14539
NO
NE
505
44170
41668
44674
42173
188
1
2
NO
-338
-4103
2545
1129
66
93
NO
-67
16
NO,NA
NO
16
NO
4006
2493
1513
NE
14900
NO
NE
475
39648
39311
40123
39785
244
1
2
NO
989
-2476
2270
1158
39
86
NO
-87
16
NO,NA
NO
16
NO
4356
2471
1886
NE
15006
NO
NE
451
41632
42622
42083
43073
238
1
2
NO
57
-4023
3003
1129
47
48
NO
-146
21
NO,NA
NO
21
NO
4927
2681
2247
NE
14874
NO
NE
421
37449
37506
37871
37928
166
1
10
NO
4059
176
2597
1350
41
67
NO
-171
21
NO,NA
NO
21
NO
4938
2626
2312
NE
15691
NO
NE
412
35147
39205
35559
39618
-70.72
-90.50
-72.68
0.00
-16.41
-130.06
-41.12
47.02
-59.54
421.35
0.00
7096.73
21.30
0.00
0.00
21.30
0.00
4.10
51.72
-23.25
0.00
243.22
0.00
0.00
-66.11
-34.42
-32.92
-35.12
-33.60
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions with land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, without land use, land-use change and forestry
Total CO
2
equivalent emissions, including indirect CO2, with land use, land-use change and forestry
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
629
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0630.png
T
ABLE
1(
B
): E
MISSION TRENDS
(CH4)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (CH4)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
CH
4
(Sheet 3 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND SINK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENM ARK (KINGDOM )
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
(kt)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Change from
base to latest
reported year
%
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production
C. CO
2
transport and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon-containing fertilizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood products
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total CH
4
emissions without CH
4
from LULUCF
Total CH
4
emissions with CH
4
from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
14.58
9.67
0.63
0.33
2.27
6.35
0.08
4.90
NO
4.90
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.01
14.58
9.67
0.63
0.33
2.27
6.35
0.08
4.90
NO
4.90
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.01
17.38
10.69
0.97
0.35
2.37
6.90
0.10
6.69
NO
6.69
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
18.10
11.28
1.37
0.33
2.39
7.10
0.09
6.82
NO
6.82
0.11
NO,NA
NO
0.01
20.11
13.38
2.99
0.34
2.37
7.58
0.09
6.73
NO
6.73
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
23.38
16.47
6.08
0.34
2.36
7.59
0.10
6.92
NO
6.92
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.01
29.19
22.27
11.42
0.40
2.28
8.06
0.10
6.92
NO
6.92
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.02
33.76
26.43
14.59
0.77
2.21
8.76
0.10
7.33
NO
7.33
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
34.87
26.02
13.91
0.77
2.14
9.09
0.10
8.85
NO
8.85
0.14
NO,NA
NO
0.02
35.67
27.31
15.30
0.87
2.07
8.97
0.10
8.36
NO
8.36
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
38.02
27.00
15.40
0.86
1.96
8.69
0.10
11.01
NO
11.01
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
36.27
26.40
14.69
1.07
1.83
8.71
0.09
9.87
NO
9.87
0.14
NO,NA
NO
0.02
37.39
27.21
15.57
1.13
1.72
8.70
0.09
10.18
NO
10.18
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
36.35
26.67
15.14
1.03
1.62
8.79
0.09
9.68
NO
9.68
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
35.73
26.27
14.40
1.00
1.54
9.24
0.08
9.46
NO
9.46
0.18
NO,NA
NO
0.02
36.35
26.08
14.08
1.01
1.44
9.46
0.08
10.27
NO
10.27
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
34.06
24.45
12.44
0.89
1.33
9.71
0.07
9.61
NO
9.61
0.15
NO,NA
NO
0.02
32.35
23.06
11.53
0.74
1.22
9.51
0.06
9.29
NO
9.29
0.18
NO,NA
NO
0.02
30.24
21.50
9.60
0.52
1.12
10.20
0.05
8.74
NO
8.74
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.03
29.01
21.13
10.12
0.57
0.95
9.45
0.04
7.88
NO
7.88
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
25.56
19.09
8.84
0.52
0.81
8.89
0.03
6.47
NO
6.47
0.12
NO,NA
NO
0.02
27.66
21.36
11.01
0.59
0.73
9.00
0.03
6.31
NO
6.31
0.10
NO,NA
NO
0.02
23.46
18.19
9.22
0.54
0.65
7.76
0.02
5.27
NO
5.27
0.09
NO,NA
NO
0.02
19.03
14.40
6.39
0.39
0.57
7.04
0.02
4.63
NO
4.63
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.02
17.44
13.14
5.62
0.34
0.51
6.65
0.01
4.30
NO
4.30
0.13
NO,NA
NO
0.02
14.99
10.69
4.02
0.40
0.47
5.79
0.01
4.29
NO
4.29
0.11
NO,NA
NO
0.02
14.60
10.54
3.41
0.52
0.44
6.16
0.01
4.06
NO
4.06
0.16
NO,NA
NO
0.02
0.17
9.02
441.92
56.23
-80.74
-3.02
-87.86
-17.28
0.00
-17.28
59.60
0.00
0.00
58.93
0.09
NA
223.41
161.58
61.74
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.09
NA
223.41
161.58
61.74
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.08
NA
227.97
162.81
65.07
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.10
NA
230.99
160.75
70.16
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.08
NA
237.22
162.97
74.16
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.07
NA
232.66
159.12
73.45
NO
NE
NO
0.09
0.09
NA
233.22
158.70
74.42
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.10
NA
234.38
158.62
75.66
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.12
NA
231.95
153.16
78.67
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.10
NA
236.22
153.30
82.78
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.11
NA
229.10
147.39
81.57
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.12
NA
228.75
145.23
83.40
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.10
NA
235.48
148.13
87.22
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.14
NA
236.13
145.83
90.19
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.16
NA
235.73
144.16
91.43
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.14
NA
233.53
139.84
93.54
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.13
NA
227.30
139.33
87.82
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.16
NA
222.97
139.37
83.45
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.11
NA
225.93
142.59
83.21
NO
NE
NO
0.13
0.10
NA
223.45
143.86
79.47
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.10
NA
222.20
143.83
78.23
NO
NE
NO
0.14
0.08
NA
225.30
145.23
79.97
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.07
NA
223.17
143.70
79.37
NO
NE
NO
0.10
0.11
NA
223.53
146.97
76.44
NO
NE
NO
0.11
0.12
NA
222.25
147.87
74.25
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.09
NA
223.62
148.43
75.06
NO
NE
NO
0.12
0.14
NA
220.97
146.69
74.16
NO
NE
NO
0.12
59.70
0.00
-1.09
-9.22
20.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
37.71
NO
0.76
0.19
NO
0.54
0.03
NO
NO
NO
0.76
0.19
NO
0.54
0.03
NO
NO
NO
0.80
0.21
NO
0.53
0.05
NO
NO
NO
0.87
0.27
NO
0.53
0.08
NO
NO
NO
0.94
0.32
NO
0.52
0.10
NO
NO
NO
1.00
0.37
NO
0.51
0.12
NO
NO
NO
1.07
0.42
NO
0.51
0.14
NO
NO
NO
1.14
0.47
NO
0.50
0.17
NO
NO
NO
1.21
0.52
NO
0.49
0.19
NO
NO
NO
1.28
0.58
NO
0.49
0.21
NO
NO
NO
1.34
0.63
NO
0.48
0.23
NO
NO
NO
1.41
0.68
NO
0.48
0.25
NO
NO
NO
1.48
0.73
NO
0.47
0.28
NO
NO
NO
1.55
0.78
NO
0.46
0.30
NO
NO
NO
1.61
0.83
NO
0.46
0.32
NO
NO
NO
1.71
0.91
NO
0.45
0.34
NO
NO
NO
1.75
0.94
NO
0.44
0.37
NO
NO
NO
1.82
0.99
NO
0.44
0.39
NO
NO
NO
1.89
1.04
NO
0.43
0.42
NO
NO
NO
1.96
1.09
NO
0.43
0.44
NO
NO
NO
2.03
1.14
NO
0.42
0.47
NO
NO
NO
2.06
1.15
NO
0.42
0.49
NO
NO
NO
2.14
1.15
0.06
0.41
0.52
NO
NO
NO
2.32
1.15
0.15
0.47
0.55
NO
NO
NO
2.38
1.15
0.17
0.49
0.56
NO
NO
NO
2.30
1.15
0.07
0.50
0.58
NO
NO
NO
2.41
1.17
0.19
0.48
0.58
NO
NO
0.00
218.56
524.31
100.00
-10.96
1708.49
0.00
0.00
66.89
61.45
1.53
0.00
3.83
0.08
NO
304.97
305.73
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.89
61.45
1.53
0.00
3.83
0.08
NO
304.97
305.73
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
67.12
61.45
1.75
0.00
3.84
0.08
NO
312.56
313.36
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.49
60.67
1.89
0.00
3.84
0.08
NO
315.70
316.56
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
66.06
60.00
2.14
0.00
3.85
0.08
NO
323.49
324.43
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
62.97
56.73
2.27
0.00
3.89
0.08
NO
319.09
320.10
0.12
0.01
0.10
NE
59.54
53.25
2.27
0.00
3.94
0.09
NO
322.06
323.13
0.12
0.01
0.11
NE
58.34
51.59
2.69
0.00
3.98
0.09
NO
326.60
327.74
0.12
0.01
0.10
NE
55.25
48.02
3.10
0.00
4.04
0.08
NO
322.20
323.40
0.11
0.01
0.10
NE
52.42
45.01
3.30
0.00
4.03
0.08
NO
324.43
325.70
0.11
0.01
0.10
NE
53.41
45.53
3.71
0.00
4.08
0.08
NO
320.65
321.99
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
51.13
42.91
4.03
0.00
4.12
0.08
NO
316.29
317.70
0.10
0.01
0.09
NE
52.84
44.68
3.95
0.00
4.13
0.08
NO
325.84
327.31
0.09
0.01
0.08
NE
50.31
41.68
4.42
0.00
4.14
0.08
NO
322.95
324.49
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
51.55
42.54
4.77
0.00
4.15
0.09
NO
323.19
324.80
0.07
0.01
0.07
NE
46.16
37.46
4.47
0.00
4.15
0.08
NO
316.19
317.90
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
45.35
36.37
4.72
0.00
4.19
0.08
NO
306.85
308.60
0.06
0.01
0.06
NE
47.53
38.14
5.12
0.00
4.18
0.08
NO
303.03
304.85
0.08
0.01
0.08
NE
46.10
36.29
5.52
0.00
4.20
0.09
NO
302.41
304.30
0.09
0.01
0.08
NE
44.60
35.09
5.22
0.00
4.19
0.09
NO
297.17
299.14
0.08
0.01
0.07
NE
43.51
33.50
5.69
0.00
4.23
0.09
NO
291.39
293.42
0.04
0.01
0.04
NE
40.83
30.88
5.61
0.00
4.26
0.08
NO
293.89
295.95
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
40.69
30.92
5.41
0.00
4.28
0.08
NO
287.41
289.55
0.06
0.01
0.05
NE
39.61
29.70
5.53
0.00
4.31
0.07
NO
282.30
284.61
0.04
0.01
0.04
NE
38.20
28.09
5.70
0.00
4.34
0.07
NO
278.02
280.40
0.05
0.01
0.05
NE
39.16
27.65
7.03
0.00
4.38
0.10
NO
277.87
280.17
0.06
0.01
0.06
NE
38.21
26.22
7.52
0.00
4.37
0.10
NO
273.94
276.35
0.07
0.01
0.06
NE
-42.87
-57.34
391.11
39.62
14.22
27.14
0.00
-10.18
-9.61
-8.31
0.26
-9.34
0.00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
630
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0631.png
T
ABLE
1(
C
): E
MISSION TRENDS
(N2O)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (N2O)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
N
2
O
(Sheet 4 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENMARK (KINGDOM )
Change
from base
to latest
reported
year
%
7.86
12.59
-4.14
-24.18
33.02
35.55
45.37
-19.62
0.00
-19.62
-98.05
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
(kt)
1. Energy
A. Fuel combustion (sectoral approach)
1. Energy industries
2. M anufacturing industries and construction
3. Transport
4. Other sectors
5. Other
B. Fugitive emissions from fuels
1. Solid fuels
2. Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy p roduction
C. CO
2
transp ort and storage
2. Industrial processes
A. M ineral industry
B. Chemical industry
C. M etal industry
D. Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use
E. Electronic industry
F. Product uses as ODS substitutes
G. Other product manufacture and use
H. Other
3. Agriculture
A. Enteric fermentation
B. M anure management
C. Rice cultivation
D. Agricultural soils
E. Prescribed burning of savannas
F. Field burning of agricultural residues
G. Liming
H. Urea application
I. Other carbon containing fertlizers
J. Other
4. Land use, land-use change and forestry
A. Forest land
B. Cropland
C. Grassland
D. Wetlands
E. Settlements
F. Other land
G. Harvested wood p roducts
H. Other
5. Waste
A. Solid waste disposal
B. Biological treatment of solid waste
C. Incineration and open burning of waste
D. Waste water treatment and discharge
E. Other
6. Other
(as specified in summary 1.A)
Total direct N
2
O emissions without N
2
O from LULUCF
Total direct N
2
O emissions with N
2
O from LULUCF
Memo items:
International bunkers
Aviation
Navigation
Multilateral operations
CO
2
emissions from biomass
CO
2
captured
Long-term storage of C in waste disposal sites
Indirect N
2
O
Indirect CO
2
(3)
1.21
1.03
0.29
0.19
0.34
0.21
0.00
0.18
NO
0.18
3.42
3.36
NO
0.00
1.21
1.03
0.29
0.19
0.34
0.21
0.00
0.18
NO
0.18
3.42
3.36
NO
0.00
1.52
1.16
0.37
0.21
0.35
0.22
0.01
0.36
NO
0.36
3.14
3.08
NO
0.00
1.50
1.13
0.34
0.21
0.36
0.21
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.78
2.72
NO
0.00
1.47
1.15
0.36
0.19
0.37
0.22
0.01
0.32
NO
0.32
2.63
2.56
NO
0.00
1.51
1.19
0.39
0.19
0.39
0.22
0.01
0.31
NO
0.31
2.66
2.60
NO
0.00
1.49
1.25
0.38
0.24
0.40
0.22
0.01
0.24
NO
0.24
2.98
2.92
NO
0.00
1.65
1.38
0.51
0.24
0.40
0.23
0.01
0.27
NO
0.27
2.76
2.69
NO
0.00
1.70
1.31
0.44
0.24
0.41
0.22
0.01
0.39
NO
0.39
2.80
2.74
NO
0.00
1.56
1.28
0.42
0.25
0.40
0.21
0.01
0.28
NO
0.28
2.67
2.60
NO
0.00
1.88
1.26
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.21
0.01
0.62
NO
0.62
3.14
3.07
NO
0.00
1.62
1.22
0.38
0.24
0.39
0.21
0.01
0.40
NO
0.40
3.31
3.24
NO
0.00
1.67
1.24
0.40
0.24
0.38
0.23
0.01
0.43
NO
0.43
2.92
2.86
NO
0.00
1.60
1.24
0.40
0.22
0.38
0.23
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.57
2.50
NO
0.00
1.65
1.28
0.44
0.21
0.38
0.24
0.01
0.37
NO
0.37
2.96
2.89
NO
0.00
1.65
1.23
0.39
0.22
0.37
0.24
0.01
0.42
NO
0.42
1.79
1.71
NO
0.00
1.49
1.20
0.35
0.21
0.36
0.26
0.01
0.30
NO
0.30
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.57
1.28
0.42
0.23
0.35
0.27
0.01
0.29
NO
0.29
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.56
1.26
0.36
0.23
0.37
0.29
0.01
0.29
NO
0.29
0.08
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.45
1.24
0.35
0.22
0.38
0.29
0.01
0.21
NO
0.21
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.33
1.20
0.36
0.17
0.37
0.29
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.08
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.45
1.26
0.38
0.19
0.38
0.30
0.01
0.19
NO
0.19
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.32
1.20
0.33
0.18
0.40
0.27
0.01
0.12
NO
0.12
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.26
1.15
0.31
0.16
0.41
0.27
0.01
0.11
NO
0.11
0.05
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.31
1.17
0.33
0.15
0.41
0.27
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.27
1.14
0.29
0.15
0.43
0.25
0.01
0.13
NO
0.13
0.06
NO,NA
NO
0.00
1.31
1.16
0.28
0.15
0.45
0.29
0.01
0.14
NO
0.14
0.07
NO,NA
NO
0.00
0.00
234.56
0.06
NA
21.57
3.28
18.28
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
21.57
3.28
18.28
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
20.96
3.31
17.65
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
20.48
3.41
17.07
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
19.97
3.39
16.58
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
19.62
3.26
16.36
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
19.17
3.14
16.02
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
18.06
3.14
14.92
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
18.08
3.18
14.90
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
18.50
3.29
15.21
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.83
3.20
14.63
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.59
3.19
14.40
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.22
3.30
13.92
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
17.33
3.38
13.94
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
16.52
3.34
13.18
NO
0.00
0.08
NA
16.73
3.45
13.27
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
16.39
3.25
13.13
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.96
3.02
12.93
NO
0.00
0.08
NA
16.47
3.01
13.46
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
16.36
2.83
13.53
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.65
2.67
12.98
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
15.23
2.66
12.56
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.38
2.61
12.77
NO
0.00
0.05
NA
15.08
2.55
12.53
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
15.02
2.52
12.49
NO
0.00
0.06
NA
15.33
2.50
12.83
NO
0.00
0.07
NA
15.43
2.46
12.97
NO
0.00
9.76
0.00
-28.48
-25.18
-29.07
0.00
37.71
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
NO
NO
0.11
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
NO
0.00
24.41
-11.43
8727.24
10901.52
-49.87
3794.46
0.00
0.25
0.04
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
26.45
26.54
0.13
0.06
0.08
NE
0.25
0.04
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
26.45
26.54
0.13
0.06
0.08
NE
0.25
0.05
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
25.87
25.96
0.12
0.05
0.07
NE
0.23
0.05
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
24.99
25.08
0.13
0.05
0.07
NE
0.27
0.05
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
24.34
24.43
0.16
0.05
0.11
NE
0.29
0.06
0.00
0.23
NA
NO
24.08
24.17
0.18
0.06
0.12
NE
0.30
0.07
0.00
0.23
NA
NO
23.94
24.03
0.19
0.06
0.13
NE
0.28
0.08
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.75
22.84
0.18
0.06
0.12
NE
0.29
0.09
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.87
22.96
0.18
0.07
0.11
NE
0.39
0.19
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
23.12
23.21
0.18
0.07
0.11
NE
0.54
0.35
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
23.39
23.48
0.18
0.08
0.10
NE
0.73
0.51
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
23.24
23.33
0.18
0.08
0.10
NE
0.70
0.50
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
22.52
22.61
0.16
0.08
0.08
NE
1.01
0.77
0.00
0.24
NA
NO
22.51
22.60
0.14
0.07
0.07
NE
0.94
0.75
0.00
0.19
NA
NO
22.08
22.17
0.14
0.07
0.07
NE
0.38
0.20
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
20.55
20.64
0.14
0.08
0.06
NE
0.41
0.20
0.00
0.22
NA
NO
18.36
18.45
0.14
0.09
0.06
NE
0.42
0.24
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
18.01
18.10
0.16
0.09
0.08
NE
0.51
0.29
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
18.61
18.70
0.17
0.09
0.08
NE
0.56
0.29
0.00
0.27
NA
NO
18.43
18.52
0.16
0.09
0.07
NE
0.51
0.33
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
17.57
17.66
0.12
0.08
0.04
NE
0.51
0.31
0.00
0.19
NA
NO
17.24
17.33
0.13
0.08
0.05
NE
0.51
0.30
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
17.29
17.38
0.14
0.08
0.05
NE
0.49
0.30
0.00
0.18
NA
NO
16.89
16.98
0.12
0.08
0.04
NE
0.51
0.31
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
16.90
17.00
0.13
0.08
0.05
NE
0.59
0.38
0.00
0.20
NA
NO
17.25
17.35
0.15
0.09
0.06
NE
0.59
0.38
0.00
0.21
NA
NO
17.39
17.50
0.15
0.09
0.06
NE
139.03
836.61
39.62
2.01
0.00
0.00
-34.26
-34.05
10.47
54.82
-23.06
0.00
26.57
26.57
26.57
25.39
24.11
23.48
22.75
21.89
21.47
21.38
20.32
19.69
19.28
18.48
18.06
18.32
18.24
17.37
17.85
18.60
17.56
17.08
17.27
16.82
17.13
16.84
17.51
-34.08
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
631
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0632.png
T
ABLE
1(
D
): E
MISSION TRENDS
(HFC
S
, PFC
S
, SF6
AND
NF3)
IN
D
ENMARK
(
I
.
E
. EU
TERRITORY
,
WITHOUT
G
REENLAND AND THE
F
AROE
I
SLANDS
)
CTF: Table 1
(cont.) Emission trends (HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3)
CRF: TABLE 10 EMISSION TRENDS
HFCs, PFCs, SF
6
, and NF
3
(Sheet 5 of 6)
Denmark under the EU (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands)
Base
GREENHOUS E GAS S OURCE AND S INK CATEGORIES
year
(1)
Inventory 2015
Submission 2017 v2
DENM ARK (KINGDOM)
Change from
2015 base to latest
reported year
%
100.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
143.07
143.07
0.00
0.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
(kt)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of HFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee
HFC-125
HFC-134
HFC-134a
HFC-143
HFC-143a
HFC-152
HFC-152a
HFC-161
HFC-227ea
HFC-236cb
HFC-236ea
HFC-236fa
HFC-245ca
HFC-245fa
HFC-365mfc
Unspecified mix of HFCs
(4)
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
CF
4
C
2
F
6
C
3
F
8
C
4
F
10
c-C
4
F
8
C
5
F
12
C
6
F
14
C
10
F
18
c-C
3
F
6
Unspecified mix of PFCs
(4)
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Unspecified mix of HFCs and PFCs - (kt CO
2
equivalent)
Emissions of S F
6
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
SF
6
Emissions of NF
3
- (kt CO
2
equivalent)
NF
3
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
42.41
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
60.58
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
3.69
3.69
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
85.05
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
102.29
102.29
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.03
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
96.51
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
146.40
146.34
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.10
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
0.05
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.07
NO,NA
NO,NA
0.00
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
NO,NA
116.44
0.01
NO,NA
NO,NA
242.09 381.96 381.55 486.93 597.73 726.10 763.57 808.04 836.64 895.82 951.41 978.95 1010.54 1011.37 971.18 969.09 902.15 813.21 791.79 710.34 638.88
241.46 379.86 376.35 475.46 581.99 703.54 735.66 780.03 812.05 875.28 932.64 957.80
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
989.36
0.00
0.01
992.93 951.20 950.42 886.47 801.04 780.95 701.67 633.93
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00 NO,NA
0.01
0.01
0.00 NO,NA
0.01
0.01
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
0.00
0.15
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.21
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.22
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.23
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.26
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.27
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.29
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.28
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.29
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.29
0.06
0.00
0.07
0.29
0.06
0.00
0.07
0.30
0.07
0.00
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
0.44
0.63
3.50
2.09
7.20
5.20
9.79
11.47
12.38
15.74
17.04
22.57
20.10
27.91
21.21
28.01
20.83
24.59
21.50
20.53
22.32
18.77
23.06
21.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.17
21.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
0.07
0.29
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.26
0.07
0.00
0.07
0.27
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.26
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.23
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.23
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.18
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.16
0.04
0.01
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
28.98
18.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
31.18
19.98
0.00
0.00
0.00
30.87
18.66
0.00
0.00
0.00
32.09
15.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
34.47
12.18
0.00
0.00
36.33
10.84
0.00
0.00
40.07
8.66
45.28
4.95
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 NO,NA
0.00
0.00
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
102.40
0.00
58.15
0.00
69.70
0.00
56.69
0.00
61.92
0.00
56.07
0.00
28.12
0.00
23.44
0.00
29.52
0.00
30.76
0.00
19.90
0.00
33.49
0.00
28.11
0.00
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
0.00 NO,NA
0.00 NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
29.31
0.00
34.17
0.00
35.76
0.00
69.39 112.00 130.58 132.37 103.08
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA NO,NA
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
632
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0633.png
T
ABLE
2(
A
): D
ESCRIPTION OF
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
BASE YEAR
Table 2(a)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: base year
a
Party
Base year /base period
Emission reduction target
Period for reaching target
a
Denmark*
1990*
% of base year/base period
20 *
Base year - 2020*
% of 1990
20 *
b
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format
does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-
based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement
of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
b
Optional.
* Under the assumption that Denmark's quantified economy-wide emission reduction target is
Denmark's commitment as part of the joint target for the EU and its 28 Member States. As the Faroe
Islands and Greenland are not included in the EU territory, the commitments of Denmark as a
member of the EU do not apply to the Faroe Island and Greenland.
Legally binding target trajectories for the period 2013-2020 are enshrined in both the EU-ETS Directive
(Directive 2003/87/EC and respective amendments) and the Effort Sharing Decision (Decision No
406/2009/EC). These legally binding trajectories not only result in a 20% GHG reduction in 2020
compared to 1990 but also define the EU's annual target pathway to reduce EU GHG emissions from
2013 to 2020. The Effort Sharing Decision sets annual national emission targets for all Member States
for the period 2013-2020 for those sectors not covered by the EU emissions trading system (ETS),
expressed as percentage changes from 2005 levels. In March 2013 and August 2017, the Commission
formally adopted, respectively revised for 2017-2020, the national annual limits throughout the
period for each Member State. By 2020, the national targets will collectively deliver a reduction of
around 10% in total EU emissions from the sectors covered compared with 2005 levels. The emission
reduction to be achieved from the sectors covered by the EU ETS will be 21% below 2005 emission
levels.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
633
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0634.png
T
ABLE
2(
B
): D
ESCRIPTION OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
GASES AND SECTORS COVERED
Table 2(b)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: gases and sectors covered
a
Gases covered
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other gases
Sectors covered
Energy
Transport
c
d
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Base year for each gas (year):
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
NA
NA
Industrial processes
Yes
Agriculture
Yes
LULUCF
No
Waste
Yes
Other (specify)
Aviation: Yes*
Abbreviations: LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the
position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or
other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
More than one selection will be allowed. If Parties use sectors other than those indicated above, the explanation of how
these sectors relate to the sectors defined by the IPCC should be provided.
b
Transport is reported as a subsector of the energy sector.
Industrial processes refer to the industrial processes and solvent and other product use sectors.
* In principle, the EU ETS should cover CO2 emissions of all flights arriving at, and departing from, airports in all EU Member
States, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein and closely related territories. However, since 2012, flights to and from
aerodromes from other countries have not been included in the EU ETS.This exclusion was taken in order to facilitate
negotiation of a global agreement to address aviation emissions in the forum of the International Civil Aviation Organisation
(ICAO). The EU has decided on a reduced scope in the 2013–2016 period (Regulation (EU) No 421/2014 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014).
d
c
It should be noted that only CO2 from aviation is included, and that it is only relevant to include these emissions reported by
aviation entities on the level of EU total CO2 emissions from aviation under the EU ETS as CO2-emissions from aviation
entities registered in the Danish quota register (based on fuel used by these entities) are different from CO2 emissions from
domestic and international aviation reported by Denmark under the UNFCCC (based on fuel sold to aircrafts starting from
Danish airports). However, in accordance with guidance from the European Commission, the latter is included in table 4 as a
proxy for the former.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
634
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0635.png
T
ABLE
2(
C
): D
ESCRIPTION OF
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL VALUES
(GWP)
Table 2(c)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: global warming potential values (GWP)
a
Gases
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
c
Other gases
Abbreviations: GWP = global warming potential
a
GWP values
AR4*
AR4*
AR4*
AR4*
AR4*
AR4*
NA
NA
b
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of
other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based
mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
Please specify the reference for the GWP: Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) or the
Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC.
Specify.
* as adopted in UNFCCC reporting guidelines for national GHG inventories of Annex I Parties and as adopted under the EU Monitoring
Mechanism Regulation.
c
b
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
635
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0636.png
T
ABLE
2(
D
): D
ESCRIPTION OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
APPROACH TO COUNTING EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS
FROM THE
LULUCF
SECTOR
Table 2(d)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: approach to counting emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector
a
Role of LULUCF LULUCF in base year level and target
Included
Excluded
Contribution of LULUCF is calculated using Land-based approach
Activity-based approach
Other (specify)
Abbreviation: LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
Excluded
NA
NA
NA
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of
units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
636
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0637.png
T
ABLE
2(
E
)I: D
ESCRIPTION
C
ONVENTION
OF
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
MARKET
-
BASED MECHANISMS UNDER THE
Table 2(e)I
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: market-based mechanisms under the Convention
a
CERs
ERUs
AAUs
b
c
Possible scale of contributions
(estimated kt CO2 eq)
NE*
NE**
NE***
Carry-over units
NO****
d
Other mechanism units under the Convention (specify)
NA*****
Abbreviations: AAU = assigned amount unit, CER = certified emission reduction, ERU = emission reduction unit.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with
regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of
quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
b
AAUs issued to or purchased by a Party.
Units carried over from the first to the second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol, as described in decision 13/CMP.1 and consistent with decision
XX /CMP.8.
As indicated in paragraph 5(e) of the guidelines contained in annex I of decision 2/CP.17.
* The use of these units under the ETS Directive and the Effort Sharing Decision is subject to the limits specified above which do not separate between CERs
and ERUs, but include additional criteria for the use of CERs.
** The use of these units under the ETS Directive and the Effort Sharing Decision is subject to the limits specified above which do not separate between CERs
and ERUs, but include additional criteria for the use of CERs.
*** AAUs for the period 2013-2020 have not yet been determined. The EU expects to achieve its 20% target for the period 2013-2020 with the
implementation of the ETS Directive and the ESD Decision in the non-ETS sectors which do not allow the use of AAUs from non-EU Parties.
**** The time-period of the Convention target is from 1990-2020, no carry-over units will be used to achieve the 2020 target.
***** There are general provisions in place in the EU legislation that allow for the use of such units provided that the necessary legal arrangements for the
creation of such units have been put in place in the EU which is not the case at the point in time of the provision of this report.
The 2020 Climate and Energy Package allows Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) and Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) to be used for compliance purposes,
subject to a number of restrictions in terms of origin and type of project and up to an established limit. In addition, the legislation foresees the possible
recognition of units from new market mechanisms. Under the EU ETS the limit does not exceed 50% of the required reduction below 2005 levels. In the
sectors not covered by the ETS, annual use shall not exceed to 3 % of each Member States’ non-ETS greenhouse gas emissions in 2005. A limited number of
Member States may use an additional 1%, from projects in LDCs or SIDS subject to conditions.
d
c
a
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
637
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0638.png
T
ABLE
2(
E
)II: D
ESCRIPTION OF
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
OTHER MARKET
-
BASED MECHANISMS
Table 2(e)II
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: other market-based mechanisms
a
(Specify)
NA
a
Possible scale of contributions
(estimated kt CO2 eq)
None
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position
of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based
mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
638
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0639.png
T
ABLE
2(
F
): D
ESCRIPTION OF
QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
ANY OTHER INFORMATION
Table 2(f)
Description of quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: any other information
a,b
In December 2009, the European Council reiterated the conditional offer of the EU to move to a 30% reduction by 2020
compared to 1990 levels as part of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2012, provided that
other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and that developing countries
contribute adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge
the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the
Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction
targets.
b
a
This information could include information on the domestic legal status of the target or the total assigned amount of
emission units for the period for reaching a target. Some of this information is presented in the narrative part of the
biennial report.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
639
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0640.png
T
ABLE
3: P
ROGRESS IN ACHIEVEMENT OF QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET
:
INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ACTIONS
AND THEIR EFFECTS
(
PLEASE GO TO THE ELECTRONIC VERSION OF THE
CTF
FOR THE TABLE WITH
D
ENMARK
’
S PORTFOLIO OF
PAM
S
)
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
TD-1b: Mineral-oil Tax
Act
Yes*
Energy,
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Tax on mineral oil products in Denmark. The Mineral-oil Tax Act entered into force on 1 January 1993. Before this, the tax on petrol was regulated via the Petrol Tax Act, 1993
which entered into force on 1 January 1983, and the Act on Taxation of Gas Oil and Diesel Oil, Heating Oil, Heating Tar, and Crude Oil was regulated via the Act on
Taxation of certain Oil Products, which entered into force on 3 October 1977. Tax rates from recent years are shown in Table 4.6. From 1 June 1999 a tax differentiation
between light diesel and diesel low in sulphur was introduced, to encourage the use of diesel low in sulphur, which is less polluting than light diesel. This was
accomplished and a change took place soon after to the effect that almost all diesel sold was low in sulphur. The purpose of further differentiation from 1 January 2005
favouring sulphur-free diesel was likewise to encourage the use of this type of diesel in favour of diesel low in sulphur, and this has been successful. In addition, tax
differentiation has been introduced in order to achieve environmental goals other than direct reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Thus tax differentiation has been
introduced with a view to phasing out lead in petrol. The rate of tax to achieve this environmental goal is shown in Table 4.7.
Tax on consumption of natural gas and town gas in Denmark.
1996
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
1200
and IE(G1 and G4)
1200
and IE(G1 and G4)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
TD-2: Gas Tax Act
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
TD-3: Coal Tax Act
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Tax rated after the calorific value of coal, coke, furnace coke, coke gravel, crude coke, lignite briquettes and lignite, tall oil, wood tar, vegetable pitch etc.
1982
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
TD-4: Electricity Tax
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Tax on consumption of electricity. The electricity tax was introduced on 1 April 1977. With effect from 1 January 2013, the tax on electricity used for heating was reduced 1977
considerably, to take into account, that an increasing amount of renewable energy was being used in electricity production. It has been estimated that this will lead to an
emission reduction outside the emissions trading scheme of 0.15 million tonnes CO2 in 2015 and 0.29 million tonnes in 2018. Table 4.10 shows the development in
electricity tax rates since 2002.
Tax on energy products depending on their contribution to CO2 emissions. The CO2 tax on energy products was introduced on 1 March 1992 and was imposed on
different types of energy products relative to their CO2 emissions. From 1 January 2010 a structural change in the CO2 tax was implemented as an adaption to the EU
Emissions Trading Scheme. The tax rate was increased to DKK 150 /tonne of CO2 indexed as mentioned below, cf. table 4.11. Table 4.12 shows examples of the different
types of CO2 taxes converted into consumer units. In addition to this, there are CO2 taxes on heating tar, crude oil, coke, crude oil coke, lignite briquettes and lignite,
LPG, and other gases. As of 1 January 2008 the CO2 taxes follow a yearly regulation of 1.8% in the period 2008-2015, similar to the energy taxes. From 2016 the tax is
regulated with the consumer price index two years prior.
Car owners have to pay half-yearly taxes which are differentiated in accordance with the fuel efficiency of the cars, expressed in kilometres per litre. The energy
consumption of electric cars is converted to a petrol fuel efficiency on the basis of the energy content of petrol.
1992
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
IE (G1, G2 and G4)
TD-5: CO2 tax on
energy products
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
410
410
and IE (G1 and G4) and IE (G1 and G4)
TD-6: Green Owner Tax
- a fuel-efficiency-
dependent annual tax
on motor vehicles
Yes*
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption), Low
carbon fuels/electric
cars (Transport)
Demand
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption), Low
carbon fuels/electric
cars (Transport)
Reduction of
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
emissions of
fluorinated gases
(Industrial processes)
Reduction of losses
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
(Energy supply),
Control of fugitive
emissions from energy
production (Energy
supply), Methane
reduction ()
1997
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
TD-7: Registration Tax -
a fuel-efficiency-
dependant
registration tax on
passenger cars and
vans
TD-8: Tax on HFCs,
PFCs and SF6 -
equivalent to the CO2
tax
TD-9: Tax on methane
from natural gas fired
power plants -
equivalent to the CO2
tax
Yes*
Transport
CO2, CH4,
N2O
The registration tax on motorised vehicles is calculated on basis of the value of the vehicle. It is furthermore integrated in the design of the registration tax that cars are 2000
granted deductions in the registration tax with reference to their specific energy efficiency and safety equipment. Cars with high energy efficiencies, such as electric
vehicles, are granted large reductions in the registration tax. Electric vehicles are furthermore granted deductions in the registration tax until 2021. The deductions are
given as percentage rebates on the total registration tax of the vehicle, after all other deductions, and is gradually phased in from 2016 to 2021. Furthermore a deduction
dependant on battery capacity is given. Additionally, there is a fixed deduction in 2016-2019.
Tax on HFCs, SF6 and PFCs. The tax is differentiated in accordance with the global warming potential of the substance with DKK 0.15 per kilogramme of CO2 equivalents
as the general principle and with DKK 600 per kilogramme as a general upper limit.
2001
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
Yes*
Transport
HFCs, PFCs,
SF6
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
Ministry of
Taxation
IE (G1 and G6)
IE (G1 and G6)
Yes*
Energy
CH4, CO2
Tax on methane emissions from natural gas fired power plants - equal in terms of CO2 equivalents to the CO2 tax. As of 1 January 2011 a tax on methane emissions -
equal in terms of CO2 equivalents to the CO2 tax - from natural gas fired power plants was introduced. This is expected to reduce methane emissions from gas engines
through behavioural changes such as changing from motor operation to boiler operation and establishing mitigation measures. Consumption is also expected to fall as
the price of heat will increase. These behavioural changes will result in falls in the emissions of unburned methane from power stations. In addition, CO2 emissions will
fall and consumption of natural gas will fall. In total, a decline of 0.06 million tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions in 2 out of 5 years is expected, corresponding to an
average annual reduction effect of approximately 0.02 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year in 2008-12.
2011
30
30
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for
the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
640
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0641.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
EN-1: EU-CO2-
emission trading
scheme for electricity
and district heat
production and certain
industrial processes
(incl. Business) and
aviation from 2012
Yes*
Energy,
CO2
Industry/Indus
trial
processes,
Cross-cutting
Switch to less carbon- Regulatory,
intensive fuels (Energy Economic
supply), Increase in
renewable energy
(Energy supply),
Efficiency
improvement in the
energy and
transformation sector
(Energy supply),
Control of fugitive
emissions from energy
production (Energy
supply)
Implemented
A key instrument for reaching the goals for emission reductions is the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a CO2 allowance scheme for energy production and 2005
energy-intensive industries as described in section 4.3.1. The EU Member States have devised this trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil the
international climate commitments set out in the Kyoto Protocol, in particular with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions from energy production and energy-intensive
industries. The allowances scheme entered into force on 1 January 2005. The 2005-2007 period was used as a testing phase. The EU ETS Directive has been revised a
number of times. The allowance allocation for 2008-2012 was determined on the basis of the national allocation plan from July 2006, submitted the European
Commission. The EU ETS 2008-2012 has been an important measure in Denmark's fulfilment of its climate obligations under the first commitment period of the Kyoto
Protocol. The scheme aligns well with government policy for the energy area on liberalisation of the energy markets and management of environment efforts by the
market. The installations subject to the allowance regulations account for a little less than half of Danish emissions of greenhouse gases. Almost all major Danish
installations with considerable emissions are covered by the ETS. Most of these are generators of power and heat, the rest are industrial enterprises plus a few
production units within the offshore sector. Both the statutory and the administrative basis for the scheme have been established. The necessary legal basis was
adopted by the Danish Folketing in June 2004 and the 2008-2012 national allocation plan was approved by the European Commission on 31 August 2007. According to the
national allocation plan for the period 2008-2012 an average annual allowance of 24.5 million tonnes CO2 has been allocated. According to the allocation plan this should
correspond to a drop in annual emissions of about 5 million tonnes per year in 2008-2012, or a reduction of about 17% compared with emissions expected in the national
allocation plan for the period. This level was set by balancing environmental considerations against competitiveness and jobs: • Electricity and heat producers were
allocated about 15.8 million EAUs. The allowance for electricity generation is allocated as ”per kWh”, while for heat production allowances are allocated according to
emissions in the base years 1998-2004. • The other 133 installations (industry and offshore) have been allocated allowances corresponding to emissions in the base years
1998-2004. A total of 8.2 million tonnes CO2 per year have been allocated to industry and offshore. • A special reserve of 0.5 million tonnes CO2 per year has been
allocated with free allowances for new installations and significant extensions to existing units. Allowances not allocated by the end of the commitment period or
returned due to closures have been auctioned. The period 2008 – 2012 was finalized in 2013 with the final surrendering of allowances and credits by companies
participating in the EU ETS as shown in section 4.3.1. The new EU Climate and Energy Agreement from December 2008 extended the ETS system to 2013-2020 in order for
the EU to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% in 2020. At the same time allocation was centralised and auctioning is to be used more extensively from 2013. The allowances
have been calculated for this period in accordance with the EU benchmarking decision 2011/278/EU. Annex 1f contains an overview of the installations and aviation
operators covered and their allowance allocation for 2013-2020. However, the current low allowances price has made it more difficult to initiate the necessary transition
and green investments after 2012. Developments in allowances prices have particular significance for Danish emissions and they affect the need to initiate other, new
mitigation initiatives. The low allowances price makes the situation relatively more expensive for countries like Denmark, who want to take the lead. Therefore, efforts
to increase the level of ambition in EU climate policy are key in the Danish government’s climate change policy to achieve the national target.
In 2015, biomass accounted for approximately 62% of renewable-energy production, mostly in the form of straw, wood pellets, wood chip and biodegradable waste for 1993
incineration. Approximately half of the biomass was imported, mainly in the form of wood pellets (32 PJ), biofuels (7 PJ), wood chips (6 PJ) and fire wood (3 PJ). The
energy production from biomass has more than doubled since 1990 - primarily due to the policy agreement from 1993 (the Biomass Agreement: requires power plants to
use 1.4 million tonnes of straw and wood, equivalent to almost 20 PJ per year) and the policy agreement from February 2008 on the increased use of straw and chips at
the large co-generation plants (up to 700,000 tonnes in 2011). At the same time, the consumption of biomass continues to rise as a source of energy for the supply of heat
in district-heating plants and in smaller installations for households, enterprises and institutions. Although it was demonstrated in Denmark in the mid-1990s that biogas
plants can be established with reliable operation and with an acceptable economy biogas still only accounted for 3.3% of renewable-energy production in 2013. Liquid
biofuels, such as animal and vegetable oils, biodiesel and bioethanol, is used only on a small scale. Liquid biofuels from bio-waste by the so-called second generation
technologies are now at a low level.
The increasing use of renewable energy sources is reducing emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels. The long term goal for the Danish government is to be independent of
2008
fossil fuels by 2050. The initiatives in the political energy agreement concluded by the government and a broad majority in the Parliament in March 2012 cover these
crucial energy policy areas for the period until 2020. The parties to the current energy agreement have agreed by 2018 to commence discussions on additional initiatives
for the period after 2020. The expected headline results for 2020 are the following: more than 40% renewable energy in final energy consumption; approximately 50% of
electricity consumption to be supplied by wind power; approximately 8% reduction in gross energy consumption in relation 2010; and 34% reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions in relation to 1990. Renewable energy sources are promoted with economic measures, including use of energy and CO2 taxes on fossil fuels and through the
Public Service Obligation Schemes (PSO), which have been a supplement to the price of electricity paid by all consumers until 2017. The Danish PSO levy will be phased
out during a period of 5 years (2017-2022), and the financing of support to renewables will gradually shift to the State Budget.
2013
In accordance with the energy policy agreement from February 2008, the expansion of wind power since the Fifth National Communication in December 2009 has
included a tender for and construction of a 400 MW offshore wind farm at the island of Anholt. This wind farm started to operate in September 2013. The current Energy
Agreement set in place in 2012 includes a target of applying another 1900 MW of new capacity from onshore and offshore wind by the end of 2021. Most of the new
capacity will come from offshore wind power. In this respect the Danish Energy Agency was responsible for tendering 1350 MW new offshore capacity: The Horns Rev 3
tender of 400 MW in the North Sea with expected commissioning in 2018, the Kriegers Flak tender of 600 MW in the Baltic Sea with expected commissioning in the period
2019-21 and the so-called near shore tender of 350 MW – Vesterhav Nord and Syd - with expected commissioning in 2020. Also part of the 2012 Energy Agreement,
Denmark was responsible for tendering 50 MW offshore test projects – Nissum Bredning test project (28MW) was signed with expected commissioning in 2017. As a
result, wind energy is expected to cover 50 % of Danish electricity consumption in 2020.
The scrapping scheme has supported the taking down of old and unfavourable placed wind turbines and has supported the expansion of wind power.
2008
Government:
IE (G1, G3 and G4)
Danish Energy
Agency and
entities uner the
EU ETS
IE (G1, G3 and G4)
EN-2: Biomass
Agreement
(Agreement on the
use of biomass in
electricity production)
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable Economic,
energy (Energy supply) Voluntary
Agreement
Implemented
Government: The 1100
1100
electricity
and IE (G1 and G3) and IE (G1 and G3)
producers
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
EN-3: Price
supplement and
subsidies for
renewable energy
production
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable Economic
energy (Energy supply)
Implemented
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency and
entities
responsible for
energy
production
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency and
entities
responsible for
energy
production
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G3)
IE (G1 and G3)
EN-4: Tenders for
offshore wind turbines
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable Regulatory
energy (Energy supply)
Implemented
IE (G1 and G3)
IE (G1 and G3)
EN-5(expired):
Scrapping scheme for
old wind turbines
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable Economic
energy (Energy supply)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
IE (G1 and G3)
IE (G1 and G3)
EN-6: Energy
development and
demonstration
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Research and
development (),
Research and
development (),
Research and
development ()
Information
Danish support for new energy technologies has been comprehensive and relatively stable. A long list of direct and indirect support schemes and policies have, in
2008
combination, created a domestic market which has given Danish companies a boost. This boost has enabled many companies to become international market leaders.
Danish companies continue to enjoy commercial success within the energy-related marketplace.
R&D activities include energy savings, more efficient energy conversion, renewable energy technologies and efforts within System Integration and Smart Energy.
Research and development activities in the field of energy are not motivated solely by climate issues, but are relevant to climate issues, since they contribute to
determining the overall framework for the CO2 intensity of energy production and consumption in the future.
There is a broad political commitment to support R&D activities through public funding and the Danish Government has in its manifesto by November 2016 stated that
Denmark is committed to an ambitious green transition for the national energy supply. This calls for comprehensive R&D efforts for the development of improved and
new sustainable energy technologies.
Denmark is one of the partners in the public-private initiative Mission Innovation comprising 22 countries and the European Commission. The aim of Mission Innovation,
that was founded in relation to the COP21 in Paris 2015, is to strengthen the multilateral R&D efforts within clean energy technologies to promote a continuous cost
effective green transition of the energy systems.
Thus Denmark as one of the partners has chosen to strengthen the dedicated public investments in clean energy research, development and demonstration focusing on
reduction of technology costs and CO2 emissions and with an emphasis on innovative projects that can be replicated and scaled up with the involvement of private
investors. Denmark will seek to double these efforts departing from a baseline of the average funding to the Danish Energy Technology Development and
Demonstration Programme (EUDP) of the years 2015-2016 and until 2020 where DKK 580 million will be allocated.
The EUDP programme was established in 2008 and since then the programme has supported more than 600 projects with a total of DDK 3 billion. On average, 45-50% of
the activities under the Programme are financed by the EUDP and hence the private investments in the supported projects are of the same size as the public support
leading to approximately to DKK 6 billion in total investments. The Danish Parliament has dedicated DKK 400 mio. for EUDP for the fiscal year 2018.
A minor programme is administrated on behalf of the power distribution companies by the Danish power association Dansk Energi. The objective is to support research
and development within energy-efficient use of electricity through development of energy-efficient products and processes in buildings, industry etc. The annual funds
for this programme are DKK 25 million.
Activities relating to strategic research and innovation in general are since 2014 administrated by Danish Innovation Fond. The Fund covers all sorts of research and
innovation projects and is not limited to energy matters. However, for 2017 and 2018 DKK at least 100 mio. /year will be earmarked for R&D within new and clean energy
technologies.
Government:
IE (G1)
EUDP Secretariat
c/o Danish
Energy Agency
IE (G1)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
641
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0642.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
BU-1: Agreements on
energy efficiency with
business
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
improvement in
industrial end-use
sectors (Energy
consumption)
Voluntary
Agreement,
Economic
Implemented
In connection with the implementation of the CO2 tax also a subsidy for CO2 tax discount for energy intensive industries was introduced. However, a condition for
getting the CO2 tax discount is an agreement on improvements in energy efficiency between the company and the Danish Energy Agency. The first implementation
period was 1993-2013. After one year expiration the voluntary agreement scheme was reintroduced in 2015. The electricity intensive companies get a subsidy for their
PSO tax on electricity.
1993
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
BU-2: Savings activities
by elec. grid, gas, oil
and district heating
companies (consump.
of final energy excl.
BU-6: Circular on
energy-efficiency in
state institutions
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Demand
Information
management/reductio
n (Energy
consumption)
Efficiency
improvement in
services/ tertiary
sector (Energy
consumption)
Regulatory
Implemented
The energy companies carry out campaigns and energy saving activities aimed at energy consumers. And the energy companies are obliged to realise savings in final
consumption. In their efforts there are no geographical or sector limitations. The target for the savings is 10.1 PJ for the period 2016-2020. The effort is financed by the
consumers via the consumers' energy bills.
2006
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
60
60
and IE (G1 and G4) and IE (G1 and G4)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for
the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
"The circular require state institutions to: " Focus on energy efficiency in their behaviour " Buy energy efficient products " Operate state buildings in an energy efficient 2005
manner " Report on, and make public, figures on consumption of energy and water and energy labelling of buildings"
Government: The IE (G1 and G4)
Danish Energy
Agency is
responsible for
the circular. The
individual
ministries and
state institutions
are responsible
for the
implementation
of the circular.
Government: The IE (G1 and G4)
Minister for
Climate and
Energy / The
Danish Energy
Government:
1000
Danish Energy
Agency, other
state authorities,
enterprises
Government:
IE (G1 and G4)
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
BU-7(expired):
Campaigns and
promotion of efficient
appliances ( including
elec. heating,
BU-8(expired):
Renewables for the
industry
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
improvement of
appliances (Energy
consumption)
Information
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Increase in renewable Economic
energy (Energy supply)
BU-9: Mandatory
Energy Audit for large
Enterprises
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
improvement in
industrial end-use
sectors (Energy
consumption)
Efficiency
improvement in
industrial end-use
sectors (Energy
consumption)
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
The task of the Electricity Saving Trust included the promotion of efficient electric appliances etc. and electric heating conversion in households and the public sector.
The Trust were making use of measures such as national campaigns, efforts to influence the market, voluntary agreements and efforts to raise awareness on the
consumption. The budget was approx. DKK 90-100 mill. annually.
1997
IE (G1 and G4)
Businesses will be able to get support from a DKK 3.75 billion fund to convert to renewable energy sources or district heating in accordance with the following objectives: 2013
• Support businesses to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy – such as wind, solar, biogas or biomass – to power manufacturing, • Support businesses to replace
fossil fuels by district heating. E.g. horticulture will be able to change from coal-fired boilers to district heating, • Support businesses to invest in energy-efficiency
measures. The estimated effect of this “Renewables for industry” initiative is a reduction of 1 million tonnes of CO2 per year from 2020 and onwards.
Large enterprises in Denmark are by law required to have a mandatory energy audit every fourth year . The law transposes the energy efficiency directive article 8 .
2014
Enterprises with ISO 50,001 or ISO 14,001 are exempt. The Energy Audit must be carried out before the 5th of December 2015 and afterwards every fourth year. The scope
of the energy audit is buildings, processes and transport. There are no requirement of the use and implementation of the results from the energy audit.
IE (G1)
The estimate for 2020 shown here is a former separate estimate for this measure.
Although this measure has expired it is still included in the list as some effect of the
implementation carried out before expiration remain. But this has not been
quantified separately. The separate estimate shown here is not included in the
calculation of the total effect of all measures.
IE (G1 and G4)
BU-10: The center for
energy savings in
enterprises
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Information
Implemented
The Center for Energy savings in enterprises As part of a new political agreement from June 2014 on growth 40 million DKK (5.4 million EURO) was allocated to run a new
centre for energy savings in enterprises. The money was given for the period 2014-2017. The aim of the centre is to identify and exploit the energy efficiency potential
already existing within primarily small and medium sized companies.
2014
Government:
Danish Eneergy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
642
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0643.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
TR-1a: EU demands on
vehicle manufactures
to deliver fuel
efficient cars and vans
TR-1b(expired):
Information campaign
on fuel consumption
of new cars
TR-2(expired): Energy-
correct driving
technique
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Efficiency
improvements of
vehicles (Transport)
Regulatory
Implemented
The EU’s requirements on average CO2 emissions for passenger cars and vans, i.e. the mechanism imposing fines on manufacturers if they fail to comply with the CO2
targets.
2000
Other: European 600
Commission
and IE (G1, G4 and
G5)
Government:
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
Denmark`s Road
Safety and
Transport Agency
Government:
Ministry of
Justice
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
600
and IE (G1, G4 and
G5)
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Demand
Information
management/reductio
n (Transport),
Improved behaviour
(Transport)
Improved behaviour
Information
(Transport)
Implemented
DKK 14 million was allocated for a campaign aimed at raising public awareness about energy labelling of new cars and vans.
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
DKK 28 million was allocated to campaigns to promote energy-efficient driving. Experience shows that most people are able to save between 5% and 15% fuel by
(and Expired - but included as it adopting a more energy-efficient driving style.
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
As of February 1, 2015 the number of mobile speed enforcement devices (mobile cameras) was increased from 25 to 100 nationwide. The effect on GHG emissions is
uncertain, but it has previously been estimated that increased enforcement of speed limits could result in a reduction of approximately 55.000 tonnes CO2 annually.
2000
2000
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
TR-3(expired):
Initiative on enforcing
speed limits
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved behaviour
(Transport)
Information,
Economic
2014
Government:
Ministry of
Justice
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
IE (G1, G4 and G5)
TR-4(expired):
Establishment of
intermodal
installations
TR-5(expired):
Promotion of
environmentally
friendly goods
transport
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Modal shift to public
Economic
transport or non-
motorized transport
(Transport), Improved
behaviour (Transport)
Modal shift to public
Economic,
transport or non-
Information
motorized transport
(Transport), Demand
management/reductio
n (Transport),
Improved behaviour
(Transport)
Modal shift to public
Regulatory
transport or non-
motorized transport
(Transport), Demand
management/reductio
n (Transport)
Low carbon
Regulatory
fuels/electric cars
(Transport), Demand
management/reductio
n (Transport),
Improved transport
infrastructure
(Transport)
Low carbon
fuels/electric cars
(Transport)
Regulatory
Promotion of the establishment of intermodal installations has been a general transport policy for many years. In 2009, as a result of a broad political agreement
regarding transport policy in Denmark, funds were allocated to several activities in the transport sector. This includes: • DKK 200 million for projects on energy-efficient
transport, where the following project has focus on the promotion of the establishment of intermodal installations: o Rail-truck container transfer systems to promote
multi-modal transport
Promotion of environmentally friendly goods transport has been a general transport policy for many years. In 2009, as a result of a broad political agreement regarding
transport policy in Denmark, funds were allocated to several activities in the transport sector. This includes: • DKK 200 million for projects on energy-efficient transport,
where the following projects have focus on promotion of environmentally friendly goods transport - solely or partly: o Off-peak delivery scheme for goods using low-
noise equipment o City logistics for goods transport o Lightweight materials for pressurized equipment, containers etc. o Mobility Management o Intelligent Transport
Systems
2014
2014
Government:
IE (G1 and G4)
Ministry of
Transport and
Energy,
municipalities,
Government:
IE (G1 and G4)
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency, Haulage
contractors
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
TR-6(expired):
Reduced travel times
for public transport
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Implemented
In 2013, the Danish government decided to allocate DKK 27.5 billion to improve the rail infrastructure in Denmark substantially. The upgrade is expected to be finalized
(and Expired - but included as it by 2025 and will reduce travel times substantially. A CO2 reduction of around 100,000 tonnes per year is expected.
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
Spatial planning on state, regional and local level is also taking into account the objective to limit the growth in demand for passenger and freight transport and thereby
reduce the number of vehicle kilometres driven and GHGs emitted. For example, spatial planning, in terms of urbanization and increased focus on minimising distances
between residential areas/city centres and stations, help to reduce the need for transport.
2014
TR-7: Spatial planning
Yes*
Transport
CO2
2000
Government:
Ministry of
Transport and
Energy and
Danish State
Railways (DSB)
Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
TR-8: EU requirements
regarding biofuels
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Implemented
From 2012 all petrol and diesel for transport sold in Denmark must contain an average of 5.75% of biofuels, which must live up to the EU sustainability criteria. According
to the Energy Agreement of March 2012 a 10 per cent target is foreseen by 2020, however this will depend on further analysis of alternative instruments carried out by
2017. This will probably lead to a lower blending mandate.
2012
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
Government:
Ministry of
Transport
290
290
and IE (G1 and G3) and IE (G1 and G3)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for
the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
TR-9(expired):
Transport
infrastructure projects
in the fields of electric
vehicles, gas and
hydrogen
TR-10: Electrification
of parts of the rail
infrastructure
TR-11(expired):
Investments in a new
metro line and bicycle
transport facilities.
TR-12: Investment in a
tunnel under the
Femern Belt
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Low carbon
Economic
fuels/electric cars
(Transport), Improved
transport
infrastructure
(Transport)
Improved transport
infrastructure
(Transport)
Improved transport
infrastructure
(Transport)
Economic
Implemented
In the agreement DKK 70 million has been allocated to transport infrastructure projects in the fields of electric vehicles, gas and hydrogen. An ongoing pilot scheme for
(and Expired - but included as it electric vehicles has been prolonged until 2015 with an additional funding of DKK 15 million on top of the DKK 35 million from the former Energy Agreement.
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Adopted
In 2013, the former government decided to allocate the future proceeds from a change in the oil industry taxation to improve the rail infrastructure in Denmark. The
upgrade is expected to reduce travel times substantially. In 2017 changed to been seen as also including the measure formerly reported as TR-6.
2014
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
2014
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Economic
Implemented
DKK 328 million to the establishment of a metro line to the new Nordhavn area in Copenhagen – and DKK 1 billion to improve and promote Danish cycle transport
(and Expired - but included as it facilities.
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Adopted
The tunnel under the Femern Belt will reduce CO2-emissions by potentially 200.000 tonnes per year. This is mainly because of the following effects: 1.Goods will shift
from road to rail. 2. The travel distance from Copenhagen to Hamburg will be shortened. 3.The ferries between Denmark and Germany will cease to operate.
2014
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Transport
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Transport, Local:
Municipality of
Copenhagen
Government:
Ministry of
Transport
-300
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
Yes*
Transport
CO2
Improved transport
infrastructure
(Transport)
Economic
2028
200
Estimates for the construction phase (emissions of 300 kt CO2eq/year) and operation
phase (reduktion of 198.5 kt CO2eq/year) in the 2013 EIA for the project, Chapter 19 (
https://www.trm.dk/da/publikationer/2013/vvm-for-femern-baelt ).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
643
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0644.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
HO-1: Energy labelling
of small and large
buildings (incl. public
sector and business)
Yes*
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Efficiency
improvements of
buildings (Energy
consumption)
Regulatory,
Information
Implemented
Energy labelling of buildings: Denmark has long experience with energy efficiency and energy savings in buildings. From 1990 and until 2015 the energy consumption for 1997
heating has been reduced by 17,5% per m2. The goal is to reduce energy consumption in new buildings by 75% by 2020 relative to 2006. The benefits of reducing energy
consumption are tangible: less fossil fuel is consumed and the environment has improved substantially. Strict and progressively tightened building regulations since
1977 have ensured a stable demand for energy-efficient building technologies. Energy labelling of buildings when built, sold or rented: Energy labelling of buildings
must be implemented after finishing the construction of a building and on the sale or rental of the building - primarily heating consumption. This applies in principle for
all buildings, irrespective of size, apart from production facilities, factories etc. Regular energy labelling of large buildings and public buildings: Energy labels and an
energy plan must be prepared regularly every seven to ten years for all large buildings over 1,000 m2 and for all public buildings over 250 m2.
Minimum energy requirements and energy labelling of appliances: Energy labelling (A-G) of white goods, lighting, air con etc. is compulsory within the EU. The European 1992
Community also has mandatory energy requirements for some 20 energy-consuming products, such as electric motors, circulators, white goods etc. There are also
voluntary labelling schemes (Energy Star, Energy Arrow, windows, boilers) for a number of products. Danish authorities play an active role both in negotiation of the
requirements and in securing compliance with the compulsory requirements - e.g. through market surveillance. The Danish Energy Agency offers advice on its website to
end-users in order to promote energy-efficient appliances and products. Information initiative towards private households: In March 2012 the Centre for Energy Savings
was replaced by an information initiative placed at the Energy Agency. The main target of this initiative is to promote energy-efficient products and solutions. The
measures of the initiative will be information campaigns, web-based information for private households etc.
In 2010-2012 DKK 400 mill. have been allocated to support the substitution of individual oil based furnaces for modern, low emitting heating solutions, including systems 2010
based on renewable energy such as heat pumps and solar heating. As of September 2013 the measure has been continued as an information effort without subsidies.
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
HO-2: Energy labelling
of electric appliances
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
improvement of
appliances (Energy
consumption)
Information
Implemented
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
HO-3: Substitution of
individual oil-based
furnaces
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Switch to less carbon- Economic,
intensive fuels (Energy Information
supply), Efficiency
improvements of
buildings (Energy
consumption)
Efficiency
improvements of
buildings (Energy
consumption)
Information
Implemented
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
20
20
and IE (G1 and G4) and IE (G1 and G4)
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2013 Analysis of the Effects of Selected Measures for
the National Audit Office, Danish Energy Agency, December 2013 (
http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/energistyrelsen/Nyheder/kyoto-
samlenotat_9._december.pdf (an English translation is included in Annex B3 ))
HO-4: Better Houses
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Implemented
HO-5: Strategy for
Energy renovation of
buildings
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
improvements of
buildings (Energy
consumption)
Information,
Education,
Research
Implemented
2014
“BetterHouses” is a scheme (voluntary and market-driven system) from the Danish Energy Agency focusing on energy renovation of buildings. The aim is to make it
easier for owners of buildings, mostly homeowners, to energy renovate by creating a “one stop shop” for energy renovation, where the owner only has to contact one
certified building contractor and to get an overall counselling on energy renovation of the entire building. Skilled workmen are educated under the BetterHouses
program to be advisors on energy renovation. The Danish Energy agency approves the BetterHouses firms and professionals like architects, engineers, craftsmen, energy
consultants and building designers can take training courses to become BetterHouses advisors. The training is carried out at academies of higher education. A Better
Houses advisor can manage the process and can follow the project all the way from plan to completed renovation.
Strategy for energy renovation of buildings: The former Government adopted in May 2014 a strategy for energy renovation of buildings. The strategy contains initiatives 2014
which will promote the renovation of the Danish building stocks and insures that energy efficiency measures are implemented on the buildings. It is expected, that the
effect of the strategy on energy consumption will be a reduction of net energy consumption for heating and hot water with 35 pct. in 2050 compared with 2014. The
strategy includes following initiatives: • Revision and upgrade of building regulations and energy requirements that applies to renovation and retrofitting of existing
buildings • Information to building owners, construction companies, financial institutions etc. on energy how to improve energy efficiency • Revision of the energy
certificates scheme to improve the efficiency of the scheme • Promotion of the ESCO-concept (ESCO: Energy Service Companies) • Promotion of energy efficiency in
public buildings • Measures to improve professional training to craftsmen and engineers in the building sector • Development and demonstration of new technologies.
The purpose of the initiative is to facilitate a market for energy services based on heat pumps where energy companies install, finance, run and maintain heat pumps
2016
installed in mainly single family houses. In return the customer pays for the heat delivered by the heat pump. Thereby heat pumps as an energy service imitates the way
that district heating has been deployed and driven in urban areas. The initiative is targeting mainly rural areas where demographic and economic conditions means that
people are reluctant to invest in the transition of their fossil based heating to heating based on renewable energy.
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
HO-6 (new): Heat
pumps as an energy
service
Yes*
Energy
CO2
Efficiency
Economic
improvements of
buildings (Energy
consumption),
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy supply)
Reduction of
emissions of
fluorinated gases
(Industrial processes)
Regulatory
Implemented
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1 and G4)
IE (G1 and G4)
IP-1: Regulation of use
of HFCs, PFCs and SF6
(phasing out most of
the uses)
Yes*
Industry/Indus HFCs, PFCs,
trial processes SF6
Implemented
Import, sale and use of the substances or new products containing the substances is forbidden from 1 January 2006 with some exceptions.
2006
Government:
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency
IE (G1 and G6)
IE (G1 and G6)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
644
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0645.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
AG-1(expired): Action
Plan for the Aquatic
Environment I+II and
Action Plan for
Sustainable Agriculture
AG-2(expired): Action
Plan for the Aquatic
Environment III
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use
on cropland
(Agriculture)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use
on cropland
(Agriculture)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use
on cropland
(Agriculture),
Improved animal
waste management
systems (Agriculture)
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use
on cropland
(Agriculture),
Improved livestock
management
(Agriculture),
Improved animal
waste management
systems (Agriculture)
Regulatory
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
The action plans contain several measures e.g. with the objective to increase the area with winter green fields and better utilisation of manure.
1987
Government:
State, Local:
Municipalities
1900
1900
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
IE (G1)
The plan contain several measures, where the most import in relation to greenhouse gas emissions are: " Establishment of 4000 ha wetlands in 2004 and 2005. " Making
the rules on catch crops more rigorous. " Making the rules on exploitation of N in animal manure more rigorous. " Additional environmentally friendly measures in crop
farming.
2004
Government:
State, Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1)
AG-4a/4b/4c/4d/4e:
Reduced emissions of
ammonia
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O
Regulatory
1) Optimisation of manure handling in sheds for cattle, pigs, poultry and fur animals. 2) Rules on covering storage facilities for solid manure and slurry tanks. 3) Ban on
overall surface spreading and reduction of the time from field application of manure to incorporation. 4) Ban on ammonia treatment of straw.
2001
Government:
State, Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
AG-4f: Environmental
Approval Act for
Livestock Holdings
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O, CH4
Regulatory
Implemented
The measures covered by the Environmental Approval Act for Livestock Holdings are: • 300 m buffer zones around ammonia sensistive areas where no extension of
2007
livestock farms can take place if such an extension would lead to increased ammonia deposition in natural areas vulnerable to ammonia. • Demand for reduction of
ammonia emissions relative to production facility with lowest ammonia emission norm: 2007: 15%, 2008: 20%, 2009: 25% • Demands for injection of animal slurry on black
soil and grass within buffer zones (1 km from vulnerable natural areas). • Demand for fixed cover on most new containers for solid manure and slurry tanks (depending
on distance to neighbours and vulnerable natural areas). • Reduced number of Livestock Unit per hectare (LU/ha) when in nitrate vulnerable areas with low
denitrification capacity • Regulation of phosphorous surplus on manure spreading areas
Government:
State, Local:
Municipalities
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
AG-6: Biogas plants
Yes*
Agriculture,
Energy
CO2, CH4
Improved animal
Economic
waste management
systems (Agriculture),
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy
supply), Switch to less
carbon-intensive fuels
(Energy supply)
Reduction of
Economic,
fertilizer/manure use Regulatory
on cropland
(Agriculture), Increase
in renewable energy
(Energy supply),
Switch to less carbon-
intensive fuels (Energy
supply)
Increase in renewable
energy (Energy
supply), Reduction of
pesticides use (),
Reduction of tax on
Improve the ability of
the food and
agricultural industry to
increase primary
production and
exports, as well as to
contribute to creating
growth and jobs, in
due interaction with
protection of nature
and the environment.
()
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
The Energy Policy Agreement continued funding biogas for CHP and introduced subsidy equality so that biogas sold to the natural gas grid receives the same subsidy as
1987
biogas used at CHP plants. In addition the agreement also introduced a new subsidy when biogas is used in industrial processes or as a fuel for transport. Implementation
of the latter awaits approval by the European Commission under the EU state aid legislation.
Government:
State
240
207
2020: ”Biogasproduktions konsekvenser for drivhusgasudledning i landbruget”
Rapport nr. 197 DCE, 2016 ( http://dce.au.dk/udgivelser/vr/nr-151-200/abstracts/nr-
197-biogasproduktions-konsekvenser-for-drivhusgasudledning-i-landbruget/ );
2030: Preliminary estimate (to be published, in Danish).
AG-9(expired):
Agreement on Green
Growth
Yes*
Agriculture,
Energy
N2O, CO2,
CH4
Implemented
The Green Growth Agreement contains targets with respect to discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus to the aquatic environment, protection of nature and biodiversity, 2009
(and Expired - but included as it development of renewable energy in the agricultural sector including biogas plant, reduction of harmful pesticides, development of the organic sector and strengthened
is expected to have influenced initiatives within R&D within the agricultural and food sectors.
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Government:
State
0
0 The estimate for 2020 shown here is a former separate estimate for this measure. As
this measure has been replaced by measure no. AG-12, only the effect estimated
under AG-12 is included in the calculation of the total effect of all measures.
AG-11(new+expired):
Agreement on Green
Growth 2.0
Yes*
Agriculture,
Energy
CO2, CH4,
N2O
AG-12(new): Political
Agreement on a Food
and Agricultural
Package
Yes*
Agriculture
N2O, CO2
Economic,
Regulatory
Implemented
(and Expired - but included as it
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
The agreement contains a series of initiatives to improve agriculture and food sector growth conditions and thus help to secure employment on farms, in the food
industry and downstream industries. The initiatives also contribute to support Denmark's target of 30 per cent renewable energy by 2020 and fulfilment of Denmark's
climate goals through further development of bioenergy.
2010
Government:
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
Government:
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
0
0 Notat nr. 2, Vedrørende effekter af forskellige tiltag i forbindelse med Grøn Vækst,
Aarhus Universitet (
http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/38211855/010511_DJF_DMU_notat_2_inkl_Baselinegrup
pens_kommentarer_og_sp_rgsm_l.pdf , in Danish)
-122
Answer to question no. 391 (ord. part) asked by the parliament's Committee for
Environment and Food on 15 Januar 2016
(http://www.ft.dk/samling/20151/almdel/mof/spm/391/svar/1299227/1598927/index.
htm , in Danish)
The agreement includes a diverse package of measures to make a shift in the way environmental regulation of the agricultural sector is carried out, from a general
regulation to a targeted approach, and within five focus areas: Sustainable basis (The activity includes RDP measures for new environmental technology in farming,
organic farming, nature protection and efforts to reduce nitrates leaching to the water environment, including set aside of low-lying farmland with climate focus or
subsidy for conversion of arable land on organic soils to nature)/ Increased commodity basis/ Strengthened competitiveness/Development of future food production/
Visionary export efforts. Net neutral effect on total greenhouse gas emissions is expected when including the effect in the LULUCF sector.
2016
-122
AG-13(new):
Agreement on Nature
(the Nature Package)
Yes*
Agriculture,
Forestry/
LULUCF
CO2, CH4,
N2O
Protection of
Regulatory
biodiversity through
increased involvement
of farmers in land use
planning,
simplification of
related legislation etc.
(), Protection of
biodiversity through
increased involvement
of farmers in land use
planning,
simplification of
related legislation etc.
()
Implemented
Political agreement aiming, amongst other goals, towards an increased protection of biodiversity. The agreement states initiatives within the following areas:
Converting forests for biodiversity purpose, continued agreements for nature, nature and biodiversity, urban nature and outdoors recreation, open land management
and the farmer’s role as resource manager, modern nature conservation, and simplification of legislation.
2016
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
IE (G1)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
645
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0646.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
LU-1: Ban on burning
straw on fields
Yes*
Forestry/
LULUCF
CO2
Conservation of
carbon in agricultural
soils and reduction of
air pollution. ()
Economic
Implemented
LU-2: Planting of
windbreaks
Yes*
Forestry/
LULUCF
CO2
Enhancing carbon
Economic
sequestration through
planting of windbreaks
()
Implemented
One of the measures with an effect on return of carbon to the soil has been the ban on burning of straw residues on fields. The ban has resulted in greater return of
1989
carbon to the soil, and therefore increased carbon storage in the soil, as well as increased use of straw as a fuel. Both uses will result in a net reduction in CO2 emissions.
Not burning straw prevents the methane and nitrous oxide emissions associated with the burning. On the other hand, there are some emissions of nitrous oxide in
connection with the return of nitrogen to the soil when the straw is mulched. The measure works by regulating behaviour, and the ban was introduced from 1990. The
measure was implemented in the form of a statutory order under the Environmental Protection Act, and compliance is monitored by the local authorities. The objectives
are conservation of carbon in agricultural soils and reduction of air pollution.
Planting of windbreaks is another measure which will increase sequestration in woody biomass. The objective of planting windbreaks has been primarily to reduce wind 1960
erosion and ensure greater biodiversity. Planting of windbreaks has been supported under conditions described in the Statutory Order on Subsidies for Planting
Windbreaks and Biotope-improving Measures (Statutory Order no. 1101 of 12/12/2002). Support has been granted under the EU Rural Districts Programme. For the period
2017-2019 windbreaks will be supported under the political agreement “Naturpakken” and will focus primarily on ensuring greater biodiversity. Since the end of the
1960s about 1,000 km of tree-lined windbreaks have been planted with government subsidies. It is also estimated that about 30% more has been planted without
subsidies. Estimates indicate that planting of windbreaks leads to CO2 sequestration in woody biomass of about 130,000 tonnes CO2/year.
Private owners of agricultural land can get grants for establishment of broadleaves or conifer forests, nursing of these in the first 3 years, establishment of fences,
mapping and or accounting of the area - if the forest will be established in an area planned for afforestation.
1991
Government:
State, Local:
Municipalities
IE (G7)
IE (G7)
Government:
IE (G7)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
IE (G7)
LU-3: Subsidies
scheme for private
afforestation on
agricultural land
(increase the forest
area in Denmark)
LU-4: Public
afforestation (state
and municipalities)
LU-5: Subsidy for
conversion of arable
land on organic soils to
nature
Yes*
Forestry/
LULUCF
CO2
Yes*
Forestry/
LULUCF
Forestry/
LULUCF,
Agriculture
CO2
Yes*
CO2, N2O
Afforestation and
reforestation
(LULUCF),
Strengthening
protection against
natural disturbances
(LULUCF)
Afforestation and
reforestation
(LULUCF),
Reduction of
fertilizer/manure use
on cropland
(Agriculture),
Prevention of drainage
or rewetting of
wetlands (LULUCF)
Economic
Implemented
Government:
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency
IE (G7)
IE (G7)
Regulatory,
Voluntary
Agreement
Economic
Implemented
State forests are established with resilient tree-species as a collaboration between state, municipalities and (often) waterworks. On-going implementation through
annual budgets.
Payment of farmers to revert soils with high organic contents. From 2014 to 2017 is planned to give economic subsides to convert 2500 hectares of organic lowland areas
into rewetted natural habitats and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The organic soils will be registered with no tillage, no fertilisation and no pesticide
application. On-going implementation. The initiative is extended to 2020.
1989
Implemented
2015
Government:
IE (G7)
Danish
Environmental
Government:
IE (G7)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
IE (G7)
IE (G7)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
646
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0647.png
Table 3: Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction target: information on mitigation actions and their effects
Name of mitigation
action
Included in
Sector(s)
with measures affected
GHG projection
scenario
GHG(s)
affected
Objective and/or
activity affected
Type of
instrument
Status of
implementation
Brief
description
Start year Implementing
Estimate of mitigation impact
of imple- entity or entities
2020
2030
menta-
tion
Source of estimates
WA-1: A ban of landfill
of combustible waste.
WA-2: The waste tax
Yes*
Yes*
WA-3: Weight-and-
volume-based
packaging taxes
WA-4: Subsidy
programme –
Enterprise Scheme
(special scheme for
businesses)
Yes*
Yes*
Waste
management/
waste
Waste
management/
waste
Waste
management/
waste
Waste
management/
waste
CH4
CH4
Reduced landfilling
(Waste), Waste
incineration with
Reduced landfilling
(Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
Economic, Fiscal Implemented
In 1996 the Statutory Order on Waste was amended to introduce an obligation for municipalities to assign combustible waste to incineration (corresponding to a stop for 1997
disposal of combustible waste at landfills) from 1 January 1997. As a result of this, large quantities of combustible waste that used to be disposed of at landfills are now
either recycled or used as fuel in Danish incineration plants.
A tax is imposed on waste for incineration or landfilling. The taxes are DKK 475 per tonne for landfilling and DKK 60,9/GJ for incineration.
1987
Local:
Municipalities
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Taxation
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
333
333
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
IE (G1)
CO2, CH4
Demand management Economic, Fiscal Implemented
/ reduction (Waste)
Demand management Economic
/ reduction (Waste)
Implemented
Weight-and-volume-based taxes (e.g. on various packaging, carrier bags and PVC film) encourage a reduction in packaging consumption and thus the quantities of waste. 2014
The weight-based tax is based on an index that reflects the environmental burden of the materials used.
In 2005 the Programme for Cleaner Products etc. was replaced by the Danish government’s “Enterprise Scheme” which refunds CO2 taxes to business. The waste part of 2004
this programme was aimed exclusively at enterprises. A total of DKK 33 million for the five-year period 2004 to 2008 was earmarked for the waste part of the scheme. The
subsidies were to be used to reduce the environmental impact of waste. Two projects with reduction of methane emissions were supported: a. To address the obstacles
and to improve the method, another biocover-project was initiated in 2007 as part of the Enterprise Scheme. The project was performed on another landfill (i.e. not the
landfill in the biocover-pilotproject 2005-2006 carried out with support from Danish EPA and the EU LIFE programme), and was taking the identified difficulties into
account. A reduction of the methane emission of 79-93 % was reported in the project. b. In 2007 subsidies from the enterprise scheme were also given for establishing
methane recovery and test pumping at 11 landfill sites. The results were reported in 2011 and showed a reduction of the emission of methane over a five year period
equalling 84,435 tonnes of CO2 equivalents. In 2015 no money is assigned to the Entreprise Scheme, and it is expected, that this will also be the case in 2016.
The goal in the EU Packaging Directive of increasing the collection of plastic packaging waste for recycling to 22.5% was met in 2008 through an amendment to the
Statutory Order on Waste requiring municipalities to improve the possibilities of people and enterprises to separate and deliver plastic packaging waste for recycling.
This meant an increase in recycling of about 12,000 tonnes in 2012 compared to 2008.
1994
IE (G1)
CH4
IE (G1)
WA-5: Increased
recycling of waste
plastic packaging
Yes*
Waste
CO2
management/
waste
Enhanced recycling
(Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
WA-6: Implementation
of the EU landfill
directive
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/
waste
Improved landfill
management (Waste)
Regulatory
Implemented
On the basis of the EU Landfill Directive, demands on the establishment and operation of landfills in Denmark have been tightened with Statutory Orders No. 650 of 29
June 2001, No. 252 of 31 March 2009, No. 719 of 24 June 2011 and No. 1049 of 28th of August 2013 on landfills. According to the Statutory Orders on landfills, methane in
landfills for mixed waste must be monitored. From landfills where significant amounts of biodegradable waste are disposed of, methane gas must be managed in an
environmentally-sound way.
1999
WA-7(expired):
Support for
(construction of
facilities for) gas
recovery at landfill
sites
WA-8(expired):
Subsidy programme
for cleaner products
Yes*
Waste
CO2, CH4
management/
waste
Enhanced CH4
collection and use
(Waste)
Economic
Implemented
Methane is recovered at landfills. The methane collected acts as fuel in CHP production. Waste, measures no longer in place, but replaced with the general price
(and Expired - but included as it supplement (EN-3).
is expected to have influenced
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
1984
Government:
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Government:
Danish
Environmental
Protection
Agency, Local:
Municipalities
Government:
Danish Energy
Agency
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
IE (G1)
205
205
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
IE (G1)
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/
waste
Demand management Economic
/ reduction (Waste)
Implemented
Under the subsidy programme for cleaner products 1999-2003 it was possible to get grants for projects targetted at reducing the environmental impact from management 1999
(and Expired - but included as it of waste generated throughout the life cycle of products as well as for projects with the objective to limit environmental problems in connection with waste
is expected to have influenced management. In 2005 this programme was replaced by the Danish government’s “Enterprise Scheme” (see WA-4).
the level of total Danish
greenhouse gas emissions)
Implemented
Biocovers is a technique that uses compost as a cover on landfills. The microorganisms in the compost increases the oxidation of methane in the top layer.
2017
Government:
IE (G1)
Ministry of
Environment and
Food
Government:
Danish
Environmetal
Protection
Agency
300
WA-9: Subsidy
programme for
biocovers on landfills
Yes*
Waste
CH4
management/
waste
Improved landfill
management (Waste)
Economic
179
Estimates by the Danish Energy Agency, March 2017 - based on "Virkemiddelkatalog,
Tværministeriel arbejdsgruppe, August 2013, Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet" (
https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/virkemiddelkatalog_-
_potentialer_og_omkostninger_for_klimatiltag.pdf )
46585
Calculated as the sum of the effects estimated for G3, G4, TD-9, TR-12, G6, AG-1, AG-6,
AG-12, WA-1, WA-7 and WA9.
G1(changed): Group of
all policies and
measures except in
the LULUCF sector
Yes*
G2(former TD-1a):
Energy taxes except on
mineral oil
G3: All RE mitigation
actions (Renewable
Energy) since 1990
G4: All EE mitigation
actions (Energy
Efficiency) since 1990
Yes*
Combined
Combined
(TD-b1, -2, -3, -
4, -5, -6, -7, -8,
-9; EN-1, -2, -
3, -4, -5, -6;
BU-1, -2, -6, -
7, -8, -9, -10;
Combined
Combined
(TD-2, TD-3
and TD-4)
Combined
Combined
(EN-2, EN-3,
EN-4, EN-5,
Combined
Combined
(TD-b1, -2, -3, -
4, -5, -6, -7;
EN-1; BU-1, -2,
-6, -7, -9, -10;
TR-1a, -1b, -2,
-3, -4, -5, -6, -
Combined
Combined
(TD-6, TR-1a,
TR-1b, TR2
and TR-3)
Combined
Combined
(TD-8 and IP-1)
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined. Overlapping effects are avoided as far as possible - by adding only
G3(CO2-effects
from RE in Energy),
G4(CO2-effects
from EE in Energy),
TD-9
(CH4-effects
from tax on methane),
TR-12
(CO2-effects of the Femern Belt Tunnel project),
G6
(Effects of F-gas taxes and regulation),
AG-1(N2O-effects
of the Action plans for the
aquatic environment in Agriculture),
AG-6
(CH4/CO2-effects of the biogas measure in Agriculture),
AG-12
(Effects of new food and agricultural package),
WA-1
(CH4-
effect of ban on landfilling of combustible waste),
WA-7
(CH4-effect of gas recovery) and
WA-9
(CH4-effect of biocovers).
Combined Combined
43135
Combined
Combined
Combined
Tax on energy use in Denmark. Denmark has had taxes on energy for many years . Since the first oil crisis in the early 1970s, the rates of the taxes have been aimed at
reducing consumption and promoting the instigation of more energy-saving measures. Lower energy consumption will reduce emissions of CO2, methane (CH4), and
nitrous oxide (N2O) associated with combustion of fossil fuels.
The calculation of the annual total CO2 reducing effect of renewable energy mitigation actions follows the EU methodology for calculating this effect under the EU
Renewable Energy Directive. For the period 1990-2014 the calculations are based on energy statistics. For the years 2020 and 2030 (= 2025 in practice) the calculations are
based on the latest energy projection from December 2015.
The calculation of the annual total CO2 reducing effect of energy effciency mitigation actions follows the the empirically deduced assumption that the increase in Gross
Energy Consumption - on average over several years - will follow the economic growth less 0.5 percentage point as 0.5 percentage point is assumed to be the avoided
increase in energy consumption due to energy effciency actions in businesses and households not related to any mitigation action (i.e. due to economic optimisation or
other incentives). For the period 1990-2014 the calculations are based on energy statistics. For the years 2020 and 2030 (= 2025 in practice) the calculations are based on
the latest energy projection from December 2015. The calculations of CO2 reductions effects are based on annual CO2 intensity and therefore takes into account the
increasing amount of renewable energy in energy supply in Denmark (e.g. if Denmark will have no use of fossil fuels in 2050, the effects of energy efficiency mitigation
actions on CO2 emissions will be zero).
Combined effects of measures with effect on the energy efficiency in transport by passenger cars
Combined Combined
1000
1000
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
24060
Estimated in 2017 - see Annex B4.
Yes*
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined Combined
22805
Yes*
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined Combined
16944
18793
Estimated in 2017 - see Annex B4.
G5(new): Energy
effciency in transport
by passenger cars
G6(new): F-gas taxes
and regulation
Yes*
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined Combined
550
550
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
800
Estimates in 2017 - based on The 2005 Effort Analysis
(http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-587-5/pdf/87-7614-588-
3.pdf and http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2005/87-7614-589-1/pdf/87-7614-
590-5.pdf (summary in English included in Annex B2 )).
Yes*
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined effects of taxes from 2001 and regulations from 2006.
Combined Combined
800
No
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined
Combined effects of LULUCF-activities (expected credits based on a reference level and the base year period 2005-2009).
Combined Combined
1740
G7(new): LULUCF
activities
(LU-1, -2, -3, -
* In principle included in the "with measures" projection scenario - not necessarily with separate annual estimates, but in most cases as a result of the assumption that the measure has contributed to the observed level of total Danish greenhouse gas emissions in the most recent historical inventory year used as the starting point for the projections.
** Estimated annual effects in 2020 and 2030 of measures implemented or adopted since 1990 - as also used in the "without measures" (WOM) scenario in Table 6(b), but only by adding not overlapping estimates.
1740
Estimates by DCE, 2017 (http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR244.pdf ).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
647
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0648.png
T
ABLE
4: R
EPORTING ON PROGRESS
Table 4
Reporting on progress
a, b
Year
c
Total emissions excluding LULUCF
(kt CO2 eq)
(a) total GHG emissions, excluding
emissions and removals from the
LULUCF sector;
*
Contribution from LULUCF (kt CO2 eq)
d
(b) emissions and/or removals from the LULUCF sector based
on the accounting approach applied taking into consideration emissions and removals from the
any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and the LULUCF sector.
activities and/or land that will be accounted for;
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Quantity of units from market
Quantity of units from other
market based mechanisms
based mechanisms under the
Convention (number of units and kt (number of units and kt CO2 eq)
CO2 eq
(c) total
)
GHG emissions, including
Base year/base period (specify)
1990
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
72,087.13
65,618.31
60,453.87
55,631.49
57,463.58
53,481.70
50,957.05
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Abbreviation: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-
based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
For the base year, information reported on the emission reduction target shall include the following: (a) total GHG emissions, excluding emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector; (b) emissions
and/or removals from the LULUCF sector based on the accounting approach applied taking into consideration any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and the activities and/or land that will
be accounted for; (c) total GHG emissions, including emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector. For each reported year, information reported on progress made towards the emission reduction targets
shall include, in addition to the information noted in paragraphs 9(a–c) of the UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties, information on the use of units from market-based
mechanisms.
c
Parties may add additional rows for years other than those specified below.
d
b
a
Information in this column should be consistent with the information reported in table 4(a)I or 4(a)II, as appropriate. The Parties for which all relevant information on the LULUCF contribution is reported
in table 1 of this common tabular format can refer to table 1.
* To be seen as Denmark's contribution to progress towards the joint EU28 target for 2020. The estimates shown are therefore Denmark's (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands) total GHG emissions
(without LULUCF and with indirect CO2 emissions) including CO2 from international aviation. On guidance from the European Commission the latter ("inventory CO2 from international aviation" based on
fuel sold to aircrafts starting from Danish airports) is included in this table 4 as a proxy for CO2 from international aviation activities reported by aviation entities registered in the Danish quota register
("entity CO2 from international and domestic aviation" based on fuel used by Danish entities). The data without CO2 from international aviation is in kt CO2eq.:
70,356.39(1990)/63,217.47(2010)/57,982.07(2011)/53,138.01(2012)/54,992.85(2013)/50,800.99(2014)/48,331.14(2015).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
648
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0649.png
T
ABLE
4(
A
)I: R
EPORTING
ON PROGRESS
-
IN ACHIEVING THE QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
–
FURTHER
INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ACTIONS RELEVANT TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE LAND USE
,
LAND
-
USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY SECTOR IN
2015
Table 4(a)I
Progress in achieving the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions relevant to the
contribution of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in 20XX-3
= 2018-3 = 2015
a, b
Net GHG emissions/removals Base year/period or
from LULUCF categories
(kt CO2 eq)
Total LULUCF
A: Forest land
1. Forest land remaining forest land
2. Land converted to forest land
3. Other (please specify)
B. Cropland
1. Cropland remaining cropland
2. Land converted to cropland
3. Other (please specify)
C. Grassland
1. Grassland remaining grassland
2. Land converted to grassland
3. Other (please specify)
D. Wetlands
1. Wetlands remaining wetlands
2. Land converted to wetlands
3. Other (please specify)
E. Settlements
1. Settlements remaining settlements
2. Land converted to settlements
3. Other (please specify)
F. Other land
1. Other land remaining other land
2. Land converted to other land
3. Other
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
c
reference level value
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
d
Contribution from
Cumulative contribution
LULUCF for reported year from LULUCF
e
(kt CO2 eq)
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
Accounting approach
f
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
G. Other (please specify)
NA*
NA*
Harvested wood products
NA*
NA*
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of
units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets.
Parties that use the LULUCF approach that is based on table 1 do not need to complete this table, but should indicate the approach in table 2. Parties should fill in a separate table for
each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
c
d
e
f
b
For each category, enter the net emissions or removals reported in the most recent inventory submission for the corresponding inventory year. If a category differs from that used for
Enter one reference level or base year/period value for each category. Explain in the biennial report how these values have been calculated.
If applicable to the accounting approach chosen. Explain in this biennial report to which years or period the cumulative contribution refers to.
Label each accounting approach and indicate where additional information is provided within this biennial report explaining how it was implemented, including all relevant
accounting parameters (i.e. natural disturbances, caps).
g
Specify what was used for the category “other”. Explain in this biennial report how each was defined and how it relates to the categories used for reporting under the Convention or
its Kyoto Protocol.
* Not Applicable as LULUCF is excluded from the joint EU28 2020-target under the UNFCCC.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
649
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0650.png
T
ABLE
4(
A
)I: R
EPORTING
ON PROGRESS
-
IN ACHIEVING THE QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
–
FURTHER
INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ACTIONS RELEVANT TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE LAND USE
,
LAND
-
USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY SECTOR IN
2016
Table 4(a)I
Progress in achieving the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions relevant to the
contribution of the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in 20XX-2
= 2018-2 = 2016
a, b
Net GHG emissions/removals Base year/period or
from LULUCF categories
(kt CO2 eq)
Total LULUCF
A: Forest land
1. Forest land remaining forest land
2. Land converted to forest land
3. Other (please specify)
B. Cropland
1. Cropland remaining cropland
2. Land converted to cropland
3. Other (please specify)
C. Grassland
1. Grassland remaining grassland
2. Land converted to grassland
3. Other (please specify)
D. Wetlands
1. Wetlands remaining wetlands
2. Land converted to wetlands
3. Other (please specify)
E. Settlements
1. Settlements remaining settlements
2. Land converted to settlements
3. Other (please specify)
F. Other land
1. Other land remaining other land
2. Land converted to other land
3. Other
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
c
reference level value
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
d
Contribution from
Cumulative contribution
LULUCF for reported year from LULUCF
e
(kt CO2 eq)
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
Accounting approach
f
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
G. Other (please specify)
NA*
NA*
Harvested wood products
NA*
NA*
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
b
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of
Parties that use the LULUCF approach that is based on table 1 do not need to complete this table, but should indicate the approach in table 2. Parties should fill in a separate table for
c
For each category, enter the net emissions or removals reported in the most recent inventory submission for the corresponding inventory year. If a category differs from that used for
d
Enter one reference level or base year/period value for each category. Explain in the biennial report how these values have been calculated.
e
If applicable to the accounting approach chosen. Explain in this biennial report to which years or period the cumulative contribution refers to.
f
Label each accounting approach and indicate where additional information is provided within this biennial report explaining how it was implemented, including all relevant
g
Specify what was used for the category “other”. Explain in this biennial report how each was defined and how it relates to the categories used for reporting under the Convention or
its Kyoto Protocol.
* Not Applicable as LULUCF is excluded from the joint EU28 2020-target under the UNFCCC.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
650
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0651.png
T
ABLE
4(
A
)II: R
EPORTING ON
P
ROGRESS
-
IN ACHIEVEMENT OF THE QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
–
FURTHER
INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ACTIONS RELEVANT TO THE COUNTING OF EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS FROM THE LAND USE
,
LAND
-
USE CHANGE
AND FORESTRY SECTOR IN RELATION TO ACTIVITIES UNDER
A
RTICLE
3,
PARAGRAPHS
3
AND
4,
OF THE
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL
Table 4(a)II
Progress in achievement of the quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets – further information on mitigation actions relevant to the counting of emissions and removals
from the land use, land-use change and forestry sector in relation to activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol
a,b, c
INFORMATION TABLE ON ACCOUNTING FOR ACTIVITIES UNDER ARTICLES 3.3 AND 3.4 OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL:
2013-2020
Commitment period accounting:
NA
Annual accounting:
NA
Number of the reported year in the commitment period:
0
Net emissions/removals
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK ACTIVITIES
Base year
A. Article 3.3 activities
A.1. Afforestation and Reforestation
A.1.1. Units of land not harvested since the beginning of the
commitment period
A.1.2. Units of land harvested since the beginning of the
commitment period
A.2. Deforestation
B. Article 3.4 activities
B.1. Forest Management (if elected)
3.3 offset
k
l
j
j
d
e
Accounting Accounting
2019
2020
f
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
(kt CO2 eq)
Total
g
Parameters
h
Quantity
i
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
Forest management cap
B.2. Cropland Management (if elected)
B.3. Grazing Land Management (if elected)
B.4. Revegetation (if elected)
Note: 1 kt CO2 eq equals 1 Gg CO2 eq.
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
Abbreviations: CRF = common reporting format, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified
economy-wide emission reduction targets.
b Developed country Parties with a quantified economy-wide emission reduction target as communicated to the secretariat and contained in document FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1 or any update to that document, that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, may use table 4(a)II for reporting of accounting quantities if
LULUCF is contributing to the attainment of that target.
c Parties can include references to the relevant parts of the national inventory report, where accounting methodologies regarding LULUCF are further described in the documentation box or in the biennial reports.
d Net emissions and removals in the Party’s base year, as established by decision 9/CP.2.
e All values are reported in the information table on accounting for activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol, of the CRF for the relevant inventory year as reported in the current submission and are automatically entered in this table.
f Additional columns for relevant years should be added, if applicable.
g Cumulative net emissions and removals for all years of the commitment period reported in the current submission.
h T he values in the cells “3.3 offset” and “Forest management cap” are absolute values.
i T he accounting quantity is the total quantity of units to be added to or subtracted from a Party’s assigned amount for a particular activity in accordance with the provisions of Article 7, paragraph 4, of the Kyoto Protocol.
j In accordance with paragraph 4 of the annex to decision 16/CMP.1, debits resulting from harvesting during the first commitment period following afforestation and reforestation since 1990 shall not be greater than the credits accounted for on that unit of land.
k In accordance with paragraph 10 of the annex to decision 16/CMP.1, for the first commitment period a Party included in Annex I that incurs a net source of emissions under the provisions of Article 3 paragraph 3, may account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in
areas under forest management under Article 3, paragraph 4, up to a level that is equal to the net source of emissions under the provisions of Article 3, paragraph 3, but not greater than 9.0 megatonnes of carbon times five, if the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the
managed forest since 1990 is equal to, or larger than, the net source of emissions incurred under Article 3, paragraph 3.
l In accordance with paragraph 11 of the annex to decision 16/CMP.1, for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol only, additions to and subtractions from the assigned amount of a Party resulting from Forest management under Article 3, paragraph 4, after the application of paragraph 10 of the
annex to decision 16/CMP.1 and resulting from forest management project activities undertaken under Article 6, shall not exceed the value inscribed in the appendix of the annex to decision 16/CMP.1, times five.
Documentation box:
* Not Applicable as LULUCF is excluded from the joint EU28 2020-target under the UNFCCC.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
651
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0652.png
T
ABLE
4(
B
): R
EPORTING
Table 4(b)
Reporting on progress
a, b, c
ON PROGRESS
-
IN ACHIEVEMENT OF THE QUANTIFIED ECONOMY
-
WIDE EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS
–
FURTHER
INFORMATION ON THE USE
(I.E:
RETIREMENT
)
OF
K
YOTO
P
ROTOCOL UNITS
(AAU
S
, ERU
S
, CER
S T
CER
S AND L
CER
S
)
AND OTHER UNITS
Units of market based mechanisms
Kyoto Protocol units
AAUs
ERUs
Kyoto Protocol units
d
Year
20XX-3
= 2015
20XX-2
= 2016
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
CERs
tCERs
lCERs
Units from market-
based mechanisms
under the
Other units
,d,e
Units from other
market-based
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
Total
(number of units)
(kt CO2 eq)
NA*
NA*
NA*
NA*
Note: 20XX is the latest reporting year.
Abbreviations: AAUs = assigned amount units, CERs = certified emission reductions, ERUs = emission reduction
units, lCERs = long-term certified emission reductions, tCERs = temporary certified emission reductions.
a
Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not
prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms
under the Convention or other market-based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide
emission reduction targets.
For each reported year, information reported on progress made towards the emission reduction target shall
include, in addition to the information noted in paragraphs 9(a-c) of the reporting guidelines, on the use of units
from market-based mechanisms.
Parties may include this information, as appropriate and if relevant to their target.
b
c
d
Units surrendered by that Party for that year that have not been previously surrendered by that or any other
Party.
Additional columns for each market-based mechanism should be added, if applicable.
e
* Not Applicable
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
652
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0653.png
T
ABLE
5: S
UMMARY OF KEY VARIABLES AND ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THE PROJECTIONS ANALYSIS
Table 5
Summary of key variables and assumptions used in the projections analysis
a
Key underlying assumptions
GDP growth rate
Population
Population growth
International oil price***
International coal price***
International gas price***
EU ETS Carbon price
a
b
Unit
% p.a.
thousands
% p.a.
USD / boe
USD / boe
USD / boe
EUR(2010)/tCO2
1990
1.5
5,135
0.10
23.73
10.25
NA
NA
1995
3.0
5,216
0.37
17.02
10.73
10.82
NA
Historical
*
2000 2005 2010
3.7 2.3 1.9
5,330 5,411 5,535
0.30 0.24 0.44
28.50 54.52 79.50
8.78 15.30 23.58
15.72 42.82 38.03
NA 22.00 15.00
b
2015
1.6
5,660
0.59
45.30
14.09
29.47
7.79
2020
1.9
5,800
0.35
70.74
14.46
34.59
5.97
Projected**
2025 2030
1.2
1.6
6,000 6,100
0.67 0.33
81.72 92.43
15.83 16.93
47.86 58.84
7.57 10.07
2035
1.6
6,100
0.00
92.43
16.93
58.84
10.07
Parties should include key underlying assumptions as appropriate.
Parties should include historical data used to develop the greenhouse gas projections reported.
* In general the starting point for the GHG projection is the latest historic GHG inventory with the future delevelopment projected on the basis
of the projected parameters only - such as projected GDP, projected fuel prices etc. (i.e. not historical parameters). Therefore the historic
parameters shown here for 1990-2010 are shown only to follow the recommendation from the review of Denmark's BR2, although this is not in
line with the purpose of the table: "include historical data used to develop the greenhouse gas projections reported".
** The key variables shown here for 2020-2035 are used for the 'with existing measures' (WEM) scenario. The results are shown in table 6(a).
*** Calculated from EUR/GJ with an exchange rate of 1.1086475 USD/EUR and a conversion factor of 6.1 GJ/boe (the higher heating value).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
653
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0654.png
T
ABLE
6(
A
): I
NFORMATION ON UPDATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTIONS UNDER A
‘
WITH MEASURES
’
SCENARIO
Table 6(a)
Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘with measures’ scenario
a
*
GHG emissions and removals (kt CO2 eq)
Base year
Sector
Energy**
Transport
Industry/industrial processes***
Agriculture
Forestry/LULUCF****
Waste management/waste
Other (specify: Memo item: International bunkers)
Memo item: International Aviation
Memo item: International Navigation
Gas
CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF****
CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF****
CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF
N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF****
N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other (specify)
Total with LULUCF
****
Total without LULUCF
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
f
d,e
b
1990
42885
10734
2343
12631
4902
1763
4784
1748
3036
59664
54808
7643
7624
7909
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
75259
70356
1995
49634
12093
2878
12079
4190
1598
6869
1841
5027
66888
62752
8078
8051
7161
7134
241
1
102
NO,NA
82472
78282
2000
42129
12285
3631
11228
4208
1513
6400
2336
4064
59316
55170
7943
7907
6953
6926
704
23
56
NO,NA
74994
70786
2005
38276
13242
2789
10788
5240
1276
4938
2560
2378
57426
52257
7715
7671
5499
5472
933
19
20
NO,NA
71611
66371
2010
36542
13125
2034
10326
-797
1190
4513
2425
2088
48851
49727
7399
7347
5166
5139
950
19
36
NO,NA
62420
63217
20XX -3
=2015
22552
12336
1992
10299
4153
1153
4983
2652
2331
39618
35559
6909
6849
5216
5182
634
5
103
NO,NA
52484
48331
c
GHG emission projections (kt CO2 eq)
#
2020
2030
19422
12325
1910
10572
2444
861
5231
2899
2331
32686
32686
6518
6518
1614
1614
428
3
42
NA,NO
47534
45090
25807
12029
1824
10702
2123
908
5302
2971
2331
41029
39005
6717
6651
5505
5473
123
1
16
NA,NO
53392
51269
42885
10734
2343
12631
4902
1763
4784
1748
3036
59664
54808
7643
7624
7909
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
75259
70356
In accordance with the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”, at a minimum
Parties shall report a ‘with measures’ scenario, and may report ‘without measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios. If a Party chooses to report ‘without measures’ and/or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios they
are to use tables 6(b) and/or 6(c), respectively. If a Party does not choose to report ‘without measures’ or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios then it should not include tables 6(b) or 6(c) in the biennial report.
b
Emissions and removals reported in these columns should be as reported in the latest GHG inventory and consistent with the emissions and removals reported in the table on GHG emissions and trends provided in this
biennial report. Where the sectoral breakdown differs from that reported in the GHG inventory Parties should explain in their biennial report how the inventory sectors relate to the sectors reported in this table.
c
20XX is the reporting due-date year (i.e. 2014 for the first biennial report).
d
In accordance with paragraph 34 of the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”,
projections shall be presented on a sectoral basis, to the extent possible, using the same sectoral categories used in the policies and measures section. This table should follow, to the extent possible, the same sectoral
categories as those listed in paragraph 17 of those guidelines, namely, to the extent appropriate, the following sectors should be considered: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
e
To the extent possible, the following sectors should be used: energy, transport, industry/industrial processes, agriculture, forestry/LULUCF, waste management/waste, other sectors (i.e. cross-cutting), as appropriate.
f
Parties may choose to report total emissions with or without LULUCF, as appropriate.
* Denmark without Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CO2 and totals are with indirect CO2 emissions. The memo items are not included in the totals.
** The IPCC category "Energy" excluding the subcategory "Transport".
*** The IPCC category "Industrial processes and product use".
**** Not Applicable for the assessment of Denmark's contribution to progress towards the joint EU28 2020 under the UNFCCC as LULUCF is excluded from this target.
# To be seen as Denmark's projected contribution to the joint EU28 target for 2020 (i.e. without Greenland and the Faroe Islands and without LULUCF, but with indirect CO2 emissions), however without CO2 from
international aviation. When including "inventory CO2 from international aviation" (based on fuel sold to aircrafts starting from Danish airports) as a proxy for CO2 from international aviation activities reported by aviation
entities registered in the Danish quota register ("entity CO2 from international and domestic aviation" based on fuel used by Danish entities) in accordance with guidance from the European Commission, the "Total without
LULUCF, with indirect (with CO2 from international aviation)" is in kt CO2eq.: 47,989.55(2020).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
654
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0655.png
T
ABLE
6(
B
): I
NFORMATION ON UPDATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTIONS UNDER A
‘
WITHOUT MEASURES
’
SCENARIO
Table 6(b)
Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘without measures’ scenario
a
*
Base year
Sector
Energy**
Transport
Industry/industrial processes***
Agriculture
Forestry/LULUCF
Waste management/waste
Other (specify: Memo item: International bunkers)
Memo item: International Aviation
Memo item: International Navigation
Gas
CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF
CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF
N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF
N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other (specify)
Total F-gases****
Total with LULUCF
f
d,e
GHG emissions and removals (kt CO2 eq)
#
2010
1990
1995
2000
2005
42885
10734
2343
12631
NE
1763
4784
1748
3036
NE
54808
NE
7624
NE
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
IE
NO,NA
42
NE
70356
54685
12093
2878
12810
NE
1724
6869
1841
5027
NE
67803
NE
8177
NE
7865
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
344
NE
84190
57466
12285
3631
12689
NE
1750
6400
2336
4064
NE
70507
NE
8144
NE
8388
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
782
NE
87821
58440
13242
2945
12688
NE
1676
4938
2560
2378
NE
72420
NE
8071
NE
7372
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1127
NE
88990
60100
13125
2409
12226
NE
1728
4513
2425
2088
NE
73285
NE
7885
NE
7039
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1379
NE
89588
b
GHG emission projections (kt CO2 eq)
20XX -3
=2015
52301
12336
2569
12199
NE
1691
4983
2652
2331
NE
65278
NE
7417
NE
7082
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1319
NE
81095
c
2020
59201
12025
2745
12350
NE
1699
5231
2899
2331
NE
72134
NE
7386
NE
7193
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
1307
NE
88020
2030
68690
12229
2659
12480
NE
1625
5302
2971
2331
NE
82058
NE
7398
NE
7251
IE
IE
IE
NO,NA
975
NE
97682
42885
10734
2343
12631
NE
1763
4784
1748
3036
NE
54808
NE
7624
NE
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
IE
NO,NA
42
NE
70356
Total without LULUCF
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
In accordance with the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”, at a minimum Parties
shall report a ‘with measures’ scenario, and may report ‘without measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios. If a Party chooses to report ‘without measures’ and/or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios they are to use
tables 6(b) and/or 6(c), respectively. If a Party does not choose to report ‘without measures’ or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios then it should not include tables 6(b) or 6(c) in the biennial report.
b
Emissions and removals reported in these columns should be as reported in the latest GHG inventory and consistent with the emissions and removals reported in the table on GHG emissions and trends provided in this
biennial report. Where the sectoral breakdown differs from that reported in the GHG inventory Parties should explain in their biennial report how the inventory sectors relate to the sectors reported in this table.
20XX is the reporting due-date year (i.e. 2014 for the first biennial report).
In accordance with paragraph 34 of the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”,
projections shall be presented on a sectoral basis, to the extent possible, using the same sectoral categories used in the policies and measures section. This table should follow, to the extent possible, the same sectoral
categories as those listed in paragraph 17 of those guidelines, namely, to the extent appropriate, the following sectors should be considered: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
d
e
f
c
To the extent possible, the following sectors should be used: energy, transport, industry/industrial processes, agriculture, forestry/LULUCF, waste management/waste, other sectors (i.e. cross-cutting), as appropriate.
Parties may choose to report total emissions with or without LULUCF, as appropriate.
* Denmark without Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CO2 and totals are with indirect CO2 emissions. The memo items are not included in the totals. Estimated emissions if the policies and measures implemented since 1990
have not been implemented.
** The IPCC category "Energy" excluding the subcategory "Transport".
*** The IPCC category "Industrial processes and product use".
**** Total F-gases: HFCs + PFCs + SF6
# Annual average of estimates for the period 2008-2012
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
655
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0656.png
T
ABLE
6(
C
): I
NFORMATION ON UPDATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROJECTIONS UNDER A
‘
WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES
’
SCENARIO
Table 6(c)
Information on updated greenhouse gas projections under a ‘with additional measures’ scenario
a
*
GHG emissions and removals
b
(kt CO2 eq)
Base year
Sector
d,e
GHG emission projections (kt CO2 eq)
20XX -3
=2015
22552
12336
1992
10299
4153
1153
4983
2652
2331
39618
35559
6909
6849
5216
5182
634
5
103
NO,NA
52484
48331
c
1990
42885
10734
2343
12631
4902
1763
4784
1748
3036
59664
54808
7643
7624
7909
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
75259
70356
1995
49634
12093
2878
12079
4190
1598
6869
1841
5027
66888
62752
8078
8051
7161
7134
241
1
102
NO,NA
82472
78282
2000
42129
12285
3631
11228
4208
1513
6400
2336
4064
59316
55170
7943
7907
6953
6926
704
23
56
NO,NA
74994
70786
2005
38276
13242
2789
10788
5240
1276
4938
2560
2378
57426
52257
7715
7671
5499
5472
933
19
20
NO,NA
71611
66371
2010
36542
13125
2034
10326
-797
1190
4513
2425
2088
48851
49727
7399
7347
5166
5139
950
19
36
NO,NA
62420
63217
2020
NE
#
#
2030
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
Energy**
Transport
Industry/industrial processes***
Agriculture
Forestry/LULUCF****
Waste management/waste
Other (specify)
Memo item: International bunkers
Memo item: International Aviation
Memo item: International Navigation
Gas
CO2 emissions including net CO2 from LULUCF****
CO2 emissions excluding net CO2 from LULUCF
CH4 emissions including CH4 from LULUCF****
CH4 emissions excluding CH4 from LULUCF
N2O emissions including N2O from LULUCF****
N2O emissions excluding N2O from LULUCF
HFCs
PFCs
SF6
NF3
Other (specify)
Total with LULUCF
f
****
42885
10734
2343
12631
4902
1763
4784
1748
3036
59664
54808
7643
7624
7909
7882
NO,NA
NO,NA
42
NO,NA
75259
70356
NE
NE
NE
NE
#
#
#
NE
#
NE
#
NE
#
NE
#
NE
#
NE
NE
NE
#
#
NE
#
#
#
NE
NE
NE
#
#
#
NE
NE
#
NE
#
NE
#
Total without LULUCF
Abbreviations: GHG = greenhouse gas, LULUCF = land use, land-use change and forestry.
a
In accordance with the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”, at a minimum Parties shall report
a ‘with measures’ scenario, and may report ‘without measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios. If a Party chooses to report ‘without measures’ and/or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios they are to use tables 6(b) and/or
6(c), respectively. If a Party does not choose to report ‘without measures’ or ‘with additional measures’ scenarios then it should not include tables 6(b) or 6(c) in the biennial report.
Emissions and removals reported in these columns should be as reported in the latest GHG inventory and consistent with the emissions and removals reported in the table on GHG emissions and trends provided in this biennial report.
Where the sectoral breakdown differs from that reported in the GHG inventory Parties should explain in their biennial report how the inventory sectors relate to the sectors reported in this table.
20XX is the reporting due-date year (i.e. 2014 for the first biennial report).
In accordance with paragraph 34 of the “Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part II: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on national communications”, projections shall
be presented on a sectoral basis, to the extent possible, using the same sectoral categories used in the policies and measures section. This table should follow, to the extent possible, the same sectoral categories as those listed in
paragraph 17 of those guidelines, namely, to the extent appropriate, the following sectors should be considered: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management.
d
c
b
To the extent possible, the following sectors should be used: energy, transport, industry/industrial processes, agriculture, forestry/LULUCF, waste management/waste, other sectors (i.e. cross-cutting), as appropriate.
Parties may choose to report total emissions with or without LULUCF, as appropriate.
* Denmark without Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CO2 and totals are with indirect CO2 emissions. The memo items are not included in the totals.
** The IPCC category "Energy" excluding the subcategory "Transport".
*** The IPCC category "Industrial processes and product use".
**** Not Applicable for the assessment of Denmark's contribution to progress towards the joint EU28 2020 under the UNFCCC as LULUCF is excluded from this target.
# The overall climate and energy objective of the Danish Government is to implement measures to ensure that Denmark can meet its greenhouse gas reduction obligations under the EU’s Climate and Energy Package and thereby
contribute to the acheivement of the EU28 joint target for 2020 under the UNFCCC and to the achievement of the EU28+Iceland joint target under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. As the overall result of the latest
"with measures" projection - with the effect of all adopted and implemented policies and measures - is that Denmark will achieve its greenhouse gas emission reduction target under the EU Climate and Energy Package, there has not
been a need for adopting additional measures and prepare a "with additional measures" projection.
f
e
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
656
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0657.png
T
ABLE
7: P
ROVISION OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL SUPPORT
:
SUMMARY INFORMATION IN
2015
AND
2016
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 20XX-3
a
Year:
2015
Allocation channels
Core/ general
c ,1
Domestic currency
USD
b
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
g
h
Core/
d ,2
d ,2
Climate-specific
Climate-specific
c ,1
general
e
f
e
f
Mitigation Adaptation Cross-cutting Other
Mitigation Adaptation Cross-cutting Other
1,724,196,530 60,376,475 19,400,000
160,458,725 43,221,785 256,275,322 8,974,035
2,883,512
23,849,724 6,424,254
100,000,000
0
0
0
0
0
101,035,000
0
0 14,863,463
7,428,490
0
0
0
0
0
653,992
2,229,520
12,972,808
15,017,300
0
0 1,104,131
5,599,620 5,320,123
3,232,803
0
89,352,727
0
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total climate specific by funding type (total for mitigation,
adaptation, crosscutting, other)
1,005,308,130 60,376,475 4,400,000
618,888,400
0 15,000,000
236,095,985 87,279,845
37,673,725 35,793,295 149,423,607 8,974,035
21,750,000
0 91,988,251
0
601,156,835
0
35,092,041
44,066,076
296,472,460 106,679,845
761,615,560 43,221,785
Total climate specific finance
1,207,989,650
Note: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
15,856,320
113,202,451 6,424,254
179,549,100
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation on methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in table 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities which are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Exchange rate: USD 1 = DKK 6.727907
Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
657
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0658.png
Table 7
Provision of public financial support: summary information in 20XX-2
a
Year:
2016
Allocation channels
Core/
Domestic currency
USD
b
Total contributions through multilateral channels:
Multilateral climate change funds
g
h
Core/
d ,2
d ,2
Climate-specific
Climate-specific
c ,1
general
general
e
f
e
f
Mitigation Adaptation Cross-cutting Other
Mitigation Adaptation Cross-cutting Other
1,612,561,003 105,096,975 62,030,309
119,803,678 7,428,485 239,546,725 15,612,207 9,214,633
17,796,895 1,103,505
c ,1
100,000,000
0
0 44,219,978
0
0
50,000,000
0 14,855,049
0
0
0
6,568,899
0
7,427,524
0
8,242,602
2,126,768
84,869,031
0
1,103,505
0
0
0
1,103,505
Other multilateral climate change funds
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional
development banks
Specialized United Nations bodies
Total contributions through bilateral, regional and other channels
Total climate specific by funding type (total for mitigation,
adaptation, crosscutting, other)
0 7,428,485
55,486,873
14,316,805
571,314,381
1,078,469,757 77,665,395
60,331
434,091,246 27,431,580 17,750,000
241,306,872 186,125,839
0 160,207,210 11,537,232
8,962
0 64,484,467 4,074,975 2,636,771
0
35,846,254 27,649,084
346,403,847 248,156,148
691,118,059 7,428,485
1,293,106,538
Total climate specific finance
Note: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviation: USD = United States dollars.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
51,458,461 36,863,717
102,665,925
192,091,608
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should provide an explanation on methodology used for currency exchange for the information provided in table 7, 7(a) and 7(b) in the documentation box.
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as climate-specific.
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
This refers to funding for activities which are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Please specify.
Multilateral climate change funds listed in paragraph 17(a) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Other multilateral climate change funds as referred in paragraph 17(b) of the “UNFCCC biennial reporting guidelines for developed country Parties” in decision 2/CP.17.
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.731718)
Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
658
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0659.png
T
ABLE
7(
A
): P
ROVISION OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL SUPPORT
:
CONTRIBUTION THROUGH MULTILATERAL CHANNELS IN
2015
AND
2016
Table 7(a)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 20XX-3
= 2015
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
b ,3
source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Donor funding
Core
/general
d ,1
Climate-specific
e ,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Sector
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
c ,7
DKK
USD
DKK
USD
Total contributions through multilateral channels
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other multilateral climate change f unds
7.1 Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol)
############## 256,275,321.58
100,000,000.00
100,000,000.00
14,863,463.48
14,863,463.48
283,456,985.00
108,463,490.00
42,131,525.45
16,121,431.23
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
100,000,000.00
1,035,000.00
0.00
1,005,308,130.00
624,220,000.00
12,500,000.00
195,439,800.00
66,615,850.00
0.00
149,423,606.78
92,780,711.74
1,857,932.94
29,049,123.30
9,901,422.54
37,440,500.00
106,532,480.00
614,220,000.00
10,000,000.00
15,834,416.26
91,294,365.39
1,486,346.35
66,367,020.00
4,600,000.00
22,379,820.00
4,400,000.00
7,428,490.00
7,428,490.00
138,243,495.00
31,379,820.00
2,500,000.00
556,155.00
14,863,463.48
153,836.85
1,104,130.90
1,104,130.90
20,547,771.39
4,664,128.09
371,586.59
82,663.90
Disbursed
Disburs ed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-cutting
Cross-Cutting
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
1. World Bank
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other
(7.)1.1 Other (World Bank (xxx))
(7.)1.2 Other (World Bank (IDA))
(7.)1.3 Other (World Bank (IBRD))
(7.)1.4 Other (World Bank (IBRD))
Disburs ed
Disburs ed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
5,564,955.04
9,864,437.78
683,719.32
3,326,416.37
653,992.39
Disburs ed
Mitigation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Other (68% Food aid/Food security programmes / 52010; 32% Environmental
policy and administrative management / 41010)
Other (89% Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies /
23210; 11% Financial policy and administrative management / 24010)
(7.)3.1 Other (African Development Bank (yyy))
15,881,220.00
(7.)3.2 Other (African Development Bank (AFDF))
7.1 Other (GGGI)
7.2 Other (OECD)
7.3 Other (IEA)
7.4 Other (Inter-Governmental Authority on Development)
7.5 Other (CGIAR)
7.6 Other (Nordic Development Fund)
7.7 Other (Other multilateral institutions)
2,360,499.34
26,688,623.97
556,155.00
82,663.90
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
179,558,580.00
30,573,725.00
4,544,314.45
Disbursed
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
70,000,000.00
36,532,480.00
618,888,400.00
345,000,000.00
345,000,000.00
10,404,424.44
5,429,991.82
35,793,295.00
91,988,251.32
51,278,949.01
51,278,949.01
4,459,039.04
4,459,039.04
15,000,000.00
15,000,000.00
2,229,519.52
2,229,519.52
36,750,000.00
0.00
5,320,123.33
5,462,322.83
0.00
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Other (NA)
Other (NA)
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
1.0 UNDP (Total)
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
2. United Nations Environment Programme
2.0 UNEP (Total)
30,000,000.00
30,000,000.00
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
3. Other
3.1 Other (FAO)
3.2 Other (IFAD)
3.3 Other (UNIDO)
3.4 Other (WPF)
3.5 Other (UNICEF)
3.6 Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
3.7 Other (United Nations Office of the President of the General Assembly)
243,888,400.00
36,250,263.27
21,750,000.00
15,000,000.00
3,232,803.31
2,229,519.52
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Adaptation
Agricultural development / 31120
28,000,000.00
5,888,400.00
210,000,000.00
4,161,769.77
875,220.18
31,213,273.31
5,500,000.00
1,250,000.00
817,490.49
185,793.29
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Note: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviations: ODA = official development assistance, OOF = other official flows.
a
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should explain, in their biennial reports, the methodologies used to specify the funds as disbursed and committed. Parties will provide the information for as many status categories as appropriate in the following order of priority: disbursed and committed.
Parties may select several applicable sectors. Parties may report sectoral distribution, as applicable, under “Other”.
d
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as climate-specific.
e
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
f
Please specify.
g
This refers to funding for activities which are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.727907)
Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
b
c
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
659
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0660.png
Table 7(a)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through multilateral channels in 20XX-2
= 2016
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
b ,3
Financial
instrument
5
source
4
Type of support
6
Donor funding
Core
/general
d ,1
Climate-specific
e ,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
f
Grant
Concessional
loan
Non-
concessional
loan
Equity
Other
f
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
f
g
Sector
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
Not applicable
f
c ,7
DKK
USD
DKK
USD
Total contributions through multilateral channels
Multilateral climate change funds
1. Global Environment Facility
2. Least Developed Countries Fund
3. Special Climate Change Fund
4. Adaptation Fund
5. Green Climate Fund
6. UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities
7. Other multilateral climate change funds
7.1 Other (Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol)
1,612,561,003.27
100,000,000.00
100,000,000.00
239,546,725.41 294,359,446.76 43,727,239.73
14,855,048.89
14,855,048.89
44,219,978.00
6,568,899.35
101,648,463.00
15,099,928.87
Disbursed
Di sbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
50,000,000.00
0.00
1,078,469,757.42
667,220,000.00
7,000,000.00
404,249,757.42
0.00
160,207,209.72
99,115,857.20
1,039,853.42
60,051,499.10
7,428,485.00
7,428,485.00
133,212,599.07
89,810,164.62
4,275,000.00
49,974.68
7,427,524.44
1,103,505.08
1,103,505.08
19,788,796.72
13,341,343.86
635,053.34
7,423.76
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutti ng
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Other (NA)
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks
1. World Bank
2. International Finance Corporation
3. African Development Bank
4. Asian Development Bank
5. European Bank f or Reconstruction and Development
6. Inter-American Development Bank
7. Other
(7.)1.1 Other (World Bank (xxx))
(7.)1.2 Other (World Bank (IDA))
(7.)1.3 Other (World Bank (IBRD))
(7.)1.4 Other (World Bank (IBRD))
Di sbursed
ODA
Grant
Cross-Cutti ng
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
0.00
664,220,000.00
3,000,000.00
0.00
98,670,205.73
445,651.47
39,077,459.78
3,000,000.00
22,138,357.89
64,671,806.73
5,804,975.75
445,651.47
3,288,663.89
9,607,028.51
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Agricultural development / 31120
Other (73% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 20%
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110; 7% Wind energy / 23240)
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Mitigation
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
(7.)3.1 Other (African Development Bank (yyy))
1,282,163.62
(7.)3.2 Other (African Development Bank (AFDF))
7.1 Other (GGGI)
7.2 Other (OECD)
7.3 Other (IEA)
7.4 Other (Inter-Governmental Authority on Development)
7.5 Other (CGIAR)
7.6 Other (Nordic Development Fund)
7.7 Other (Other multilateral institutions)
190,466.03
59,861,033.07
49,974.68
7,423.76
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
402,967,593.80
29,073,515.04
1,543,613.74
8,400,000.00
60,331.00
4,318,884.87
229,304.57
1,247,824.11
8,962.20
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Other (78% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 22%
Research/scientific institutions / 43082)
Other (76% Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010; 24%
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110)
Agricultural land resources / 31130
Specialized United Nations bodies
1. United Nations Development Programme
1.0 UNDP (Total)
434,091,245.85
210,000,000.00
210,000,000.00
64,484,466.80
31,195,602.67
31,195,602.67
1,336,954.40
1,336,954.40
59,498,384.69
27,431,579.69
27,431,579.69
7,745,805.00
6,245,805.00
1,500,000.00
8,838,514.13
4,074,974.57
4,074,974.57
1,150,643.12
927,817.39
222,825.73
3,612,896.44
1,188,403.91
381,923.31
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Civilian peace-building, conflict prevention and resolution / 15220
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Disbursed
ODA
Grant
Mitigation
Other (73% Energy policy and administrative management / 23110; 27%
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010)
2. United Nations Environment Programme
2.1 UNEP (Project 1)
2.2 UNEP (Project 2)
3. Other
3.1 Other (FAO)
3.2 Other (IFAD)
3.3 Other (UNIDO)
3.4 Other (WPF)
3.5 Other (UNICEF)
3.6 Other (United Nations Office for Project Services)
3.7 Other (United Nations Office of the President of the General Assembly)
9,000,000.00
9,000,000.00
215,091,245.85
31,951,909.73
24,321,000.00
8,000,000.00
2,571,000.00
5,091,245.85
210,000,000.00
756,307.06
31,195,602.67
8,250,000.00
5,500,000.00
1,225,541.53
817,027.69
Disbursed
Disbursed
Note: Explanation of numerical footnotes is provided in the documentation box after tables 7, 7(a) and 7(b).
Abbreviations: ODA = official development assistance, OOF = other official flows.
a
Parties should fill in a separate table for each year, namely 20XX-3 and 20XX-2, where 20XX is the reporting year.
Parties should explain, in their biennial reports, the methodologies used to specify the funds as disbursed and committed. Parties will provide the information for as many status categories as appropriate in the following order of priority: disbursed and committed.
Parties may select several applicable sectors. Parties may report sectoral distribution, as applicable, under “Other”.
d
This refers to support to multilateral institutions that Parties cannot specify as climate-specific.
e
Parties should explain in their biennial reports how they define funds as being climate-specific.
f
Please specify.
g
This refers to funding for activities which are cross-cutting across mitigation and adaptation.
Exchange rate (USD 1 = DKK 6.727907)
Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
b
c
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
660
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0661.png
T
ABLE
7(
B
): P
ROVISION OF PUBLIC FINANCIAL SUPPORT
:
CONTRIBUTION THROUGH BILATERAL
,
REGIONAL AND OTHER CHANNELS IN
2015
AND
2016
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2015
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Recipient country/
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
9,750,000
9,000,000
1,965
18,500,000
27,500,000
248,580
672,310
243,625
584,535
1,000,055
7,500,000
13,993,490
904,385
2,160
1,420,350
1,012,420
19,372,460
9,953,090
602,300
2,705
859,820
12,661,920
7,850,460
6,396,135
441,240
1,065,065
378,265
21,412,095
1,406,465
2,628,290
639,005
5,300,000
1,308,135
4,723,270
1,811,720
8,758,355
2,327,730
633,265
2,753,050
8,062,590
1,501,360
28,920
218,310
USD
1,449,188
1,337,712
292
2,749,741
4,087,452
36,948
99,929
36,211
86,882
148,643
1,114,760
2,079,917
134,423
321
211,113
150,481
2,879,419
1,479,374
89,523
402
127,799
1,882,000
1,166,850
950,687
65,584
158,306
56,223
3,182,579
209,049
390,655
94,978
787,764
194,434
702,042
269,284
1,301,795
345,981
94,125
409,199
1,198,380
223,154
4,299
32,448
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Multisector aid / 43010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Security system management and reform / 15210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry development / 31220
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy research / 23182
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural financial services / 31193
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Forestry research / 31282
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy research / 23182
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
CRS 2013001246 / Support to National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Support to DACAAR
CRS 2014001300ab / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2014001300ac / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2014001300aa / Afghanistan Country Programme - TP 3: Growth and Employment
CRS 2009002287 / Africa Commission. University, Research, Agro-Business initiative URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2011001498aa / Support to Water Management in the SADC/Zambezi Region
CRS 2014001040 / Opfølgning på Opportunity Africa 2014
CRS 2013001225 / CSR-facility: Fashion Links - Access to Sustainable Production
CRS 2014001161 / JCLEC - core support to JCLEC strategic plan 2014-2019
CRS 2015001246 / Climate Envelope 2015: IUCN - Mangroves for the Future Phase 3 (2015-18)
CRS 2010001680 / HYSAWA Fund Component
CRS 2010001681 / Sector Policy Support Component
CRS 2013001119 / Climate Change Adaptation Pilot Project
CRS 2014001221ab / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221aa / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2015001187 / Climate Change Adaptation Project Phase II
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, consultancies and management
CRS 2010001403 / Adviser
CRS 2013001339ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001339aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340ad / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001340aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part III: Promotion of Sustainable Natural Resource Management & Climate Change
CRS 2013001378ab / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378ac / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378ad / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2013001378aa / Bolivia Country Programme - part I: Promotion of Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding for Fundación INESAD
CRS 2009002442 / Composante 1 Appui au PAGIRE 2
CRS 2012001507ab / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507ac / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001507aa / Appui à l'entrepreneuriat et au secteur privé agricole
CRS 2012001508ab / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2012001508aa / Appui à l'amélioration des conditions cadres du secteur agricole
CRS 2015001132 / INERA - Restauration et amelioration de la productivite de peuplements de karite au BF
CRS 2008001543 / Renewable Energy Programme: Component 1 - institutional development
CRS 2008001544 / Renewable Energy Programme: Component 2 - innovative RE technologies
CRS 2008001545 / Renewable Energy Programme: Programme Administration
CRS 2008001546 / Renweable Energy Programme: International Programme Advisor
CRS 2008001547 / Renewable Energy Programme: Monitoring and Reviews
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
661
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0662.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2015
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Recipient country/
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
7,010,130
70,440
11,655,925
312,500
5,000,000
2,500,000
750,000
500,000
6,000,000
20,000,000
202,135
11,345
2,500,000
26,930
216,150
1,250,000
1,785,000
10,000,000
7,434,810
16,196,780
7,940,000
628,925
850,000
12,500,000
12,100,000
400,000
533,140
9,000,000
61,500,000
7,500,000
28,000,000
7,500,000
60,500,000
762,500
1,500,000
1,257,205
3,750,000
5,000,000
359,405
212,135
500,000
210,280
181,920
750,000
2,924,725
113,945
1,131,825
550,000
3,404,110
5,441,800
1,040
10,414,680
2,333,425
609,015
306,120
369,870
225,410
USD
1,041,948
10,470
1,732,474
46,448
743,173
371,587
111,476
74,317
891,808
2,972,693
30,044
1,686
371,587
4,003
32,127
185,793
265,313
1,486,346
1,105,070
2,407,402
1,180,159
93,480
126,339
1,857,933
1,798,479
59,454
79,243
1,337,712
9,141,030
1,114,760
4,161,770
1,114,760
8,992,395
113,334
222,952
186,864
557,380
743,173
53,420
31,531
74,317
31,255
27,040
111,476
434,715
16,936
168,228
81,749
505,969
808,840
155
1,547,982
346,828
90,521
45,500
54,975
33,504
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Human rights / 15160
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Human rights / 15160
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Sectors not specified / 99810
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector aid / 43010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Wind energy / 23240
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Education facilities and training / 11120
Agricultural development / 31120
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
CRS 2011001193 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001176 / Climate Envelope 2012: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy) - MAIN- Peru
CRS 2012001278 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2012001308 / Study: Evidence and Strategic Choices for the Green Growth Priority Area of Danida's Development Cooperation Strategy
CRS 2013001139 / IWGIA 2013-2015: Climate change partnership with indiginous peoples in South- and Southeast Asia - pro-poor REDD
CRS 2013001178 / Climate Envelope 2013 - World Bank-ESMAP, IEA and IISD - fossil fuel subsidy reform
CRS 2013001278 / CSR-Facility: Strengthen Danish efforts on Ethical Trade
CRS 2013001280 / CSR-facility. Fairtrade Mærket Danmark Fonden. Fairtrade for all: contribution to fivefold increase the Fairtrade consumption in Denmark by 2020
CRS 2013001290 / Support to Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001342 / International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
CRS 2014001001 / Preparation and information of evaluations, evaluation studies and other studies
CRS 2014001041 / 3GF 2014-bevilling
CRS 2014001079 / International Research.
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106aa / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001128 / General Support to Transparency International
CRS 2014001145 / Grant for the administration af research to Danida Fellowship centre
CRS 2014001167 / Support for climate and energy actitities in developing countries UNEP and UNEP-Risø
CRS 2014001184 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2014001185 / Research projects/FFU incl. pilot projects from 2008. South and North driven from 2013
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001292 / Klimapuljen 2014 - Support to negotiation activitites
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014001371ab / IUCN - Programme support 2015-2016
CRS 2014001371aa / IUCN - Programme support 2015-2016
CRS 2014001384 / Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Facility
CRS 2015001010 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2016
CRS 2015001013 / DCA - Rammebevilling 2015 - 2016
CRS 2015001015 / Verdens Skove - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001016 / Save the Children - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001019 / WWF - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001025 / IBIS - Frame Agreement 2015-2016
CRS 2015001057 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2016
CRS 2015001064ab / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001064aa / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001091 / Support to World Resources Insitute (WRI) 2013-2017
CRS 2015001138 / Climate Envelope 2015: Support for CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy)
CRS 2015001149 / CSR Facility 2015: NEPcon
CRS 2015001175aa / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
CRS 2015001241 / 3ie
CRS 2007001582aa / Zafarana Wind Farm Project, Component III
CRS 2012001420 / Horn of Africa - food security and resilience - programme management
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-facility: Let's do it right in Myanmar - supporting strong corporate social and environmental responsibility
CRS 2015001245ac / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia
CRS 2012001203 / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001384 / Toms Gruppen/Ibis/Source Trust-Creating Sustainable Cocoa Supply Chain
CRS 2013001203 / CSR-facility. Forest of the World. Creating shared value in the Honduran Forestry Sector
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357 / Environment and climate
CRS 2012001359 / Energy and Climate
CRS 2012001386 / Natural Ressourcemanagement and Climate
CRS 2012001387 / Advisors
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia and Smoke Solution
CRS 2013001352 / DBP Hyprowira Adhitama and Weel and Sandvig
CRS 2014001199 / DBP Kaltimex Lestari Makmur and Syntes Engineering
CRS 2015001215aa / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
662
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0663.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2015
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Recipient country/
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
87,475
625,110
81,215
1,623,605
996,110
6,209,145
652,465
8,839,660
5,942,635
626,300
6,146,150
5,045,900
12,036,080
7,077,030
9,319,390
3,303,110
246,140
92,865
1,111,100
2,035,555
1,351,355
7,571,770
360,000
8,426,385
9,924,775
49,730
56,420
209,325
6,810,120
38,310
14,904,750
1,202,780
1,077,550
15,259,800
2,262,010
965,305
2,879,065
10,144,020
1,379,670
2,000,000
1,507,690
875,000
7,750,000
5,150,000
1,000,000
205,945
426,820
705,405
244,770
781,520
19,777,085
7,927,115
486,205
2,200,385
123,215
21,670
5,283,770
172,395
USD
13,002
92,913
12,071
241,324
148,056
922,894
96,979
1,313,880
883,281
93,090
913,531
749,996
1,788,978
1,051,892
1,385,184
490,957
36,585
13,803
165,148
302,554
200,858
1,125,427
53,508
1,252,453
1,475,165
7,392
8,386
31,113
1,012,220
5,694
2,215,362
178,775
160,161
2,268,135
336,213
143,478
427,929
1,507,753
205,067
297,269
224,095
130,055
1,151,918
765,468
148,635
30,611
63,440
104,848
36,381
116,161
2,939,560
1,178,244
72,267
327,053
18,314
3,221
785,351
25,624
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Sectors not specified / 99810
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Energy generation, non-renewable sources – unspecified / 23310
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental research / 41082
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Decentralisation and support to subnational government / 15112
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
CRS 2006001308 / Strategic Management Component
CRS 2006001311 / Programme Support Unit
CRS 2009002004 / U-landskalender 2009: Under the Same Sky: Schools for Sustainable Development
CRS 2009002460ab / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460ac / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002460aa / Component 1. Environmental Policies and Governance
CRS 2009002472ab / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002472aa / Component 2. Support to Arid Lands Resource Management
CRS 2009002473 / Component 3. Civil Society and Private Sector Management of Natural Resources
CRS 2009002474 / Programme management
CRS 2010001565 / BSPSII/Component 2 - Competitiveness of Micro-, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
CRS 2010001566 / BSPSII/Component 1 - Business Enabling Environment
CRS 2010001567 / BSPSII/Component 3 - Innovation and piloting Green Energy
CRS 2012001326 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001327 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001328 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2012001329 / Kenya - Climate Envelope 2012: continuation of bilateral climate programme re. energy efficiency
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluation of the Danida Country Programme for Kenya
CRS 2009002134 / Projet de faisabilité des ressources de l'énergie renouvelables au Mali
CRS 2009002330ac / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330ad / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2009002330aa / Appui au BPO Eau
CRS 2013001146 / Projet de faisabilité d'une centrale thermique à déchets à Bamako
CRS 2013001256 / Développement et amélioration des infrastructures (composant 2)
CRS 2013001257 / Renforcement des capacités et des compétences (composant 3)
CRS 2013001258ab / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2013001258ac / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2013001258aa / Études, audits, formation, DFC, suivi et évaluation
CRS 2015001112 / Améliorer l'accés à l'eau et l'assainissement. Programme de transition 2015-2016 2/3
CRS 2013001337ab / Climate Envelope 2013: Climate change mitigation and energy in Mexico
CRS 2013001337aa / Climate Envelope 2013: Climate change mitigation and energy in Mexico
CRS 2010001507 / MERAP - Middle East Regional Agri. Prog.
CRS 2010001416ab / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001416aa / Komponent 1
CRS 2010001458 / Component 3
CRS 2010001460 / Administration/review
CRS 2010001461ab / Component 2-Municipalities
CRS 2010001461aa / Component 2-Municipalities
CRS 2014001325ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326ab / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2014001326aa / Climate Change and Environmental Sector Programme Support Phase III
CRS 2013001078 / (GRET) Myanmar Farmers Innovating for Rural development and Environmental restoration, MyFIRE
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Central Renewable Energy Fund (CREF) Component
CRS 2012001360 / NRREP: Technical Support Component
CRS 2012001361 / NRREP: Productive Energy Component
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Reviews, Audit and Studies
CRS 2013001129 / DBP Nepal Fertliser Industries and Biosa ApS
CRS 2014001100 / Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd and Nilpeter A/S
CRS 2008001524ab / Rural development Support in Diffa and Zinder regions
CRS 2008001524aa / Rural development Support in Diffa and Zinder regions
CRS 2012001157 / Composante 1/Approvisonnement en Eau Potable et Gestion Intégrée de Ressources en Eau
CRS 2012001158 / Composante 2/ Promotion de l'Hygiène et de l'Assainissement de Base
CRS 2012001160 / Conseiller Danida
CRS 2012001171 / Assistance technique par Bureaux d'études
CRS 2012001172 / Revues, Audits, études et formulation de la 3ème phase du programme
CRS 2014001138ab / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2014001138ac / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
CRS 2014001138aa / Programme de Promotion de l'Emploi et de la Croissance Economique dans l'Agriculture au Niger
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
663
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0664.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2015
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Recipient country/
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Funding source
4
Financial instrument
5
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
South of Sahara, regional
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Zambia
Zambia
482,420
297,165
4,266,540
1,222,505
359,300
6,000,000
12,394,240
402,975
989,275
202,230
12,120
357,925
6,499,655
50,390
589,250
1,292,665
706,950
45,030
107,950
848,955
8,185
104,600
387,100
1,514,270
17,424,630
8,300,000
27,501,840
4,649,830
150,040
16,967,130
5,644,520
1,926,115
3,005,895
348,840
3,697,115
5,250,000
2,535,195
116,500
223,855
4,131,920
518,830
891,240
507,350
129,740
2,317,540
925,460
1,457,450
31,790
442,595
1,191,460
922,690
98,230
44,450
316,035
USD
71,704
44,169
634,156
181,707
53,404
891,808
1,842,213
59,896
147,041
30,058
1,801
53,200
966,074
7,490
87,583
192,135
105,077
6,693
16,045
126,184
1,217
15,547
57,536
225,073
2,589,904
1,233,667
4,087,726
691,126
22,301
2,521,903
838,971
286,287
446,780
51,850
549,519
780,332
376,818
17,316
33,273
614,146
77,116
132,469
75,410
19,284
344,467
137,555
216,628
4,725
65,785
177,092
137,144
14,600
6,607
46,974
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural development / 31120
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
South of Sahara, regional
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Zambia
Zambia
CRS 2004001292 / Ilocos Norte, Bangui Bay Wind Farm Project, Phase II
CRS 2010001509 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, capacity building
CRS 2010001510 / Private Sector Programme in Serbia, Financing facility
CRS 2010001511 / Administration incl. audit and review
CRS 2010001512 / Adviser
CRS 2012001418aa / Horn of Africa - comp. 2: FAO and NGO consortium: support to resilience in Somalia
CRS 2012001288 / Climate Envelope 2012: South Africa - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / Private/Public Partnership Project in the Water Sector
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-Facility: Establishment and implementation of international standards for sustainable and traceable cocoa
CRS 2013001326 / Organic Denmark - project identification for the project ECOMEA 'Enhancing the capacity of the organic movements in East Africa'
CRS 2007001286 / EMA-ISP Component 1
CRS 2007001287ab / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001287aa / UDEM - Component 2
CRS 2007001291 / PFM - Component 3
CRS 2013001193 / Renewal of Ferry Fleet on Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa: Support to Detailed Design and Tendering
CRS 2013001365aa / BSPS IV - Component 1: Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2015001163 / Tyrkiet. Danish-Turkish Strategic Sector Cooperation (energy, environment, research)
CRS 2008001259 / B2B Konserve Consult Ltd and Energimidt A/S
CRS 2009002060 / Restoration of Agricultural Livelihood in Northern Uganda
CRS 2009002325 / Agribusiness Development Initiative
CRS 2010001581 / Youth Cultures Project
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich and Uvan
CRS 2012001213 / International Woodland Company and Continental Forests Ltd.
CRS 2012001411 / An integrated approach to natural resources management in Northern Uganda
CRS 2013001184 / Sector Budget Support for Rural Water Supply
CRS 2013001325 / Climate Envelope 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), ph. 2
CRS 2013001353 / Joint Partnership Fund-basket
CRS 2013001354 / Long term technical assistance
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / Agribusiness Initiative - aBi Trust & aBi Finance
CRS 2014001149ab / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149ac / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001149aa / Recovery and Development in Northern Uganda
CRS 2014001151 / Reviews and Studies
CRS 2014001401ab / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401aa / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2006001132 / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001133 / Programme management
CRS 2007001119 / Central component
CRS 2008001365 / Support to National Target Programme on Climate Change
CRS 2008001366 / Support to National Energy Efficiency Programme
CRS 2008001367 / Programme management
CRS 2011001479ab / Renewable Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2011001479aa / Renewable Energy Water Supply for the Mekong Delta
CRS 2012001287ab / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287ac / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Climate Envelope 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001486 / Danish support to Reduction of Non-Revenue Water in Vietnam
CRS 2013001198 / DBP: University of Can Tho and Oxy Guard International A/S
CRS 2014001106ab / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001245 / DBP Thuy Son JSC and C.F. Nielsen A/S
CRS 2015001175ab / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
CRS 2008001481 / Program reviews
CRS 2011001391 / Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Trade facilitation / 33120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Water transport / 21040
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Urban development and management / 43030
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Culture and recreation / 16061
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Water supply - large systems / 14021
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural policy and administrative management / 31110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Multisector aid / 43010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Exchange rate 2015: USD 1 = DKK 6.727907, Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
664
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0665.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2016
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Recipient country/
Financial instrument
5
source
4
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
19,500,000
9,000,000
50,000
37,292,531
600,000
6,399,123
179,998
500,000
2,500,000
2,842,616
353,439
3,676,993
1,017,160
10,045,841
11,286
129,650
1,662,061
1,681,751
17,800,527
1,536,850
8,872,053
2,943,343
9,654,563
779,120
16,198,995
1,491,542
612,104
195,720
1,400,000
3,627,030
2,751,445
1,996,049
34,531,839
385,832
35,000,000
23,597,779
13,760
29,072
333,985
12,596,386
13,453,614
5,283,096
USD
2,896,735
1,336,954
7,428
5,539,824
89,130
950,593
26,739
74,275
371,376
422,272
52,503
546,219
151,100
1,492,315
1,676
19,260
246,900
249,825
2,644,277
228,300
1,317,948
437,235
1,434,190
115,739
2,406,369
221,569
90,928
29,074
207,971
538,797
408,729
296,514
5,129,722
57,316
5,199,267
3,505,462
2,044
4,319
49,614
1,871,199
1,998,541
784,806
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Equity
Equity
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Public sector policy and administrative management / 15110
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural education/training / 31181
Security system management and reform / 15210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Sectors not specified / 99810
Industrial policy and administrative management / 32110
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Forestry research / 31282
General budget support-related aid / 51010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Industrial policy and administrative management / 32110
Solar energy / 23230
Wind energy / 23240
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Africa, regional
Asia, regional
Asia, regional
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
China (People's Republic of)
CRS 2013001246 / Støtte til National Solidarity Programme (NSP)
CRS 2013001248 / Støtte til DACAAR
CRS 2014001300ab / Landeprogram Afghanistan - TP 3: Vækst og Beskæftigelse
CRS 2014001300aa / Landeprogram Afghanistan - TP 3: Vækst og Beskæftigelse
CRS 2011001498ab / Støtte til forvaltningen af vand i SADC/Zambezi regionen
CRS 2011001498aa / Støtte til forvaltningen af vand i SADC/Zambezi regionen
CRS 2011001526 / Afrikakommissionen. Universitets-, forsknings- og agribusiness initiativet URABI, (FARA)
CRS 2014001161 / (tom)
CRS 2015001246 / Climate Envelope 2015: IUCN - Mangroves for the Future Phase 3 (2015-18)
CRS 2010001680 / (tom)
CRS 2010001681 / (tom)
CRS 2014001221ac / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2014001221ad / Climate Change Adaptation and Mittigation Programme
CRS 2015001187 / Climate Change Adaptation Project Phase II
CRS 2010001398 / Øget værditilvækst især i små og mellemstore virksomheder, med mest fokus på forarbejdning af landbrugsvarer
CRS 2010001402 / Administration, rådgivning og control
CRS 2013001339ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001339aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ac / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340ad / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001340aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del III: Fremme af bæredygtig naturressourceforvaltning & klimaænding
CRS 2013001378ab / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378ac / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378ad / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2013001378aa / Landeprogram Bolivia - del I: Fremme af inklusiv og bæredygtig økonomisk vækst
CRS 2014001175 / Research and Outreach activities on Equitable and Sustainable Development, 2014-2017- Core Funding for Fundación INESAD
CRS 2016001175 / Evaluation of the Danish engagement in Bolivia 1994-2016
CRS 2016320078 / (tom)
CRS 2009002442 / Component 1 Support to Integrated Water Resources Management PAGIRE 2)
CRS 2012001507ab / Improved access to consultancy advice and financing for private enterprises
CRS 2012001507aa / Improved access to consultancy advice and financing for private enterprises
CRS 2012001508 / Improved framework conditions for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises and extension of infrastructure
CRS 2015001132 / INERA - Forbedring af production af Sheabutter
CRS 2015001299 / General Budget Support Burkina Faso
CRS 2015001306 / Eau et Assainissement 2016-2020
CRS 2008001543 / Program for vedvarende energi: komponent 1 - institutionel udvikling
CRS 2008001545 / Program for vedvarende energi: programadministration
CRS 2016001142 / Strategic sector cooperation Water and Environment, China
CRS 2016320015 / (tom)
CRS 2016320080 / (tom)
CRS 2016320081 / (tom)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
665
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0666.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2016
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Recipient country/
Financial instrument
5
source
4
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
13,719
4,395,058
5,237,534
2,483,434
650,000
8,500,000
4,300,000
6,833
79,721
592,340
1,805,000
15,000,000
285,478
2,518,643
3,440,000
10,901
5,000,000
12,500,000
12,500,000
359,483
963,894
3,750,000
4,127,323
718,810
509,455
4,500,000
7,500,000
11,800,000
5,550,000
31,500,000
1,100,000
350,000
3,200,615
7,000,000
5,000,000
4,800,000
29,550,000
19,200,000
10,700,000
125,726
430,552
750,000
2,925,000
2,377,905
7,930,010
73,770
119,751
350,000
1,170,680
190,728
938,071
498,747
12,017,560
17,002,652
782,905
1,480,149
80,197
531,174
183,040
353,673
1,340,404
USD
2,038
652,888
778,038
368,915
96,558
1,262,679
638,767
1,015
11,843
87,992
268,134
2,228,257
42,408
374,146
511,014
1,619
742,752
1,856,881
1,856,881
53,401
143,187
557,064
613,116
106,780
75,680
668,477
1,114,129
1,752,896
824,455
4,679,340
163,406
51,993
475,453
1,039,853
742,752
713,042
4,389,667
2,852,169
1,589,490
18,677
63,959
111,413
434,510
353,239
1,178,007
10,959
17,789
51,993
173,905
28,333
139,351
74,089
1,785,214
2,525,752
116,301
219,877
11,913
78,906
27,191
52,538
199,118
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Adaptation
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Higher education / 11420
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Relief co-ordination; protection and support services / 72050
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Multisector education/training / 43081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Research/scientific institutions / 43082
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Multisector aid / 43010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Forestry policy and administrative management / 31210
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Material relief assistance and services / 72010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Multisector aid for basic social services / 16050
Sectors not specified / 99810
Wind energy / 23240
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Education facilities and training / 11120
Education facilities and training / 11120
Agricultural development / 31120
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Sanitation - large systems / 14022
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Developing countries, unspecified
Egypt
Ethiopia
Far East Asia, regional
Georgia
Georgia
Ghana
Ghana
Ghana
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia
CRS 2009002362 / Bæredygtig Naturressourceforvaltning
CRS 2012001277 / Klimapuljen 2012: Agrhymet - klimatilpasning i vestlige Afrika
CRS 2012001278 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2012001404 / Danske Universiteters platforme
CRS 2013001278 / CSR-puljen: DIEH en styrket dansk indsats inden for etisk handel
CRS 2013001290 / Støtte til Global Water Partnership (GWP) 2013-18 (5 år)
CRS 2013001325 / Klimapuljen 2013: Pro-poor REDD (IUCN), fase 2
CRS 2014001083 / Rammeaftale med Caritas 2014
CRS 2014001096 / Evaluation of the Danish Humantarian Strategy 2010-2015
CRS 2014001106 / Evaluation of the Danish Climate Change Funding to Developing Countries
CRS 2014001145 / Driftsbevilling til administration af forskningen til Danida Fellowship Centre
CRS 2014001167 / Støtte til klima- og energiindsatser i udviklingslandene via FNs miljøprogram (UNEP) og Risø-centeret
CRS 2014001184 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2014001185 / Forskningsprojekter/FFU inkl. pilotprojekter fra 2008. Syd- og Norddrevne fra 2013
CRS 2014001186 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2014001233 / Joint Scandinavian evaluation of support to capacity development
CRS 2014001234 / IIED 2014-2019
CRS 2014001332 / Rio+20 - CISU - Civil Society Activities in the area of Climate and Environment, contribution 2014-2016
CRS 2014001371 / Programstøtte til den Internationale Naturbevaringssammenslutning IUCN
CRS 2014001384 / Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Facility
CRS 2015001064 / 3GF2015
CRS 2015001091 / Støtte til World Resources Institute (WRI) 2013-2017
CRS 2015001138 / Klimapuljen 2015: Støtte til CCAP (Centre for Clean Air Policy)
CRS 2015001149 / CSR-pulje 2015: NEPcon. Ansvarligt indkøb af soya, kvæg og palmeolie: Reducering af sociale og miljømæssige risici.
CRS 2015001215 / Evaluation of Danida Energy and Environment Co-operation in South East Asia
CRS 2015001250 / Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU)
CRS 2016001031 / Vedvarende Energi - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001032 / Verdens Skove - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001033 / WWF - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001043 / Folkekirkens Nødhjælp humanitær partnerskabsaftale 2016
CRS 2016001080 / Support to the 92 Group in the area of climate and environment 2015-2017
CRS 2016001084ab / 3GF 2016
CRS 2016001084aa / 3GF 2016
CRS 2016001111 / Klimapuljen 2016: Forlængelse af Low Carbon Transition Unit (LCTU) - Danish Energy Agency Energy Partnership (DEA EP)
CRS 2016001144 / IFU Development Program
CRS 2016001145 / Dansk støtte til NDC-partnerskab
CRS 2016001021 / Røde Kors - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001018 / CARE - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2016001019 / Caritas - Rammebevilling 2015-2017
CRS 2007001582 / Zafarana vindmølleprojekt, fase 3
CRS 2016001197aa / Accelerating Wind Power Generation in Ethiopia (2016-2019)
CRS 2013001227 / CSR-puljen: Lad os gøre det rigtigt i Myanmar - Støtte til fremme af virksomheders samfundsansvar
CRS 2015001245ab / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia.
CRS 2015001245aa / Support to Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Energy in Georgia.
CRS 2012001203ab / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001203aa / Establishment of Environmental Monitoring Laboratory at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) Project
CRS 2012001384 / Toms Gruppen/Ibis/Source Trust-Creating Sustainable Cocoa Supply Chain
CRS 2013001203 / CSR-puljen. Verdens Skove. Skabelse af fælles værdier i den honduranske skovsektor
CRS 2016320082 / (tom)
CRS 2010001615 / Bæredygtig forvaltning af Mbeliling skov på Flores, Indonesien
CRS 2011001222 / Indonesia: Klimapuljen 2011/Climate Envelope 2011: support to Harapan-province
CRS 2012001357ab / Miljø & Klima
CRS 2012001357aa / Miljø & Klima
CRS 2012001386 / Naturressourceforvaltning og Klima
CRS 2012001387ab / Rådgiver
CRS 2012001387aa / Rådgiver
CRS 2012001442 / DBP Pandega Desain Weharima og AG5
CRS 2013001134 / DBP Tansoputra Asia og Smoke Solution
CRS 2013001352 / DBP Hyprowira Adhitama og Weel and Sandvig
CRS 2014001199 / DBP Kaltimex Lestari Makmur og Syntes Engineering
CRS 2015001286 / Danish-Indonesian Strategic Sector Cooperation on clean energy, renewable energy and energy efficiency
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
666
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0667.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2016
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Recipient country/
Financial instrument
5
source
4
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Malaysia
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
1,978,943
1,011,416
484,028
674,872
8,547,404
299,857
2,797,004
3,897,840
3,842,597
34,523
2,037,300
11,436,269
16,271,208
6,917,920
6,534,249
82,711
249,032
2,800,056
15,765,960
22,394,304
10,949,327
5,007,383
37,678
866,836
30,799,217
65,924
11,076,239
175,021
869
404,896
481,065
2,630,240
6,973,555
658,700
6,841,300
95,000
365,685
1,599,875
7,564
2,000,000
567,011
313,184
447,794
9,520,509
4,055,506
469,468
2,399,525
748,995
7,000,000
86,746
99,995
426,157
1,249,339
573,786
450,285
4,565,169
459,665
554,062
225,541
USD
293,973
150,246
71,903
100,253
1,269,721
44,544
415,496
579,026
570,820
5,128
302,642
1,698,863
2,417,096
1,027,660
970,666
12,287
36,994
415,950
2,342,041
3,326,685
1,626,528
743,849
5,597
128,769
4,575,239
9,793
1,645,381
26,000
129
60,148
71,462
390,723
1,035,925
97,850
1,016,278
14,112
54,323
237,662
1,124
297,101
84,230
46,524
66,520
1,414,276
602,447
69,740
356,451
111,264
1,039,853
12,886
14,854
63,306
185,590
85,236
66,890
678,158
68,283
82,306
33,504
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Equity
Equity
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Sectors not specified / 99810
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Industrial development / 32120
Wind energy / 23240
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Water supply and sanitation - large systems / 14020
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Agricultural development / 31120
Fishery development / 31320
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Agricultural development / 31120
Agricultural development / 31120
Sectors not specified / 99810
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Agricultural services / 31191
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Democratic participation and civil society / 15150
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Malaysia
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mali
Mexico
Mexico
Middle East, regional
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozambique
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Nepal
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Niger
Philippines
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
Serbia
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South of Sahara, regional
CRS 2009002460ab / Komponent 1: Fattigdomsorienteret miljøpolitik og forvaltning
CRS 2009002460aa / Komponent 1: Fattigdomsorienteret miljøpolitik og forvaltning
CRS 2009002472ab / Komponent 2. Støtte til fattigdomsbekæmpelse i tørkeområder
CRS 2009002472aa / Komponent 2. Støtte til fattigdomsbekæmpelse i tørkeområder
CRS 2009002473 / Komponent 3. Fattigdomsbekæmpelse gennem civilsamfund/den private sektor
CRS 2009002474 / Programstyring og monitering
CRS 2010001566 / Støtte til forbedret erhvervsklima
CRS 2010001567 / Innovation og pilot-aktiviteter udvikling af grøn energi
CRS 2012001327 / Kenya - Klimapuljen 2012: videreførelse af bilateralt klimaprogram vedr. energieffektivitet
CRS 2014001385 / Real-Time Evaluation of the Danida Country Programme for Kenya
CRS 2015001217ab / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217ac / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001217aa / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218ab / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2015001218aa / Thematic Programme Green Growth & Employment - Kenya CP 2016-2020
CRS 2016001141 / Kenyan-Danish SSC on Green Growth in the manufacturing Sector
CRS 2016320083 / (tom)
CRS 2016320084 / (tom)
CRS 2009002330ab / Støtte til det nationale sektorprogram for vand og sanitet i Mali - vandkomponent
CRS 2009002330aa / Støtte til det nationale sektorprogram for vand og sanitet i Mali - vandkomponent
CRS 2013001256 / Udvikling og forbedring af infrastruktur (komponent 2)
CRS 2013001257 / Styrkelse af kapacitet og kompetencer (komponent 3)
CRS 2013001258ab / Studier, revision, uddannelse, DFC, tilsyn og evaluering
CRS 2013001258aa / Studier, revision, uddannelse, DFC, tilsyn og evaluering
CRS 2015001112 / Improving access to water and sanitation. Transitionsprogramme Mali 2015-2016 2/3
CRS 2013001337ab / Klimapuljen 2013: Imødegåelse af klimaforandringer samt energi i Mexico
CRS 2013001337aa / Klimapuljen 2013: Imødegåelse af klimaforandringer samt energi i Mexico
CRS 2010001507 / Regionalt landbrugsprogram i Mellemøsten
CRS 2010001458 / (tom)
CRS 2010001460 / (tom)
CRS 2010001461 / (tom)
CRS 2014001325ab / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001325aa / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001326ab / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2014001326aa / Klima og Miljøsektorprogram Fase III
CRS 2013001078 / (GRET) Myanmar Farmers Innovating for Rural development and Environmental restoration, MyFIRE
CRS 2016001157ab / Real-Time Evaluation of Sustainable Coastal Fisheries, Myanmar
CRS 2016001190ab / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2016001190ac / Country Programme 2016-2020. ISEG Thematic Programme: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth
CRS 2012001347 / NRREP: Centrale Fond for Vedvarende Energi (CREF) komponent
CRS 2012001363 / NRREP: Reviews, revision and studier
CRS 2013001129 / DBP Nepal Fertliser Industries og Biosa ApS
CRS 2014001100 / DBP Implemetation Phase between Nilpeter A/S and Mirage Printing Solution P. Ltd.
CRS 2012001157 / Vandprogrammet i Niger (PASEHA2)/ Komponent 1
CRS 2012001158 / Vandprogrammet i Niger (PASEHA 2)/ Komponent 2
CRS 2012001160 / Rådgiver i vand og miljøministeriet
CRS 2012001171 / Teknisk assistance af konsulentfirma
CRS 2012001172 / Reviews, revision, studier og formulering af 3. programfase.
CRS 2014001138ab / Landbrugsprogrammet
CRS 2014001138aa / Landbrugsprogrammet
CRS 2004001292 / Ilocos Norte, Bangui Bay vindmølle-projekt, fase II
CRS 2010001509 / Privat sektor program i Serbien. kapacitetsopbygning
CRS 2010001510 / Privat sektor program i Serbien, finansieringsfacilitet
CRS 2010001511 / Administration inkl. revision og review
CRS 2010001512 / Rådgiverbistand
CRS 2012001288 / Klimapuljen 2012: Sydafrika - low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001141 / (tom)
CRS 2016001102 / South African - Danish Strategic Sector Cooperation on Water
CRS 2013001212 / CSR-puljen: Udvikling og implementering af internationale standarder for bæredygtighed og sporbarhed af kakao
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
667
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0668.png
Table 7(b)
Provision of public financial support: contribution through bilateral, regional and other channels in 20XX-3
= 2016
Recipient country/
region/project/programme
b
a
Funding
Total amount
Status
c ,3
Recipient country/
Financial instrument
5
source
4
Type of support
6
Sector
d ,7
region/project/programme
b
Additional Information
e
Project/programme/activity
Climate-specific
f
,2
Committed
Disbursed
ODA
OOF
Other
g
Grant
Concessional loan
Non-concessional loan
Equity
Other
g
Mitigation
Adaptation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
h
Energy
Transport
Industry
Agriculture
Forestry
Water and sanitation
Cross-cutting
Other
g
Recipient country or region
DKK
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
65,420
4,637,570
552,418
763
5,522
463,727
445,951
USD
9,718
688,913
82,062
113
820
68,887
66,246
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
Disbursed
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
ODA
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Adaptation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Mitigation
Cross-Cutting
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Business support services and institutions / 25010
Urban development and management / 43030
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Environmental education/ training / 41081
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Water supply - large systems / 14021
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Water sector policy and administrative management / 14010
Agricultural development / 31120
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Rural development / 43040
Agricultural development / 31120
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Energy generation, renewable sources – multiple technologies / 23210
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation / 14030
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Energy policy and administrative management / 23110
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Environmental policy and administrative management / 41010
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) development / 32130
Multisector aid / 43010
Tanzania
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Uganda
Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
Viet Nam
CRS 2007001286 / Implementering of Environmental Act
CRS 2013001365 / Agricultural Markets Development
CRS 2015001163 / Danish-Turkish Strategic Sector Cooperation (energy, environment, research)
CRS 2010001260 / Grøn Skole Program
CRS 2011001469 / Overgangsstøtte til Ugandas klimakoordineringsenhed
CRS 2011001556 / Firmenich og Uvan (U) Ltd
CRS 2012001213 / International Woodland Company og Continental Forests Ltd.
CRS 2013001184 / Sektorbudgetstøtte til vandforsyning i landområder
CRS 2013001353 / Fælles donorfond
CRS 2013001354 / Langsigtet teknisk bistand
CRS 2013001355 / Administration/review
CRS 2014001147 / (tom)
CRS 2014001149ab / xxxx
CRS 2014001149ac / xxxx
CRS 2014001149aa / xxxx
CRS 2014001151 / xxxx
CRS 2014001401ab / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401ac / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2014001401aa / Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme 2014-17.
CRS 2006001132ab / Technical assistance
CRS 2006001132ac / Technical assistance
CRS 2008001365 / Støtte til Nationalt Klimaprogram
CRS 2008001366 / Støtte til Nationalt Energieffektivitetsprogram
CRS 2008001367 / Programovervågning
CRS 2012001287ab / Klimapuljen 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2012001287aa / Klimapuljen 2012: Vietnam - Low carbon transition in the energy efficiency sector
CRS 2013001197 / Vestas and Cong Ly Collaboration on Wind Farm Development in Vietnam
CRS 2013001198 / Vietnamese Danish Aquaculture Technology Excellence Centre
CRS 2014001245 / Biomass Briquettes Production in Can Tho
CRS 2015001175 / Evaluation of Vietnam: Transition from Aide to Trade
114,029,668 16,939,163
27,500,740
1,880,272
777,792
10,773,801
10,969,477
4,295,016
8,299,772
563,903
250,000
610,151
88,736
28,798
948
1,509,411
558,963
949,913
4,525,351
3,759,895
579,451
794,890
364,254
479,837
4,085,248
279,315
115,541
1,600,453
1,629,521
638,027
1,232,935
83,768
37,138
90,638
13,182
4,278
141
224,224
83,034
141,110
672,243
558,534
86,078
118,081
54,110
71,280
Exchange rate 2016: USD 1 = DKK 6.731718, Source: OECD ( https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
668
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0669.png
D
OCUMENTATION BOX FOR
T
ABLES
7, 7(A)
AND
7(B)
Documentation box:
1: Core/general
Core funding provided to listed multilateral institutions has been identified based on information on individual grants in CRS++ (Type of Aid set as "B02 - Core contributions to multilateral institutions"). In addition to the institutions listed in the CTF, core funding provided for other multilateral institutions with climate
related project portfolios have been included, specifically support for:
CGIAR
,
the International Fund for Agricultural Development
,
the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol
,
Nordic Development Fund
,
UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
,
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
,
and
World Food Programme
.
Only core funding to the multilateral institutions listed on the most recent OECD-DAC list of 7 July 2017 (http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/annex2.htm) is reported under the "Core/general" heading. The figures reported are 100% of the total amounts of disbursed grants. The figures are not imputed and Denmark is not providing
any estimates concerning the climate-related share for core funding to the multilateral institutions. This also applies to the funding to the Global Environment Facility.
Core funding provided to Multilateral climate change funds, other than the Global Environment Facility, and to the Global Green Growth Institute is not counted as core funding, but instead included as climate-specific funding.
Core funding to the World Bank has been divided into support provided to specific institutions, including the International Development Association and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Support provided for the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative is not included in the core funding. The reported funding
for African Development Bank includes funding for the African Development Fund (as a seperate project) and the reported funding for Asian Development Bank includes funding for the Asian Development Fund.
2: Climate specific
The core/general and climate-specific data are mutually exclusive. Thus, what is reported as climate-specific is not included in the core/general. Funding has been seperated based on information on individual grants in CRS++, so climate-specific funds do not have a Type of Aid set as "B02 - Core contributions to multilateral
institutions". In addition, some types of aid are not included in the reporting, specifically "F01 - Debt relief", "G01 - Administrative costs not included elsewhere", "H01 - Development awareness", and "H02 - Refugees in donor countries".
The categories “mitigation”, “adaptation”, “cross-cutting” and “other” are mutually exclusive. Mitigation and adaptation support are defined in line with the OECD DAC definitions, based on the applied Rio markers. Cross-cutting activities are those that involve both mitigation and adaptation components. Total amount for
climate-specific contributions is calculated as 50% of contributions to projects with a Rio-marker 1 ("Significant") for adaptation and/or mitigation. 100% is given for projects with Rio-marker 2 ("Principal"). In cases where mitigation is the principal objective and adaptation is a significant objective is the project and
related funding counted as relating 100% to mitigation (and the other way around if adaptation is the principal objective while mitigation is a significant objective). Denmark reports contributions to such projects and 100% funding for the principal objective and 0% funding for the significant objective, as the total climate-
specific funding cannot exceed 100%.
Denmark separates climate-specific multilateral funding not provided as core funding (“Multi-bi” funding) from the climate-specific funding from bilateral, regional and other channels. This separation is based on OECD DAC channel codes and the multilateral funds are reported in Table 7(a). Multilateral funding is defined
as all funding with channel codes "40000 - Multilateral Organisations".
Denmark reports core funding for the institutions listed as climate-specific in table 7(a) as climate-specific multilateral funding. These institutions are Least Developed Countries Fund, Special Climate Change Fund, Adaptation Fund, Green Climate Fund, UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities, and Other multilateral
climate change funds. Denmark also report core funding to the Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as climate-specific.
Smaller amounts of climate-specific funding to a number of non-UN institutions have been included in Table 7(a) under Multilateral financial institutions, including regional development banks "7. Other". These are collectively identified as "Other (Other multilateral institutions)", and include support provided to
Intergovernmental Authority on Development
,
International Energy Agency
,
Mekong River Commission
,
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
, and
Southern African Development Community
. Some of the funding provided to these institutions were in Denmarks Second Biennial Report reported under bilateral,
regional and other channels in Table 7(b).
Information on Project/programme/activity in Table 7(b) include both the name of the project as provided in CRS++ and the CRS Identification Number.
3: Status
Denmark reports figures for disbursements.
As a supplement, figures for commitments are also included in the Seventh National Communication (Annex D1) in seperate tables using the CTF format.
4: Funding source
Denmark's Third Biennial Report include figures for official development assistance (ODA) and for other official flows (OOF).
5: Financial instrument
Denmark's Third Biennial Report is limited to include figures on grants and equity. Finance identified by the CRS++ category "Type of Finance" as "110 - Standard grant", "210 - Interest subsidy", and "310 - Capital subscription on deposit basis" have been classified as grants, while finance identified as "510 - Common equity"
have been classified as equity.
No loan instruments, guarentees or debt relief instruments have been included in the reported figures.
6: Type of support
The types of support that can be reported are “Mitigation”, “adaptation”, “cross-cutting” and “other”. The applied Rio-markers are used to distinguish between the different support types. Contributions relating to programmes, projects and activities assigned a positive Rio-marker for either mitigation or adaptation are
reported under the relevant heading. Definitions of mitigation and adaptation is defined in accordance with the definition in set down by OECD DAC in the
Converged Statistical Reporting Directives for the Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the Annual DAC Questionnaire
including the detailed information found in Annex 18 of
the directive. Mitigation seeks to limit climate change by reducing the emissions of GHGs or by enhancing sink opportunities. Adaptation aims to lessen the adverse impacts of climate change. Crosscutting is used for funding for activities which is crosscutting across mitigation and adaptation. Contributions relating to
programmes, projects and activities assigned a positive Rio-marker for both mitigation and adaptation are reported as crosscutting.
For multilateral institutions receiving both core funding and climate-specific funding, the type of support refers only to the climate-specific part of the funding.
For multilateral institutions receiving several different types of support, the amounts have been specified on individual lines in Table 7(a).
7: Sector
The sectors have been defined based on the purpose code as defined by DAC-DCD. The purpose codes reported here follow the list of CRS purpose codes taking effect in 2017 reporting on 2016 flows. The sectors reported are the sectors where each purpose code belongs. The information provided include both the name of the
sector and the purpose code.
For multilateral institutions receiving both core funding and climate-specific funding, the sector refers only to the climate-specific part of the funding.
For multilateral institutions receiving support for more than one sector, the percentage attributed to each sector is specified in Table 7(a).
Each Party shall provide an indication of what new and additional financial resources they have provided, and clarify how they have determined that such resources are new and additional. Please provide this information in relation to table 7(a) and table 7(b).
New and Additional (cf. CTF note to Table 7): According to the reporting requirements, Annex II parties shall clarify how they have determined if resources are new and additional. When the terminology “new and additional” was used in Article 4.3 of the UNFCCC, the intent was to ensure that no development assistance funds
would be diverted by Annex II developed country Parties to meet their obligations under the Convention. There is still not any agreement on a definition of new and additional. Denmark sees climate and development assistance as strongly interdependent and, as climate is mainstreamed in Danish development assistance,
climate finance cannot be clearly separated from development finance altogether, except for the earmarked funds in the Climate Envelope.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
669
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0670.png
T
ABLE
8: P
ROVISION OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER SUPPORT
Table 8
Provision of technology development and transfer support
a,b
Recipient country and/or
region
Targeted area
Measures and activities related to technology transfer Sector
c
Source of the
Activities undertaken Status
funding for
by
technology transfer
Private
Public
Private
Public
Implemented
Planned
Additional information
d
Mitigation
Adaptation
Mitigation and
adaptation
Energy
Transport
Ethiopia, Mexico, South
Africa, Vietnam, Ukraine,
Turkey and Indonesia)
Global/International
International and China
Mitigation
Industry
Agriculture
Water and sanitation
Other
Assist countries with energy planning and transition to Energy
renewal energy
Other (Technology), Energy
Other (Technology), Energy
Private and public
Private and public
Public
Public
Implemented
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.8
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.8
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.5
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.5
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.8
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.8
Mitigation and The Climate Technology Centre and Network, CTCN
adaptation
(UNEP-DTU)
Mitigation
Two engagements through the International Energy
Agency (IEA):
i) IEA China Energy Cooperation Centre (CECC) that
contribute to China’s sustainable energy transition.
ii) Clean Energy Ministerial Secretariat (CEM
Secretariat) is facilitating exchange of best practice of
clean energy policies
Adaptation
Promotion of green technologies in Strategic Sector
Cooperation with Kenya
Public
Public
Public
Public
Implemented
Implemented
Kenya
a
b
c
d
Other (Technology)
Public
Public
Implemented
NC7: Chapter 7.4.2.7
BR3: Chapter VI.4.2.7
To be reported to the extent possible.
The tables should include measures and activities since the last national communication or biennial report.
Parties may report sectoral disaggregation, as appropriate.
Additional information may include, for example, funding for technology development and transfer provided, a short description of the measure or activity and co-financing arrangements.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
670
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0671.png
T
ABLE
9: P
ROVISION OF CAPACITY
-
BUILDING SUPPORT
Table 9
Provision of capacity-building support
a
Recipient country/ region
Targeted area
Programme or project title
Mitigation
Adaptation
Technology development and transfer
Multiple areas
Adaptation
Climate Change Adaptation
Project
Adaptation and Mitigation
Description of programme or project
b,c
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Ethiopia
Adaptation
Denmark has 2013 to 2016 supported Bangladesh with a Climate Change Adaptation Project that has with a
participatory approach was focused on adaptation of rural infrastructure to climate change. Including
upgrading, constructing and maintaining of climate resilient and sustainable rural roads.
Promotion of Sustainable
The programme is with 236 mio. DKK ( 2014-2018) supporting supported: i) Improved forest management
Natural Resource
and livelihood in national parks and forestry areas, ii) Improved energy efficiency, use of renewable
Management & Climate
energy and cleaner technologies and iii) Climate change mitigation and adaptation (indicators will be
Change (Bolivia Country
based on monitoring system that will be developed during 2013/14, including reduces rate of
Programme - part III)
deforestation and emissions compared to a base scenario, adaptation of production and management
methods related to forest management.
Greening of Agricultural
The thematic programme is designed to i) accelerate a green” transformation of the agricultural sector
Transformation in Ethiopia
with a focus on the Ethiopian small-holder farmers and ii) gather speed to the mainstreaming and
(GATE) thematic programme implementation of Ethiopian climate resilient green economy initiatives within agriculture and forestry.
Program to support
sustainable energy systems
via Fossil Fuel Subsidy
Reform
Least Developed Countries
Fund
Denmark is among 15 donors supporting ESMAP, which is a World Bank technical assistance and knowledge
programme providing advisory and analytical services to low- and middle income countries to increase
their capacity to achieve sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and low carbon development.
Global
Mitigation
LDCF has funded developments of NAPAs, and at this stage all LDCs have an approved NAPA in place.
Almost all countries which have produced an approved NAPA have at least one LDCF project. In total, 138
projects have been endorsed (by May 2016), where 67% of the financing goes to Africa and Asia and Pacific
receives 30% of the finance. This largely reflects the geographical distribution of the LDCs.
Ethiopia, Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam, Ukraine, Turkey and Indonesia)
Mitigation
Assist countries with energy The Danish Energy Agency cooperates with the governments of several emerging economies with focus on
planning and transition to
policy improvements in long term energy planning and modelling, renewable energy integration and
renewal energy
deployment, energy efficiency interventions and in climate change mitigation.
Kenya
Mitigation
Promotion of green
The project is designed to strengthen the capacity of Kenyan partners to mitigate uncontrolled emissions
technologies in Strategic
of untreated solid waste and waste water affecting health and the quality of the livelihood of Kenyan
Sector Cooperation
citizens in a context of circular economy.
South of Sahara, regional
Mitigation
Enhancing the capacity of the A regional market in the East African Community for organic products that will contribute to; poverty
organic movements in East alleviation and income generation for small holder farmers in the region; improved nutritional status for
Africa, ECOMEA
consumers; mitigation of climate changes; is developed. Trade facilitation project in collaboration with
Organic Denmark.
Mozambique
Multiple Areas
Adaptation and building
Programme supporting programmes for adaptation and building climate change resilience (between 2011
climate change resilience in and 2016) in collaboration with central government, municipalities, and civil society organisations.
a
b
Global
Adaptation
To be reported to the extent possible.
Each Party included in Annex II to the Convention shall provide information, to the extent possible, on how it has provided capacity-building support that responds to the existing and emerging capacity-
building needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and technology development and transfer.
c
Additional information may be provided on, for example, the measure or activity and co-financing arrangements.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
671
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0672.png
Annex G
Literature
Climate policy in Denmark in general
Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building, 2014:
Denmark’s Sixth National Communication and First
Biennial Report - under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, 2015:
Denmark’s Second Biennial Report - under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
In general and cross-sectional on efforts:
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2005a:
Denmark’s CO
2
Emissions – Efforts in the Period 1990-
2001 and the costs involved – Main Report, Statement from the Danish EPA no. 2, 2005 (in Danish).
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2005b:
Denmark’s CO
2
Emissions – Efforts in the Period 1990-
2001 and the costs involved – Annex Report, Statement from the Danish EPA no. 3, 2005 (in Danish).
Taxes
Augustsen, Drejer, Hansen & Lund-Andersen, 2009:
The Institute of State Authorized Public Accountants in
Denmark (FSR) Tax laws including notes 2009, Forlaget Thompson (in Danish).
The Danish Central Customs and Tax Administration, 2009:
Guidelines on Excise Duties 2009 (in Danish).
Energy
The Danish Energy Authority (2005a):
Energy political measures in the 1990s: Costs and CO
2
effects, January
2005. Technical background report concerning calculations in the energy areas in the Danish EPA report (in
Danish).
The Danish Energy Agency (2017):
Denmark's Energy and Climate Outlook 2017, March 2017.
Nielsen, M., Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M. & Hjelgaard, K., 2010:
Danish Emission Inventories for Stationary
Combustion Plants. Inventories until 2008. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University,
Denmark. 236 pp. – NERI Technical Report No. 795 (http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR795.pdf).
Transport
The Danish Road Directorate, 2002:
The transport sector’s energy consumption and emissions (in Danish).
The Danish Government (2008):
Better infrastructure – sustainable transport (in Danish).
The Danish Infrastructure Commission (2008):
Final report (in Danish).
The Danish Climate Commission report (2010):
Final report (in Danish).
The Danish Technology Council report (2012):
How to establish a fossil-free transport sector in Denmark (in
Danish).
The Danish Congestion Commission’s catalogue (2013):
Catalogue of possible initiatives (in Danish).
Winther, M. 2012:
Danish emission inventories for road transport and other mobile sources. Inventories until the
year 2010. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus. 283 pp. – DCE Scientific Report
No. 24 (http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR24.pdf).
Industry
Statutory Order
no. 552 of 2 July 2002 regulating certain industrial greenhouse gases.
Circular
no.132 of 13 June 1996 on municipal regulations concerning the disposal of refrigeration equipment
containing CFCs (in Danish).
The Danish Refrigerating Installers’ Environmental Scheme (KMO) (2004):
About KMO. (in Danish).
Consolidated Act
no. 208 of 22 March 2001 on surcharges of certain ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse
gases (in Danish).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
672
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0673.png
Pedersen, P.H. (1999):
Replacing potent greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
). Danish EPA (in Danish).
The Danish Central Customs and Tax Administration ( 2004):
Guidelines on Excise Duties 2004-1, Duties on
CFCs, HFCs, PFCs and SF
6
(in Danish).
The Danish EPA (2012):
The Greenhouse gases: HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (Danish Consumption and Emissions,
2010), Environmental Project No. 1402, May 2012.
Agriculture and forestry
Aftale om Vandmiljøplan III 2005-2015, 2004:
Aftale mellem regeringen, dansk Folkeparti og
Kristendemokraterne.
Andersson, N.E. (2004a):
Nedsættelse af CO
2
emission fra væksthuse gennem forbedret isolering, DJF.
Andersson, N.E. (2005a):
Nedsættelse af CO
2
emission fra væksthuse gennem ændret klimastyring, DJF. In:
Olesen, J.E. (ed.): Drivhusgasser fra jordbruget – reduktionsmuligheder. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
Andersson, N.E. (2004c):
Nedsættelse af CO
2
emission og energiforbrug fra væksthuse gennem isolering og
forbedret luftfugtighedsstyring, DJF.
Anthon, S. & SNS (2003):
Skovens rolle i implementeringen af Kyoto-aftalen i Danmark. Ikke-energipolitiske
tiltag.
Dalgaard, T., Olesen, J.E., Petersen, S.O., Petersen, B.M., Jørgensen, U., Kristensen, T., Hutchings, N.J.,
Gyldenkærne, S., Hermansen, J.E. (2011):
Developments in greenhouse gas emissions and net energy use in
Danish agriculture – How to achieve substantial CO2 reductions? Environmental Pollution. Volume 159, Issue
11, November 2011, Pages 3193–3203.
Fødevareministeriet, (2008):
Landbrug og Klima. Analyse af landbrugets virkemidler til reduktion af
drivhusgasser og de økonomiske konsekvenser (in Danish), 148 pp
Grant, R., Blicher-Mathiesen, G., Jørgensen, V., Kyllingsbæk, A., Poulsen, H.D., Børsting, C., Jørgensen, J.O.,
Schou, J.S., Kristensen, E.S., Waagepetersen, J. & Mikkelsen, H.E. (2000).
Vandmiljøplan II -
midtvejsevaluering. Miljø- og Energiministeriet, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Silkeborg, Denmark. 65 pp.
Gyldenkærne, S: (2004):
Estmater for de emissionsmæssige konsekvenser ved afbrænding af fjerkrægødning,
notat til Dansk Slagtefjerkræ. DMU.
Gyldenkærne, S. & M.H. Mikkelsen (2004):
Projection of Greenhouse Gas Emission from the Agricultural Sector.
DMU.
Gyldenkærne, S., B. Münier, J.E. Olesen, S.E. Olesen, B.M. Petersen & B.T. Christensen (2004):
Opgørelse af
CO
2
-emissioner fra arealanvendelse og ændringer i arealanvendelse. DMU og DJF.
Gyldenkærne, S., Münier, B., Olesen, J.E., Olesen, S.E., Petersen, B.M. & Christensen, B.T. (2005).
Opgørelse af
CO
2
-emissioner fra arealanvendelse og ændringer i arealanvendelse. Arbejdsrapport fra DMU Nr. 213.
Gyldenkærne, S, Petersen, BM & Olesen, JE 2007:
Konsekvenser og muligheder ved Danmarks deltagelse i
Kyotoprotokollens artikel 3.4 på landbrugsområdet, Miljøstyrelsen (Arbejdsrapport fra Miljøstyrelsen; 5).
Jacobsen, B.H., J. Abildtrup, M. Andersen, T. Christensen, B. Hasler, Z.B. Hussain, H. Huusom, J.D. Jensen, J.S.
Schou & J.E. Ørum (2004):
Omkostninger ved reduktion af landbrugets næringsstoftab til vandmiljøet –
Forarbejde til Vandmiljøplan III. Fødevareøkonomisk Institut.
Johannsen, V. K. et al. (2009):
Acquiring and updating Danish forest data for use in UNFCCC negotiations.
Forest & Landscape Working Papers. No 44. PP 47. Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Mikkelsen, M.H., Gyldenkærne, S., Poulsen, H.D., Olesen, J.E. & Sommer, S.G. (2005).
Opgørelse og
beregningsmetode for landbrugets emissioner af ammoniak og drivhusgasser 1985-2002. Arbejdsrapport fra
DMU Nr. 204.
Mikkelsen, M.H. Albrektsen, R. & Gyldenkærne, S. 2011:
Danish emission inventories for agriculture. Inventories
1985 - 2009. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University. 136 pp. – NERI Technical Report
No. 810 (http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR810.pdf ).
Nord-Larsen & Heding, 2002:
T Nord-Larsen, T., Heding, N. (2002). Træbrændselsressourcer fra danske skove
over �½ ha - opgørelse og prognose 2002. Arbejdsrapport nr. 36, Skov & Landskab (FSL), Hørsholm, 2002. 78s.
ill.
Olesen, J.E., Andersen, J.M., Jacobsen, B.H., Hvelplund, T., Jørgensen, U., Schou, J.S., Graversen, J., Dalgaard,
T. & Fenhann, J. (2001).
Kvantificering af tre tiltag til reduktion af landbrugets udledning af drivhusgasser. DJF-
rapport Markbrug 48.
Olesen et al. (2001a):
Emission af drivhusgasser fra dansk landbrug. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
673
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0674.png
Olesen et al. (2001b):
Kvantificering af tre tiltag til reduktion af landbrugets emission af drivhusgasser.
Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen, J.E., Petersen, S.O., Gyldenkærne, S., Mikkelsen, M.H., Jacobsen, B.H., Vesterdal, L., Jørgensen, A.M.K.,
Christensen, B.T., Abildtrup, J., Heidmann, T. & Rubæk, G. (2004).
Jordbrug og klimaændringer - samspil til
vandmiljøplaner. DJF rapport Markbrug nr. 109.
Olesen, J.E., E.M. Hansen & L. Elsgaard (2004b):
CO
2
og N
2
O emission fra pløjefri dyrkningssystemer.
Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen, E., S.O. Petersen, S. Gyldenkærne, M.H. Mikkelsen, B.H. Jacobsen, L. Vesterdal, A.K. Jørgensen, B.T.
Christensen, J. Abildtrup, T. Heidmann & G. Rubæk (2004a):
Forberedelse af Vandmiljøplan III Rapport fra
Klimagruppen (F11) Jordbrug og klimaændringer – samspil til vandmiljøplaner. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen et al. (2004b):
Drivhusgasser fra jordbruget – reduktionsmuligheder. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen, J.E. (2004):
Vurdering af effekten VMP III på landbrugets udledning af drivhusgasser. Danmarks
JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen (2004c):
Muligheder for reduktion af drivhusgasemissioner i jordbruget In: Olesen, J.E. (ed.)
Drivhusgasser fra jordbruget – reduktionsmuligheder. Danmark JordbrugsForskning.
Olesen, J.E. (2005).
Muligheder for reduktion af drivhusgasemissioner i jordbruget. I: Olesen, J.E. (red).
Drivhusgasser fra jordbruget - reduktionsmuligheder. DJF rapport Markbrug nr. 113, s. 12-32.
Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (2004):
Vejledning om tilskud til privat skovrejsning.
Skov- og Naturstyrelsen (2002):
Vejledning om medfinanciering af offentlig skovtilplantning.
Sommer, S.G., Petersen, S.O. & Møller, H.B. (2004):
Algorithms for calculating methane and nitrous oxide
emissions from manure management. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 69, 143-154.
Waage Petersen, J., Grant, R., Børgesen, C.D., Iversen, T.M. (2008):
Midtvejsevaluering af Vandmiljøplan III.
Det Jordbrugsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Aarhus Universitet og Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet.
Weisberg, M.R., T. Hvelplund, P. Lund & J.E. Olesen (2003):
Metan fra husdyr: Muligheder for reduktion ved
ændret fodring. Notat til undergruppen vedr. samspil mellem landbrug og klimaændringer (F-11). Danmarks
JordbrugsForskning.
Fisheries
MacKenzie, B. R., Gislason, H., Möllmann, C., and Köster, F. W. (2007):
Impact of 21st century climate change
on the Baltic Sea fish community and fisheries. Glob. Change Biol. 13: 1348-1367 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2486.2007.01369.x).
MacKenzie, B. R. and Schiedek, D. (2007):
Daily ocean monitoring since the 1860s shows unprecedented
warming of northern European seas. Glob. Change Biol. 13: 1335-1347 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01360.x).
MacKenzie, B. R. and Visser, A. W. (2001):
Fisheries and climate change: the Danish perspective. In Climate
change research: Danish contributions. pp. 291-302. Edited by A.M.K.Jørgensen, J.Fenger, and K.Halsnæs. Gads
Forlag, Copenhagen.
Søndergaard, M., Kronvang, B., Pejrup, M., and Sand-Jensen, K. (2006):
Vand og vejr om 100 år. Forlaget
Hovedland.
Heath, Michael R.; Neat, Francis C.; Pinnegar, John K.; et al. (2012):
Review of climate change impacts on
marine fish and shellfish around the UK and Ireland. AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Volume: 22 Issue: 3 Pages: 337-367 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2244.
Petitgas, Pierre; Alheit, Juergen; Peck, Myron A.; et al. (2012):
Anchovy population expansion in the North Sea.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Volume: 444 Pages: 1-13 DOI: 10.3354/meps09451.
ter Hofstede, Remment; Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D. (2011):
Comparing demersal fish assemblages between periods of
contrasting climate and fishing pressure. ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE Volume: 68 Issue: 6
Pages: 1189-1198 DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr053.
Poertner, H. O.; Peck, M. A. (2010):
Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-and-effect
understanding. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY Volume: 77 Issue: 8 Pages: 1745-1779 DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x .
ter Hofstede, Remment; Hiddink, Jan Geert; Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D. (2010):
Regional warming changes fish
species richness in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Volume: 414
Pages: 1-9 DOI: 10.3354/meps08753.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
674
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0675.png
Rijnsdorp, Adriaan D. ; Peck, Myron A. ; Engelhard, Georg H. ; et al. (2009):
Resolving the effect of climate
change on fish populations. ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 1570-1583
DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp056.
Waste
Bekendtgørelse:
nr. 581 af 24. juni 1996 om bortskaffelse, planlægning og registrering af affald.
Bekendtgørelse:
nr. 619 af 27. juni 2000 om affald.
Energistyrelsen (2001):
Omkostninger ved CO
2
-reduktion for udvalgte tiltag – Bilagsrapport. Energistyrelsen.
Miljøministeriet (2003):
Affaldsstrategi 2005-08, Miljøministeriet.
Miljøstyrelsen (1997):
Affaldsafgiften 1987-1996, Arbejdsrapport fra Miljøstyrelsen nr. 96. Miljøstyrelsen,
Miljø- og Energiministeriet.
Miljøstyrelsen (2003b):
Hvad koster det at reducere CO
2
-mankoen - Reduktionspotentiale og omkostninger i
udvalgte sektorer. Miljøstyrelsen.
Miljøstyrelsen (2004b):
CO
2
-reduktion gennem nedbringelse af mængden af plast, der forbrændes på
affaldsforbrændingsanlæg. Notat fra referencegruppen for affaldsområdet i forbindelse med opfølgning på
klimastrategien.
Kjeldsen, P.; Scheutz, C.; Fredenslund, A.M.; Pedersen, G.B.(2009):
BIOCOVER - "Reduction of Greenhouse
Gas Emissions from Landfills by use of Enginered Bio-covers" . Final technical report for the LIFE Project
LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141 submitted to EU LIFE Programme. Department of Environmental Engineering,
Technical University of Denmark.
Statistics
Statistics Denmark:
http://www.dst.dk
Emission inventories
Houghton et al., 1997.
Illerup et al., 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007:
Denmark’s National Inventory Report –
submitted under the UNFCCC.
Nielsen et al., 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012:
Denmark’s National Inventory Report – submitted under the
UNFCCC.
Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M.S., Winther, M., Gyldenkærne, S., Thomsen, M., Fauser, P., Nielsen, M. Mikkelsen,
M.H., Albrektsen, R., Hjelgaard, K., Hoffmann, L. & Bruun, H.G. 2012.
Quality manual for the Danish
greenhouse gas inventory. Version 2. Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, 44
pp. Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy No. 47
(http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR47.pdf ).
Nielsen et al. (2017a):
Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M.S., Winther, M., Nielsen, M., Gyldenkærne, S., Mikkelsen,
M.H., Albrektsen, R., Thomsen, M., Hjelgaard, K., Fauser, P., Bruun, H.G., Johannsen, V.K., Nord-Larsen, T.,
Vesterdal, L., Callesen, I., Caspersen, O.H., Rasmussen, E., Petersen, S.B., Baunbæk, L. & Hansen, M.G. 2017.
Denmark's National Inventory Report 2017. Emission Inventories 1990-2015 - Submitted under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Aarhus University, DCE –Danish
Centre for Environment and Energy 890 pp. Scientific Report from DCE –Danish Centre for Environment and
Energy No. 231 (
http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR231.pdf
)
Emission projections
Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 1995:
Environmental satellite models for ADAM, NERI Technical Report no.
148.
Jacobsen, B.H., 2008:
Arealanvendelse, husdyrproduktion og økologisk areal frem mod 2015 til brug ved
midtvejsevaluering af Vandmiljøplan III. Notat. Fødevareøkonomisk Institut, Københavns Universitet.
Nielsen et al. (2017b):
Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M.S., Winther, M., Hjelgaard, K., Nielsen, M., Mikkelsen, M.H.,
Albrektsen, R., Gyldenkærne, S. & Thomsen, M. 2017. Projection of greenhouse gases, 2016-2035. Aarhus
University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, 126, pp. Scientific Report from DCE – Danish
Centre for Environment and Energy No. 244 (http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR244.pdf )
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
675
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0676.png
Vulnerability, effects and adaption
Fenger, J. og Frich,P. (DMU) 2002:
Dansk tilpasning til et ændret klima.
Heide-Jørgensen, H.S. & Johnsen, I., 1998:
Ecosystem Vulnerability to Climate Change in Greenland and the
Faroe Islands. – Miljønyt no. 33, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark (266 pp.).
Meltofte, H. (ed.), 2002:
Sne, is og 35 graders kulde. Hvad er effekterne af klimaændringer i Nordøstgrønland? –
TEMA-rapport fra DMU 41/2002 (88 pp.).
The Danish Government, (March 2008):
Danish strategy for adaption to a changing climate, 48pp.
Climate research and observations
AU (DCE):
Amsinck, SL, Jeppesen, E, Verschuren, D, Alekseev, VR, De Stasio, B & Gilbert, JJ (red.) 2007, 'Use of
cladoceran resting eggs to trace climate-driven and anthropogenic changes in aquatic ecosystems', Monographiae
Biologicae, vol. 84, s. 135-157.
Andersen, HE, Kronvang, B, Larsen, SE, Hoffmann, CC, Jensen, TS & Rasmussen, EK 2006, 'Climate-change
impacts on hydrology and nutrients in a Danish lowland river basin', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 365,
s. 223-237.Artikel peer reviewed
Andersen, MS & Hansjürgens, B (red.) 2005, 'Regulation or coordination: European climate policy between
Scylla and Charybdis', I Hansjürgens, B (red.), Emissions Trading for Climate Policy. US and European
Perspectives, Cambridge University Press s. 135-149.
Blicher, ME, Rysgaard, S & Sejr, MK 2007, 'Growth and production of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis in a high-Arctic fjord, and growth along a climatic gradient (64 to 77 degree N)', Marine Ecology
- Progress Series, vol. 341, s. 89-102.
Brandt, J, Christensen, J, Frohn, LM, Berkowicz, R, Ambelas Skjøth, C, Geels, C, Hansen, KM, Frydendall, J,
Heedegaard, GB, Hertel, O, Jensen, SS, Hvidberg, M, Ketzel, M, Olesen, HR, Løfstrøm, P, Zlatev, Z, Andersen,
MS, Fuzzi, S & Maione, M (red.) 2006, 'THOR - An operational and integrated model system for air pollution
forecasting, management and assessment from global to local scale', I Fuzzi, S & Maione, M (red.), The
Changing Chemical Climate of the Atmosphere. First Accent Symposium, Urbino, September 12-16, 2005, The
European Network of Excellence s. 113-118.
Christoffersen, K, Andersen, N, Søndergaard, M, Liboriussen, L & Jeppesen, E 2006, 'Implications of climate-
enforced temperature increases on freshwater pico- and nanoplankton populations studied in artificial ponds
during 16 months', Hydrobiologia, vol. 560, s. 259-266.
Christoffersen, KS, Amsinck, SL, Landkildehus, F, Lauridsen, TL & Jeppesen, E 2008, 'Lake flora and fauna in
relation to ice-melt, water temperature and chemistry at Zackenberg', I Meltofte, H, Christensen, TR, Elberling,
B, Forchhammer, MC & Rasch, M (red.), Dynamics af a High Arctic Ecosystem: Relations to Climate Variability
and Change, Elsevier s. 371-390 (Advances in Ecological Research; 40).
Fenger, J 2009, 'Air pollution in the last 50 years - From local to global', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 43, nr.
1, s. 13-22.
Fløjgaard, C, Normand, S, Skov, F & Svenning, J 2009, 'Ice age distriutions of European small mammals:
insights from species distribution modelling', Journal of Biogeography, vol. 36, nr. 6, s. 1152-1163.
Forchhammer, MC, Post, E, Berg, TBG, Høye, TT & Schmidt, NM 2005, 'Local-scale and short-term herbivore-
plant spatial dynamics reflect influences of large-scale climate', Ecology, vol. 86, nr. 10, s. 2644-2651.
Forchhammer, MC, Rasch, M & Rysgaard, S 2008, 'Nuuk Basic - A conceptual framework for monitoring
climate effects and feedback in arctic ecosystems', I Jensen, L & Rasch, M (red.), Nuuk Ecological Research
Operations, 1st Annual Report, 2007, Danish Polar Center s. 90-99.
Forchhammer, MC, Schmidt, NM, Høye, TT, Berg, TB, Hendrichsen, DK & Post, E 2008, 'Population dynamical
responses to climate change', Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 40, s. 391-419.
Grøndahl, L, Friborg, T, Christensen, T, Ekberg, A, Elberling, B, Illeris, L, Nordstrøm, C, Rennermalm, Å,
Sigsgaard, C & Søgaard, H 2008, 'Spatial and Inter Annual Variability of Trace Gas Fluxes in a Heterogeneous
High Artic Landscape', Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 40, s. 473-498.
Hansen, HS 2008, 'The Impact of Climate Change on Future Land-Use in a Coastal Zone Planning Context',
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, nr. 5072, s. 245-257.
Hansen, KM, Geels, C, Brandt, J, Andersen, B, Baklanov, A, Christensen, JH, Christensen, OB, Ellermann, T,
Enghardt, M, Foltescu, V, Hansen, AW, Kaas, E, Karlsson, PE, Pleijel, H, Stohl, A & Tarrasón, L 2008,
'Interaction between climate change, air pollution and related impacts', TemaNord, vol. 2008:602.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
676
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Hansen, RB 2007, Lake response to global change: nutrient and climate effects using cladoceran (Crustacea)
subfossils as proxies, Ph.d.-afhandling.
Hedegaard, GB, Brandt, J, Christensen, JH, Frohn, LM, Geels, C, Hansen, KM & Stendel, M 2008, 'Impacts of
climate change on air pollution levels in the Northern Hemisphere with special focus on Europe and the Arctic',
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 8, nr. 10, s. 3337-3367.
Hedegaard, GB, Brandt, J, Christensen, JH, Frohn, L, Geels, C, Hansen, KM & Stendel, M 2008, 'Impacts of
climate change on air pollution levels in the Northern Hemisphere with special focus on Europe and the Arctic',
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol. 8, s. 1757-1831.
Hedegaard, GB, Brandt, J, Christensen, JH, Frohn, LM, Geels, C & Hansen, KM 2008, 'Modelling the Impacts of
Climate Change on Air Pollution Levels in the 21st Century', I The Impact of Climate Change on Air Quality: the
4th ACCENT Barnsdale Expert Workshop, ACCENT Secretariat s. 227-232.
Høye, TT 2007, Ecological effects of climate change in high-arctic Greenland - from species responses to trophic
interactions, Ph.d. dissertation, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University.
Høye, TT, Ellebjerg, S & Philipp, M 2007, 'The Impact of Climate on Flowering in the High Arctic - The Case of
Dryas in a Hybrid Zone', Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol. 39, nr. 3, s. 412-421.
Høye, TT & Forchhammer, MC 2008, 'Phenology of high-arctic arthropods: Effects of climate on spatial,
seasonal, and inter-annual variation', Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 40, s. 299-324.
Høye, TT, Hammel, JU, Fuchs, T & Toft, S 2009, 'Climate change and sexual size dimorphism in an Arctic
spider', Biology Letters, vol. 5, s. 542-544.
Jensen, RA, Madsen, J, O'Connell, M, Wisz, MS, Tømmervik, H & Mehlum, F 2008, 'Prediction of the
distribution of Arctic-nesting pink-footed geese under a warmer climate scenario', Global Change Biology, vol.
14, nr. 1, s. 1-10.
Jensen, TS, Jensen, JD, Hasler, B, Illerup, JB & Andersen, FM 2007, 'Environmental sub models for a
macroeconomic model: Agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification in Denmark', Journal of
Environmental Management, vol. 82, nr. 1, s. 133-143.
Jeppesen, E, Meerhoff, M, Jacobsen, BA, Hansen, RS, Søndergaard, M, Jensen, JP, Lauridsen, TL, Mazzeo, N &
Branco, CWC 2007, 'Restoration of shallow lakes by nutrient control and biomanipulation - the successful
strategy varies with lake size and climate', Hydrobiologia, vol. 581, s. 269-285.
Jeppesen, E, Kronvang, B, Meerhoff, M, Søndergaard, M, Hansen, KM, Andersen, HE, Lauridsen, TL,
Liboriussen, L, Beklioglu, M, Özen, A & Olesen, JE 2009, 'Climate Change Effects on Runoff, Catchment
Phosphorus Loading and Lake Ecological State, and Potential Adaptations', Journal of Environmental Quality,
vol. 38, s. 1930-1941.
Liboriussen, L, Landkildehus, F, Meerhoff, M, Bramm, M, Søndergaard, M, Christoffersen, K, Richardson, K,
Søndergaard, M, Lauridsen, TL & Jeppesen, E 2005, 'Global warming: Design of a flow-through shallow lake
mesocosm climate experiment', Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, vol. 3, s. 1-9.
Madsen, J 2008, 'Arctic terrestrial ecosystem responses to a warming climate', I Common Concern for the Arctic:
Conference arranged by the Nordic Council of Ministers 9-10 September 2008, Ilulissat, Greenland, Nordic
Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, s. 76-77 (ANP; 2008:750).
Maraldo, K, Schmidt, IK, Beier, C & Holmstrup, M 2008, 'Can field populations of the enchytraeid, Cognettia
sphagnetorum, adapt to increased drought stress?', Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 40, nr. 7, s. 1765-1771.
Meerhoff, M 2006, The structuring role of macrophytes on trophic dynamics in shallow lakes under a climate-
warming scenario, Ph.d. dissertation, National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark.
Meerhoff, M, Clemente, JM, Teixeira de Mello, F, Iglesias, C, Pedersen, AR & Jeppesen, E 2007, 'Can warm
climate-related structure of littoral predator assemblies weaken the clear water state in shallow lakes?', Global
Change Biology, vol. 13, s. 1888-1897.
Meltofte, H, Piersma, T, Boyd, H, McCaffery, B, Ganter, B, Golovnyuk, VV, Graham, K, Gratto-Trevor, CL,
Morrison, RIG, Nol, E, Rösner, H, Schamel, D, Schekkerman, H, Soloviev, MY, Tomkovich, PS, Tracy, DM,
Tulp, I & Wennerberg, L 2007, 'Effects of climate variation on the breeding ecology of Arctic shorebirds',
Meddelelser om Groenland, Bioscience, vol. 59, s. 1-48.
Meltofte, H & Høye, TT 2007, 'Reproductive response to fluctuating lemming density and climate of the long-
tailed skua Stercorarius longicaudus at Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, 1996-2006', Dansk Ornitologisk
Forenings Tidsskrift, vol. 101, s. 109-119.
Meltofte, H, Høye, TT & Schmidt, NM 2008, 'Effects of Food Availability, Snow and Predation on Breeding
Performance of Waders at Zackenberg', Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 40, s. 325-343.
Meltofte, H, Christensen, TR, Elberling, B, Forchhammer, MC & Rasch, M (red.) 2008, High-Arctic Ecosystem
Dynamics in a Changing Climate: Ten years of monitoring and research at Zackenberg Research Station, North
East Greenland, Elsevier Science, London (Advances in Ecological Research; 40).
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
677
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0678.png
Nordstrøm, C, Grøndahl, L, Søgaard, H, Friborg, T, Christensen, TR, Strøm, L, Marchand, F & Nijs, I 2008,
'High Artic Soil CO2 and CH4 Production Controlled by Temperature, Water, Freezing and Snow', Advances in
Ecological Research, vol. 40, s. 441-472.
Pedersen, AB 2008, 'Denmark', I Philander, SG (red.), Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change,
Sage Publications s. 305-306.
Post, ES & Forchhammer, MC 2008, 'Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore
through trophic mismatch', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences, s.
2369-2375.
Post, ES, Pedersen, C, Wilmers, CC & Forchhammer, MC 2009, 'Phenological sequences reveal aggregate life
history response to climate warming', Ecology, vol. 89, nr. 2, s. 363-370.
Post, ES, Forchhammer, MC, Syndonia Bret-Harte, M, Callaghan, TV, Christensen, TR, Elberling, B, Fox, AD,
Gilg, O, Hik, DS, Høye, TT, Ims, RA, Jeppesen, E, Klein, DR, Madsen, J, McGuire, AD, Rysgaard, S, Schindler,
DE, Stirling, I, Tamstorf, MP, Tyler, NJ, van der Wal, R, Welker, J, Wookey, PA, Schmidt, NM & Aastrup, P
2009, 'Ecological Dynamics Across the Arctic Associated with Recent Climate Change', Science, vol. 325, nr.
5946, s. 1355-1358.
Post, ES, Brodie, J, Hebblewhite, M, Anders, AD & Maier, JA 2009, 'Global Population Dynamics and Hot Spots
of Response to Climate Change', BioScience, vol. 59, nr. 6, s. 489-497.
Sonne, C, Dietz, R, Born, EW, Riget, FF, Leifsson, PS, Bechshøft, TØ & Kirkegaard, M 2007, 'Spatial and
temporal variation in size of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sexual organs and its use in pollution and climate
change studies', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 387, nr. 1-3, s. 237-246.
Zlatev, Z 2006, 'Impact of Climate Changes in Europe on European Pollution Levels', Problems in Programming,
vol. 8, nr. 2-3, s. 659-663.
Zlatev, Z & Moseholm, L 2008, 'Impact of climate changes on pollution levels in Denmark', Ecological
Modelling, vol. 217, nr. 3-4, s. 305-319.
DMI(2017):
Abermann, J. Birger Hansen, Magnus Lund, Stefan Wacker, Mojtaba Karami, John Cappelen: Hotspots and key
periods of Greenland climate change during the past 6 decades. Ambio 2017. 46 Suppl. 1. 3. Special Isuue.
doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0861-y
Ballinger, Thomas J., Hanna, Edward, Hall, Richard J., Miller, Jeffrey, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Høyer, Jacob L.,
Greenland coastal air temperatures linked to Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea ice conditions during autumn through
regional blocking patterns, Climate Dynamics (2017)
Bengtsson, Lisa, Andrae, Ulf, Aspelien, Trygve, Batrak, Yurii, Calvo, Javier, de Rooy, Wim, Gleeson, Emily,
Hansen-Sass, Bent, Homleid, Mariken, Hortal, Mariano, Ivarsson, Karl-Ivar, Lenderink, Geert, Niemelä, Sami,
Nielsen, Kristian Pagh, Onvlee, Jeanette, Rontu, Laura, Samuelsson, Patrick, Muñoz, Daniel Santos, Subias,
Alvaro, Tijm, Sander, Toll, Velle, Yang, Xiaohua, Køltzow, Morten Ødegaard, The HARMONIE–AROME
Model Configuration in the ALADIN–HIRLAM NWP System, Monthly Weather Review, 145 (2017)
Cappelen, J. (ed), (2017): Danmarks klima 2016 - with English Summary. DMI Rapport No. 17-01.
Cappelen, J. (ed), (2017): Denmark - DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1768-2016. DMI Report No. 17-
02.
Cappelen, J. (ed), (2017): Greenland - DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1873-2016. DMI Report 17-04.
Cappelen, J. (ed), (2017): The Faroe Islands - DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1873-2016. DMI Report
17-05.
Cappelen, J. (ed), (2017): Weather observations from Greenland 1958-2016. Observation data with description.
DMI Report 17-08.
Cappelen, J., (2017): Weather observations from Tórshavn, The Faroe Islands 1953-2016. Observation data with
description. DMI Report 17-09.
Christiansen, Bo, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Challenges and perspectives for large-scale temperature
reconstructions of the past two millennia, Reviews of Geophysics (2017)
Citterio, Michele, Sejr, Mikael K., Langen, Peter L., Mottram, Ruth H., Abermann, Jakob, Hillerup Larsen,
Signe, Skov, Kirstine, Lund, Magnus, Towards quantifying the glacial runoff signal in the freshwater input to
Tyrolerfjord–Young Sound, NE Greenland, Ambio, 46 (2017)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
678
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0679.png
Karagali, Ioanna, Høyer, Jacob L., Donlon, Craig, Using a 1-D model to reproduce the diurnal variability of SST,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2017)
Khaykin,S.M. Funatsu, B. M., Hauchecorne, A., Godin-Beekmann, S., Claud, C., Keckhut, P., Pazmino, A.,
Gleisner, H., Nielsen, Johannes K., Syndergaard, S., Lauritsen, K. B., Post-millennium changes in stratospheric
temperature consistently resolved by GPS radio occultation and AMSU observations, Geophysical Research
Letters (2017)
Krawczyk, D. W., Witkowski, A., Moros, M., Lloyd, J. M., Høyer, J. L., Miettinen, A., Kuijpers, A., Quantitative
reconstruction of Holocene sea ice and sea surface temperature off West Greenland from the first regional diatom
data set, Paleoceanography, 32 (2017)
Lang, Andreas, Yang, Shuting, Kaas, Eigil, Sea ice thickness and recent Arctic warming, Geophysical Research
Letters, 44 (2017)
Langen, Peter L., Fausto, Robert S., Vandecrux, Baptiste, Mottram, Ruth H., Box, Jason E., Liquid Water Flow
and Retention on the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Regional Climate Model HIRHAM5: Local and Large-Scale
Impacts, Frontiers in Earth Science, 4 (2017)
Motyka, Roman J., Cassotto, Ryan, Truffer, Martin, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., As, Dirk Van, Korsgaard, Niels J.,
Fahnestock, Mark, Howat, Ian, Langen, Peter L., Mortensen, John, Lennert, Kunuk, Rysgaard, Søren,
Asynchronous behavior of outlet glaciers feeding Godthåbsfjord (Nuup Kangerlua) and the triggering of Narsap
Sermia's retreat in SW Greenland, Journal of Glaciology, 63 (2017)
Slater, Donald, Nienow, Peter, Sole, Andrew, Cowton, Tom, Mottram, Ruth, Langen, Peter, Mair, Douglas,
Spatially distributed runoff at the grounding line of a large Greenlandic tidewater glacier inferred from plume
modelling, Journal of Glaciology, 63 (2017)
Zerefos, C. S., Eleftheratos, K., Kapsomenakis, J., Solomos, S., Inness, A., Balis, D., Redondas, A., Eskes, H.,
Allaart, M., Amiridis, V., Dahlback, A., Eriksen, P., De Bock, V., Diémoz, H., Engelmann, R., Fioletov, V.,
Gröbner, J., Heikkilä, A., Petropavlovskikh, I., Jarosławski, J., Josefsson, W., Karppinen, T., Köhler, U., Meleti,
C., Repapis, C., Rimmer, J., Savinykh, V., Shirotov, V., Siani, A. M., Smedley, A. R. D., Stanek, M., Stübi, R.,
Detecting volcanic sulfur dioxide plumes in the Northern Hemisphere using the Brewer spectrophotometers, other
networks, and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17 (2017)
DMI (2016):
Becagli, S., Lazzara, L., Marchese, C., Dayan, U., Ascanius, S. E., Cacciani, M., Caiazzo, L., Di Biagio, C., Di
Iorio, T., di Sarra, A., Eriksen, P., Fani, F., Giardi, F., Meloni, D., Muscari, G., Pace, G., Severi, M., Traversi, R.,
Udisti, R., Relationships linking primary production, sea ice melting, and biogenic aerosol in the Arctic,
Atmospheric Environment, 136 (2016)
Charalampidis, Charalampos, van As, Dirk, Langen, Peter L., Fausto, Robert S., Vandecrux, Baptiste Robert
Marcel, Box, Jason E. Regional climate-model performance in Greenland firn derived from in situ observations ,
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 35 (2016)
Christiansen, Bo, Yang, Shuting, Madsen, Marianne Sloth, Do strong warm ENSO events control the phase of the
stratospheric QBO?, Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (2016)
Damgaard, C., Raundrup, K., Aastrup, P., Langen, Peter L., Feilberg, J., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Arctic resilience: No
evidence of vegetation change in response to grazing and climate changes in Southwest Greenland, Arctic,
Antarctic and Alpine Research (2016)
Déqué, Michel, Calmanti, Sandro, Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Dell Aquila, Alessandro, Maule, Cathrine Fox,
Haensler, Andreas, Nikulin, Grigory, Teichmann, Claas, A multi-model climate response over tropical Africa at
+2 °C, Climate Services (2016)
Ding, Yi, Cao, Conghua, Huang, Juan, Song, Yan, Liu, Guiyan, Wu, Lingjuan, Wan, Zhenwen, Origins and
features of oil slicks in the Bohai Sea detected from satellite SAR images, Marine Pollution Bulletin (2016)
Fausto, Robert S., van As, Dirk, Box, Jason E., Colgan, William, Langen, Peter L., Mottram, Ruth H., The
implication of nonradiative energy fluxes dominating Greenland ice sheet exceptional ablation area surface melt
in 2012, Geophysical Research Letters (2016)
Fausto, Robert, van As, Dirk, Box, Jason, Colgan, William, Langen, Peter, Quantifying the surface energy fluxes
in South Greenland during the 2012 high melt episodes using in-situ observations, Frontiers in Earth Science, 4
(2016
Gentile, S., Ferretti, R., Seeking key meteorological parameters to better understand Hector, Nat. Hazards Earth
Syst. Sci., 16 (2016)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
679
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0680.png
Gleeson, E., Toll, V., Nielsen, K. P., Rontu, L., Mašek, J., Effects of aerosols on clear-sky solar radiation in the
ALADIN-HIRLAM NWP system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16 (2016)
Hanna, E., Cropper, T., Hall, R. and Cappelen, J.: Greenland Blocking Index 1851-2015: a regional climate
change signal. Int. Journal of Climatology. DOI: 10.1002/joc.4673.
Hanna E., John Penman, Trausti Jónsson, Grant Bigg, Haldór Björnsson, Sølvi Sjúrðarson, Mads A. Hansen, John
Cappelen, Robert G. Bryant (2016): Meteorological effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 - analysis of
UK Met Office automatic weather station data and comparison with AWS data from the Faroes and Iceland.
Invited MS for Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses issue of Royal Society Philosophical Transactions A.
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0212
Hojat, A., Maule, C. F., Singh K. H., Reconnaissance exploration of potential geothermal sites in Kerman
province, using Curie depth calculations, Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 41 (2016)
Høyer, Jacob L., Karagali, Ioanna, Sea Surface Temperature Climate Data Record for the North Sea and Baltic
Sea, Journal of Climate, 29 (2016)
Kern, S., Rösel, A., Pedersen, L. T., Ivanova, N., Saldo, R., Tonboe, R. T., The impact of melt ponds on
summertime microwave brightness temperatures and sea-ice concentrations, The Cryosphere, 10 (2016)
Khodayar, S., Fosser, G., Berthou, S., Davolio, S., Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Ferretti, R., Nuret, M., Pichelli, E.,
Richard, E., Bock, O., A seamless weather–climate multi-model intercomparison on the representation of a high
impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12, Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society (2016)
Lappalainen, H. K., Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Kurten, T., Baklanov, A., Shvidenko, A., Bäck, J., Vihma, T.,
Alekseychik, P., Andreae, M. O., Arnold, S. R., Arshinov, M., Asmi, E., Belan, B., Bobylev, L., Chalov, S.,
Cheng, Y., Chubarova, N., de Leeuw, G., Ding, A., Dobrolyubov, S., Dubtsov, S., Dyukarev, E., Elansky, N.,
Eleftheriadis, K., Esau, I., Filatov, N., Flint, M., Fu, C., Glezer, O., Gliko, A., Heimann, M., Holtslag, A. A. M.,
Hõrrak, U., Janhunen, J., Juhola, S., Järvi, L., Järvinen, H., Kanukhina, A., Konstantinov, P., Kotlyakov, V.,
Kieloaho, A.-J., Komarov, A. S., Kujansuu, J., Kukkonen, I., Duplissy, E.-M., Laaksonen, A., Laurila, T.,
Lihavainen, H., Lisitzin, A., Mahura, A., Makshtas, A., Mareev, E., Mazon, S., Matishov, D., Melnikov, V.,
Mikhailov, E., Moisseev, D., Nigmatulin, R., Noe, S. M., Ojala, A., Pihlatie, M., Popovicheva, O., Pumpanen, J.,
Regerand, T., Repina, I., Shcherbinin, A., Shevchenko, V., Sipilä, M., Skorokhod, A., Spracklen, D. V., Su, H.,
Subetto, D. A., Sun, J., Terzhevik, A. Y., Timofeyev, Y., Troitskaya, Y., Tynkkynen, V.-P., Kharuk, V. I.,
Zaytseva, N., Zhang, J., Viisanen, Y., Vesala, T., Hari, P., Hansson, H. C., Matvienko, G. G., Kasimov, N. S.,
Guo, H., Bondur, V., Zilitinkevich, S., Kulmala, M., Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX): towards a holistic
understanding of the feedbacks and interactions in the land–atmosphere–ocean–society continuum in the northern
Eurasian region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16 (2016)
Larsen, Morten Andreas Dahl, Højmark Rasmussen, Søren, Drews, Martin, Butts, M.B., Christensen, J.H.,
Refsgaard, J.C., Assessing the influence of groundwater and land surface scheme in the modelling of land
surface-atmosphere feedbacks over the FIFE area in Kansas, USA, Environmental Earth Sciences, 75 (2016)
Larsen, Morten A. D., Christensen, Jens H., Drews, Martin, Butts, Michael B., Refsgaard, Jens C., Local control
on precipitation in a fully coupled climate-hydrology model, Scientific Reports, 6 (2016)
Lorenz, Elke, Kühnert, Jan, Heinemann, Detlev, Nielsen, Kristian Pagh, Remund, Jan, Müller, Stefan C.,
Comparison of global horizontal irradiance forecasts based on numerical weather prediction models with
different spatio-temporal resolutions, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 24 (2016)
Madsen, Kristine Skovgaard, Mottram, Ruth, Rasmussen, Till Andreas Soya, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Evaluation
of a regional coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model system over Greenland and the Arctic., Polarforschung
(2016)
Madsen, Kristine Skovgaard, Rasmussen, Till Andreas Soya, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Ringgaard, Ida M., High
resolution sea ice modelling and validation of the Arctic with focus on south Greenland waters, 2004-2013.,
Polarforschung, 85 (2016)
Maule, Cathrine Fox, Mendlik, Thomas, Christensen, Ole B., The effect of the pathway to a two degrees warmer
world on the regional temperature change of Europe, Climate Services (2016)
Pedersen, Rasmus A., Cvijanovic, Ivana, Langen, Peter L., Vinther, Bo M., The Impact of Regional Arctic Sea
Ice Loss on Atmospheric Circulation and the NAO, Journal of Climate, 29 (2016)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
680
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0681.png
Pedersen, Rasmus A., Langen, Peter L., Vinther, Bo M., The last interglacial climate: comparing direct and
indirect impacts of insolation changes, Climate Dynamics (2016)
Pedersen, R. A., Langen, P. L., Vinther, B. M., Greenland during the last interglacial: the relative importance of
insolation and oceanic changes, Clim. Past, 12 (2016)
Polo, J., Wilbert, S., Ruiz-Arias, J. A., Meyer, R., Gueymard, C., Súri, M., Martín, L., Mieslinger, T., Blanc, P.,
Grant, I., Boland, J., Ineichen, P., Remund, J., Escobar, R., Troccoli, A., Sengupta, M., Nielsen, K. P., Renne, D.,
Geuder, N., Cebecauer, T., Preliminary survey on site-adaptation techniques for satellite-derived and reanalysis
solar radiation datasets, Solar Energy, 132 (2016)
Qian, Yang, Dixon, Timothy H., Myers, Paul G., Bonin, Jennifer, Chambers, Don, van den Broeke, Michiel R.,
Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Mortensen, John, Recent increases in Arctic freshwater flux affects Labrador Sea
convection and Atlantic overturning circulation, Nature Communications, 7 (2016)
Refsgaard, J. C., Sonnenborg, T. O., Butts, M. B., Christensen, J. H., Christensen, S., Drews, M., Jensen, K. H.,
Jørgensen, F., Jørgensen, L. F., Larsen, M. A. D., Rasmussen, S. H., Seaby, L. P., Seifert, D., Vilhelmsen, T. N.,
Climate change impacts on groundwater hydrology – where are the main uncertainties and can they be reduced?,
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 0 (2016)
Rontu, L., Gleeson, E., Nielsen, K. P., Toll, V., Mašek, J. HARMONIE-AROME Radiation Studies 2011-2016,
(2016)
Sahyoun, Maher, Wex, Heike, Gosewinkel, Ulrich, Šantl-Temkiv, Tina, Nielsen, Niels W., Finster, Kai,
Sørensen, Jens H., Stratmann, Frank, Korsholm, Ulrik S., On the usage of classical nucleation theory in
quantification of the impact of bacterial INP on weather and climate, Atmospheric Environment, 139 (2016)
Schmith, T., Thejll, P., Nielsen, J.W., Discussion of Hansen, J.M.; Aagaard, T., and Kuijpers, A., 2015. Sea-
Level Forcing by Synchronization of 56- and 74-Year Oscillations with the Moon's Nodal Tide on the Northwest
European Shelf (Eastern North Sea to Central Baltic Sea). Journal of Coastal Research, 31(5), 1041–1056,
Journal of Coastal Research (2016)
She, J., Allen, I., Buch, E., Crise, A., Johannessen, J. A., Le Traon, P.-Y., Lips, U., Nolan, G., Pinardi, N.,
Reißmann, J. H., Siddorn, J., Stanev, E., Wehde, H., Developing European operational oceanography for Blue
Growth, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystem-based management, Ocean Sci., 12 (2016)
Shutler, Jamie D., Quartly, Graham D., Donlon, Craig J., Sathyendranath, Shubha, Platt, Trevor, Chapron,
Bertrand, Johannessen, Johnny A., Girard-Ardhuin, Fanny, Nightingale, Philip D., Woolf, David K., Høyer,
Jacob L., Progress in satellite remote sensing for studying physical processes at the ocean surface and its borders
with the atmosphere and sea ice, Progress in Physical Geography, 40 (2016)
Stendel, M., van den Besselaar, E., Hannachi, A., Kent, E., Lefebvre, C., Schenk, F., van der Schrier, G.,
Woolings, T. Recent change – atmosphere, North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment, (2016)
Syndergaard, S., Kirchengast, G., An Abel transform for deriving line-of-sight wind profiles from LEO-LEO
infrared laser occultation measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2016)
Sørensen, Jens Havskov, Amstrup, Bjarne, Feddersen, Henrik, Bartnicki, Jerzy, Klein, Heiko, Simonsen, Magne,
Lauritzen, Bent, Hoe, Steen C., Israelson, Carsten, Lindgren, Jonas, Fukushima Accident: UNcertainty of
Atmospheric dispersion modelling (FAUNA), Nordic nuclear safety research (2016)
Sørup, H. J. D., Christensen, O. B., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Mikkelsen, P. S., Downscaling future precipitation
extremes to urban hydrology scales using a spatio-temporal Neyman–Scott weather generator, Hydrol. Earth Syst.
Sci., 20 (2016)
Takayabu, Izuru, Kanamaru, Hideki, Dairaku, Koji, Benestad, Rasmus, Storch, Hans von, Christensen, Jens
Hesselbjerg, Reconsidering the Quality and Utility of Downscaling, Journal of the Meteorological Society of
Japan. Ser. II, 94A (2016)
Tedesco, M.,J. E. Box, J. Cappelen, R. S. Fausto, X. Fettweis, K. Hansen, T. Mote, C. J. P. P. Smeets, D. van As,
R. S. W. van de Wal, I. Velicogna, and J. Wahr: Greenland Ice sheet [BAMS 2015 In “State of the climate in
2015 – Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 97, No. 8, August 2016].
http://ametsoc.net/sotc/Chapter_05.pdf/http://www.ametsoc.net/sotc/StateoftheClimate2015_lowres.pdf
Tedesco, M.,J. E. Box, J. Cappelen, R. S. Fausto, X. Fettweis, T. Mote, C. J. P. P. Smeets, D. van As, I.
Velicogna, R. S. W. van de Wal, J. Wahr: Greenland Ice sheet [in Arctic Report Card
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
681
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0682.png
2016].http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2016/ArtMID/5022/ArticleID/277/Greenland-Ice-
Sheet/ftp://ftp.oar.noaa.gov/arctic/documents/ArcticReportCard_full_report2016.pdf
Tobin, Isabelle, Jerez, Sonia, Vautard, Robert, Thais, Françoise, van Meijgaard, Erik, Prein, Andreas, Déqué,
Michel, Kotlarski, Sven, Maule, Cathrine Fox, Nikulin, Grigory, Noël, Thomas, Teichmann, Claas, Climate
change impacts on the power generation potential of a European mid-century wind farms scenario,
Environmental Research Letters, 11 (2016)
Toll, V., Gleeson, E., Nielsen, K. P., Männik, A., Mašek, J., Rontu, L., Post, P., Impacts of the direct radiative
effect of aerosols in numerical weather prediction over Europe using the ALADIN-HIRLAM NWP system,
Atmospheric Research, 172–173 (2016)
Tonboe, Rasmus T., Eastwood, Steinar, Lavergne, Thomas, Sørensen, Atle M., Rathmann, Nicholas, Dybkjær,
Gorm, Toudal Pedersen, Leif, Høyer, Jacob L., Kern, Stefan, The EUMETSAT sea ice concentration climate data
record, The Cryosphere, 10 (2016)
Van As D, Fausto RS, Cappelen J, Van de Wal RSW, Braithwaite RJ, Machguth H, Charalampidis C, Box JE,
Solgaard AM, Ahlstrøm AP, Haubner K, Citterio M and Andersen SB: Placing Greenland ice sheet ablation
measurements in a multi-decadal context. Geol. Surv. Denmark Greenland Bull., 35, 71-74
DMI (2015):
Beekmann, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., Drewnick, F., Sciare, J., Pandis, S. N., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Crippa,
M., Freutel, F., Poulain, L., Ghersi, V., Rodriguez, E., Beirle, S., Zotter, P., von der Weiden-Reinmüller, S.-L.,
Bressi, M., Fountoukis, C., Petetin, H., Szidat, S., Schneider, J., Rosso, A., El Haddad, I., Megaritis, A., Zhang,
Q. J., Michoud, V., Slowik, J. G., Moukhtar, S., Kolmonen, P., Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Borbon, A., Gros, V.,
Marchand, N., Jaffrezo, J. L., Schwarzenboeck, A., Colomb, A., Wiedensohler, A., Borrmann, S., Lawrence, M.,
Baklanov, A., Baltensperger, U., In-situ, satellite measurement and model evidence for a~dominant regional
contribution to fine particulate matter levels in the Paris Megacity, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15 (2015)
Bodekær, M., Harrison, G. I., Philipsen, P., Petersen, B., Triguero-Mas, M., Schmalwieser, A. W., Rogowski-
Tylman, M., Dadvand, P., Lesiak, A., Narbutt, J., Eriksen, Paul, Heydenreich, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Thieden,
E., Young, A. R., Wulf, H. C., Personal UVR exposure of farming families in four European countries, Journal of
Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 153 (2015)
Bønløkke, Jakob Hjort, Holst, Gitte Juel, Sigsgaard, Torben, Korsholm, Ulrik Smith, Amstrup, Bjarne, Gonzalez-
Aparicio, Iratxe, Sørensen, Jens Havskov, Bønløkke, Jakob Hjort, Modeled effects of an improved building
insulation scenario in Europe on air pollution, health and societal costs, Pollution Atmospherique (2015)
Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Kjellström, Erik, Zorita, Eduardo, Projected Change—Atmosphere Team, The BACC
II Author (editors), Second Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, (2015)
Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Yang, S, Boberg, F, Fox Maule, C, Thejll, P, Olesen, M, Drews, M, Sørup, Hjd,
Christensen, JH, Scalability of regional climate change in Europe for high-end scenarios, Climate Research, 64
(2015)
Christiansen, Bo, The role of the selection problem and non-Gaussianity in attribution of single events to climate
change, Journal of Climate, 28 (2015)
Colette, Augustin, Andersson, Camilla, Baklanov, Alexander, Bessagnet, Bertrand, Brandt, Jørgen, Christensen,
Jesper H, Doherty, Ruth, Engardt, Magnuz, Geels, Camilla, Giannakopoulos, Christos, Hedegaard, Gitte B,
Katragkou, Eleni, Langner, Joakim, Lei, Hang, Manders, Astrid, Melas, Dimitris, Meleux, Frédérik, Rouïl,
Laurence, Sofiev, Mikhail, Soares, Joana, Stevenson, David S, Tombrou-Tzella, Maria, Varotsos, Konstantinos
V, Young, Paul, Is the ozone climate penalty robust in Europe?, Environmental Research Letters, 10 (2015)
Darelius, E., Fer, I., Rasmussen, T., Guo, C., Larsen, K. M. H., On the modulation of the periodicity of the Faroe
Bank Channel overflow instabilities, Ocean Science, 11 (2015)
Dmitrenko, Igor A., Kirillov, Sergey A., Rysgaard, Søren, Barber, David G., Babb, David G., Pedersen, Leif
Toudal, Koldunov, Nikolay V., Boone, Wieter, Crabeck, Odile, Mortensen, John, Polynya impacts on water
properties in a Northeast Greenland fjord, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 153 (2015)
Drews, M, Christensen, J. H., Implications of extreme global warming in Northern Europe, Climate Research
(2015)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
682
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Frisk, C., Andersen, K. H., Temming, A., Herrmann, J. P., Madsen, K. S., Kraus, G., Environmental effects on
sprat (Sprattus sprattus) physiology and growth at the distribution frontier: A bioenergetic modelling approach,
Ecological Modelling, 299 (2015)
Galmarini, S., Hogrefe, C., Brunner, D., Makar, P., Baklanov, A., Special Issue Section Evaluating Coupled
Models (AQMEII P2) Preface, Atmospheric Environment, 115 (2015)
Gleeson, E., Toll, V., Nielsen, K. P., Rontu, L., Mašek, J., Effects of aerosols on solar radiation in the ALADIN-
HIRLAM NWP system, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15 (2015)
Gleeson, E., Nielsen, K. P., Toll, V., Rontu, L., Whelan, E., Shortwave Radiation Experiments in HARMONIE:
Tests of the cloud inhomogeneity factor and a new cloud liquid optical property scheme compared to
observations, ALADIN-HIRLAM Newsletter No 5, August 2015 (2015)
Gleisner, Hans, Thejll, Peter, Christiansen, Bo, Nielsen, Johannes K., Recent global warming hiatus dominated
by low-latitude temperature trends in surface and troposphere data, Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (2015)
Gorbunov, Michael E., Vorob'ev, Valery V., Lauritsen, Kent B., Fluctuations of refractivity as a systematic error
source in radio occultations, Radio Science (2015)
Hünicke, Birgit, Zorita, Eduardo, Soomere, Tarmo, Madsen, Kristine S., Johansson, Milla, Suursaar, Ülo, Recent
Change—Sea Level and Wind Waves Team, The BACC II Author (editors), Second Assessment of Climate
Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, (2015)
Ivanova, Natalia, Pedersen, Leif Toudal, Tonboe, Rasmus, Kern, Stefan, Heygster, Georg, Lavergne, Thomas,
Dybkjær, Gorm, Brucker, Ludovic, Sørensen, A, Saldo, R, Shokr, M, Inter-comparison and evaluation of sea ice
algorithms: Towards further identification of challenges and optimal approach using passive microwave
observations, The Cryosphere, 9 (2015)
Jung, Thomas, F. Doblas-Reyes, Goessling, H., Guemas, V., Bitz, C., Buontempo, C., Caballero, R., Jakobson,
E., Jungclaus, J., Karcher, M., Koenigk, T., Matei, D., Overland, J., Spengler, T., Yang, S., Polar-lower latitude
linkages and their role in weather and climate prediction, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc (2015)
Kauker, F, Kaminski, T, Ricker, Robert, Pedersen, Leif Toudal, Dybkjær, Gorm, Melsheimer, Christian, Seasonal
sea ice predictions for the Arctic based on assimilation of remotely sensed observations, The Cryosphere
Discussions, 9 (2015)
Kong, Xin, Forkel, Renate, Sokhi, Ranjeet S., Suppan, Peter, Baklanov, Alexander, Gauss, Michael, Brunner,
Dominik, Barò, Rocìo, Balzarini, Alessandra, Chemel, Charles, Curci, Gabriele, Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro, Hirtl,
Marcus, Honzak, Luka, Im, Ulas, Pérez, Juan L., Pirovano, Guido, San Jose, Roberto, Schlünzen, K. Heinke,
Tsegas, George, Tuccella, Paolo, Werhahn, Johannes, �½abkar, Rahela, Galmarini, Stefano, Analysis of
meteorology–chemistry interactions during air pollution episodes using online coupled models within AQMEII
phase-2, Atmospheric Environment, 115 (2015)
Kulmala, M., Lappalainen, H. K., Petäjä, T., Kurten, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Viisanen, Y., Hari, P., Bondur, V.,
Kasimov, N., Kotlyakov, V., Matvienko, G., Baklanov, A., Guo, H. D., Ding, A., Hansson, H.-C., Zilitinkevich,
S., Introduction: The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) – multi-disciplinary, multi-scale and multi-component
research and capacity building initiative, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15 (2015)
Langen, P. L., Mottram, R. H., Christensen, J. H., Boberg, F., Rodehacke, C. B., Stendel, M., van As, D.,
Ahlstrøm, A. P., Mortensen, J., Rysgaard, S., Petersen, D., Svendsen, K. H., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Cappelen, J.,
Quantifying energy and mass fluxes controlling Godthåbsfjord freshwater input in a 5 km simulation (1991-
2012), Journal of Climate (2015)
Larsen, Poul-Henrik, Overgaard Hansen, Marc, Buus-Hinkler, Jørgen, Harnvig Krane, Klaus, Sønderskov,
Carsten, Field tracking (GPS) of ten icebergs in eastern Baffin Bay, offshore Upernavik, northwest Greenland,
Journal of Glaciology, 61 (2015)
Maar, Marie, Markager, Stiig, Madsen, Kristine S., Windolf, Jørgen, Lyngsgaard, Maren M., Andersen, Hans E.,
Møller, Eva F., The importance of local versus external nutrient loads for Chl a and primary production in the
Western Baltic Sea, Ecological Modelling (2015)
Madsen, Kristine S., Høyer, Jacob L., Fu, Weiwei, Donlon, Craig, Blending of satellite and tide gauge sea level
observations and its assimilation in a storm surge model of the North Sea and Baltic Sea,Journal of Geophysical
Research: Oceans (2015)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
683
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
May, Wilhelm, Meier, Arndt, Rummukainen, Markku, Berg, Alexis, Chéruy, Frederique, Hagemann, Stefan,
Contributions of soil moisture interactions to climate change in the tropics in the GLACE–CMIP5 experiment,
Climate Dynamics (2015)
Mayer, Stephanie, Maule, Cathrine Fox, Sobolowski, Stefan, Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Danielsen Sørup, Hjalte
Jomo, Sunyer, Maria Antonia, Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Karsten, Barstad, Idar, Identifying added value in high-
resolution climate simulations over Scandinavia, Tellus A, 67 (2015)
Mernild, Sebastian H., Hanna, Edward, McConnell, Joseph R., Sigl, Michael, Beckerman, Andrew P., Yde, Jacob
C., Cappelen, John, Malmros, Jeppe K., Steffen, Konrad, Greenland precipitation trends in a long-term
instrumental climate context (1890-2012): evaluation of coastal and ice core records:, International Journal of
Climatology, 35 (2015)
Nielsen, Kristian Pagh, Gleeson, Emily, Comment on: “Impact of changes in the formulation of cloud- related
processes on model biases and climate feedbacks” by Carlo Lacagnina, Frank Selten and A. Pier Siebesma (2014;
6(4): 1224-1243), ALADIN-HIRLAM Newsletter (2015)
Olsen, Bjarke Tobias, Korsholm, Ulrik Smith, Petersen, Claus, Nielsen, Niels Woetmann, Sass, Bent Hansen,
Vedel, Henrik, On the performance of the new NWP nowcasting system at the Danish Meteorological Institute
during a heavy rain period, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 127 (2015)
Pedersen, Rasmus A., Cvijanovic, Ivana, Langen, Peter L., Vinther, Bo M., The impact of regional Arctic sea ice
loss on atmospheric circulation and the NAO, Journal of Climate (2015)
Pichelli, Emanuela, Ferretti, Rossella, Cimini, Domenico, Panegrossi, Giulia, Perissin, Daniele, Pierdicca,
Nazzareno, Rocca, Fabio, Rommen, Bjorn, InSAR Water Vapor Data Assimilation into Mesoscale Model MM5:
Technique and Pilot Study, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,
8 (2015)
Polo, Jesus, Wilbert, S., Ruiz-Arias, Jose A, Meyer, Richard, Gueymard, Chris, Šúri, M., Martín, L., Mieslinger,
T., Blanc, P., Grant, I., Boland, J., Ineichen, P., Remund, J., Escobar, R., Troccoli, A., Sengupta, M., Nielsen, K.
P., Renne, D., Geuder, N., Integration of ground measurements to model-derived data, IEA Report from SHC
Task 46: Solar Resource Assessment and Forecasting (2015)
Prein, A. F., Gobiet, A., Truhetz, H., Keuler, K., Goergen, K., Teichmann, C., Maule, Cathrine Fox, van
Meijgaard, E., Déqué, M., Nikulin, G., Vautard, R., Colette, A., Kjellström, E., Jacob, D., Precipitation in the
EURO-CORDEX 0.11 and 0.44 simulations: High resolution, High benefits?, Climate Dynamics (2015)
Refsgaard, Jens C., Sonnenborg, Torben, Butts, Michael, Christensen, Jens H, Christensen, Steen, Drews, Martin,
Jensen, Karsten H., Jørgensen, Flemming, Jørgensen, Lisbeth, Larsen, Morten Andreas Dahl, Rasmussen, Søren,
Seaby, Lauren Paige, Seifert, Dorte, Vilhelmsen, Troels Norvin, Climate change impacts on groundwater
hydrology – where are the main uncertainties and can they be reduced?, Hydrological Sciences Journal (2015)
Rummukainen, Markku, Rockel, Burkhardt, Bärring, Lars, Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg, Reckermann, Marcus,
21st Century Challenges in Regional Climate Modeling, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2015)
Rutgersson, Anna, Jaagus, Jaak, Schenk, Frederik, Stendel, Martin, Bärring, Lars, Briede, Agrita, Claremar,
Björn, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Holopainen, Jari, Moberg, Anders, Nordli, Øyvind, Rimkus, Egidijus, Wibig,
Joanna, Recent Change—Atmosphere Team, The BACC II Author (editors), Second Assessment of Climate
Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, (2015)
Šantl-Temkiv, Tina, Sahyoun, Maher, Finster, Kai, Hartmann, Susan, Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie, Stratmann,
Frank, Wex, Heike, Clauss, Tina, Nielsen, Niels Woetmann, Sørensen, Jens Havskov, Korsholm, Ulrik Smith,
Wick, Lukas Y., Karlson, Ulrich Gosewinkel, Characterization of airborne ice-nucleation-active bacteria and
bacterial fragments, Atmospheric Environment, 109 (2015)
Scherllin-Pirscher, B., Syndergaard, S., Foelsche, U., Lauritsen, K. B., Generation of a bending angle radio
occultation climatology (BAROCLIM) and its use in radio occultation retrievals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8 (2015)
Su, Jian, Tian, Tian, Krasemann, Hajo, Schartau, Markus, Wirtz, Kai, Response patterns of phytoplankton growth
to variations in resuspension in the German Bight revealed by daily MERIS data in 2003 and 2004, Oceanologia,
57 (2015)
Tagesson, Torbern, Fensholt, Rasmus, Guiro, Idrissa, Rasmussen, Mads Olander, Huber, Silvia, Mbow, Cheikh,
Garcia, Monica, Horion, Stéphanie, Sandholt, Inge, Holm-Rasmussen, Bo, Göttsche, Frank M., Ridler, Marc-
Etienne, Olén, Niklas, Lundegard Olsen, Jørgen, Ehammer, Andrea, Madsen, Mathias, Olesen, Folke S., Ardö,
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
684
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0685.png
Jonas, Ecosystem properties of semiarid savanna grassland in West Africa and its relationship with environmental
variability, Global Change Biology, 21 (2015)
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Hansen, K., Mote, T., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Van As,
D., Van der Wal, R.S.W., Greenland Ice sheet [in Arctic Report Card 2015], Arctic Report Card 2015 (2015)
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Mote, T., Van der Wal, R.S.W., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Wahr, J.,
Greenland Ice Sheet, State of the climate in 2014 – Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society Vol. 96 No. 7, July 2015 (2015)
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Mote, T., Van der Wal, R.S.W., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Wahr, J.,
Greenland Ice Sheet, Arctic Report Card 2014 (2015),
Thejll, P., Gleisner, H., Flynn, C., Influence of celestial light on lunar surface brightness determinations:
Application to earthshine studies, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 573 (2015)
Tian, T., Su, J., Boberg, F., Yang, S., Schmith, T., Estimating uncertainty caused by ocean heat transport to the
North Sea: experiments downscaling EC-Earth, Climate Dynamics (2015), (link)
Westermann, S., Elberling, B., Pedersen, S. H., Stendel, M., Hansen, B. U., Liston, G. E., Future permafrost
conditions along environmental gradients in Zackenberg, Greenland, The Cryosphere, 9 (2015), (in review)
Westergaard-Nielsen, A., Bjørnsson, A. B., Jepsen, M. R., Stendel, M., Hansen, B. U., Elberling, B., Greenlandic
sheep farming controlled by vegetation response today and at the end of the 21st century, Science of the Total
Env., 512-513 (2015)
Wibig, Joanna, Maraun, Douglas, Benestad, Rasmus, Kjellström, Erik, Lorenz, Philip, Christensen, Ole Bøssing,
Projected Change—Models and Methodology Team, The BACC II Author (editors), Second Assessment of
Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin, (2015)
DMI (2014):
Adalgeirsdottir, G., Aschwanden, A., Khroulev, C., Boberg, F., Mottram, R., Lucas-Picher, P., Christensen, J. H.,
Role of model initialization for projections of 21st-century Greenland ice sheet mass loss, Journal of Glaciology,
60 (2014)
Baklanov, A., Schlünzen, K. ., Suppan, P., Baldasano, J., Brunner, D., Aksoyoglu, S., Carmichael, G., Douros, J.,
Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Gauss, M., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Joffre, S., Jorba, O., Kaas, E., Kaasik, M.,
Kallos, G., Kong, X., Korsholm, U., Kurganskiy, A., Kushta, J., Lohmann, U., Mahura, A., Manders-Groot, A.,
Maurizi, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Rao, S. T., Savage, N., Seigneur, C., Sokhi, R. S., Solazzo, E., Solomos, S.,
Sørensen, B., Tsegas, G., Vignati, E., Vogel, B., Zhang, Y., Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry
models in Europe: current status and prospects, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14 (2014)
Bellucci, A., Haarsma, R., Gualdi, S., Athanasiadis, P. J., Caian, M., Cassou, C., Fernandez, E., Germe, A.,
Jungclaus, J., Kröger, J., Matei, D., Müller, W., Pohlmann, H., Salas y Melia, D., Sanchez, E., Smith, D., Terray,
L., Wyser, K., Yang, S., An assessment of a multi-model ensemble of decadal climate predictions, Climate
Dynamics (2014)
Butts, Michael, Drews, Martin, Larsen, Morten A.D., Lerer, Sara, Rasmussen, Søren H., Grooss, Jesper,
Overgaard, Jesper, Refsgaard, Jens C., Christensen, Ole B., Christensen, Jens H., Embedding complex hydrology
in the regional climate system – dynamic coupling across different modelling domains, Advances in Water
Resources (2014)
Christensen, J. H., Krishna Kumar, K., Aldrian, E., An, S.-I., Cavalcanti, I. F. A., De Castro, M., Dong, W.,
Goswami, P., Hall, A., Kanyanga, J. K., Kitoh, A., Kossin, J., Lau, N.-C., Renwick, J., Stephenson, D., Xie, S.-P.,
Zhou, T. Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (editors), , (Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis, 2014)
Christiansen, Bo, Straight Line Fitting and Predictions: On a Marginal Likelihood Approach to Linear Regression
and Errors-In-Variables Models, Journal of Climate, 27 (2014)
Curry, Charles L., Sillmann, Jana, Bronaugh, David, Alterskjaer, Kari, Cole, Jason N. S., Ji, Duoying, Kravitz,
Ben, Kristjánsson, Jón Egill, Moore, John C., Muri, Helene, Niemeier, Ulrike, Robock, Alan, Tilmes, Simone,
Yang, Shuting, A multimodel examination of climate extremes in an idealized geoengineering experiment,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119 (2014)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
685
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Danzer, J., Gleisner, H., Healy, S. B., CHAMP climate data based on the inversion of monthly average bending
angles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7 (2014)
de Tomás, Alberto, Nieto, Héctor, Guzinski, Radoslaw, Salas, Javier, Sandholt, Inge, Berliner, Pedro, Validation
and scale dependencies of the triangle method for the evaporative fraction estimation over heterogeneous areas,
Remote Sensing of Environment, 152 (2014)
Ducrocq, Véronique, Braud, Isabelle, Davolio, Silvio, Ferretti, Rossella, Flamant, Cyrille, Jansa, Agustin,
Kalthoff, Norbert, Richard, Evelyne, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Ayral, Pierre-Alain, Belamari, Sophie, Berne,
Alexis, Borga, Marco, Boudevillain, Brice, Bock, Olivier, Boichard, Jean-Luc, Bouin, Marie-Noëlle, Bousquet,
Olivier, Bouvier, Christophe, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Cimini, Domenico, Corsmeier, Ulrich, Coppola, Laurent,
Cocquerez, Philippe, Defer, Eric, Delanoë, Julien, Di Girolamo, Paolo, Doerenbecher, Alexis, Drobinski,
Philippe, Dufournet, Yann, Fourrié, Nadia, Gourley, Jonathan J., Labatut, Laurent, Lambert, Dominique, Le Coz,
Jérôme, Marzano, Frank S., Molinié, Gilles, Montani, Andrea, Nord, Guillaume, Nuret, Mathieu, Ramage,
Karim, Rison, William, Roussot, Odile, Said, Frédérique, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Testor, Pierre, Van Baelen,
Joël, Vincendon, Béatrice, Aran, Montserrat, Tamayo, Jorge, HyMeX-SOP1: The Field Campaign Dedicated to
Heavy Precipitation and Flash Flooding in the Northwestern Mediterranean, Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 95 (2014)
Ferretti, R., Pichelli, E., Gentile, S., Maiello, I., Cimini, D., Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Panegrossi, G.,
Baldini, L., Pasi, F., Marzano, F. S., Zinzi, A., Mariani, S., Casaioli, M., Bartolini, G., Loglisci, N., Montani, A.,
Marsigli, C., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Ferrario, M. E., Colaiuda, V., Rotunno, R., Overview of the first HyMeX
Special Observation Period over Italy: observations and model results, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18
(2014)
Garcia, M., Fernández, N., Villagarcía, L., Domingo, F., Puigdefábregas, J., Sandholt, I., Accuracy of the
Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index using MODIS under water-limited vs. energy-limited evapotranspiration
conditions, Remote Sensing of Environment, 149 (2014)
Gentile, Sabrina, Ferretti, Rossella, Marzano, Frank Silvio, Investigating Hector Convective Development and
Microphysical Structure Using High-Resolution Model Simulations, Ground-Based Radar Data, and TRMM
Satellite Data, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71 (2014)
Gladstone, R., Schäfer, M., Zwinger, T., Gong, Y., Strozzi, T., Mottram, R., Boberg, F., Moore, J. C., Importance
of basal processes in simulations of a surging Svalbard outlet glacier, The Cryosphere, 8 (2014)
González-Aparicio, I., Baklanov, A., Hidalgo, J., Korsholm, U., Nuterman, R., Mahura, A., Impact of city
expansion and increased heat fluxes scenarios on the urban boundary layer of Bilbao using Enviro-HIRLAM,
Urban Climate, 10, Part 5 (2014)
Hanna, Edward, Fettweis, Xavier, Mernild, Sebastian H., Cappelen, John, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Shuman,
Christopher A., Steffen, Konrad, Wood, Len, Mote, Thomas L., Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the
exceptional Greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012, International Journal of Climatology, 34 (2014)
Korsholm, Ulrik Smith, Petersen, Claus, Sass, Bent Hansen, Nielsen, Niels Woetmann, Jensen, David Getreuer,
Olsen, Bjarke Tobias, Gill, Rasphal, Vedel, Henrik, A new approach for assimilation of 2D radar precipitation in
a high-resolution NWP model: Assimilation of 2D radar precipitation in a high-resolution NWP model,
Meteorological Applications (2014)
Kotlarski, S., Keuler, K., Christensen, O. B., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Gobiet, A., Goergen, K., Jacob, D., Lüthi,
D., van Meijgaard, E., Nikulin, G., Schär, C., Teichmann, C., Vautard, R., Warrach-Sagi, K., Wulfmeyer, V.,
Regional climate modeling on European scales: a joint standard evaluation of the EURO-CORDEX RCM
ensemble, Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 7 (2014)
Kravitz, Ben, MacMartin, Douglas G., Robock, Alan, Rasch, Philip J., Ricke, Katharine L., Cole, Jason N. S.,
Curry, Charles L., Irvine, Peter J., Ji, Duoying, Keith, David W., Kristjánsson, Jón Egill, Moore, John C., Muri,
Helene, Singh, Balwinder, Tilmes, Simone, Watanabe, Shingo, Yang, Shuting, Yoon, Jin-Ho, A multi-model
assessment of regional climate disparities caused by solar geoengineering, Environmental Research Letters, 9
(2014)
Krueger, Oliver, Feser, Frauke, Bärring, Lars, Kaas, Eigil, Schmith, Torben, Tuomenvirta, Heikki, von Storch,
Hans, Comment on “Trends and low frequency variability of extra-tropical cyclone activity in the ensemble of
twentieth century reanalysis” by Xiaolan L. Wang, Y. Feng, G. P. Compo, V. R. Swail, F. W. Zwiers, R. J. Allan,
and P. D. Sardeshmukh, Climate Dynamics, 2012, Climate Dynamics, 42 (2014)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
686
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Larsen, M. A. D., Refsgaard, J. C., Drews, M., Butts, M. B., Jensen, K. H., Christensen, J. H., Christensen, O. B.,
Results from a full coupling of the HIRHAM regional climate model and the MIKE SHE hydrological model for
a Danish catchment, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 11 (2014)
Maar, Marie, Rindorf, Anna, Møller, Eva Friis, Christensen, Asbjørn, Madsen, Kristine S., van Deurs, Mikael,
Zooplankton mortality in 3D ecosystem modelling considering variable spatial–temporal fish consumptions in the
North Sea, Progress in Oceanography, 124 (2014)
Maiello, I., Ferretti, R., Gentile, S., Montopoli, M., Picciotti, E., Marzano, F. S., Faccani, C., Impact of radar data
assimilation for the simulation of a heavy rainfall case in central Italy using WRF–3DVAR, Atmospheric
Measurement Techniques, 7 (2014)
Mernild, Sebastian H., Hanna, Edward, Yde, Jacob C., Cappelen, John, Malmros, Jeppe K., Coastal Greenland air
temperature extremes and trends 1890–2010: annual and monthly analysis, International Journal of Climatology,
34 (2014)
Moore, John C., Rinke, Annette, Yu, Xiaoyong, Ji, Duoying, Cui, Xuefeng, Li, Yan, Alterskjaer, Kari,
Kristjánsson, Jón Egill, Muri, Helene, Boucher, Olivier, Huneeus, Nicolas, Kravitz, Ben, Robock, Alan,
Niemeier, Ulrike, Schulz, Michael, Tilmes, Simone, Watanabe, Shingo, Yang, Shuting, Arctic sea ice and
atmospheric circulation under the GeoMIP G1 scenario, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119
(2014)
Muscari, Giovanni, Biagio, Claudia Di, Sarra, Alcide di, Cacciani, Marco, Ascanius, Svend Erik, Bertagnolio,
Pietro Paolo, Cesaroni, Claudio, Zafra, Robert L. de, Eriksen, Paul, Fiocco, Giorgio, Fiorucci, Irene, Fuà,
Daniele, Observations of surface radiation and stratospheric processes at Thule Air Base, Greenland, during the
IPY, Annals of Geophysics (2014)
Nakayama, Y., Timmermann, R., Rodehacke, C. B., Schröder, M., Hellmer, H. H., Modeling the spreading of
glacial melt water from the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas, Geophysical Research Letters (2014)
Nielsen, K. P., Gleeson, E., Rontu, L., Radiation sensitivity tests of the HARMONIE 37h1 NWP model,
Geoscientific Model Development, 7 (2014)
Pichelli, E., Ferretti, R., Cacciani, M., Siani, A. M., Ciardini, V., Di Iorio, T., The role of urban boundary layer
investigated with high-resolution models and ground-based observations in Rome area: a step towards
understanding parameterization potentialities, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7 (2014)
Proud, S.R., Zhang, Qingling, Schaaf, C., Fensholt, R., Rasmussen, M.O., Shisanya, C., Mutero, W., Mbow, C.,
Anyamba, A., Pak, E., Sandholt, I., The Normalization of Surface Anisotropy Effects Present in SEVIRI
Reflectances by Using the MODIS BRDF Method, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 52
(2014)
Rasmussen, Mads Olander, Sørensen, Mikael Kamp, Wu, Bingfang, Yan, Nana, Qin, Huanhuan, Sandholt, Inge,
Regional-scale estimation of evapotranspiration for the North China Plain using MODIS data and the triangle-
approach, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 31 (2014)
Rasmussen, Till Andreas Soya, Olsen, Steffen M., Hansen, Bogi, Hátún, Hjálmar, Larsen, Karin M.H., The Faroe
shelf circulation and its potential impact on the primary production, Continental Shelf Research, 88 (2014)
Rathmann, Nicholas Mossor, Yang, Shuting, Kaas, Eigil, Tropical cyclones in enhanced resolution CMIP5
experiments, Climate Dynamics, 42 (2014)
Refsgaard, J. C., Madsen, H., Andréassian, V., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Davidson, T. A., Drews, M., Hamilton, D.
P., Jeppesen, E., Kjellström, E., Olesen, J. E., Sonnenborg, T. O., Trolle, D., Willems, P., Christensen, J. H., A
framework for testing the ability of models to project climate change and its impacts, Climatic Change, 122
(2014)
Ridler, Marc E., van Velzen, Nils, Hummel, Stef, Sandholt, Inge, Falk, Anne Katrine, Heemink, Arnold, Madsen,
Henrik, Data assimilation framework: Linking an open data assimilation library (OpenDA) to a widely adopted
model interface (OpenMI), Environmental Modelling & Software, 57 (2014)
Rutgersson, A., Jaagus, J., Schenk, F., Stendel, M., Observed changes and variability of atmospheric parameters
in the Baltic Sea region during the last 200 years, Clim. Res., 61 (2014)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
687
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0688.png
Schmith, Torben, Yang, Shuting, Gleeson, Emily, Semmler, Tido, How Much Have Variations in the Meridional
Overturning Circulation Contributed to Sea Surface Temperature Trends since 1850? A Study with the EC-Earth
Global Climate Model, Journal of Climate, 27 (2014)
Stensgaard, Anna-Sofie, Birgitte J. Vennervald, Samson Mukaratirwa and Thomas K. Kristensen, Pedersen, U.
B., Stendel, M., Midzi, N., Mduluza, T., Soko, W., Steensgaard, A.-S., Vennervald, B. J., Mukaratirwa, S.,
Kristensen, T. K., Climate change impact on the spatial distribution of fresh water snails hosting trematode
parasites in Zimbabwe Takafira Mduluza, White Soko, Parasites and Vectors, 7 (2014)
Swingedouw, Didier, Rodehacke, Christian B., Olsen, Steffen M., Menray, Matthew, Gao, Yongqi,
Mikolajewicz, Uwe, Mignot, Juliette, On the reduced sensitivity of the Atlantic overturning to Greenland ice
sheet melting in projections: a multi-model assessment, Climate Dynamics (2014)
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A.K., Smith, L.C., Van der
Wal, R.S.W., Wahr, J., Greenland Ice sheet, Arctic Report Card 2013 (2014)
Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T.S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A.K., Smith, L.C., Van
der Wal, R.S.W., Wahr, J., Greenland ice sheet, "State of the Climate in 2013" - Special Supplement to the
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., vol. 95, No. 7 (2014)
Thejll, P., Flynn, C., Gleisner, H., Andersen, T., Ulla, A., O-Petersen, M., DArudi, A., Schwarz, H., The colour of
the dark side of the Moon, Astronomy&Astrophysics, 563 (2014)
von Storch, H., Feser, F., Haeseler, S., Lefebvre, C., Stendel, M., A violent mid-latitude storm in Northern
Germany and Denmark, 28 October 2013, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (2014)
Wan, Zhenwen, Bi, Hongsheng, Comparing model scenarios of variable plankton N/P ratio versus the constant
one for the application in the Baltic Sea, Ecological Modelling, 272 (2014)
Zhan, Wenfeng, Zhou, Ji, Ju, Weimin, Li, Manchun, Sandholt, Inge, Voogt, James, Yu, Chao, Remotely sensed
soil temperatures beneath snow-free skin-surface using thermal observations from tandem polar-orbiting
satellites: An analytical three-time-scale model, Remote Sensing of Environment, 143 (2014)
Ziemen, F. A., Rodehacke, C. B., Mikolajewicz, U., Coupled ice sheet–climate modeling under glacial and pre-
industrial boundary conditions, Climate of the Past, 10 (2014)
DMI (2013):
Andresen, Camilla S., Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Straneo, Fiammetta, Sutherland, David A., Schmith, Torben,
Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Kuijpers, Antoon, Lloyd, Jerry M., A 100-year long record of alkenone-derived SST
changes by Southeast Greenland, Continental Shelf Research, 71 (2013)
Andresen, Camilla S., Straneo, Fiammetta, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Bjørk, A.A., Kuijpers, A., Kjær, K.H., Using
marine sediment archives to reconstruct past outlet glacier variability, Pages News, 21 (2013)
Anstey, James A., Davini, Paolo, Gray, Lesley J., Woollings, Tim J., Butchart, Neal, Cagnazzo, Chiara,
Christiansen, Bo, Hardiman, Steven C., Osprey, Scott M., Yang, Shuting, Multi-model analysis of Northern
Hemisphere winter blocking: Model biases and the role of resolution: MULTI-MODEL ANALYSIS OF
BLOCKING, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (2013)
Baklanov, Alexander, Elperin, Tov, Fominykh, Andrew, Krasovitov, Boris, Cell model of in-cloud scavenging of
highly soluble gases, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 97 (2013)
Biondi, Riccardo, Ho, Shu-Peng, Randel, William, Syndergaard, Stig, Neubert, Torsten, Tropical cyclone cloud-
top height and vertical temperature structure detection using GPS radio occultation measurements, Journal of
Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 118 (2013)
Charlton-Perez, Andrew J., Baldwin, Mark P., Birner, Thomas, Black, Robert X., Butler, Amy H., Calvo, Natalia,
Davis, Nicholas A., Gerber, Edwin P., Gillett, Nathan, Hardiman, Steven, Kim, Junsu, Krüger, Kirstin, Lee, Yun-
Young, Manzini, Elisa, McDaniel, Brent A., Polvani, Lorenzo, Reichler, Thomas, Shaw, Tiffany A., Sigmond,
Michael, Son, Seok-Woo, Toohey, Matthew, Wilcox, Laura, Yoden, Shigeo, Christiansen, Bo, Lott, François,
Shindell, Drew, Yukimoto, Seiji, Watanabe, Shingo, On the lack of stratospheric dynamical variability in low-top
versions of the CMIP5 models: STRATOSPHERE IN CMIP5 MODELS, Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres, 118 (2013)
Christensen, Jens H., Boberg, Fredrik, Correction to "Temperature dependent climate projection deficiencies in
CMIP5 models", Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (2013)
Christiansen, Bo, Changes in Temperature Records and Extremes: Are They Statistically Significant?, Journal of
Climate, 26 (2013)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
688
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0689.png
Crueger, Traute, Hohenegger, Cathy, May, Wilhelm, Tropical precipitation and convection changes in the Max
Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM) in response to CO2 forcing, Journal of Advances in Modeling
Earth Systems, 5 (2013)
Cvijanovic, Ivana, Langen, Peter L., Kaas, Eigil, Ditlevsen, Peter D., Southward Intertropical Convergence Zone
Shifts and Implications for an Atmospheric Bipolar Seesaw, Journal of Climate, 26 (2013)
Dahl-Jensen, D., Albert, M. R., Aldahan, A., Azuma, N., Balslev-Clausen, D., Baumgartner, M., Berggren, A.-
M., Bigler, M., Binder, T., Blunier, T., Bourgeois, J. C., Brook, E. J., Buchardt, S. L., Buizert, C., Capron, E.,
Chappellaz, J., Chung, J., Clausen, H. B., Cvijanovic, I., Davies, S. M., Ditlevsen, P., Eicher, O., Fischer, H.,
Fisher, D. A., Fleet, L. G., Gfeller, G., Gkinis, V., Gogineni, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Grinsted, A., Gudlaugsdottir,
H., Guillevic, M., Hansen, S. B., Hansson, M., Hirabayashi, M., Hong, S., Hur, S. D., Huybrechts, P., Hvidberg,
C. S., Iizuka, Y., Jenk, T., Johnsen, S. J., Jones, T. R., Jouzel, J., Karlsson, N. B., Kawamura, K., Keegan, K.,
Kettner, E., Kipfstuhl, S., Kjær, H. A., Koutnik, M., Kuramoto, T., Köhler, P., Laepple, T., Landais, A., Langen,
P. L., Larsen, L. B., Leuenberger, D., Leuenberger, M., Leuschen, C., Li, J., Lipenkov, V., Martinerie, P.,
Maselli, O. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., McConnell, J. R., Miller, H., Mini, O., Miyamoto, A., Montagnat-Rentier,
M., Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Orsi, A. J., Paden, J., Panton, C., Pattyn, F., Petit, J.-R., Pol, K., Popp, T.,
Possnert, G., Prié, F., Prokopiou, M., Quiquet, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Raynaud, D., Ren, J., Reutenauer, C., Ritz,
C., Röckmann, T., Rosen, J. L., Rubino, M., Rybak, O., Samyn, D., Sapart, C. J., Schilt, A., Schmidt, A. M. Z.,
Schwander, J., Schüpbach, S., Seierstad, I., Severinghaus, J. P., Sheldon, S., Simonsen, S. B., Sjolte, J., Solgaard,
A. M., Sowers, T., Sperlich, P., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Steffen, K., Steffensen, J. P., Steinhage, D., Stocker, T. F.,
Stowasser, C., Sturevik, A. S., Sturges, W. T., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A., Svensson, A., Tison, J.-L., Uetake, J.,
Vallelonga, P., van de Wal, R. S. W., van der Wel, G., Vaughn, B. H., Vinther, B., Waddington, E., Wegner, A.,
Weikusat, I., White, J. W. C., Wilhelms, F., Winstrup, M., Witrant, E., Wolff, E. W., Xiao, C., Zheng, J., Eemian
interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493 (2013)
Dammann, Dyre O., Bhatt, Uma S., Langen, Peter L., Krieger, Jeremy R., Zhang, Xiangdong, Impact of Daily
Arctic Sea Ice Variability in CAM3.0 during Fall and Winter, Journal of Climate, 26 (2013)
García, Monica, Sandholt, Inge, Ceccato, Pietro, Ridler, Marc, Mougin, Eric, Kergoat, Laurent, Morillas, Laura,
Timouk, Franck, Fensholt, Rasmus, Domingo, Francisco, Actual evapotranspiration in drylands derived from in-
situ and satellite data: Assessing biophysical constraints, Remote Sensing of Environment, 131 (2013)
Glasow, Roland, Jickells, Tim D., Baklanov, Alexander, Carmichael, Gregory R., Church, Tom M., Gallardo,
Laura, Hughes, Claire, Kanakidou, Maria, Liss, Peter S., Mee, Laurence, Raine, Robin, Ramachandran, Purvaja,
Ramesh, R., Sundseth, Kyrre, Tsunogai, Urumu, Uematsu, Mitsuo, Zhu, Tong, Megacities and Large Urban
Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems, AMBIO,
42 (2013)
González-Aparicio, I., Hidalgo, J., Baklanov, A., Korsholm, U., Nuterman, R., Mahura, A., Santa-Coloma, O.,
Urban boundary layer analysis in the complex coastal terrain of Bilbao using Enviro-HIRLAM, Theoretical and
Applied Climatology, 113 (2013)
Gleisner, H., Healy, S. B., A simplified approach for generating GNSS radio occultation refractivity
climatologies, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6 (2013)
Gualdi, Silvio, Somot, Samuel, May, Wilhelm, Castellari, Sergio, Déqué, Michel, Adani, Mario, Artale,
Vincenzo, Bellucci, Alessio, Breitgand, Joseph S., Carillo, Adriana, Cornes, Richard, Dell’Aquila, Alessandro,
Dubois, Clotilde, Efthymiadis, Dimitrios, Elizalde, Alberto, Gimeno, Luis, Goodess, Clare M., Harzallah, Ali,
Krichak, Simon O., Kuglitsch, Franz G., Leckebusch, Gregor C., L’Hévéder, Blandine, Li, Laurent, Lionello,
Piero, Luterbacher, Jürg, Mariotti, Annarita, Navarra, Antonio, Nieto, Raquel, Nissen, Katrin M., Oddo, Paolo,
Ruti, Paolo, Sanna, Antonella, Sannino, Gianmaria, Scoccimarro, Enrico, Sevault, Florence, Struglia, Maria
Vittoria, Toreti, Andrea, Ulbrich, Uwe, Xoplaki, Elena Future Climate Projections Navarra, Antonio,Tubiana,
Laurence (editors), , (Regional Assessment of Climate Change in the Mediterranean, 2013)
Gualdi, S., S. Somot, L. Li, V. Artale, M. Adani, A. Bellucci, A. Braun, S. Calmanti, A. Carillo, A. Dell’Aquilla,
M. Déqué, C. Dubois, A. Elizalde, A. Harzallah, B. L’Heveder, W. May, P. Oddo, P. Ruti, A. Sanna, G. Sannino,
F. Sevault, E. Scoccimarro, and A. Navarra: The CIRCE-simulations: a new set of regional climate change
projections performed with a realistic representation of the Mediterranean Sea.
Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society,
94, 65-81, 2013.
Gurkan, Zeren, Christensen, Asbjørn, Maar, Marie, Møller, Eva Friis, Madsen, Kristine Skovgaard, Munk, Peter,
Mosegaard, Henrik, Spatio-temporal dynamics of growth and survival of Lesser Sandeel early life-stages in the
North Sea: Predictions from a coupled individual-based and hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model, Ecological
Modelling, 250 (2013)
Guzinski, R., Anderson, M. C., Kustas, W. P., Nieto, H., Sandholt, I., Using a thermal-based two source energy
balance model with time-differencing to estimate surface energy fluxes with day–night MODIS observations,
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17 (2013)
Kjellström, E, Thejll, P, Rummukainen, M, Christensen, JH, Boberg, F, Christensen, OB, Maule, CF, Emerging
regional climate change signals for Europe under varying large-scale circulation conditions, Climate Research, 56
(2013)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
689
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0690.png
Kumar, P., A. Wiltshire, C. Mathison, S. Asharaf, B. Ahrens, P. Lucas-Picher, J.H. Christensen, A. Gobiet, F.
Saeed, S. Hagemann, and D. Jacob: High resolution multi model climate change scenario over India including
first uncertainty assessment,
Science of the Total Environment,
2013
Lieke, K. I., Kristensen, T. B., Korsholm, U. S., Sørensen, J. H., Kandler, K., Weinbruch, S., Ceburnis, D.,
Ovadnevaite, J., O'Dowd, C. D., Bilde, M., Characterization of volcanic ash from the 2011 Grímsvötn eruption by
means of single-particle analysis, Atmospheric Environment, 79 (2013)
Lucas-Picher, Philippe, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Jens H., Berg, Peter, Dynamical Downscaling with
Reinitializations: A Method to Generate Finescale Climate Datasets Suitable for Impact Studies, Journal of
Hydrometeorology, 14 (2013)
Mahura, Alexander, Atmospheric Trajectory and Chemical Transport Modelling for Elevated Ozone Events in
Denmark, Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 03 (2013)
Maule, Cathrine Fox, Thejll, Peter, Christensen, Jens H., Svendsen, Synne H., Hannaford, Jamie, Improved
confidence in regional climate model simulations of precipitation evaluated using drought statistics from the
ENSEMBLES models, Climate Dynamics, 40 (2013)
Mauritsen, Thorsten, Graversen, Rune G., Klocke, Daniel, Langen, Peter L., Stevens, Bjorn, Tomassini, Lorenzo,
Climate feedback efficiency and synergy, Climate Dynamics, 41 (2013)
Morillas, L., García, M., Nieto, H., Villagarcia, L., Sandholt, I., Gonzalez-Dugo, M. P., Zarco-Tejada, P. J.,
Domingo, F., Using radiometric surface temperature for surface energy flux estimation in Mediterranean drylands
from a two-source perspective, Remote Sensing of Environment, 136 (2013)
Myers, Paul G., Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Warming of the Polar Water Layer in Disko Bay and Potential Impact
on Jakobshavn Isbrae, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43 (2013)
Nielsen, K. P., Gleeson, E., Rontu, L., Radiation sensitivity tests of the HARMONIE 37h1 NWP model,
Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 6 (2013)
Nilsson, Johan, Langen, Peter L., Ferreira, David, Marshall, John, Ocean Basin Geometry and the Salinification
of the Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Climate, 26 (2013)
Olsen, Jørgen, Ceccato, Pietro, Proud, Simon, Fensholt, Rasmus, Grippa, Manuela, Mougin, Eric, Ardö, Jonas,
Sandholt, Inge, Relation between Seasonally Detrended Shortwave Infrared Reflectance Data and Land Surface
Moisture in Semi‑ Arid Sahel, Remote Sensing, 5 (2013)
Rodehacke, Christian B., Voigt, Aiko, Ziemen, Florian, Abbot, Dorian S., An open ocean region in
Neoproterozoic glaciations would have to be narrow to allow equatorial ice sheets, Geophysical Research Letters,
40 (2013)
Seaby, L. P., Refsgaard, J. C., Sonnenborg, T. O., Stisen, S., Christensen, J. H., Jensen, K. H., Assessment of
robustness and significance of climate change signals for an ensemble of distribution-based scaled climate
projections, Journal of Hydrology, 486 (2013)
Solgaard, Anne M., Bonow, Johan M., Langen, Peter L., Japsen, Peter, Hvidberg, Christine S., Mountain building
and the initiation of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 392 (2013)
Stauning, P., Comments on quiet daily variation derivation in "Identification of the IMF sector structure in near-
real time by ground magnetic data" by Janzhura and Troshichev (2011), Annales Geophysicae, 31 (2013)
Stauning, Peter, Power grid disturbances and polar cap index during geomagnetic storms, Journal of Space
Weather and Space Climate, 3 (2013)
Stauning, Peter, The Polar Cap index: A critical review of methods and a new approach, Journal of Geophysical
Research-Space Physics, 118 (2013)
Steiner, A. K., Hunt, D., Ho, S.-P., Kirchengast, G., Mannucci, A. J., Scherllin-Pirscher, B., Gleisner, H., von
Engeln, A., Schmidt, T., Ao, C., Leroy, S. S., Kursinski, E. R., Foelsche, U., Gorbunov, M., Heise, S., Kuo, Y.-
H., Lauritsen, K. B., Marquardt, C., Rocken, C., Schreiner, W., Sokolovskiy, S., Syndergaard, S., Wickert, J.,
Quantification of structural uncertainty in climate data records from GPS radio occultation, Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 13 (2013)
Sunyer, M. A., Sørup, H. J. D., Christensen, O. B., Madsen, H., Rosbjerg, D., Mikkelsen, P. S., Arnbjerg-Nielsen,
K., On the importance of observational data properties when assessing regional climate model performance of
extreme precipitation, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10 (2013)
Tedesco, M., Alexander, P., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Mote, T., Steffen, K., Van der Wal, R.S.W., Wahr, J.,
Wouters, B., Greenland Ice sheet, State of the climate in 2012 – Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society vol. 94, No. 8 (2013), (link)
Tian, Tian, Boberg, Fredrik, Christensen, Ole Bøssing, Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg, She, Jun, Vihma, Timo,
Resolved complex coastlines and land-sea contrasts in a high-resolution regional climate model: a comparative
study using prescribed and modelled SSTs, Tellus Series a-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 65 (2013)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
690
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0691.png
Tilmes, Simone, Fasullo, John, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Marsh, Daniel R., Mills, Michael, Alterskjaer, Kari,
Muri, Helene, Kristjánsson, Jón E., Boucher, Olivier, Schulz, Michael, Cole, Jason N. S., Curry, Charles L.,
Jones, Andy, Haywood, Jim, Irvine, Peter J., Ji, Duoying, Moore, John C., Karam, Diana B., Kravitz, Ben, Rasch,
Philip J., Singh, Balwinder, Yoon, Jin-Ho, Niemeier, Ulrike, Schmidt, Hauke, Robock, Alan, Yang, Shuting,
Watanabe, Shingo, The hydrological impact of geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison
Project (GeoMIP), Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (2013)
Tonboe, Rasmus T., Schyberg, Harald, Nielsen, Esben, Larsen, Kristian Rune, Tveter, Frank T., The
EUMETSAT OSI SAF near 50 GHz sea ice emissivity model, Tellus Series a-Dynamic Meteorology and
Oceanography, 65 (2013)
Villholth, Karen G., Tøttrup, Christian, Stendel, Martin, Maherry, Ashton, Integrated mapping of groundwater
drought risk in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, Hydrogeology Journal, 21 (2013)
Wan, Zhenwen, Bi, Hongsheng, She, Jun, Comparison of two light attenuation parameterization focusing on
timing of spring bloom and primary production in the Baltic Sea, Ecological Modelling, 259 (2013)
DMI (2012):
Andresen, Camilla S., Straneo, Fiammetta, Ribergaard, Mads Hvid, Bjørk, Anders A., Andersen, Thorbjørn J.,
Kuijpers, Antoon, Nørgaard-Pedersen, Niels, Kjær, Kurt H., Schjøth, Frands, Weckström, Kaarina, Ahlstrøm,
Andreas P., Rapid response of Helheim Glacier in Greenland to climate variability over the past century, Nature
Geoscience, 5 (2012)
Barbosa, S. M., Madsen, K. S. Quantile Analysis of Relative Sea-Level at the Hornbæk and Gedser Tide Gauges
Kenyon, Steve,Pacino, Maria Christina,Marti, Urs (editors), Geodesy for Planet Earth, (2012)
Beier, C., C. Beierkuhnlein, T. Wohlgemuth, J. Penuelas, B. Emmet, C. Körner, H. de Boeck, J.H. Christensen, S.
Leuzinger, F. Miglietta, I. Janssen and K. Hansen: Precipitation manipulation experiments – Challenges and
recommendations for the future,
Ecology Letters,
doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01793 [Online], 2012.
Biondi, R.; Randel, W. J.; Ho, S. -P.; Syndergaard, S.: Thermal structure of intense convective clouds derived
from GPS radio occultations.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,
12,
Issue: 12, P. 5309-5318, 2012. DOI:
10.5194/acp-12-5309-2012.
Boberg, F. and J.H. Christensen: Overestimation of Mediterranean Summer Temperature Projections due to
Model Deficiencies,
Nature Climate Change,
2,
433-436, doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1454, 2012.
Box, J.E., J. Cappelen, C. Chen, D. Decker, X. Fettweis, E. Hanna, N.T. Knudsen, T. Mote, K. Steffen, M.
Tedesco, R.S.W. van de Wal, J. Wahr: Arctic Report Card 2012 - Greenland Ice sheet, 2012. Cimini, D.,
Pierdicca, N., Pichelli, E., Ferretti, R., Mattioli, V., Bonafoni, S., Montopoli, M., Perissin, D., On the accuracy of
integrated water vapor observations and the potential for mitigating electromagnetic path delay error in
InSAR,Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5 (2012)
Christensen J.H. and F. Boberg F: Temperature dependent climate projection deficiencies in CMIP5 models,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
doi:10.1029/2012GL053650, 2012.
Christensen, Ole B., Goodess, Clare M., Ciscar, Juan-Carlos, Methodological framework of the PESETA project
on the impacts of climate change in Europe, Climatic Change, 112 (2012)
Christiansen, Bo, Reply to "Comments on 'Reconstructing the NH Mean Temperature: Can Underestimation of
Trends and Variability be Avoided?'", Journal of Climate, 25 (2012)
Christiansen, Bo, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Reply to "Comments on 'Reconstruction of the Extratropical
NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method That Preserves Low-Frequency Variability'",
Journal of Climate, 25 (2012)
Déqué, M., S. Somot, E. Sanchez-Gomez, C. M. Goodess, D. Jacob, G. Lenderink and O. B. Christensen: The
spread amongst ENSEMBLES regional scenarios: regional climate models, driving general circulation models
and interannual variability.
Clim Dyn,
38,
951–964, 2012. doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1053-x.
Dobrynin, M., J. Murawsky, and S. Yang: Evolution of the global wind wave climate in CMIP5 experiments,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
39,
LI8606, doi:10.1029/2012GL052843.
Dybkjær, G., Tonboe, R., Hoyer, J. L., Arctic surface temperatures from Metop AVHRR compared to in situ
ocean and land data, Ocean Science, 8 (2012)
Gustafsson, Nils, Huang, Xiang-Yu, Yang, Xiaohua, Mogensen, Kristian, Lindskog, Magnus, Vignes, Ole,
Wilhelmsson, Tomas, Thorsteinsson, Sigurdur, Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for a limited area
model, Tellus A, 64 (2012)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
691
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0692.png
Hanna, Edward, Sebastian Mernild, John Cappelen, Konrad Steffen: Recent warming in Greenland in a long-term
instrumental (1881-2012) climatic context. Part1: Evaluation of surface air temperature records. Environmental
Research Letters. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045404, 2012.
Hanna, E., J. Jones, J. Cappelen, S. Mernild, L. Wood, K. Steffen, P. Huybrechts: The influence of North Atlantic
atmospheric and oceanic forcing effects on 1900-2010 Greenland summer climate and ice melt/runoff.
International Journal of Climatology,
doi:10.1002/joc.3475, 2012.
Hazeleger, W., Wang, X., Severijns, C.,
Ştefănescu,
S., Bintanja, R., Sterl, A., Wyser, K., Semmler, T., Yang, S.,
Van den Hurk, B., EC-Earth V2. 2: description and validation of a new seamless earth system prediction model,
Climate dynamics, 39 (2012)
Hedegaard, G. B., J.H. Christensen, C. Geels, A. Gross, K. M. Hansen, W. May, A. Zare, and J. Brandt: Effects
of changed climate conditions on tropospheric ozone over three centuries.
Atmospheric and Climate Sciences,
2,
546-561, 2012.
Heygster, Georg, Alexandrov, Vitaly, Dybkjær, Gorm, von Hoyningen-Huene, W, Ardhuin, Fanny, Katsev, IL,
Kokhanovsky, A, Lavergne, Thomas, Malinka, AV, Melsheimer, C, others, Remote sensing of sea ice: advances
during the DAMOCLES project, Cryosphere, 6 (2012)
Ho, SP; Hunt, D; Steiner, AK; Mannucci, AJ; Kirchengast, G; Gleisner, H; Heise, S; von Engeln, A; Marquardt,
C; Sokolovskiy, S; Schreiner, W; Scherllin-Pirscher, B; Ao, C; Wickert, J; Syndergaard, S; Lauritsen, KB; Leroy,
S; Kursinski, ER; Kuo, YH; Foelsche, U; Schmidt, T; Gorbunov, M.: Reproducibility of GPS radio occultation
data for climate monitoring: Profile-to-profile inter-comparison of CHAMP climate records 2002 to 2008 from
six data centers.
Journal of Geophysical Research, - Amospheres,
117,
D18111, 2012. DOI:
10.1029/2012JD017665
Hoyer, Jacob L., Karagali, Ioanna, Dybkjær, Gorm, Tonboe, Rasmus, Multi sensor validation and error
characteristics of Arctic satellite sea surface temperature observations, Remote Sensing of Environment, 121
(2012)
Jonasson, L., Hansen, J. L. S., Wan, Z., She, J., The impacts of physical processes on oxygen variations in the
North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone, Ocean Science, 8 (2012)
Klein, Thomas, Kukkonen, Jaakko, Dahl, Åslög, Bossioli, Elissavet, Baklanov, Alexander, Vik, Aasmund Fahre,
Agnew, Paul, Karatzas, Kostas D., Sofiev, Mikhail, Interactions of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Weather
Calling for an Integrated Approach to Assessment, Forecasting, and Communication of Air Quality, AMBIO, 41
(2012)
Korsholm, Ulrik Smith, Amstrup, Bjarne, Boermans, Thomas, Sørensen, Jens Havskov, Zhuang, Shiyu, Influence
of building insulation on outdoor concentrations of regional air-pollutants, Atmospheric Environment, 54 (2012)
Langen, P. L., Solgaard, A. M., Hvidberg, C. S., Self-inhibiting growth of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Geophysical
Research Letters, 39 (2012)
Langen, Peter L., Graversen, Rune Grand, Mauritsen, Thorsten, Separation of Contributions from Radiative
Feedbacks to Polar Amplification on an Aquaplanet, Journal of Climate, 25 (2012)
Langner, J., Engardt, M., Baklanov, A., Christensen, Jesper H., Gauss, M., Geels, C., Hedegaard, G. B.,
Nuterman, R., Simpson, D., Soares, J., Sofiev, M., Wind, P., Zakey, A., A multi-model study of impacts of
climate change on surface ozone in Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 12 (2012)
Larsen, M.A.D., P. Thejll, J.H. Christensen, J.C. Refsgaard and K.H. Jensen: On the role of domain
characteristics in the simulations with a regional climate model.
Clim. Dyn.,
doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.714080
[Online].
Lucas-Picher, P., M. Wulff-Nielsen , J.H. Christensen, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, R. Mottram and S. Simonsen:Very
high resolution in regional climate model simulations for Greenland - identifying added value,
J. Geophys. Res.,
117,
D02108, 16 pp., doi:10.1029/2011JD016267, 2012.
Madsen, M.S., C.F.Maule, N. McKellar, J.E. Olesen and J.H. Christensen: Selection of climate change scenario
data for impact modelling,
Food Additives and Contaminants,
doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.712059 [Online],
2012.
Masson-Delmotte, V., M.-S. Seidenkrantz, E. Gauthier, V. Jomelli, G. Adalgeirsdottir, J. Arneborg, U. Bhatt, V.
Bichet, B. Elberling, F. Gillet-Chaulet, M. van den Broeke, J. H. Christensen, X. Fettweis, H. Gallée, C. Massa,
B. Perren, C. Ritz, D. Swingedouw, A. de Vernal, B. Vinther, D.A. Walker: Greenland climate change: from the
past to the future,
WIREs Climate Change,
3,
427-449, doi:10.1002/wcc.186, 2012.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
692
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0693.png
Maule, C.F., P. Thejll, J.H. Christensen, S.H. Svendsen and J. Hannaford: Improved confidence in regional
climate model simulations of precipitation evaluated using drought statistics from the ENSEMBLES models,
Clim. Dyn.,
doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1355-7 [Online], 2012.
May, Wilhelm, Assessing the strength of regional changes in near-surface climate associated with a global
warming of 2 degrees C, Climatic Change, 110 (2012)
Moan, Johan, Nielsen, Kristian Pagh, Juzeniene, Asta, Immediate pigment darkening: its evolutionary roles may
include protection against folate photosensitization, Faseb Journal, 26 (2012)
Nikulin, Grigory, Colin Jones, Filippo Giorgi, Ghassem Asrar, Matthias Büchner, Ruth Cerezo-Mota, Ole
Bøssing Christensen, Michel Déqué, Jesus Fernandez, Andreas Hänsler, Erik van Meijgaard, Patrick Samuelsson,
Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla, and Laxmi Sushama: Precipitation Climatology in an Ensemble of CORDEX-Africa
Regional Climate Simulations.
J. Climate,
25,
6057–6078, 2012. doi:
Olesen, M., T. Christensen, O. B. Christensen, K. S. Madsen, K. K. Andersen, J. H. Christensen, and A. M.
Jørgensen (2012): Fremtidige klimaforandringer i Danmark, Danmarks Klimacenter rapport 12-04,
http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/dkc12-04.pdf
Penenko, Vladimir, Baklanov, Alexander, Tsvetova, Elena, Mahura, Alexander, Direct and Inverse Problems in a
Variational Concept of Environmental Modeling, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 169 (2012)
Rae, J.G.L., G.Aðalgeirsdóttir, T.L.Edwards, X.Fettweis, J.M.Gregory, H.T.Hewitt, J.A.Lowe,P.Lucas-Picher,
R.H.Mottram, A.J.Payne, J.K.Ridley, S.R.Shannon, W.J.vandeBerg, R.S.W.vandeWal, and M.R.vandenBroeke:
Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance: evaluating simulations and making projections with regional climate
models.
The Cryosphere,
6,
1275-1294, 2012doi:10.5194/tc-6-1275-2012.
Rasmussen, S.H., M.B. Butts, S.M. Lerer and J.C. Refsgaard: Parameterisation and scaling of the land surface
model for use in a coupled climate-hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.014,
2012.
Rasmussen, S.H., J.H. Christensen, M. Drews, D.J. Gochis and J.C. Refsgaard: Spatial scale characteristics of
precipitation simulated by regional climate models and the implications for hydrological modelling,
Journal of
Hydrometeorology,
doi: 10.1175/JHM-D-12-07.1 [Online], 2012.
Refsgaard, Jens Christian, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Martin Drews, Kirsten Halsnæs, Erik Jeppesen, Henrik
Madsen, Anil Markandya, Jørgen E. Olesen, John R. Porter, and Jens H. Christensen: The role of uncertainty in
climate change adaptation strategies- A Danish water management example.
Mitigation and Adaptation of
Strategies for Global Change,
doi:10.1007/s11027-012-9366-6 [Online], 2012.
Ridler, Marc E., Sandholt, Inge, Butts, Michael, Lerer, Sara, Mougin, Eric, Timouk, Franck, Kergoat, Laurent,
Madsen, Henrik, Calibrating a soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model with remote sensing estimates of
surface temperature and soil surface moisture in a semi arid environment, Journal of Hydrology, 436–437 (2012)
Rinke, A., H. Matthes, J.H. Christensen, P. Kuhry, V.E. Romanovsky and K. Dethloff: Arctic RCM simulations
of temperature and precipitation derived indices relevant to future frozen ground conditions,
Global and
Planetary Change,
80-81,
136-148, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.011, 2012.
Ruth, Matthias, Baklanov, Alexander, Urban climate science, planning, policy and investment challenges, Urban
Climate, 1 (2012)
Schmith, Torben, Søren Johansen, Peter Thejll: Statistical analysis of global surface temperature and sea level
using cointegration methods.
Journal of Climate,
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-11-00598.1, 2012.
Solgaard, Anne M., Langen, Peter L., Multistability of the Greenland ice sheet and the effects of an adaptive mass
balance formulation, Climate Dynamics, 39 (2012)
Sterl, Andreas, Bintanja, Richard, Brodeau, Laurent, Gleeson, Emily, Koenigk, Torben, Schmith, Torben,
Semmler, Tido, Severijns, Camiel, Wyser, Klaus, Yang, Shuting, A look at the ocean in the EC-Earth climate
model, Climate Dynamics, 39 (2012)
Støve, Bård, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Peter Thejll: A Test for Nonlinearity in Temperature Proxy Records.
Journal of Climate,
Volume
25,
Issue 20, pp. 7173-7186 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00632.1,
2012.
Swingedouw, Didier, Rodehacke, Christian B., Behrens, Erik, Menary, Matthew, Olsen, Steffen M., Gao,
Yongqi, Mikolajewicz, Uwe, Mignot, Juliette, Biastoch, Arne, Decadal fingerprints of freshwater discharge
around Greenland in a multi-model ensemble, Climate Dynamics (2012)
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
693
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0694.png
Tedesco, M., P. Alexander, J. E. Box, J. Cappelen, N. T. Knudsen, T. Mote, K. Steffen, R.S.W. van de Wal, J.
Wahr, B. Wouters (2012): Greenland ice sheet. In “State of the climate in 2011 – Special Supplement to the
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012”
van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., J.E. Olesen, L-J. Naustvoll, Y. Friocourt, M.J.B. Mengelers, J.H. Christensen: Climate
change impact on natural toxins in plant and marine food production systems, with focus on deoxnivalenol and
diarretic shellfish toxins,
Food Additives and Contaminants,
doi: 10.1080/19440049.2012.714080 [Online], 2012.
van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., J.E. Olesen, M.S. Madsen & P.W. Goedhart: Climate change increases deoxynivalenol
contamination of wheat in north-western Europe.
Food Additives & Contaminants,
Part A,
DOI:10.1080/19440049.2012.691555, 2012.
Wan, Z., She, J., Maar, M., Jonasson, L., Baasch-Larsen, J., Assessment of a physical-biogeochemical coupled
model system for operational service in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Science, 8 (2012)
Weygand, J. M., Amm, O., Angelopoulos, V., Milan, S. E., Grocott, A., Gleisner, H., Stolle, C., Comparison
between SuperDARN flow vectors and equivalent ionospheric currents from ground magnetometer arrays,
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 117 (2012)
Yang, Shuting, and Jens H. Christensen: Arctic sea ice reduction and European cold winters in CMIP5 climate
change experiments.
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
doi:10.1029/2012GL053338.
Zakey, A.S., Baklanov, A., The signature of climate change on surface ozone: Using the Online integrated
climate-chemistry model (EnvClimA), (2012)
Zhang, Yang, Bocquet, Marc, Mallet, Vivien, Seigneur, Christian, Baklanov, Alexander, Real-time air quality
forecasting, part II: State of the science, current research needs, and future prospects, Atmospheric Environment,
60 (2012)
DMI (prior to 2012):
Please refer to Denmark’s Fifth and Sixth National Communications.
GEUS:
Ahlstrøm, A.P., van As, D., Citterio, M., Andersen, S.B., Nick, F.M., Gravesen, P., Edelvang, K., Fausto, R.S.,
Kristensen, S.S., Christensen, E.L., Merryman Boncori, J.P., Dall, J., Forsberg, R., Stenseng, L., Hanson, S.,
Petersen, D. 2009:
PROMICE 2007 - 2008. Status Report for the first two years of the Programme for
Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Report 2009/77, 74 pp.
Ahlstrøm, A.P., van As, D., Citterio, M., Andersen, S.B., Nick, F.M., Gravesen, P., Edelvang, K., Fausto, R.S.,
Andersen, M.L., Kristensen, S.S., Christensen, E.L., Boncori, J.P.M., Dall, J., Forsberg, R., Stenseng, L., Hanson,
S., Petersen, D. & Wiese, M.B. 2011:
PROMICE 2007-2010. Final report for the establishment phase of the
Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geological Survey of Danmark and Greenland Report
2011/118, 178 pp.
Andersen, M.L., Larsen, T.B., Nettles, M., Elosegui, P., van As, D., Hamilton, G.S., Stearns, L.A., Davis, J.L.,
Ahlstrøm, A.P., de Juan, J., Ekström, G., Stenseng, L., Khan, S.A., Forsberg, R. & Dahl-Jensen, D. 2010:
Spatial
and temporal melt variability at Helheim Glacier East Greenland, and its effect on ice dynamics. Journal of
Geophysical Research 115, 18 p.
Andresen, C.S., McCarthy, D., Dylmer, C., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Kuijpers, A. & Lloyd, J. 2010:
Interaction
between subsurface ocean waters and calving of the Jakobshavn Isbræ during the late Holocene. The Holocene,
1-14.
Andresen, C.S., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N., Jensen, J.B. & Larsen, B. 2010:
Bathymetry, shallow seismic profiling
and sediment coring in Sermilik near the Helheimgletscher, South-East Greenland. Review of Survey activities
2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 20, 83-86.
Andresen, C.S., McCarthy, D.J., Dylmer, C.V., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Kuijpers, A. & Lloyd, J.M. 2011:
Interaction
between subsurface ocean waters and calving of Jakobshavn Isbræ during the late Holocene. The Holocene 21(2),
211-224.
Andresen, C.S., Hansen, M., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Jennings, A.E., Knudsen, F.M., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N., Larsen,
N., Kuijpers, A. & Pearce, C. 2012:
Mid- to Late Holocene oceanographic variability on the Southeast Greenland
shelf. The Holocene, 1-12.
Andresen, C.S., Straneo, F., Ribergaard, M.H., Bjørk, A.A., Andersen, T.J., Kuijpers, A., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N.,
Kjær, K.H., Schjøth, F., Weckström, K. & Ahlstrøm, A.P. 2012:
Rapid response of Helheim Glacier in Greenland
to climate variability over the past century. Nature Geoscience 5, 37-41.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
694
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Banwell, A.F., Arnold, N.S., Willis, I.C., Tedesco, M. & Ahlstrøm, A.P. 2012:
Modeling supraglacial water
routing and lake filling on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research 117(4).
Banwell, A.F., Willis, I.C., Arnold, N.S., Messerli, A., Rye, C.J., Tedesco, M. & Ahlstrøm, A.P. 2012:
Calibration
and evaluation of a high-resolution surface mass-balance model for Paakitsoq, West Greenland. Journal of
Glaciology 58(212), 1047-1062.
Beaubien, S., Kjøller, C., Lions, J., May, F. & Nygaard, E. 2011:
Chapter 3: Mechanisms of potential impacts on
shallow groundwater. In: Potential Impacts on Groundwater Resources of CO2 Storage, IEAGHG Report
2011/11. Glouchestershire, United Kingdom. IEAGHG, 55-100.
Bennike, O. & Wagner, B. 2012:
Deglaciation chronology, sea-level changes and environmental changes from
Holocene lake sediments of Germania Havn Sø, northeast Greenland. Quaternary Research 78, 103-109.
Bennike, O., Wagner, B. & Richter, A. 2011:
Relative sea level changes during the Holocene in the Sisimiut area,
south-western Greenland. Journal of Quaternary Science 26, 353-361.
Bjørk, A.A., Kjær, K.H., Korsgaard, N.J., Khan, A.,S., Kjeldsen, K.K., Andresen, C.S., Box, J.E., Larsen, N.K. &
Funder, S. 2012:
Historical aerial photographs uncover eighty years of ice-climate interaction in southeast
Greenland. Nature Geoscience 5, 427-432.
Box, J.E., Ahlstrøm, A., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Decker, D., Mote, T., van As, D., . van de Wal, R.S.W.,
Vinther, B. & Wahr, J. 2011:
State of the Climate in 2010 - Greenland. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 92(6), 161-171.
Citterio, M., Paul, F., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Jepsen, H.F. & Weidick, A. 2009:
Remote sensing of glacier change in
West Greenland: accounting for the occurence of surge-type glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 50(53), 70.
Citterio, M., Mottram, R., Larsen, S.H. & Ahlstrøm, A.P 2009:
Glaciological investigations at the Malmbjerg
mining prospect, central East Greenland. Review of Survey activities 2008. Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland Bulletin 17, 73-76.
Citterio, M. & Weidick, A. 2011:
Correspondance: The ice-dammed lake Isvand, West Greenland, has lost its
water. Journal of Glaciology 57(201), 186-188.
Dahl-Jensen, D. et. al. (Mikkelsen, N. Contributing author) 2009:
The Greenland Ice sheet in a changing Climate.
Snow, water, ice and Permafrost in the Arctic. SWIPA - Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic, 1-114.
Dahl-Jensen, T., Larsen, T.B., Voss, P. & GLISN Group 2010:
Greenland ice sheet monitoring network (GLISN):
a seismological approach. Review of Survey activities 2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
Bulletin 20, 55-58.
Dawes, P.R. & van As, D. 2009:
An advancing glacier in a recessive ice regime: Berlingske Bræ, North-West
Greenland. Review of Survey activities 2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 20, 79-82.
Fausto, R.S., Ahlstrøm, A.P., van As, D., Bøggild, C.E. & Johnsen, S.J. 2009:
A new present-day paramerization
for Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 55(189), 95-105.
Fausto, R.S., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Van As, D., Johnsen, S.J., Langen, P.L. & Steffen, K. 2009:
Improving surface
boundary conditions with focus on coupling snow densification and meltwater retention in large-scale ice-sheet
models of Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 55(193), 869-878.
Fausto, R.S., Ahlstrøm, A.P., van As, D. & Steffen, K. 2011:
Present-day temperature standard deviation
parameterization for Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 57(206), 1181-1183.
Fausto, R.S., Mernild, S.H., Hasholt, B., Ahlstrøm, A.P. & Knudsen, N.T. 2012:
Modeling Suspended Sediment
Concentration and Transport, Mittivakkat Glacier, Southeast Greenland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
44(3), 306.
Fausto, R.S., Van As, D., Ahlstrøm, A.P. & Citterio, M. 2012:
Assessing the accuracy of Greenland ice sheet
ablation measurements by pressure transducer. Journal of Glaciology 58(212), 1144-1150.
Fausto, R.S., Van As, D., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Andersen, S.B., Andersen, M.L.,Citterio, M., Edelvang, K., Larsen, S.H.,
Machguth, H., Nielsen, S. & Weidick, A. 2012:
Ablation observations for 2008-2011 from the Programme for
Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE). Review of Survey Activities 2011. Geological Survey of
Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26, 73-76.
Fenhann, J., Mathiesen, A. & Nielsen, L.H. 2010:
Geothermal energy. In: Larsen, H. & Petersen, L.S (eds): Non-
fossil energy technologies in 2050 and beyond. Risø Energy Report 9 (Risø-R-1729 (EN). Risø, DTU. Risø,
Denmark.Risø, 51-54.
Frykman, P., Nielsen, L.H., Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. & Anthonsen, K.L. 2009:
The potential for large-scale,
subsurface geological CO2 storage in Denmark.Review of Survey activities 2008. Geological Survey of Denmark
and Greenland Bulletin 17, 13-16.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
695
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Frykman, P., Bech, N., Sørensen, A.T., Nielsen, L.H., Nielsen, C.M., Kristensen, L. & Bidstrup, T. 2009:
Geological modeling and dynamic flow analysis as initial site investigation for large-scale CO2 injection at the
Vedsted structure, NW Denmark. Energy Procedia 1, 2975-2982.
Hansen, J.M., Aagaard, T. & Binderup, M. 2012:
Absolute sea levels and isostatic changes of the eastern North
Sea to central Baltic region during the last 900 years. Boreas 41(2), 180-208.
Hede, M.U., Rasmussen, P., Noe-Nygaard, N., Clarke, A.L., Vinebrooke, R.D. & Olsen, J. 2010:
Multiproxy
evidence for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem responses during the 8.2 ka cold event as recorded at Højby Sø,
Denmark. Quaternary Research 73, 485-496.
Huber, K., Weckström, K., Drescher-Schneider, R., Knoll, J. Schmidt, J. & Schmidt, R. 2010:
Climate changes
during the last glacial termination inferred from diatom-based temperatures and pollen in a sediment core from
Längsee (Austria). Journal of Paleolimnology 43, 131-147.
Jessen, C.A., Solignac, S., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N., Seidenkrantz, M.-S. & Kuijpers, A. 2011:
Exotic pollen as an
indicator of variable atmospheric circulation over the Labrador Sea region: Implications for sea ice transport
during the mid to late Holocene. Journal of Quaternary Science 26(3), 286-296.
Kargel, J.S., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Alley, R.B., Bamber, J.L., Benham, T.J., Box, J.E., Chen, C., Christoffersen, P.,
Citterio, M., Cogley, J.G., Jiskoot, H., Leonard, G.J.., Morin, P., Scambos, T., Sheldon, T. & Willis, I. 2012:
Greenland's shrinking ice cover: "fast times" but not that fast. The Cryosphere 6, 533-537.
Kempka, T., Kühn, M., Class, H., Frykman, P., Kopp, A., Nielsen, C.M. & Probst, P. 2010:
Modelling of CO2
arrival time at Ketzin – Part I. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 4 (6), 1007-1015.
Kjøller, C., Weibel, R., Bateman, K., Laier, T., Nielsem, L.H., Frykman, P. & Springer, N. 2010:
Geochemical
impacts of CO2 storage in saline aquifers with various mineralogy - results from laboratory experiments and
reactive geochemical modelling. Energy Procedia.
Kjøller, C., Weibel, R., Nielsen, L.H., Laier, T., Frykman, P. & Springer, N. 2010:
Response to CO2 Storage of
Danish Reservoir- and Cap-rocks. Summary of Results from the EFP-Project AQUA-DK. Danmarks og
Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2010/106, 129 pp. + 1 CD-Rom.
Knudsen, M.F., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Jocobsen, B.H. & Kuijpers, A. 2011:
Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal
Oscillation through the last 8.000 years. Nature Communications 178(2), 9 pp.
Krawczyk, D., Witkowski, A., Moros, M., Lloyd, J., Kuijpers, A. & Kierzek, A. 2010:
Late-Holocene diatom-
inferred reconstruction of temperature variations of the West Greenland Current from Disko Bugt, central West
Greenland. The Holocene 20 (5), 659-666.
Larsen, N.K., Kjær, K., Olsen, J., Funder, S., Kjeldsen, K., & Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. 2011:
Restricted impact of
Holocene climate on the southern Greenland Ice Sheet. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(21), 3171-3180.
Leng, M.J., Wagner, B., Anderson, N.J., Bennike, O., Woodley, E. & Kemp, S.J. 2012:
Deglaciation and
catchment ontogeny in coastal south-west Greenland: implications for terrestrial and aquatic carbon cycling.
Journal of Quaternary Science 27, 575-584.
Lions, J., Gale, I., Nygaard, E., May, F., Rohmer, J., Rütters, H., Audigane, P., Le Guenan, T., Hatzinnatiou,
D.G., Hløller, C, Sohrabi, M., Beaubien, S., Bricker, S. & Kirk, K. 2011:
Potential impacts on groundwater
ressources of CO2 storage [Study carried out as part of contract IEA-GHG - IEA/CON/09/177]. (Ground Water
ressources). Special Publication, 178 pp.
Lloyd, J.M., Moros, M., Perner, K., Telford, R., Kuijpers, A., Jansen, E. & McCarthy, D. 2011:
A 100 yr record
of ocean temperature control on the stability of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland. Geology 39(9), 867-870.
Mathiesen, A., Nielsen, L.H. & Bidstrup, T. 2010:
Identifying potential geothermal reservoirs in Denmark.
Review of Survey activities 2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 20, 19-21.
Machguth, H., Haeberli, W. & Paul, F. 2012:
Mass balance parameters derived from a synthetic network of mass
balance glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 58(211), 965-979.
Mernild, S.H., Knudsen, N.T., Yde, J.C., Hoffman, M.J., Limpscomb, W.H., Hanna, E., Malmros, J.K. & Fausto,
R.S. 2012:
Retreat, thinning, and slowdown from Greenland´s Mittivakkat Gletscher. The Cryosphere Discussion
6, 2005-2036.
Mernild, S.H., Knudsen, N.T., Yde, J.C., Hoffman, M.J., Limpscomb, W.H., Hanna, E., Malmros, J.K. & Fausto,
R.S. 2012:
Thinning, and slowdown from Greenland´s Mittivakkat Gletscher. The Cryosphere Discussion 6,
4387-4415.
Mikkelsen, N., Laier, T., Nielsen, T., Kuijpers, A. & Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. 2012:
Methane and possible gas
hydrates in the Disko Bugt region, central West Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
Bulletin 26, 69-72.
Nick, F.M., Van der Veen, C.J., Vieli, A. & Benn, D.I. 2010:
A physically based calving model applied to marine
outlet glaciers and implications for the glacier dynamics. Journal of Glaciology 56 (199), 781-794.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
696
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. 2009:
Tracking ancient sea ice. Nature Geoscience 2(10), 742-743.
Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. & Mikkelsen, N. 2009:
8000 year marine record of climate variability and fjord dynamics
from Southern Greenland. Marine Geology 264, 177-189.
Poulsen, N.E. 2010:
Potential for permanent geological storage of CO2 in China: the COACH project. Review of
Survey activities 2009. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 20, 95-99.
Rasmussen, T.L., Thomsen, E., Nielsen, T. & Wastegaard, S. 2011:
Atlantic surface water inflow to the Nordic
seas during the Pleistocene¿Holocene transition (mid-late YoungerDryas and Pre-Boreal periods, 12 450-10 000 a
BP). Journal of Quaternary Science 26(7), 723-733.
Rasmussen, S.H., Butts, M.B., Lerer, S.M. & Refsgaard, J.C. 2012:
Parameterisation and scaling of teh land
surface model for use in a coupled climate-hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology 426, 63-78.
Rastner, P.,Bolch, T., Mölg, N.,Machguth, H., Le Bris, R. & Paul, F. 2012:
The first complete glacier inventory
for entire Greenland. The Cryosphere 6, 1483-1495.
Roosmalen, L.v., Christensen, J.H., Butts, M., Jensen, K.H. & Refsgaard, J.C. 2009:
Quantifying climate change
signals for Denmarkand assessing the robustness of hydrological impact studies. Journal of Hydrology 380, 406-
419.
Roosmalen, L.v., Sonnenborg, T.O. & Jensen, K.H. 2009:
The impact of climate and land-use changes on the
hydrology of a large-scale agricultural catchment. Water Resources Research 45, 1-18.
Roosmalen, L. v., Sonnenborg, T.O., Jensen, K.H. & Christensen, J.H. 2011:
Comparison of hydrological
simulations of climate change using perturbation of observations and distribution based scaling. Vadose Zone
Journal 10, 136-150.
Rosa, D.R.N. & Rosa, R.N. 2012:
Heat as a by-product or sub-product of CO2 storage in mafic and ultramafic
rocks. International Journal of Global Warming 4(3), 305-316.
Salzmann, N., Machguth, H. & Linsbauer, A. 2012:
The Swiss Alpine glacier's response to "the 2 °C air
temperature target". Environmental Research Letters 7, 044001.
Stisen, S., Sonnenborg, T.O., Højberg, A.L., Troldborg, L. & Refsgaard, J.C. 2011:
Evaluation of climate input
biases and water balance issues using a coupled surface-subsurface model. Vadose Zone Journal 10, 37-53.
Shogenova, A., Shogenov, K. Vaher, R., Ivask, J., Sliaupa, S., Vangkilde-Pedersen, T., Uibu, M. & Kuusik, R.
2010:
CO2 geological storage capacity analysis in Estonia and neighbouring regions. Energy Procedia.
Solgaard, A.M., Reeh, N., Japsen, P. & Nielsen, T. 2011:
Snapshots of the Greenland ice-sheet configuration in
the Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Journal of Glaciology 57(205), 871-880.
Sonnenborg, T.O., Hinsby, K., van Roosmalen, L. & Stisen, S. 2012:
Assessment of climate change impacts on
the quantity and quality of a coastal catchment using a coupled groundwater-surface water model. Climatic
Change 113(3), 1025-1048.
Sonnenborg, T.O., Hinsby, K., van Roosmalen, L. & Stisen, S. 2012:
Assessment of climate change impacts on the
quantity and quality of a coastal catchment using a coupled groundwater-surface water model. Climatic Change
113(3), 1025-1048.
Sulzbacher, H., Wiederhold, H., Siemon, B., Grinat, M., Igel, J., Burschil, T., Günther, T. & Hinsby, K. 2012:
Numerical modelling of climate change impacts on freshwater lenses on the North Sea Island of Borkum.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, 3473-3525.
Sulzbacher, H., Wiederhold, H., Siemon, B., Grinat, M., Igel, J., Burschil, T., Günther, T. & Hinsby, K. 2012:
Numerical modelling of climate change impacts on freshwater lenses on the North Sea Island of Borkum using
hydrological and geophysical methods. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, 3621-3643.
Thiede, J., Jessen, C., Knutz, P., Kuijpers, A., Mikkelsen, N., Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. & Spielhagen, R.F. 2011:
Millions of years of Greenland Ice Sheet history recorded in ocean sediments. Polarforschung 80(3), 141-159.
Tuovinen, N., Weckström, K. & Virtasalo, J. 2010:
Assessment of recent eutrophication and climate influence in
the Archipelago Sea based on the subfossil diatom record. Journal of Paleolimnology 44, 95-108.
van As, D., Fausto, R.S., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Andersen, S.B., Andersen, M.L., Citterio, M., Edelvang, K., Gravesen,
P., Machguth, H., Nick, F.M., Nielsen, S. & Weidick, A. 2011:
Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice
Sheet (PROMICE): first temperature and ablation records. Review of Survey Activities 2010. Geological Survey
of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 23, 73-76.
Van As, D., Hubbard, A.L., Hasholt, B., Mikkelsen, A.B., Van den Broeke, M.R. & Fausto, R.S. 2012:
Large
surface meltwater discharge from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland ice sheet during the record-warm
year 2010 explained by detailed energy balance observations.. The Cryosphere 6, 199-209.
Vangkilde-Pedersen, T., Ditlefsen, C. & Højberg, A.L. 2012:
Shallow geothermal energy in Denmark. Review of
Survey Activities 2011. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 26, 37-40.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
697
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0698.png
Weidick, A., Bennike, O., Citterio, M & Nørgaard-Pedersen, N. 2012:
Neoglacial and historical glacier changes
around Kangersuneq fjord in southern West Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin
27, 68 pp.
GINR (Peer reviewed publications):
Arendt KE, Dutz J, Jonasdottir SH, JungMadsen S, Mortensen J, Moeller EF, Nielsen TG (2011). Effects of
suspended sediments on copepods feeding in a glacial influenced sub-Arctic fjord. Journal of Plankton Re-search.
doi:10.1093/plankt/fbr054, available online at www.plankt.oxfordjournals.org.
Arendt KE, Juul-Pedersen T, Mortensen J, Blicher ME, Rysgaard S (2013). A 5-year study of seasonal patterns in
mesozooplankton community structure in a sub-Arctic fjord reveals dominance of Microsetella norvegica
(Crustacea, Copepoda). J. Plankton Res. 35 (1), 105-120, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbs087.
Arendt KE, Nielsen TG, Rysgaard S, Tönneson K (2010) Differences in plankton community structure along
Godthåbsfjorden; from the Greenland Ice Sheet to offshore waters, SW Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 401:49-62
Bendtsen, J., Gustafsson, K. E., Rysgaard, S. & Vang, T. 2007. Physical conditions, dynamics and model
simulations during the ice-free period of the Young Sound/Tyrolerfjord system. In: Rysgaard, S. & Glud, R. N.
(Eds.), Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study Young Sound. Meddr. Grønland, Bioscience
58:46-59.
Blicher ME, Clemmesen C, Rysgaard S, Sejr MK, Mempel H (2010) Seasonal and spatial variations in the
RNA:DNA ratio and its relation to growth for sub-Arctic scallops. Marine Ecology Progress Series 407:87-98
Blicher ME, Sejr MK, Rysgaard S (2009) High carbon demand of dominant macrozoobenthic species imply their
central role in ecosystem carbon flow in a sub-Arctic fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series 383:127-140
Blicher ME, Sejr MK, Rysgaard S (2010) Seasonal growth variation of Chlamys islandica (Bivalvia) in the sub-
Arctic Greenland is linked to food availability and temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 407:71-86
Blicher, M., Rysgaard, S. & Sejr, M. K., 2007. Growth and production of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus
droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776), in a high arctic fjord and growth along a climate gradient (64 – 77°N).
Marine Ecology Progress Series 341:89-102.
Bluhm BA, Grebmeier JM, Archambault P, Blicher ME, Guðmundsson G, Iken K, Lindal Jørgensen L,
Mokievsky V (2012). Benthos In Arctic Report Card 2012 – tracking recent environmental changes.
http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/benthos.html).
Born EW, Heilmann A, Kielsen Holm L, Laidre KL. 2011. Polar bears in Northwest Greenland – An interview
survey about the catch and the climate. Monographs on Greenland (Meddelelser om Grønland) Volume 351
ISBN 9788763531689. 250 pp.
Born, E.W., 2005. An assessment of the effects of hunting and climate on walruses in Greenland.
Doktorafhandling. Oslo Universitet & Grønlands Naturinstitut. 346 pp.
Buch E, Hansen B, Olsen S, Pedersen LT, Ribergaard MH, Rysgaard S, Kliem N, Mortensen J, Bendtsen J,
Nielsen TG, Møller EF, Hovgaard H, Laidre KL, Heide-Jørgensen MP (2009) Impacts caused by changes in the
Greenland Ice Sheet. In Dorthe Dahl-Jensen The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate, Special Edition. In:
AMAP 2009. By Dahl-Jensen D, Bamber J, Bøggild CE, Buch E, Christensen JH, Dethloff K, Fahnestock M,
Marshall S, Rosing M, Steffen K, Thomas R, Truffer M, van den Broeke CJ. Arctic Monitoring and Assesment
Programme (AMAP), Oslo, 115 pp
Buch E, Nielsen M H and Pedersen S A (2002) On the coupling between Climate, Hydrography and Recruitment
variability of Fishery Resources off West Greenland. Proceedings of the ICES Symposium on Hydrobiological
variability in the ICES area, 1990-1999. ICES Marine Science Symposia, 219: 231–240
Burmeister A and Sainte-Marie B (2010) Pattern and causes of a temperature-dependent gradient of size at
terminal moult in snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) along West Greenland. Polar Biology 33:775-788
Durner, G.M., D.C. Douglas, R.M. Nielson, S.C. Amstrup, T.L. McDonald, I. Stirling, M. Mauritzen, E.W.
Born, Ø. Wiig, E. DeWeaver, M.C. Serreze, S.E. Belikov, M.M. Holland, J. Maslanik, J. Aars, D.A. Bailey, &
A.E. Derocher. 2009. Predicting 21st Century Polar Bear Habitat distribution from global climate models.
Ecological Monographs 79: 25-58.
Dünweber M, Swalethorp R, Kjellerup S, Nielsen TG, Arendt KE, Hjorth M, Tönnesson K, Møller EF (2010)
Succession and fate of the spring diatom bloom in Disko Bay, western Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 419:11-29
Glud RN, Wöfel J, Karsten U, Kühl M and Rysgaard S (2009) Benthic microalgal production in the Arctic:
applied methods and status of the current database. Botanica Marina 52: 559-571.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
698
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Glud, R. N., Rysgaard, S., Kühl, M. & Hansen, J. W., 2007. The sea ice in Young Sound: Implications for carbon
cycling. In: Rysgaard, S. & Glud, R. N. (Eds.), Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study Young
Sound. Meddr. Grønland, Bioscience 58:62-85.
Hedeholm R, Grønkjær P and Rysgaard S (2011) Energy content and fecundity of capelin (Mallotus villosus)
along a 1,500-km latitudinal gradient. Marine Biology 158: 1319-1330 DOI 10.1007/s00227-011-1651-5
Hedeholm R, Grønkjær P and Rysgaard S (2011) Energy content and fecundity of capelin (Mallotus villosus)
along a 1,500- km latitudinal gradient. Marine Biology 158: 1319-1330 DOI 10.1007/s00227-011-1651-5
Hedeholm R, Grønkjær P, Rosing-Asvid A and Rysgaard S (2010). Variation in size and growth of West
Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume (67)
6: 1128-1137. Doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq024
Heide-Jørgensen MP, Iversen M, Nielsen NH, Lockyer C, Stern H, Ribergaard MH. 2011. Harbour porpoises
respond to climate change. Ecology and Evolution doi: 10.1002/ece3.51
Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL, Borchers D, Marques TA, Stern H and Simon MJ (2010). The effect of sea ice
loss on beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland. Polar Research 29:198-208.
Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL, Quakenbush LT, Citta JJ. 2011. The Northwest Passage opens for bowhead
whales. Biology Letters doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0731
Heide-Jørgensen, M.P. & Laidre, K.L. 2009. 4..2.3 Marine apex predators. P. 76-78. In: The Greenland Ice Sheet
in a Changing Climate. (eds. D. Dahl-Jensen, J. Bamber, C.E. Bøggild, E. Buch., J.H. Christensen, K. Dethloff,
M. Fahnestock, S. Marshall, M. Rosing, K. Steffen, R. Thomas, M. Truffer, M. van den Broeke and C.J. van der
Veen). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, Oslo 115pp
Holfort, J., E. Hansen, S. Østerhus, S. Dye, S. Jonsson, J. Meincke, J. Mortensen, and M. Meredith, 2008,
Freshwater Fluxes East of Greenland, In Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, Springer, 263-287.
Hovgård, H. & Wieland K (2008): Fishery and environmental aspects relevant for the emergence and decline of
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in West Greenland waters. In: G.H. Kruse, K. Drinkwater, J.N. Ianelli, J.S. Link,
D.L. Stram, V. Wespestad, & D. Woody (eds.), Resilience of gadid stocks to fishing and climate change. Alaska
Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, p. 89-110.
Juul-Pedersen T, Michel C, Gosselin M (2010) Sinking export of particulate organic material from the euphotic
zone in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 410:55-70
Juul-Pedersen, T., Michel, C., Gosselin, M. (2008). Influence of the Mackenzie River plume on the sinking
export of particulate material on the shelf. Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 74, p. 810-824
Juul-Pedersen, T., Michel, C., Gosselin, M., Seuthe L. (2008). Seasonal changes in the sinking export of
particulate material under first-year sea ice on the Mackenzie Shelf (western Canadian Arctic). Marine Ecology
Progress Series, Vol. 353, p. 13-25
Koeller, P. Fuentes-Yaco, C. Platt, T. Sathyendranath, S. Richards, A. Oullet, P. Orr, D. Skuladottir, U. Wieland,
Kai ; Savard, L. ; Aschan, M. (2009) Basin-scale coherence in phenology of shrimps and phytoplankton in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Science Vol: 324, issue: 5928, pages: 791-793(ISSN: 0036-8075)
Krause-Jensen D, Marbà N, Olesen B, Sejr MK, Christensen PB, Rodrigues J, Renaud PE, Balsby TJS and
Rysgaard S (2012). Seasonal sea ice cover as principal driver of spatial and temporal variation in depth extension
and annual production of kelp in Greenland. Global Change Biology 18 JUN 2012 01:08PM EST | DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02765.x
Köster F.W, Möllmann C, Hinrichsen H H, Wieland K, Tomkiewicz J, Kraus G, Voss R, Makarchouk A,
MacKenzie BR, St.John MA, Schnack D, Rohlf, T. Linkowski & J.E. Beyer (2005): Baltic cod recruitment – the
impact of climate variability on key processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62: 1408-1425.
Laidre K, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Stern H, Richard P. 2011. Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed
autumn freeze-up trends. Polar Biology doi 10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8
Laidre KL, Born EW, Gurarie E, Wiig Ø, Dietz R, Stern H. 2012 Females roam while males patrol: divergence in
breeding season movements of pack-ice polarbears (Ursus maritimus). Proc R Soc B 280:20122371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2371
Laidre KL, Heide-Jørgensen MP. 2011. Life in the lead: Extreme densities of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in
the offshore pack ice. Marine Ecology Progress Series 423: 269-278. doi: 10.3354/meps08941
Laidre, K.L. & M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, 2004.Arctic sea ice trends: Can narwhals track changes. Biological
Conservation 121:509-517.
Laidre, K.L. & M.P.Heide-Jørgensen, 2005. Arctic sea ice trends and narwhal vulnerability. Biological
Conservation 121:509-517.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
699
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Laidre, K.L., I. Stirling, L. Lowry, Ø. Wiig, M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, and S. Ferguson. 2008. Quantifying the
sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecological Applications 18(2): S97-
S125.
Lilly G, Wieland K, Rothschild B, Sundby S, Drinkwater K, Brander K, Ottersen G et al. (2008): Decline and
recovery of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks throughout the Atlantic. In: G.H. Kruse, K. Drinkwater, J.N.
Ianelli, J.S. Link, D.L. Stram, V. Wespestad, & D. Woody (eds.), Resilience of gadid stocks to fishing and
climate change. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, p. 39-66.
Long MH, Koopmans D, Berg P, Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Søgaard, DH (2012). Oxygen exchange and ice melt
measured at the ice-water interfaceby eddy correlation. Biogeosciences, 9, 1–11, 2012. doi:10.5194/bg-9-1-2012.
Mikkelsen, D., Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N. (2008) Microalgal composition and primary production in Arctic sea
ice: a seasonal study from Kobbefjord (Kangerluarsunnguaq), West Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress Series
368:65-74.
Mortensen J, Bendtsen J, Motyka RJ, Lennert K, Truffer M, Fahnestock M, Rysgaard S (2013). On the seasonal
freshwater stratification in the proximity of fast-flowing tidewater outlet glaciers in a sub-Arctic sill fjord, J.
Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20134.
Mortensen J, Lennert K, Bendtsen J, Rysgaard S (2011) Heat sources for glacial melt in a sub-Arctic fjord
(Godthåbsfjord) in contact with the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C01013,
doi:10.1029/2010JC006528
Ouellet P, Fuentes-Yaco C, Savard L, Platt T, Sathyendranath S, Koeller P, Orr D and Siegstad H. (2010) Ocean
surface characteristics influence recruitment variability of populations of northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in
the Northwest Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science
Parmentier FJW, Christensen TR, Sørensen LL, Rysgaard S, McGuire AD, Miller PA, Walker DA (2013). The
impact of a lower sea-ice extent on Arctic greenhouse-gas exchange. Nature Climate Change. Vol 3 March 2013
doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1784.
Pedersen SA and Rice J (2002) Dynamics of fish larvae, zooplankton, and hydrographical characteristics in the
West Greenland Large Marine Ecosystem 1950-1984. In: Large Marine Ecosystems of the North Atlantic.
Changing States and Sustainability. K.S. Shermann, H.-R. and Skjoldal (eds). Chapter 5. Elsevier Science p.151-
193.
Petersen H, Meltofte H, Rysgaard S, Rasch M, Jonasson S, Christensen T R, Friborg T, Søgaard H, and Pedersen
S A(2001) The Arctic. In: Climate Change Research - Danish Contributions. Danish Meteorological
Instititute.DMI Ministry of Transport. Gads Forlag. 303-330.
Rode KD, Peacock E, Taylor M, Stirling I, Born EW, Laidre K & Wiig Ø (2012) A tale of two polar bear
populations: ice habitat, harvest, and body condition. Popul Ecol (2012) 54:3–18 DOI 10.1007/s10144-011-0299-
9
Rosing-Asvid, A. 2006. The influence of climate variability on polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and ringed seal
(Pusa hispida) population dynamics. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 84:357-364.
Rosing-Asvid,A., 2005. Climate variability around Greenland and it’s influence on Ringed Seals and Polar Bears.
Ph.D. afhandling. Privat tryk med støtte fra Pinngortitaleriffik. 142 pp.
Rysgaard S and Nielsen TG. Carbon cycling in a high-arctic marine ecosystem – Young Sound, NE Greenland
(2006). Progress in Oceanography, 71:426-445.
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen J, Delille B, Dieckmann G, Glud RN, Kennedy H, Mortensen J, Papadimitriou S, Thomas
D, Tison J-L (2011) Sea ice contribution to air-sea CO2 exchange in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Tellus B.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00571.x
Rysgaard S, Bendtsen, JB, Pedersen LT, Ramløv H and Glud RN (2009) Increased CO2 uptake due to sea-ice
growth and decay in the Nordic Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research Ocean 114, C09011,
doi:10.1029/2008JC005088
Rysgaard S, Glud RN, Lennert K, Cooper M, Halden N, Leaky R, Hawthorne FC, Barber D. (2012). Ikaite
crystals in melting sea ice leads to low pCO2 levels and high pH in Arctic surface waters. The Cryosphere, 6, 1-8.
doi: 10.5194/tc-6-1-2012.
Rysgaard S, Mortensen J, Juul-Pedersen T, Sørensen, LL, Lennert K, Søgaard DH, Arendt KE, Blicher ME, Sejr
MK, Bendtsen J (2012). High air-sea CO2 uptake rates in nearshore and shelf areas of Southern Greenland:
Temporal and spatial variability. Marine Chemistry. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2011.11.002.
Rysgaard, S. & R. N. Glud, 2007. Carbon cycling and climate change: Predictions for a High Arctic marine
ecosystem (Young Sound, NE Greenland). In: Rysgaard, S. & Glud, R. N. (Eds.), Carbon cycling in Arctic
marine ecosystems: Case study Young Sound. Meddr. Grønland, Bioscience 58:206-213.
Rysgaard, S. & R. N. Glud, 2007. Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study – Young Sound.
Medd Greenland, Bioscience vol 58. 216 pp.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
700
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0701.png
Rysgaard, S. & Sejr, M.K. 2007. Vertical flux of particulate organic matter in a High Arctic fjord: Relative
importance of terrestrial and marine sources. In: Rysgaard, S. & Glud, R. N. (Eds.), Carbon cycling in Arctic
marine ecosystems: Case study Young Sound. Meddr. Grønland, Bioscience 58:110-119.
Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Sejr, M. K., Blicher, M. E., Stahl, H. J. (2008). Denitrification activity and oxygen
dynamics in Arctic sea ice. Polar Biology 31:527-537.
Rysgaard, S., R. N. Glud, Sejr, M. K., Bendtsen, J. & Christensen, P.B. 2007. Inorganic carbon transport during
sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas. J. Geophys. Res. 112: C03016.
doi:10.1029/2006jc003572.
Sejr MK, Blicher ME, Rysgaard S (2009) Sea ice cover affects inter-annual and geographic variation in growth of
the Arctic cockle Clinocardium ciliatum (Bivalvia) in Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress Series 389:149-158
Sejr MK, Krause-Jensen D, Rysgaard S, Sørensen LL, Christensen PB, Glud RN (2011) Air-sea flux of CO2 in
arctic coastal waters influenced by glacial melt water and sea ice. Tellus B DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-
0889.2011.00540.x
Sejr, M. K., Nielsen, T.G., Rysgaard, S., Risgaard-Petersen, N., Sturluson, M., & Blicher, M. 2007. The fate of
pelagic organic carbon and importance of the benthic-pelagic coupling in a shallow cove in Disko Bay, west
Greenland. Marine Ecology Progress Series 341:75-88.
Simon, M., Stafford, K.M., Beedholm, K., Lee, C.M. and Madsen, P.T. 2010. Singing behavior of fin whales in
the Davis Strait with implications for mating, migration and foraging. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America 128: 3200-3210
Sonne, C., Dietz R, Born, E.W., Rigét FF, Leifsson PS, Bechshøft TØ and Kirkegaard M (2007): Spatial and
temporal variation in size of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sexual organs and its use in pollution and climate
change studies. Sci Total Environ 387:237-246.
Swalethorp R, Kjellerup S, Dünweber M, Nielsen TG, Møller EF, Rysgaard S, Hansen BW (2011) Grazing, egg
production, and biochemical evidence of differences in the life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis
and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser, Vol. 429: 125–144, 2011. doi:
10.3354/meps09065
Sünksen K, Stenberg C, Grønkjær P (2010) Temperature effects on growth of juvenile Greenland halibut
(Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum) in West Greenland waters. J. Sea Res.
Søgaard DH, Hansen PJ, Rysgaard S, Glud RN (2011) Growth limitation of three Arctic sea ice algal species:
effects of salinity, pH, and inorganic carbon availability. Polar Biol. DOI 10.1007/s00300-011-0976-3
Søgaard DH, Kristensen M, Rysgaard S, Glud RN (2010) Dynamics of autotrophic and heterotrophic activity in
Arctic first-year sea ice:Case study from Malene Bight, SW Greenland. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 419:31-45
Versteegh EAA, Blicher ME, Mortensen J, Rysgaard S, Als TD, Wanamaker Jr AD (2012). Oxygen isotope
ratios in the shell of Mytilus edulis: archives of glacier meltwater in Greenland? Biogeosciences 9, 5231-5241
doi:10.5194/bg-5231-2012.
Vilhjamsson H, Hvingel C et al (2005) Fisheries and Aquaculture. pp. 691-780. In: Arctic Climate Impact
Assessment. Arctic Climate 12 Impact Assessment, Cambridge University Press, 1042 pp.
Wieland K and Hvingel C (2006) Changes in stock biomass, recruitment and size of Northern shrimp (Pandalus
borealis) in West Greenland waters-environmental or fishery effects? In DFO, 2006. Shrimp and its environment
in the Northwest Atlantic - implications for forecasting abundance and population dynamics. DFO Can. Sci.
Advis. Sec. Proceed. Ser. 2006/017: 36-42.
Wieland K and Siegstad H (2012) Environmental factors affecting recruitment of northern shrimp Pandalus
borealis in West Greenland waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 469: 297–306, 2012
Wieland K, Storr-Paulsen M & Sünksen K (2007) Response in Stock Size and Recruitment of Northern Shrimp
(Pandalus borealis) to Changes in Predator Biomass and Distribution in West Greenland Waters., J. Northw. Atl.
Fish. Sci., Vol. 39: 21–33
Wieland, K. (2005): Changes in recruitment, growth and stock size of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) at
West Greenland: temperature and density-dependent effects at released predation pressure. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62:
1454-1462.
Wiig, Ø., J. Aars & E.W. Born 2008. The effects of climate change on polar bears. Science Progress 91(2): 151-
173.
GINR (Reports):
Arendt KE (2011) Plankton community structure in a West Greenland fjord – Influenced by the Greenland Ice
Sheet. PhD thesis, Greenland Climate research Centre, University of Copenhagen, p 132
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
701
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
Blicher ME (2010) Structure and dynamics of marine macrozoobenthos in Greenland – and the link to
environmental drivers. PhD thesis. Greenland Institute of Natural Resources & Department for Biology,
University of Copenhagen. Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 162 pp
Juul-Pedersen T, Arendt KE, Mortensen J, Retzel A, Nygaard R, Burmeister A, Sejr MK, Blicher ME, Krause-
Jensen D, Olesen B, Labansen AL, Rasmussen LM, Witting L, Boye T, Simon M and Rysgaard S (2012) NUUK
BASIC: The MarineBasis programme In Jensen, L.M. (ed.) 2012. Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 5 th
Annual Report, 2011. Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. 84 pp.
Juul-Pedersen T, Rysgaard S, Batty P, Mortensen J, Arendt KE, Retzel A, Nygaard R, Burmeister A, Søgaard
DH, Martinsen W, Sejr MK, Blicher ME, Krause-Jensen K, Christensen PB, Marbà N, Olesen B, Labansen AL,
Rasmussen LM, Witting L, Boye T, and Simon M (2011) The MarineBasic programme 2010. In: Jensen LM and
Rasch M (eds.) 2011. Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 4th Annual Report, 2010, Aarhus University, DCE
– Danish centre for Environment and Energy, p 84
Juul-Pedersen T, S Rysgaard, P Batty, J Mortensen, A Retzel, R Nygaard, A Burmeister, DM Mikkelsen, MK
Sejr, ME Blicher, D Krause-Jensen, PB Christensen, AL Labansen, LM Rasmussen, M Simon, TK Boye, PT
Madsen, F Ugarte (2009) The MarinBasis programme. In: LM Jensen and M Rasch (eds.) Nuuk Ecological
Research Operations, 2nd Annual Report, 2008 National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University,
Denmark
Juul-Pedersen T, S Rysgaard, P Batty, J Mortensen, A Retzel, R Nygaard, A Burmeister, D Søgaard, W
Martinsen, MK Sejr, M Blicher, D Krause-Jensen, PB Christensen, N Marbà, B Olesen, AL Labansen, LM
Rasmussen, L Witting, M Simon and F Ugarte (2010) The MarinBasis programme. In: Jensen LM and Rasch M
(eds.) Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 3nd Annual Report, 2009 National Environmental Research
Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
Meltofte H, Rysgaard S and Pedersen SA (2003) Climate change in Greenland. In: Denmark´s third national
communication on climate change. Under the United Nations Framework Convection on climate change. Danish
Environmental Protection Agency, Danish ministry of the Environment. 212 pp.
Mikkelsen, DM, S. Rysgaard, J. Mortensen, A. Retzel, R. Nygaard, T. Juul- Pedersen, M. K. Sejr, M. E.
Blicher, D. Krause-Jensen, P. Bondo Christensen, A. Labansen, C. Egevang, L. Witting, T. K. Boye, M. Simon, J.
Nymand, P. Aastrup and M. Frederiksen 2008. ”The MarineBasic Programme 2007” i Jensen, L.M. & Rasch, M.
(Eds.) 2008. Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 1st Annual report, 2007. Danish Polar Center, Danish
Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2008.
Rysgaard, S., Arendt, K., Frederiksen, M. S., Egevang, C., Labansen, A., Mortensen, J., Simon, M., Pedersen, L.
T., Witting, L., Bergstrøm, B., Mikkelsen, D. M. (2008) Nuuk Basic: The Marine Basic Program 2005-2006. In
Jensen LM and Rasch M (Eds.) Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 1st Annual Report, 2007 – Copenhagen,
Danish Polar Center, Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation.
Rysgaard, S., M. K. Sejr, Frederiksen, M., Arendt, K. & Frandsen, E. R., 2007. Zackenberg Basic: The marine
monitoring programme report 2004-2005. In Klitgaard AB, Rasch M & Caning K (eds) “Zackenberg Ecological
Research Operations, ZERO” 12th Annual Report, 2006 Copenhagen. Danish Polar Center, Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation 2007.
Sejr M, Dalsgaard T, Rysgaard S, Frandsen E, and Christensen PB. (2006) Zackenberg Basic: The marine
monitoring programme report 2004-2005. In Rasch M & Caning K (eds) “Zackenberg Ecological Research
Operations, ZERO” 11th Annual Report, 2005 Copenhagen. Danish Polar Center, Ministry of Science,
Technology and Innovation 2006.
Sejr M, S Rysgaard, D Mikkelsen, M Hjorth, E Frandsen, K Lennert , T Juul-Pedersen, D Krause-Jensen, PB
Christensen, P Batty: Zackenberg Basic: The MarineBasis Programme. In: Jensen, L.M., Rasch, M. (eds)., 2009.
Zackenberg Ecological Research Operations, 14th Annual Report, 2008, National Environmental Research
Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
Sejr MK, Juul-Pedersen T, Frandsen E, Blicher ME and Lennert I (2012) Zackenberg Basic: The MarineBasis
programme In Jensen, L.M. (ed.) 2012. Zackenberg Ecological Research Operations, 17 th Annual Report, 2011.
Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. 120 pp.
Sejr MK, Juul-Pedersen T, Rysgaard S, Hjort M, Lennert K, Frandsen E, Mikkelsen PS and Martinsen W (2011)
Zackenberg Basic The MarineBasis programme. In: Jensen, LM and Rasch M. (eds.) (2011) Zackenberg
Ecological Research Operations, 16th Annual Report, 2010, Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for
Environment and Energy, p 114
Sejr MK, S Rysgaard, T Juul-Pedersen, ER Frandsen, K Lennert, P Batty and ME Blicher (2010). The
MarinBasis programme. Report 2009. In; Jensen LM and Rasch M (eds.) Zackenberg Ecological Research
Operations, 15th Annual report, 2009. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
Sejr, M. K., Rysgaard, S., Mikkelsen, D., Frederiksen, M., Frandsen, E. R., Lennert, K., Juul-Pedersen, T. (2008)
The MarinBasic programme. Report 2007. In; Jensen LM and Rasch, M. (eds.) Zackenberg Ecological Research
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
702
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0703.png
Operations, 13th Annual Report, 2007. - Copenhagen, Danish Polar Center, Danish Agency for Science,
Technology and Innovation, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2008.
Wieland K (2002): Possible effect of temperature on the biomass of northern shrimp off West Greenland. In: A.
Jarre (ed.): Workshop `Ecosystem West Greenland`, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk 29
November – 03 December 2001. Inussuk – Arctic Research Journal 1-2002: 32-33.
HAVSTOVAN:
Berx, B., Hansen, B., Østerhus, S.,Larsen, K. M., Sherwin, T. and Jochumsen, K. 2013. Combining in situ
measurements and altimetry to estimate volume, heat and salt transport variability through the Faroe–Shetland
Channel. Ocean Sci., 9, 639–654, www.ocean-sci.net/9/639/2013/ doi:10.5194/os-9-639-2013.
Eliasen, S. K., Hátún, H., Larsen, K. M. H., Hansen, B. and Rasmussen, T. A. S. 2017. Phenologically distinct
phytoplankton regions on the Faroe Shelf - identified by satellite data, in-situ observations and model. Journal of
Marine Systems, 169, pp. 99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.01.015
Hansen, B. 2013. Final report for the research programme on Climate and Ocean Currents around the Faroe
Islands 2008 - 2012. Afsluttende rapport for forskningsprogrammet Klima og Havstrømme ved Færøerne 2008 -
2012. Havstovan nr. 13-06. Technical report.
Hansen, B., Larsen, K. M. H., Hátún, H., Kristiansen, R., Mortensen, E. and Østerhus, S. 2015. Transport of
volume, heat, and salt towards the Arctic in the Faroe Current 1993-2013. Ocean Sci., 11, 743-757,
doi:10.5194/os-11-743-2015.
Hansen, B., Larsen, K.M.H., Hátún, H. and Østerhus, S. 2016. A stable Faroe Bank Channel overflow 1995–
2015. Ocean Sci., 12, 1205–1220. www.ocean-sci.net/12/1205/2016/. doi:10.5194/os-12-1205-2016.
Hátún, H., Azetsu-Scott, K., Somavilla, R., Rey, F., Johnson, C., Mathis, M., Mikolajewicz, U., Coupel, P.,
Tremblay, J.-É., Hartman, S., Pacariz, S. V., Salter, I., Ólafsson, J. 2017. The subpolar gyre regulates silicate
concentrations in the North Atlantic.
www.nature.com/scientificreports.
DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14837-4
Jacobsen, S., Gaard, E., Larsen, K.M.H., Eliasen, S.K., Hátún, H. 2018. Temporal and spatial variability of
zooplankton on the Faroe shelf in spring 1997–2016. Journal of Marine Systems 177 (2018) 28-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.08.004.
Jochumsen, K., M. Moritz, N. Nunes, D. Quadfasel, K. M. H. Larsen, B. Hansen, H. Valdimarsson, and S.
Jonsson. 2017. Revised transport estimates of the Denmark Strait overflow. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 3434–
3450, doi:10.1002/2017JC012803.
Kristiansen, I., Gaard, E., Hátún, H., Jónasdóttir S. H. and Ferreira, A. S. A. 2015. Persistent shift of Calanus spp
in the south-western Norwegian Sea since 2003, linked to ocean climate. ICES. J. Mar. Sci., 73(5): 1319-1329.
Doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv222.
Larsen, K.M., Hátún, H., Hansen, B., Kristiansen, R, 2012. Atlantic water in the Faroe area: sources and
variability. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fss028.
Olsen, S. M., Hansen, B., Østerhus, S., Quadfasel, D. and Valdimarsson, H. 2016. Biased thermohaline
exchanges with the Arctic across the Iceland–Faroe Ridge in ocean climate models. Ocean Sci., 12, 545–560.
www.ocean-sci.net/12/545/2016/.
doi:10.5194/os-12-545-2016.
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
703
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0704.png
Data Sheet
Publisher:
Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate,
Stormgade 2-6, DK-1470 Copenhagen K
P: +45 33922800
E: [email protected]
I : http://efkm.dk
Year of publication:
2018
Title:
Denmark’s Seventh National Communication and
Third Biennial Report
Subtitle:
Under the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
Author(s):
Rasmussen, Erik (red.)
Performing organization(s):
Danish Energy Agency, Danish Meteorological
Institute and Geological Survey of Denmark and
Greenland under the Danish Ministry of Energy,
Utilities and Climate;
Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Danish
Nature Agency, Danish AgriFish Agency and
Danish Coastal Authority under the Ministry of
Environment and Food of Denmark;
Faroe Islands - Environment Agency and Statistics
Faroe Islands;
Greenland - Ministry of Nature and Environment,
Ministry of Industry, Labour, Trade and Energy,
Greenland Institute of Natural Ressources and
University of Greenland;
Ministry of Education;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
(Ministry of Higher Education and Science;)
Ministry of Taxation;
Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing;
Roskilde University;
Statistics Denmark under the Ministry for Economic
Affairs and the Interior;
Technical University of Denmark;
University of Copenhagen;
University of Southern Denmark;
Aalborg University;
Aarhus University and DCE - Danish Centre for
Environment and Energy and DCA - Danish Centre
for Food and Agriculture thereunder.
Abstract:
”Denmark's Seventh National Communication on
Climate Change” is the seventh national report and
third biennial report on Denmark's implementation
of its obligations under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and
the Kyoto Protocol.
Supplementary notes:
Denmark's First National Communication
submitted under the UNFCCC was published in
1994 under the title "Climate Protection in
Denmark" (Miljøstyrelsen, 1994). "Denmark's
Second National Communication on Climate
Change" (Miljøstyrelsen) is from 1997, “Denmark's
Third National Communication on Climate Change"
(Miljøstyrelsen) was published in 2003, "Denmark's
Fourth National Communication on Climate
Change" (Miljøstyrelsen) was published in 2005,
"Denmark's Fifth National Communication on
Climate Change" (Ministry of Climate and Energy)
was published in 2009 and "Denmark's Sixth
National Communication on Climate Change"
(Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building) was
published in 2014.
Photo(s):
Front/back: Colourbox
Chapter 1: Colourbox
Chapter 2: State of Green and Colourbox
Chapter 3: State of Green
Chapter 4: Colourbox and State of Green
Chapter 5: State of Green
Chapter 6: Colourbox
Chapter 7: Henrik Breum, Danish Energy Agency
Chapter 8: Andreas Ahlstrøm, GEUS
Chapter 9: Colourbox
Annexes : State of Green
Layout (pages with photos):
Frederik Tronier Kapper, Ministry of Energy,
Utilities and Climate
Edition closed (month/year):
December 2017
Number of pages:
705
Format:
A4
Number of copies:
(Available in electronic form only)
ISBN-13:
EAN:
978-87-92555-01-4
5798000875500
Price (incl. 25 % VAT):
Free of charge
Distributed by/Available from:
Available in electronic form only. Can be
downloaded from:
http://www.efkm.dk
Reproduction is authorized provided the source is
acknowledged
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
704
 URU, Alm.del - 2018-19 (1. samling) - Bilag 140: Danida-rapport om Danmarks klimafinansiering 2017
2027921_0705.png
Denmark’s
Seventh National Communication
and
Third Biennial Report
- Under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
and the Kyoto Protocol
- is the seventh national report and
third biennial report on the
national implementation of
the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
and the Kyoto Protocol
ISBN-13:
EAN:
978-87-92555-01-4
5798000875500
The Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate
Stormgade 2-6 DK-1470 Copenhagen K
Phone: +45 33 92 28 00
D
ENMARK
’
S
S
EVENTH
N
ATIONAL
[email protected] Internet www.efkm.dk
C
OMMUNICATION ON
C
LIMATE
C
HANGE
705